Amr ibn al-As - Knowledge

1565:. Uthman diluted Amr's power in 645/46 by transferring fiscal responsibilities to Ibn Abi Sarh, his own relative, leaving Amr in charge of military affairs. Amr and Ibn Sa'd lodged complaints to Uthman each alleging the other of incompetence, prompting Uthman to dismiss Amr entirely and replace him in his duties with Ibn Sa'd. Uthman's appointee established an effective fiscal system that largely preserved its Byzantine predecessor. Ibn Sa'd reduced the fiscal privileges of Egypt's original Arab military settlers, who had been shown favor by Amr, and secured the remittance of the surplus to Medina. This led to the consternation of the Arab garrisons and the native officials and elite, all of whom were "deprived of the opportunities for self-enrichment which they had hitherto enjoyed", according to Hinds. Open opposition to Ibn Sa'd and Uthman began under the leadership of the Qurayshite 1324:

superiority in numbers and equipment of the Byzantine army by applying skillful military tactics" and despite the lack of "definite, prepared, long-term plans ... the Arab army moved with great flexibility as the occasion arose". In the absence of siege engines, Amr oversaw long sieges of heavily fortified Byzantine positions, most prominently Babylon, cut supply lines and engaged in long wars of attrition. He made advantageous use out of the nomads in his ranks, who were seasoned in hit-and-run tactics, and his settled troops, who were generally more acquainted with siege warfare. His cavalry-dominated army moved through Egypt's deserts and oases with relative ease. Moreover, political circumstances became more favorable to Amr with the death of the hawkish Heraclius and his short-term replacement with the more pacifist

1466:(al-Ashmunayn) dating from the 640s confirm official orders to forward building materials to Babylon to construct the new city. The city was organized into allotments over an area stretching 5–6 kilometers (3.1–3.7 mi) along the Nile and 1–2 kilometers (0.62–1.24 mi) inland to the east. The allotments were distributed among the components of Amr's army, with priority given to the Quraysh, the Ansar and Amr's personal guard, the 'Ahl al-Rāya' (People of the Banner), which included several Bali tribesmen as a result of their kinship and marital ties to Amr. An opposing theory holds that Amr did not assign the plots; rather, the tribes staked their own claims and Amr established a commission to resolve the ensuing land disputes. At the center of the new capital Amr built a 1939:), who was generally critical of Arab rule, said of Amr that he "had no mercy on the Egyptians, and did not observe the covenant they had made with him", but also says of him that: "He exacted the taxes which had been determined upon but he took none of the property of the churches, and he committed no act of spoliation or plunder, and he preserved them throughout all his days." In the words of Kennedy, "Of his competence as a military commander and politician there can be no doubt—the results speak for themselves—but he also has a reputation for straight dealing and justice." Amr's roughly two-year conquest of Egypt was the quickest in the history of the 1412: 1889: 1722:, to forge an agreement. At Dumat al-Jandal, Amr succeeded in gaining Abu Musa's recognition that Uthman was wrongfully killed, a verdict opposed by Ali and which strengthened Syrian support for Mu'awiya, who had taken up the cause of revenge for the death of his kinsman Uthman. At the last meeting in Adhruh, the office of the caliphate was discussed, but the meeting ended in violence and without agreement; during the brawl, Amr was physically assaulted by a Kufan partisan of Ali, but the latter was fended off by one of Amr's sons. Abu Musa retired to Mecca, while Amr and the Syrians returned to Mu'awiya and recognized him as 1179: 1768:. The latter two requested intervention by Mu'awiya, who dispatched Amr to Egypt with a 4,000–6,000-strong army. Despite his thirteen-year absence from Egypt, Amr nonetheless mustered the support of Egypt's original Arab military settlers and their sons. In July/August 658, his forces defeated Ali's troops at the Battle of al-Musannah between Heliopolis (Ain Shams) and Fustat. He subsequently captured Fustat. Ibn Hudayj pursued and captured Ibn Abi Bakr and had him executed over the objections of Amr, who had been lobbied by Ibn Abi Bakr's brother 1091: 1277: 1364:. The city was heavily fortified by the Byzantines and contained several naval vessels in its harbor. Due to his lack of siege engines, he employed the lengthy siege tactic used in the Egyptian conquest. After about a month, his troops entered Tripoli through a vulnerable point in its walls and sacked the city. Its fall, which entailed the evacuation by sea of the Byzantine garrison and most of the population, is dated to 642 or 643/44. Though the Arab hold over Cyrenaica and 50: 1194:. He had established trading interests there before his conversion to Islam, making him aware of its importance in international trade. The traditional Muslim sources generally hold that Amr undertook the campaign with Caliph Umar's reluctant approval, though a number of accounts hold that he entered the region without Umar's authorization. At the head of 4,000 cavalries and with no siege engines, Amr arrived at the frontier town of 1455: 1394: 1316:) dispatched a naval expedition led by a certain Manuel which occupied the city and killed most of its Arab garrison in 645. Alexandria's elite and most of the inhabitants assisted the Byzantines; medieval Byzantine, Coptic and, to a lesser extent, Muslim sources indicate the city was not firmly in Arab hands during the preceding three years. Byzantine forces pushed deeper into the Nile Delta, but Amr forced them back at the 2070:, while the archaeologist Jeffrey A. Blakely concludes that Ajlan was likely the much larger combined site of Khirbet Tannar and Khirbet Hazzarah located a little over one kilometer to the south of Khirbet Ajlan straddling the banks of the Wadi el-Hesi stream. Blakely further identifies this combined site as the previously unidentified Crusader village "Agelen el Ahsses" and the 16th-century Ottoman-era hamlet "Ajlan". 1620:(d. 1226) also suggest that Ajlan was located in the area of Bayt Jibrin. Amr had likely become owner of the estate through a caliphal grant, though he possibly could have taken possession of it in the course of his conquest of Palestine and his ownership had been confirmed by the caliphs. He lived on the estate, where he derived agricultural revenue, with his sons Muhammad and 1928:(d. 871), commends Amr for his leadership of the Egyptian conquest and as the upholder of the interests of Egypt's troops and their families against the central authorities in Medina and later Damascus. The Egyptian Arab tradition holds that Amr was personally praised by Muhammad and was a man of wisdom and piety on his deathbed. The nearly contemporary Coptic historian 1245:. Though strong resistance was put up by Babylon's defenders, their morale was sapped after news of Heraclius' death in February 641. Amr made an agreement with the Byzantine garrison, allowing their peaceful withdrawal toward the provincial capital Alexandria on 9 April 641. Amr then sent his lieutenants to conquer different parts of the country. One of them, 1632:

ordering Ibn Abi Sarh to punish them, they turned back and assaulted Uthman in his home. In an anecdote cited by al-Baladhuri, Amr is quoted taking partial credit for Uthman's killing. Ali succeeded Uthman, but did not reappoint Amr to his post in Egypt. Amr was one of a number of figures held culpable for Uthman's death by the slain caliph's clan, the

1599:, the insult Uthman cited was likely Amr's public reaction to the Caliph's statement that the mutinous Egyptian troops who had arrived in Medina to protest the Caliph's policies had withdrawn because they were misinformed: "Fear God, Uthman, for you have ridden over abysses and we have ridden over them with you. So repent to God, that we may repent". 1670:

sought to benefit from Amr's political acumen, "practical battle experience and sure judgement of military strategy and tactics", as well as his "expertise" and support base in Egypt. Amr became Mu'awiya's chief adviser. To secure the defense of his Syrian realm from Ali's loyalists in Egypt, Amr counseled Mu'awiya to secure the support of the

1648:, had left Amr on his estate undisturbed. As pressure from the Umayyads increased against him, Amr distanced himself from any role in Uthman's death and wrote Mu'awiya to execute or banish the participating Egyptian troops who had been apprehended when they passed through Mu'awiya's jurisdiction on their way back to Egypt. 1040:, in July. He soon after abandoned the siege upon the approach of a large Byzantine army. After being reinforced by the remainder of the Muslim armies in Syria, including the new arrivals commanded by Khalid ibn al-Walid, Amr, with overall command of the 20,000-strong Muslim forces, routed the Byzantine army at the 1879:

This hadith excerpt recounts an episode wherein Muhammed confronts Amr ibn al-As about leading a prayer without washing according to proper Islamic custom. When he confronts Amr ibn al-As, Amr ibn al-As admits it, and explains why, including a statement he heard Allah say. Muhammed responds only with

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Amr was permitted by the Caliph to retain personally the surplus revenues of the province after the payment of the troops' stipends and other government expenses. He increased the original garrison at Fustat, numbering some 15,000 soldiers, with the Syrian troops he brought with him. According to the

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Wardan and made in Jerusalem, secured Amr's allegiance to Mu'awiya in return for the latter's assistance in gaining control of Egypt from Ali's governor. According to Madelung, the "alliance between Mu'awiya and Amr b. al-As constituted a formidable political force"; in forging the alliance, Mu'awiya

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in Iraq, Mu'awiya, who maintained his opposition to Ali, became the focus of the Caliph's attention. Mu'awiya summoned Amr to discuss an alliance against Ali. In the ensuing negotiations, Amr pressed Mu'awiya for lifetime possession of Egypt, to which Mu'awiya ultimately acceded after being persuaded

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In the northwestern part of Alexandria, Amr built a hilltop congregational mosque, later called after him, before the Byzantine occupation of 645/46, after which he built a second called the Mosque of Mercy; neither mosque has been presently identified. Adjacent to the congregational mosque, Amr took

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In contrast to the disarray of the Byzantine defense, the Muslim forces under Amr's command were unified and organized; Amr frequently coordinated with Caliph Umar and his own troops for all major military decisions. According to the historian Vassilios Christides, Amr "cautiously counterbalanced the

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hills to the east of Fustat. Due to the early Muslims' reticence to mark the graves of their dead, Amr's burial place has not been identified. In a testament to the personal wealth that he accrued, at the time of his death he left seventy sacks of gold dinars. His sons Abd Allah and Muhammad refused

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refused them access to the watering places under their control. After Ali protested, Amr advised Mu'awiya to accept their request as preventing access to water might rally the hitherto demotivated Iraqis to a determined fight against the Syrians. Mu'awiya refused and the Iraqis subsequently defeated

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As the Iraqis gained the battlefield advantage, Amr proposed to Mu'awiya that their men tie leaves from the Qur'an at the tips of their lances in an appeal to Ali's men to settle the conflict peacefully. It served as a successful ruse which ended the fighting as the battle turned in Ali's favor and

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by Amr's Egyptian partisans. The roughly 400–600 Egyptian mutineers had protested Uthman's fiscal centralization policies in Medina and accused him of favoring his relatives over the early Muslim converts. The Caliph persuaded them to withdraw, but after they intercepted a letter on their departure

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for support and the latter pressed Uthman to reappoint Amr to Egypt citing its garrisons' satisfaction with his rule. In a sermon at the mosque in Medina in June 656 and a letter penned to the Muslim leaders in Syria, Uthman mentioned that he had intended to reappoint Amr but did not follow through

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reported: I and Amr ibn al-As went to the Prophet (PBUH). He came out with a leather shield. He covered himself with it and urinated. Then we said: Look at him. He is urinating as a woman does. The Prophet (PBUH), heard this and said: Do you not know what befell a person from amongst Bani Isra'il?

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As early as 656/57, Amr and Mu'awiya persuaded Ibn Abi Hudhayfa, who had seized control of Egypt after Uthman's assassination, to meet them in al-Arish, where they took him captive in a ruse. Amr and Mu'awiya did not advance further than this point and Ibn Abi Hudhayfa was executed. Ali's second

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Amr "regulated the government of the country , administration of justice and the imposition of taxes", according to the historian A. J. Wensinck. During his siege of Babylon, Amr had erected an encampment near the fortress. He originally intended for Alexandria to serve as the Arabs' capital in

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Amr acted relatively independent as governor and retained much of the surplus tax revenue of the province for the benefit of its troops despite pressure from Umar to forward proceeds to Medina. He also amassed significant personal wealth in Egypt, part of which was confiscated by

1320:. He besieged and captured Alexandria in the summer of 646; most of the Byzantines, including Manuel, were slain, many of its inhabitants were killed and the city was burned until Amr ordered an end to the onslaught. Afterward, Muslim rule in Alexandria was gradually solidified. 1478:

personal ownership of a fort, which he later donated for government use. This part of the city became the administrative and social core of Arab settlement in Alexandria. Accounts vary as to the number of troops Amr garrisoned in the city, ranging from 1,000 soldiers from the

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on non-Muslim adult males. He imposed other measures, sanctioned by Umar, that entailed the inhabitants' regular provision of wheat, honey, oil and vinegar as a subsistence allowance for the Arab troops. He had these goods stored in a distribution warehouse called

1504:(trousers) and shoes. In a Greek papyrus dated to 8 January 643 and containing Amr's seal (a fighting bull), Amr (transliterated as "Ambros") requests fodder for his army's animals and bread for his soldiers from an Egyptian village. According to the historian 1694:

and on occasion personally participated in direct combat, though without particular distinction. At one point in the battle, he raised a black fabric given to him by Muhammad at the tip of his spear, symbolizing the command role given to him by Muhammad.

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Upon his return to Medina, Amr divorced Umm Kulthum and openly criticized Uthman. The Caliph and Amr engaged in a number of heated public exchanges and, according to a report in the Islamic traditional sources, Amr incited Muhammad's senior companions

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to the far south remained firm for decades except for a short-lived Byzantine occupation in 690, Tripoli was recaptured by the Byzantines a few years after Amr's entry. The region was definitively conquered by the Arabs during the reign of Caliph

1221:, a leading Qurayshite companion of Muhammad, with a 4,000-strong force, which joined Amr's camp in June 640. Amr retained the supreme command of Arab forces in Egypt. In the following month, his army decisively defeated the Byzantines at the 1711:(commander of the faithful), from the preliminary arbitration document drafted on 2 August. The omission effectively placed Ali and Mu'awiya on an equal political footing and thereby weakened Ali's leadership position over the Muslim polity. 749:) due to promises of the governorship of Egypt and its tax revenues. Amr served as Mu'awiya's representative in the abortive arbitration talks to end the war. Afterward, he wrested control of Egypt from Ali's loyalists, killing its governor 913:

and he remained there until being informed of Muhammad's death in 632. Amr was personally chosen by Muhammad to deliver a letter calling the kings of Oman, the Julanda brothers Abd and Jayfa, to convert to Islam while being accompanied by

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before formally pledging allegiance to him in April/May 658. As a result, Amr was among those invoked in a ritual curse issued by Ali during the morning prayers and became the subject of derision among the Kufan core of Ali's supporters.

1474:; the original structure was frequently redesigned and expanded between its foundation and its final form in 827. Amr had his own dwelling built immediately east of the mosque and it most likely served as his government headquarters. 1425:

Egypt, but Umar rejected this on the basis that no body of water, i.e. the Nile, should separate the caliph from his army. Instead, following Alexandria's surrender, in 641 or 642, Amr made his encampment near Babylon the permanent

5450: 1029:. The historian Philip Mayerson considers the troop figures to be "unquestionably exaggerated" but still representing the largest Arab fighting force to have ever been assembled in southern Palestine and the Sinai until then. 1304:

on adult males. The date of the city's surrender was likely November 642. Taking advantage of the uncertain political situation in the wake of Umar's death in 644 and the meager Arab military presence in Alexandria, Emperor

2045:'s objection is a literary motif. The historian Jelle Bruning, nonetheless, surmises that Umar "wanted close contact between the provincial capital and the imperial capital ", citing the importance of the canal connecting 897:

specifically. Amr's paternal grandmother hailed from the Bali, and this may have motivated his appointment to the command by Muhammad as Amr was instructed to recruit tribesmen from the Bali and the other Quda'a tribes of

1072:. Most of these localities surrendered after little resistance due to the flight of Byzantine troops; consequently, there is scant information about them in the traditional accounts of the conquest. Abu Bakr's successor 1678:, by ignoring his seizure of the district treasury; Natil subsequently joined Mu'awiya's cause. Amr then advised Mu'awiya to lead the Syrian army in person against Ali, who began his march toward Syria in late May 657. 1508:, there is "no evidence" that Amr "did anything to streamline the cumbersome fiscal system taken over from the Byzantines; rather, the upheavals of conquest can only have made the system more open to abuse than ever". 934:) accept the witness of truth and pledge obedience to Allah and his Prophet, Amr will be the commander, and Abu Zayd will officiate in prayer. Propagate Islam and teach the Qur'an and the institutions of the Prophet." 4464: 1775:

As per his agreement with Mu'awiya, Amr was installed as governor of Egypt for life and ruled as a virtual partner rather than a subordinate of Mu'awiya, who had become caliph after Ali's assassination and his son

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the Syrians led by Amr and Abu al-A'war in a skirmish known as the "Day of the Euphrates". As head of the Syrian cavalry, Amr held the overall field command for Mu'awiya's forces in the ensuing weeks-long

989:. He arrived near the villages of Dathin and Badan in Gaza's environs where he entered into talks with Gaza's Byzantine commander. After the negotiations broke down, Amr's men bested the Byzantines at the 1130:

gate, the Muslim commanders having each been assigned to block one of the city's entrances. By August–September 635, Damascus surrendered to the Muslims. Amr acquired several residences within the city.

1784:, Kharija ibn Hudhafa, mistaking the latter for Amr. When the Kharijite was apprehended and brought before him, Amr proclaimed "You wanted me, but God wanted Kharija!" and he personally executed him. 704:

at its center. Amr ruled relatively independently, acquired significant wealth, and upheld the interests of the Arab conquerors who formed Fustat's garrison in relation to the central authorities in

1300:. It fell virtually without resistance after Cyrus, who had since been restored to office, and Amr finalized a treaty in Babylon guaranteeing the security of Egypt's inhabitants and imposing a 1967:

from the Umayyads in 750. The estates were restored to Amr's family after the intercession of his great-granddaughter Abida al-Hasna bint Shu'ayb ibn Abd Allah, who married the Abbasid prince

1496:. After taking a census of the Muslims, he further ordered that each Muslim be annually supplied by the inhabitants a highly embroidered wool robe (Egyptian robes were prized by the Arabs), a 807:

tribe. She had been taken captive and sold, in succession, to several members of the Quraysh, one of whom was Amr's father. As such, Amr had two maternal half-brothers, Amr ibn Atatha of the

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hold that Malik was appointed after Ibn Abi Bakr was dismissed. All accounts agree that Malik died before he could assume office, and that Ibn Abi Bakr was in charge until his defeat by Amr.

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inheritance of the sums, which were then confiscated by Mu'awiya. Abd Allah succeeded his father as governor for a few weeks until Mu'awiya replaced him with his own brother Utba.

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sowed uncertainty in Ali's ranks. The Caliph heeded the majority will in his army to settle the matter diplomatically; an arbitration was agreed with Amr representing Mu'awiya and

823:. Amr is physically described in the traditional sources as being short with broad shoulders, having a large head with a wide forehead and wide mouth, long arms and a long beard. 1959:(d. 705) and gave birth to his sons Suhayl and Sahl and daughters Sahla and Umm al-Hakam. The estates in Medina that Amr's descendants inherited from him were confiscated by the 4510: 953:) appointed Amr to rein in the apostate Quda'a tribes, and among those targeted were the Hejazi branches of the Bali. Amr's campaigns, which were supported by the commander 1161:, in which Amr participated, but the city only surrendered after Caliph Umar arrived in person to conclude a treaty with its defenders. Amr was one of the witnesses of the 1951:

Amr's estates in Palestine remained in the possession of his descendants as late as the 10th or 11th centuries. His granddaughter Umm Abd Allah bint Abd Allah married the

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The mother of Amr's eldest son Abd Allah was named Rayta or Hind, the daughter of a certain Munabbih ibn al-Hajjaj. She fought alongside Amr and the Qurayshites against

906:. Following the raid, a delegation of the Bali embraced Islam. Amr further consecrated ties with the tribe by marrying a Bali woman, with whom he had his son Muhammad. 1153:

and the Yarmouk's ravine, in August–September 636, paved the way for the rest of Syria's conquest by the Muslims. Following Yarmouk, the Muslims attempted to capture

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halves of Egypt. Fustat's proximity to Babylon, where Amr also established an Arab garrison, afforded the Arab settlers a convenient means to employ and oversee the

1780:'s abdication in 661. On 22 January of that year, Amr escaped an assassination attempt by the Kharijite Zadawayh or Amr ibn Bakr, who killed Amr's stand-in for the 5167: 973:, to which he had been appointed governor by Abu Bakr before his departure. As a Qurayshite merchant Amr was likely already well-acquainted with the routes to 5665: 5361: 5635: 5443: 858:

in 628. Amr conditioned his conversion on the forgiveness of his past sins and an "active part in affairs", according to a report cited by the historian

5250: 1439:, the first town founded by the Arabs in Egypt. Its location along the eastern bank of the Nile River and at the head of the Nile Delta and edge of the 873:(western Arabia), a lucrative opportunity for Amr in view of the potential war spoils. The purpose of the raid is unclear, though the modern historian 1924:

sources regard Amr positively. The major source of information about the Muslim conquest of Egypt and the province's early Arab military generations,

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representing Ali. Amr met with Ali once and the two exchanged insults, but Ali ultimately agreed to Amr's condition that he omit his caliphal title,

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I informed him of the cause which impeded me from washing. And I said: I heard Allah say: "Do not kill yourself, verily Allah is merciful to you."

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for four months. Amr may have retained overall command of the Muslim armies until this point, though other accounts assign command to Khalid or

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Trombley, Frank R. (2013). "Fiscal documents from the Muslim conquest of Egypt: military supplies and administrative dislocation, ca 639–644".

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Amr died of natural causes over the age of 90. Accounts vary regarding the date of his death, though the most credible versions place it in 43

1044:, the first major confrontation between the Muslims and Byzantium, in July–August 634. Amr occupied numerous towns in Palestine, including 1933: 5645: 5599: 1518:

to return to the city after his years of exile under Cyrus. The patriarch maintained close ties with Amr and restored the monasteries of

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When urine fell on them, they would cut off the place where the urine fell; but that person forbade them, and was punished in his grave.

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Amr launched the conquest of Egypt on his own initiative in late 639, defeating the Byzantines in a string of victories ending with the

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in 2013. The mosque was originally founded by Amr in 641 but was redesigned and expanded significantly over the next several centuries.

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There are conflicting reports about when Amr embraced Islam, with the most credible version placing it in 629/630, not long before the

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After his last exchange with Uthman, Amr retired to his estate in southern Palestine. The estate was called "Ajlan" after one of his

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume XVII: The First Civil War: From the Battle of Siffīn to the Death of ʿAlī, A.D. 656–661/A.H. 36–40

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After the surrender of Alexandria in 642, Amr marched his army westward, bypassing the fortified Byzantine coastal strongholds of

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A map depicting growth of the Caliphate. The red-lined areas indicate the territories annexed by the Caliphate—namely most of

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historian Clive Foss "Amr ruled the country successfully, and with considerable independence and privilege, until his death".

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bureaucratic officials who inhabited Babylon and proved critical to running the day-to-day affairs of the Arab government.

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The number 22 text details a conversation that occurred between Amr ibn al-As and Muhammed while Muhammed was urinating.

1126:, where the remnants of the Byzantine army from the battles of Ajnadayn and Fahl had gathered. Amr was positioned at the 5279: 5184: 4949: 4928: 4781: 4535: 4485: 5660: 5650: 5313: 4444: 4355: 75: 1561:) initially kept Amr in his governorship and forged marital links with him by wedding to him his maternal half-sister 17: 5655: 5574: 4987: 4816: 4573: 4336: 1009:(natives of Medina), who together formed the core of the earliest Muslim converts, dominated his forces according to 842:. According to Amr's own testimony, transmitted by his fourth-generation descendant Amr ibn Shu'ayb, he converted in 5589: 5569: 1612:, but more likely corresponds with Bayt Jibrin, according to the historian Michael Lecker; the medieval historians 1158: 730:, Amr distanced himself from their cause, despite previously instigating opposition against Uthman. In the ensuing 5514: 5501: 459: 5262: 2037:

argues that the Islamic traditional account regarding Amr's intention to establish the Arab capital of Egypt in

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The death of Muhammad prompted several Arab tribes to defect from the nascent Medina-based Muslim polity in the

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Lecker, Michael (1989). "The Estates of 'Amr b. al-'Āṣ in Palestine: Notes on a New Negev Arabic Inscription".

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on Umar's orders. At a certain point, the Caliph separated Upper Egypt from Amr's administration and appointed

1756:, son of the first caliph and a foster son of Ali. Ibn Abi Bakr burned the homes and arrested the families of 1515: 966: 693: 646: 472: 1198:

along the northern Sinai coastline on 12 December 639. He captured the strategic Mediterranean port city of

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The historian Michael Lecker asserts that Ajlan is Khirbet Ajlan, an archaeological mound located north of

1530:, "Benjamin played a major role in the survival of the Coptic Church through the transition to Arab rule". 1462:

Amr had the original tents of Fustat replaced with mud brick and baked brick dwellings. Documents found in

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to Amr ibn al-As and his companion about older Israeli customs of consequences for poor toilet etiquette.

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and Banu Fahm tribes to a quarter of the army which was replaced on a rotational basis every six months.

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in 625. She later embraced Islam with a group of Qurayshite women in the presence of Muhammad after the

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The History of al-Ṭabarī, Volume VII: The Foundation of the Community: Muḥammad at Madina, A.D. 622–626

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The Prophet and the Age of the Caliphates: The Islamic Near East from the 6th to the 11th Century

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holds that Amr's army consisted of 3,300 Qurayshite and allied horsemen, 1,700 horsemen from the

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speculates that it was to "break up a gathering of hostile tribal groups" possibly backed by the

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The Rebellion of Muḥammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya in 145/762: Ṭālibīs and Early ʿAbbāsīs in Conflict

3948: 1956: 1940: 1805: 1761: 1700: 1218: 1183: 673: 653:, to which he was appointed governor, and helped lead the Arabs to decisive victories over the 609: 579: 5353: 4424: 5435: 5424: 5404: 5345: 5306: 5032:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 4804: 4708:. SUNY Series in Near Eastern Studies. Albany, New York: State University of New York Press. 4324: 3987: 1996: 1765: 1753: 1583: 1562: 1544: 1467: 1345: 977:, a principle terminal for Meccan caravans. He took the coastal route of the Hejaz, reaching 753:, and assumed the governorship instead. Mu'awiya kept him in his post after establishing the 750: 720: 358: 189: 147: 5113: 4115: 1824: 1627:

At his estate Amr received news of the siege of Uthman's house and the Caliph's subsequent

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in December 634 or January 635. Afterward, Amr and Shurahbil may have been sent to besiege

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Mayerson, Philip (1964). "The First Muslim Attacks on Southern Palestine (A.D. 633–634)".

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Foss, Clive (2009b). "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part II: Middle Egypt, Fusṭāṭ and Alexandria".

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The narration of two hadiths are attributed to Amr ibn al-Aas. They are collected in the

1745: 1706: 1662: 1657: 1636:(Umayyads), most prominently by Uthman's uterine brother and Amr's former brother-in-law 1246: 1238: 1178: 886: 835: 800: 681: 402: 287: 210: 194: 5231: 957:, succeeded in restoring Medina's authority as far as the northern frontier with Syria. 627:

and was assigned important roles in the nascent Muslim community by the Islamic prophet

5640: 5388: 5151: 5143: 5101: 5061: 5014: 4940: 4915: 4907: 4852: 4751: 4743: 4687: 4679: 4650: 4642: 4530: 4476: 4465:"Miṣr – 1. The Byzantine background, the Arab conquest and the Umayyad period, 602–750" 4390: 4382: 1964: 1893: 1845: 1090: 1041: 970: 773: 658: 650: 483: 426: 398: 1844:

The number 334 text details a conversation between Amr ibn al-As and Muhammed about a

1149:, in which Amr played a key role by confining the Byzantines between the banks of the 5559: 5470: 5466: 5384: 5289: 5237: 5227: 5194: 5163: 5155: 5033: 4983: 4959: 4919: 4859: 4836: 4812: 4791: 4755: 4709: 4691: 4654: 4611: 4590: 4569: 4545: 4495: 4440: 4409: 4394: 4351: 4332: 3968: 2088: 1960: 1952: 1797: 1637: 1329: 1146: 1114:. In any case, the Muslims landed a heavy blow against the Byzantines in the ensuing 1099: 1033: 1032:

Amr conquered the area around Gaza by February or March 634 and proceeded to besiege

855: 827: 754: 340: 4944: 1276: 5414: 5215: 5133: 5125: 5006: 4973: 4899: 4735: 4671: 4634: 4625:

Foss, Clive (2009a). "Egypt under Muʿāwiya Part I: Flavius Papas and Upper Egypt".

4518: 4436: 4432: 4374: 4365:

Blakely, Jeffrey A. (December 2010). "Ajlan: Locating the Estate of Amr b. al-As".

3960: 2046: 1925: 1741: 1691: 1596: 1317: 1281: 1210: 1069: 1037: 990: 878: 839: 654: 545: 532: 477: 2100:

Specific dates cited for Amr's death by the Muslim traditional historians include

5419: 4977: 4874: 4830: 4826: 4605: 4584: 4563: 4514: 4456:

The Chronicle of John, Bishop of Nikiu: Translated from Zotenberg's Ethiopic Text

4403: 1921: 1833: 1801: 1715: 1686: 1633: 1617: 1527: 1288:), but ultimately forced its Byzantine garrison to evacuate in April 641 after a 986: 843: 570: 2129: 885:(d. 833) holds that Amr rallied the nomadic Arabs in the region "to make war on 5274: 5266: 5179: 5175: 4932: 4776: 4772: 4559: 4522: 4480: 4468: 2084: 1781: 1675: 1519: 1440: 1361: 1242: 1226: 1162: 1115: 820: 677: 489: 5147: 4903: 4854:

The Great Arab Conquests: How the Spread of Islam Changed the World We Live In

4739: 4675: 4638: 4140: 4063: 1360:. Toward the end of the year, Amr launched a second cavalry assault targeting 5614: 5496: 5293: 5270: 5254: 5241: 5198: 5171: 5027: 4795: 4768: 4703: 4699: 4238: 3972: 3947:

Al-Fendi, Dr. Abdel Salam Atwa; Sabri, Dr. Anas Salah Al-Din (17 June 2023).

2034: 2017: 2000: 1929: 1777: 1641: 1150: 1122:, which capitulated after minor resistance. The Muslims proceeded to besiege 1107: 1095: 1084: 1014: 1006: 812: 432: 218: 168: 5219: 4892:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London

719:) dismissed him in 646 after accusations of incompetency from his successor 4723: 4262: 3964: 2063: 1901: 1888: 1613: 1505: 1341: 1266: 1022: 919: 894: 353: 1681:

When Ali's army set up camp around Siffin, south of the Euphrates town of

5047: 2101: 1868:"Amr, you led your companions in prayer while you were sexually defiled?" 1861: 1595:

as a result of the latter's excessive insult. According to the historian

1444: 1306: 1270: 1254: 1165:. From Jerusalem, Amr proceeded to besiege and capture the city of Gaza. 1045: 1026: 1018: 874: 795:, Amr inherited from him the lucrative al-Waht estate and vineyards near 731: 540: 49: 5236:. Translated by Margaret Graham Weir. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 5105: 4683: 4646: 4386: 4378: 960: 612:

and served as its governor in 640–646 and 658–664. The son of a wealthy

5092:

Scanlon, George T. (June 1968). "Fustat and the Islamic Art of Egypt".

2067: 2038: 1909: 1757: 1486: 1463: 1325: 1258: 1234: 1214: 998: 939: 903: 882: 859: 5138: 5018: 4911: 4747: 3818: 1145:) led a large army in person to confront the Muslims; its rout at the 1106:

The Muslims pursued the Byzantine army northward and besieged them at

4999:

Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association

4427:. In Houtsma, M. Th.; Arnold, T.W.; Basset, R.; Hartmann, R. (eds.). 1999:. Other accounts reported by al-Tabari and the 9th-century historian 1988: 1897: 1609: 1591: 1357: 1209:

Amr halted his campaign before the fortified Byzantine stronghold of

1157:, where Amr had previously sent an advance force. Abu Ubayda led the 1154: 1135: 1010: 1002: 974: 890: 777: 680:

in present-day Libya. In a treaty signed with the Byzantine governor

368: 5116:(October 2014). "An Early Umayyad Papyrus Invitation for the Ḥajj". 3299: 1526:, which functions until the present-day. According to the historian 865:

Indeed, in October 629, Amr was tasked by Muhammad with leading the

834:. According to this account, he converted alongside the Qurayshites 5129: 5010: 4405:

The Rise of a Capital: Al-Fusṭāṭ and Its Hinterland, 18–132/639–750

2080: 1913: 1857: 1199: 1195: 1127: 1123: 943: 910: 831: 808: 796: 635: 628: 605: 420: 242: 4875:"A Note on Early Marriage Links between Qurashīs and Jewish Women" 4166: 4141:"Hadith No. 334, Purification (Kitab Al-Taharah) Sunan Abu Dawood" 2390: 1995:

was appointed governor of Egypt before Amr ibn al-As' predecessor

1190:

From his base in southern Palestine, Amr launched the conquest of

692:-dominated bureaucracy and cordial ties with the Coptic patriarch 684:, Amr guaranteed the security of Egypt's population and imposed a 4167:"Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" 4090:"Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)" 4089: 4064:"Hadith No. 22, Purification (Kitab Al-Taharah) Sunan Abu Dawood" 3475: 2502: 2050: 2016:

succeeded him as governor of Egypt for a few weeks before Caliph

1856:. I was afraid, if I washed I would die. I, therefore, performed 1497: 1393: 1203: 899: 816: 804: 781: 613: 3940: 3328: 3326: 2703: 2701: 2435: 2360: 2358: 1485:

As per the 641 treaty with Cyrus, Amr imposed a poll tax of two

1217:, and requested reinforcements from Umar. The latter dispatched 5383: 4809:

Cambridge History of Egypt, Volume One: Islamic Egypt, 640–1517

1987:

According to one account reported by the 9th-century historian

1749: 1719: 1671: 1656:

After Ali's victory against al-Zubayr, Talha and A'isha at the

1551: 1501: 1436: 1365: 1301: 1262: 1250: 1119: 1065: 994: 981:, a Muslim possession since 630, before breaking west into the 851: 709: 705: 697: 685: 632: 112: 59: 5465: 4185: 3949:"Highlight On Hadith School In Egypt In First Three Centuries" 3930: 3928: 3138: 3021: 1832:

This hadith excerpt is of an episode wherein Muhammed tells a

1590:

pilgrims in Mecca, against Uthman. He lobbied Muhammad's wife

4329:

Muqarnas: An Annual on Islamic Art and Architecture, Volume 6

3323: 2820: 2793: 2698: 2355: 2296: 1682: 1604: 1448: 1426: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 982: 978: 923: 870: 847: 785: 689: 617: 597: 317: 313: 63: 4325:"Khaṭṭa and the Territorial Structure of Early Muslim Towns" 3830: 3782: 3758: 3695: 3683: 3610: 3499: 2936: 2934: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2915: 2913: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2783: 2781: 2744: 2742: 2740: 2738: 2736: 2734: 2732: 2730: 2728: 1335: 1241:; Emperor Heraclius opposed the talks and recalled Cyrus to 1233:. During the siege, Amr entered truce negotiations with the 1134:

In response to the series of defeats, the Byzantine emperor

4303: 4301: 4286: 4226: 3925: 3748: 3746: 3673: 3671: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3576: 3574: 3427: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2042: 1804:, which was compiled in the 9th-century by Islamic scholar 1752:(Suez) on his way to the province. Malik's replacement was 1587: 1202:(al-Farama) following a month-long siege and moved against 1073: 1001:. Most accounts hold that Amr's army was 3,000-strong; the 931: 99: 5046: 4979:

The Succession to Muhammad: A Study of the Early Caliphate

4268: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4210: 4208: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4200: 3913: 2543: 2392:

Early Islamic Oman (ca - 622/280-893): a political history

1864:. They mentioned that to the Messenger of Allah. He said: 676:. This was followed by westward advances by Amr as far as 4811:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 62–85. 4511:"Ṭarābulus al-Gharb – 2. In pre- and early Islamic times" 4108: 4031: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3842: 3770: 3658: 3656: 3403: 3277: 3275: 3262: 3260: 3228: 3218: 3216: 3060: 3050: 3048: 2925: 2904: 2892: 2778: 2754: 2725: 2661: 2659: 2644: 2620: 2521: 2519: 2517: 2490: 2399: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 1579: 1479: 965:

Amr was one of four commanders dispatched by Abu Bakr to

739: 4298: 4133: 4056: 3889: 3806: 3794: 3743: 3719: 3707: 3668: 3641: 3622: 3598: 3586: 3571: 3559: 3547: 3511: 3439: 3355: 3345: 3343: 3341: 3174: 3126: 3104: 3102: 3089: 3087: 3072: 3011: 3009: 2963: 2961: 2856: 2810: 2808: 2686: 2676: 2674: 2586: 2584: 2582: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2313: 2311: 2272: 2225: 1875:

The Messenger of Allah laughed and did not say anything.

4805:"Egypt as a Province in the Islamic Caliphate, 641–868" 4197: 3901: 3463: 3247: 3245: 3243: 2996: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2988: 2466: 2370: 2345: 2343: 2262: 2260: 2247: 2245: 1098:

where Amr kept the Byzantines confined at the decisive

889:". The tribal groups targeted in the raid included the 4664:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4627:

Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies

4274: 3866: 3731: 3653: 3535: 3523: 3415: 3391: 3379: 3272: 3257: 3213: 3203: 3201: 3114: 3045: 2946: 2868: 2656: 2514: 2201: 2189: 2162: 1808:. The specific hadiths are numbered 22 and 334 in the 1443:

strategically positioned it to dominate the Upper and

4250: 4000: 3953:

Journal of Namibian Studies: History Politics Culture

3487: 3451: 3338: 3287: 3186: 3162: 3099: 3084: 3006: 2973: 2958: 2880: 2844: 2832: 2805: 2766: 2713: 2671: 2632: 2608: 2596: 2579: 2567: 2555: 2531: 2478: 2447: 2423: 2411: 2323: 2308: 1083:) appointed or confirmed Amr as the commander of the 961:

Governor of Palestine and role in the Syrian conquest

4726:(October 1972). "The Murder of the Caliph 'Uthman". 3367: 3311: 3240: 3150: 2985: 2340: 2284: 2257: 2242: 2152: 2150: 2148: 2146: 2144: 2117: 1724: 1704: 1491: 1430: 584: 3198: 3033: 2213: 757:in 661 and Amr ruled the province until his death. 708:. After gradually diluting Amr's authority, Caliph 4851: 4607:The Life of Muhammad: Al-Waqidi's Kitab Al-Maghazi 5525:Abdallah ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam 2141: 1969:al-Husayn ibn Abd Allah ibn Ubayd Allah ibn Abbas 1685:, in early June, Mu'awiya's advance guard led by 760: 27:Arab military commander and governor (c. 573–664) 5612: 4348:The Men of Madina by Muhammad Ibn Sa'd, Volume 2 4159: 4082: 1458:Outline of the Seal of Amr ibn al-As from 643 CE 1912:(663–664 CE). He was buried at the foot of the 1168: 5451: 5369: 5075:Raisuddin, Abu Nayeem Muhammad (April 1981). 3946: 993:on 4 February 634 and set up headquarters at 688:on non-Muslim adult males. He maintained the 4728:International Journal of Middle East Studies 1852:I had a sexual dream on a cold night in the 1839: 1206:, which also fell after a month-long siege. 575:عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ بْنِ وَائِل السَّهْمِي 38: 5666:People of the Muslim conquest of the Levant 5600:Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan ibn Musa ibn Nusayr 5168:"Filasṭīn –I. Palestine under Islamic Rule" 5112: 4429:Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1st ed. (1913–1936) 4292: 3992:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of May 2024 ( 1815: 1734: 1511:After entering Alexandria, Amr invited the 1269:, and an unspecified number of villages in 5458: 5444: 5376: 5362: 5280:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5226: 5185:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5066:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4950:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4782:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4536:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4508: 4486:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 4462: 3860: 3836: 2940: 2919: 2898: 2826: 2799: 2787: 2748: 1760:mutineers from the Fustat garrison led by 1665:. The public agreement, composed by Amr's 1533: 1013:(d. 823), while the 9th-century historian 909:Muhammad appointed Amr as the governor of 672:in 641 or 642. It was the swiftest of the 48: 5193:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 910–913. 5137: 5077:"Amr ibn al-As and His Conquest of Egypt" 5074: 4982:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 4958:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 552–556. 4790:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 957–959. 4568:. Princeton: Princeton University Press. 4422: 4116:"English & Urdu, Purification Hadith" 4039:"English & Urdu, Purification Hadith" 2236: 2123: 1651: 1336:Expeditions in Cyrenaica and Tripolitania 1280:Amr initially halted his campaign at the 1005:(emigrants from Mecca to Medina) and the 350:Rayta or Hind bint Munabbih ibn al-Hajjaj 5248: 5205: 5025: 4996: 4972: 4544:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 152–160. 4494:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 212–213. 3895: 3824: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3764: 3752: 3725: 3713: 3701: 3689: 3677: 3647: 3635: 3616: 3604: 3592: 3580: 3565: 3517: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3385: 3305: 3234: 2760: 2508: 2472: 2441: 2388: 2183: 2135: 1887: 1453: 1275: 1177: 1089: 969:in 633. The focus of Amr's campaign was 5162: 5091: 4849: 4825: 4802: 4698: 4453: 4401: 4364: 4244: 4232: 4220: 3934: 3919: 3907: 3883: 3848: 3776: 3662: 3481: 3469: 3349: 3293: 3281: 3266: 3192: 3180: 3168: 3144: 3132: 3108: 3078: 3054: 3027: 3015: 2979: 2952: 2886: 2874: 2862: 2850: 2838: 2814: 2772: 2719: 2692: 2665: 2638: 2549: 2525: 2484: 1920:The traditional Egypt-based Arabic and 1572: 1417:The exterior wall of the mosque in 2011 14: 5636:Arab people of the Arab–Byzantine wars 5631:7th-century Umayyad governors of Egypt 5613: 5580:Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami 5565:Hafs ibn al-Walid ibn Yusuf al-Hadrami 4926: 4889: 4872: 4762: 4603: 4558: 4345: 4280: 4256: 4191: 3737: 3553: 3541: 3529: 3505: 3493: 3457: 3445: 3433: 3332: 3317: 3093: 3066: 2967: 2707: 2680: 2650: 2626: 2614: 2602: 2590: 2573: 2561: 2537: 2496: 2460: 2429: 2417: 2405: 2376: 2364: 2349: 2334: 2317: 2302: 2290: 2278: 2266: 2251: 2219: 2207: 2195: 1714:Amr and Abu Musa likely met twice, at 1644:—which included Palestine—the Umayyad 645:) appointed Amr as a commander of the 5439: 5357: 4879:Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam 4722: 4661: 4624: 4322: 4007:Rauf, Muhammad Abdul (8 March 2021). 3373: 3361: 3251: 3222: 3207: 3156: 3120: 3039: 3000: 2395:(Doctoral thesis). Durham University. 2156: 5555:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan 5288:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. p. 451. 4835:(Second ed.). Harlow: Longman. 4582: 4307: 4247:, p. Chapter CXX, paragraph 36. 4006: 1563:Umm Kulthum bint Uqba ibn Abi Mu'ayt 1173: 5595:Al-Mughira ibn Ubaydallah al-Fazari 5520:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan ibn al-Hakam 1883: 1791: 1182:Map detailing the route of Amr and 922:reports that on their departure to 776:, was a wealthy landowner from the 700:as the provincial capital with the 574: 160:August/September 658 – 664 39: 24: 5646:Generals of the Rashidun Caliphate 5510:Sa'id ibn Yazid ibn Alqama al-Azdi 854:upon the latter's return from the 788:. Following the death of al-As in 586:ʿAmr ibn al-ʿĀṣ ibn Wāʾil al-Sahmī 25: 5687: 5575:Abd al-Rahman ibn Khalid al-Fahmi 4331:. Leiden: Brill. pp. 22–32. 2389:al-Rawas, Isam Ali Ahmad (1990). 1383: 869:, likely located in the northern 803:from the Banu Jallan clan of the 5590:al-Hawthala ibn Suhayl al-Bahili 5535:Abd al-Malik ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi 2138:, pp. 192 note 228, pp. 265–266. 2104:43 AH/January 664 and March 664. 2094: 2073: 2056: 1904:—as a result of Amr's conquests 1410: 1392: 567:Amr ibn al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi 5515:Abd al-Rahman ibn Utba al-Fihri 5502:Maslama ibn Mukhallad al-Ansari 5118:Journal of Near Eastern Studies 5050:(1904–1940). Sachau, E. (ed.). 4858:. Philadelphia: Da Capo Press. 4316: 2382: 2027: 1640:. Nonetheless, the governor of 1556: 1375: 1311: 1140: 1078: 948: 744: 714: 640: 257: 247: 173: 117: 104: 4437:10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_4763 2006: 1981: 1946: 1085:military district of Palestine 942:. Muhammad's successor Caliph 850:(Najashi) and met Muhammad in 761:Early life and military career 596: – 664) was an 13: 1: 5233:The Arab Kingdom and Its Fall 4610:. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge. 3827:, pp. 257, 258 note 440. 2111: 1860:and led my companions in the 819:, and a half-sister from the 789: 766: 702:mosque later called after him 621: 590: 327: 306: 5570:Al-Walid ibn Rifa'a al-Fahmi 5550:Handhala ibn Safwan al-Kalbi 5026:McDonald, M.V., ed. (1987). 4431:. Vol. 6. p. 669. 4408:. Leiden and Boston: Brill. 3308:, pp. 62, 112 note 163. 7: 5671:Rashidun governors of Egypt 5208:Revue des Études Byzantines 4807:. In Petry, Carl F. (ed.). 4565:The Early Islamic Conquests 4454:Charles, Robert H. (1913). 4269:Muhammad ibn Sa'd 1904–1940 1725: 1705: 1492: 1431: 1169:First governorship of Egypt 726:After mutineers from Egypt 585: 551:Battle of al-Musannah (658) 10: 5692: 2020:appointed his own brother 1237:-based Byzantine governor 765:Amr ibn al-As was born in 5661:People of the First Fitna 5651:Companions of the Prophet 5545:Bishr ibn Safwan al-Kalbi 5477: 5410:Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa 5395: 5342: 5335: 5330: 5320: 5311: 5303: 5251:"ʿAmr b. al-ʿĀṣ al-Sahmī" 5053:Kitāb aṭ-Ṭabaqāt al-kabīr 4904:10.1017/S0041977X00023041 4740:10.1017/S0020743800025216 4676:10.1017/S0041977X09000512 4639:10.1017/S0041977X09000019 4327:. In Grabar, Oleg (ed.). 3484:, pp. 211, 213, 217. 1854:battle of Dhat as-Salasil 1840:Book of Purification #334 1567:Muhammad ibn Abi Hudhayfa 926:, Muhammad said to them: 560: 521:Siege of Babylon Fortress 452: 442: 413: 408: 394: 375: 364: 346: 323: 302: 297: 293: 281: 269: 235: 224: 216: 200: 182: 164: 153: 141: 129: 92: 81: 74: 70: 47: 34: 5656:Muslim conquest of Egypt 5530:Qurra ibn Sharik al-Absi 5249:Wensinck, A. J. (1960). 4873:Lecker, Michael (1987). 4367:Near Eastern Archaeology 2511:, p. 195, note 126. 2066:and southwest of modern 1974: 1848:that Amr ibn al-As had. 1816:Book of Purification #22 1735:Reestablishment in Egypt 1550:Umar's successor Caliph 1524:Saint Macarius Monastery 1112:Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah 846:in the presence of King 610:Muslim conquest of Egypt 510:Muslim conquest of Egypt 473:Muslim conquest of Syria 5220:10.3406/rebyz.2013.4989 4509:Christides, V. (2000). 4463:Christides, V. (1993). 4423:Buhl, Fr. (1913–1936). 4402:Bruning, Jelle (2018). 3967:(inactive 8 May 2024). 2444:, p. 160, note 14. 2305:, pp. 65, 101–102. 1965:took over the Caliphate 1646:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan 1534:Dismissal and aftermath 985:desert or possibly the 916:Sa'id ibn Aws al-Ansari 867:raid on Dhat al-Salasil 801:al-Nabigha bint Harmala 736:Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan 670:surrender of Alexandria 649:. He conquered most of 465:Raid of Dhat al-Salasil 403:Al-Nabigha bint Harmala 5056:. Vol. 5. Leiden. 4850:Kennedy, Hugh (2007). 4803:Kennedy, Hugh (1998). 4604:Faizer, Rizwi (2011). 4346:Bewley, Aisha (2000). 4194:, p. 29, note 50. 3965:10.59670/jns.v34i.2226 3335:, p. 29, note 49. 3147:, p. 33, note 56. 3030:, p. 24, note 10. 2710:, p. 30, note 61. 2367:, p. 28, note 34. 1957:Abd al-Aziz ibn Marwan 1941:early Muslim conquests 1905: 1877: 1870: 1830: 1806:Abu Dawud al-Sijistani 1652:Alliance with Mu'awiya 1459: 1356:and reaching Torca in 1352:(Tolmeita), capturing 1293: 1219:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 1187: 1184:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam 1103: 936: 674:early Muslim conquests 5425:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 5307:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 5114:Sijpesteijn, Petra M. 4583:Elad, Amikam (2016). 4323:Akbar, Jamel (1989). 3508:, pp. 31–32, 37. 3436:, pp. 31–32, 36. 1997:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 1891: 1866: 1850: 1822: 1766:Maslama ibn Mukhallad 1754:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 1584:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah 1470:, later known as the 1468:congregational mosque 1457: 1399:The courtyard of the 1279: 1213:, at the head of the 1181: 1093: 997:in the middle of the 930:"If these people (of 928: 751:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 460:Campaigns of Muhammad 443:Years of service 359:Umm Kulthum bint Uqba 190:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr 40:عَمْرِو بْنِ الْعَاصِ 5506:Muhammad ibn Maslama 4350:. Ta-Ha Publishers. 1825:Shurahbil ibn Hasana 1810:Book of Purification 1674:chief in Palestine, 1573:Opposition to Uthman 1541:Muhammad ibn Maslama 1472:Amr ibn al-As Mosque 1401:Amr ibn al-As Mosque 1223:Battle of Heliopolis 1186:'s conquest of Egypt 955:Shurahbil ibn Hasana 515:Battle of Heliopolis 502:Battle of the Yarmuk 56:Amr ibn al-As Mosque 5540:Ayyub ibn Sharhabil 5492:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 5324:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 4927:Lecker, M. (1997). 4763:Jomier, J. (1965). 4379:10.1086/NEA41103939 4310:, pp. 156–157. 4235:, pp. 139–140. 4120:Hamariweb.com Islam 4043:Hamariweb.com Islam 3937:, pp. 223–224. 3791:, pp. 254–255. 3767:, pp. 242–243. 3704:, pp. 226–227. 3692:, pp. 225–226. 3619:, pp. 186–187. 3364:, pp. 453–454. 3069:, pp. 957–958. 2829:, pp. 154–155. 2802:, pp. 153–154. 2653:, pp. 133–135. 2629:, pp. 131–132. 2552:, pp. 910–911. 2499:, pp. 118–119. 2408:, pp. 104–105. 2022:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 1993:Malik ibn al-Harith 1772:to spare his life. 1762:Mu'awiya ibn Hudayj 1746:Malik ibn al-Harith 1740:governor in Egypt, 1701:Abu Musa al-Ash'ari 1663:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 1658:Battle of the Camel 1348:(Marsa Soussa) and 1298:besieged Alexandria 1261:(el-Ashmunein) and 1247:Kharija ibn Hudhafa 1094:The ravines of the 1038:Byzantine Palestine 893:in general and the 836:Khalid ibn al-Walid 799:. Amr's mother was 728:assassinated Uthman 527:Siege of Alexandria 352:Unnamed woman from 288:Alqama ibn Mujazziz 211:Utba ibn Abi Sufyan 195:Malik ibn al-Harith 18:Amr ibn al-'As 5585:Hassan ibn Atahiya 5405:Abdallah ibn Sa'ad 5389:Rashidun Caliphate 5346:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd 5337:Governor of Egypt 5263:Lévi-Provençal, E. 5228:Wellhausen, Julius 3922:, pp. 80, 83. 2281:, pp. 27, 33. 1906: 1545:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd 1460: 1294: 1188: 1159:siege of Jerusalem 1104: 1042:Battle of Ajnadayn 721:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd 657:at the battles of 484:Battle of Ajnadayn 427:Rashidun Caliphate 276:Office established 148:Abd Allah ibn Sa'd 136:Office established 5608: 5607: 5560:Al-Hurr ibn Yusuf 5487:Abd Allah ibn Amr 5471:Umayyad Caliphate 5467:Governor of Egypt 5433: 5432: 5385:Governor of Egypt 5352: 5351: 5343:Succeeded by 5321:Succeeded by 5314:Governor of Egypt 5048:Muhammad ibn Sa'd 5039:978-0-88706-344-2 4974:Madelung, Wilferd 4965:978-90-04-10422-8 4865:978-0-306-81585-0 4842:978-0-582-40525-7 4715:978-0-7914-2393-6 4617:978-0-415-57434-1 4596:978-90-04-22989-1 4589:. Leiden: Brill. 4551:978-90-04-11211-7 4501:978-90-04-09419-2 4415:978-90-04-36635-0 3851:, pp. 68–69. 3839:, pp. 95–96. 3779:, pp. 78–79. 3556:, pp. 31–32. 3448:, pp. 32–33. 3412:, pp. 91–92. 3237:, pp. 29–30. 3225:, pp. 17–18. 3183:, pp. 35–36. 3135:, pp. 33–34. 3123:, pp. 26–27. 3081:, pp. 30–31. 2865:, pp. 40–42. 2763:, pp. 61–62. 2695:, pp. 91–92. 2379:, pp. 27–28. 2210:, pp. 25–26. 2198:, pp. 24–25. 2089:conquest of Mecca 1955:viceroy of Egypt 1798:hadith collection 1638:al-Walid ibn Uqba 1586:, as well as the 1547:over the region. 1296:In late 641, Amr 1174:Conquest of Egypt 1147:Battle of Yarmouk 1100:Battle of Yarmouk 1036:, the capital of 1021:and 200 from the 856:Battle of Khaybar 828:conquest of Mecca 755:Umayyad Caliphate 647:conquest of Syria 583: 564: 563: 496:Siege of Damascus 341:Umayyad Caliphate 334:(aged 90–91) 207:Abd Allah ibn Amr 76:Governor of Egypt 16:(Redirected from 5683: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5437: 5436: 5378: 5371: 5364: 5355: 5354: 5304:Preceded by 5301: 5300: 5297: 5245: 5223: 5202: 5159: 5141: 5109: 5088: 5071: 5065: 5057: 5043: 5022: 4993: 4969: 4941:Heinrichs, W. P. 4923: 4886: 4869: 4857: 4846: 4822: 4799: 4759: 4719: 4695: 4658: 4621: 4600: 4579: 4555: 4531:Heinrichs, W. P. 4505: 4477:Heinrichs, W. P. 4459: 4450: 4419: 4398: 4361: 4342: 4311: 4305: 4296: 4293:Sijpesteijn 2014 4290: 4284: 4278: 4272: 4271:, pp. 9–11. 4266: 4260: 4254: 4248: 4242: 4236: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4195: 4189: 4183: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4163: 4157: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4137: 4131: 4130: 4128: 4126: 4112: 4106: 4105: 4103: 4101: 4086: 4080: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4060: 4054: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4035: 4029: 4028: 4026: 4024: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3991: 3983: 3981: 3979: 3944: 3938: 3932: 3923: 3917: 3911: 3905: 3899: 3893: 3887: 3881: 3864: 3858: 3852: 3846: 3840: 3834: 3828: 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3780: 3774: 3768: 3762: 3756: 3750: 3741: 3735: 3729: 3723: 3717: 3711: 3705: 3699: 3693: 3687: 3681: 3675: 3666: 3660: 3651: 3645: 3639: 3633: 3620: 3614: 3608: 3602: 3596: 3590: 3584: 3578: 3569: 3563: 3557: 3551: 3545: 3539: 3533: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3467: 3461: 3455: 3449: 3443: 3437: 3431: 3425: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3359: 3353: 3347: 3336: 3330: 3321: 3315: 3309: 3303: 3297: 3291: 3285: 3279: 3270: 3264: 3255: 3249: 3238: 3232: 3226: 3220: 3211: 3205: 3196: 3190: 3184: 3178: 3172: 3166: 3160: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3136: 3130: 3124: 3118: 3112: 3106: 3097: 3091: 3082: 3076: 3070: 3064: 3058: 3052: 3043: 3037: 3031: 3025: 3019: 3013: 3004: 2998: 2983: 2977: 2971: 2965: 2956: 2950: 2944: 2938: 2923: 2917: 2902: 2896: 2890: 2884: 2878: 2872: 2866: 2860: 2854: 2848: 2842: 2836: 2830: 2824: 2818: 2812: 2803: 2797: 2791: 2785: 2776: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2752: 2746: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2696: 2690: 2684: 2678: 2669: 2663: 2654: 2648: 2642: 2636: 2630: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2606: 2600: 2594: 2588: 2577: 2571: 2565: 2559: 2553: 2547: 2541: 2535: 2529: 2523: 2512: 2506: 2500: 2494: 2488: 2482: 2476: 2470: 2464: 2458: 2445: 2439: 2433: 2427: 2421: 2415: 2409: 2403: 2397: 2396: 2386: 2380: 2374: 2368: 2362: 2353: 2347: 2338: 2332: 2321: 2315: 2306: 2300: 2294: 2288: 2282: 2276: 2270: 2264: 2255: 2249: 2240: 2234: 2223: 2217: 2211: 2205: 2199: 2193: 2187: 2181: 2160: 2154: 2139: 2133: 2127: 2121: 2105: 2098: 2092: 2077: 2071: 2060: 2054: 2031: 2025: 2010: 2004: 1985: 1938: 1935: 1926:Ibn Abd al-Hakam 1884:Death and legacy 1792:Narrated Hadiths 1728: 1726:amir al-mu'minin 1710: 1707:amir al-mu'minin 1692:Battle of Siffin 1597:Wilferd Madelung 1582:, al-Zubayr and 1560: 1558: 1522:, including the 1513:Coptic patriarch 1495: 1434: 1414: 1396: 1379: 1377: 1346:Appolonia Sozusa 1344:(Marsa Matruh), 1318:Battle of Nikiou 1315: 1313: 1286:pictured in 2008 1282:Babylon Fortress 1231:besieged Babylon 1144: 1142: 1082: 1080: 991:Battle of Dathin 952: 950: 881:. The historian 879:Byzantine Empire 840:Uthman ibn Talha 794: 791: 771: 768: 748: 746: 718: 716: 665:in 634 and 636. 644: 642: 626: 623: 595: 592: 588: 578: 576: 546:Battle of Siffin 533:Battle of Nikiou 478:Battle of Dathin 409:Military service 333: 329: 311: 308: 298:Personal details 284: 272: 261: 259: 251: 249: 229: 203: 192: 185: 177: 175: 158: 144: 132: 121: 119: 108: 106: 86: 52: 42: 41: 32: 31: 21: 5691: 5690: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5611: 5610: 5609: 5604: 5473: 5464: 5434: 5429: 5420:Malik al-Ashtar 5391: 5382: 5348: 5339: 5326: 5317: 5309: 5081:Islamic Culture 5059: 5058: 5040: 4990: 4966: 4933:Bosworth, C. E. 4866: 4843: 4819: 4716: 4618: 4597: 4576: 4560:Donner, Fred M. 4552: 4523:Bosworth, C. E. 4502: 4469:Bosworth, C. E. 4447: 4416: 4358: 4339: 4319: 4314: 4306: 4299: 4291: 4287: 4279: 4275: 4267: 4263: 4255: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4231: 4227: 4219: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4174: 4165: 4164: 4160: 4150: 4148: 4147:. 12 April 2024 4139: 4138: 4134: 4124: 4122: 4114: 4113: 4109: 4099: 4097: 4088: 4087: 4083: 4073: 4071: 4070:. 12 April 2024 4062: 4061: 4057: 4047: 4045: 4037: 4036: 4032: 4022: 4020: 4013:IIU Law Journal 4005: 4001: 3985: 3984: 3977: 3975: 3945: 3941: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3906: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3882: 3867: 3861:Wellhausen 1927 3859: 3855: 3847: 3843: 3837:Wellhausen 1927 3835: 3831: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3783: 3775: 3771: 3763: 3759: 3751: 3744: 3736: 3732: 3724: 3720: 3712: 3708: 3700: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3676: 3669: 3661: 3654: 3646: 3642: 3634: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3603: 3599: 3591: 3587: 3579: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3552: 3548: 3540: 3536: 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3468: 3464: 3456: 3452: 3444: 3440: 3432: 3428: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3360: 3356: 3348: 3339: 3331: 3324: 3316: 3312: 3304: 3300: 3292: 3288: 3280: 3273: 3265: 3258: 3250: 3241: 3233: 3229: 3221: 3214: 3206: 3199: 3191: 3187: 3179: 3175: 3167: 3163: 3155: 3151: 3143: 3139: 3131: 3127: 3119: 3115: 3107: 3100: 3092: 3085: 3077: 3073: 3065: 3061: 3053: 3046: 3038: 3034: 3026: 3022: 3014: 3007: 2999: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2966: 2959: 2951: 2947: 2941:Christides 2000 2939: 2926: 2920:Christides 1993 2918: 2905: 2899:Christides 1993 2897: 2893: 2885: 2881: 2873: 2869: 2861: 2857: 2849: 2845: 2837: 2833: 2827:Christides 1993 2825: 2821: 2813: 2806: 2800:Christides 1993 2798: 2794: 2788:Christides 1993 2786: 2779: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2755: 2749:Christides 1993 2747: 2726: 2718: 2714: 2706: 2699: 2691: 2687: 2679: 2672: 2664: 2657: 2649: 2645: 2637: 2633: 2625: 2621: 2613: 2609: 2601: 2597: 2589: 2580: 2572: 2568: 2560: 2556: 2548: 2544: 2536: 2532: 2524: 2515: 2507: 2503: 2495: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2471: 2467: 2459: 2448: 2440: 2436: 2428: 2424: 2416: 2412: 2404: 2400: 2387: 2383: 2375: 2371: 2363: 2356: 2348: 2341: 2333: 2324: 2316: 2309: 2301: 2297: 2289: 2285: 2277: 2273: 2265: 2258: 2250: 2243: 2235: 2226: 2218: 2214: 2206: 2202: 2194: 2190: 2182: 2163: 2155: 2142: 2134: 2130: 2122: 2118: 2114: 2109: 2108: 2099: 2095: 2078: 2074: 2061: 2057: 2032: 2028: 2011: 2007: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1949: 1936: 1886: 1842: 1834:cautionary tale 1818: 1802:Sunan Abi Dawud 1794: 1737: 1716:Dumat al-Jandal 1661:by his brother 1654: 1618:Yaqut al-Hamawi 1575: 1555: 1536: 1528:Hugh N. Kennedy 1422: 1421: 1420: 1419: 1418: 1415: 1406: 1405: 1404: 1397: 1386: 1374: 1338: 1310: 1249:, captured the 1229:soon after and 1192:Byzantine Egypt 1176: 1171: 1139: 1077: 995:Ghamr al-Arabat 963: 947: 792: 774:al-As ibn Wa'il 769: 763: 743: 738:against Caliph 713: 639: 624: 616:, Amr embraced 593: 556: 447: 438: 401: 399:Al-As ibn Wa'il 390: 357: 351: 335: 331: 312: 309: 282: 270: 265: 256: 246: 230: 225: 209: 201: 188: 183: 172: 159: 154: 142: 130: 125: 116: 103: 87: 82: 66: 43: 37: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5689: 5679: 5678: 5673: 5668: 5663: 5658: 5653: 5648: 5643: 5638: 5633: 5628: 5623: 5606: 5605: 5603: 5602: 5597: 5592: 5587: 5582: 5577: 5572: 5567: 5562: 5557: 5552: 5547: 5542: 5537: 5532: 5527: 5522: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5504: 5499: 5494: 5489: 5484: 5478: 5475: 5474: 5463: 5462: 5455: 5448: 5440: 5431: 5430: 5428: 5427: 5422: 5417: 5412: 5407: 5402: 5396: 5393: 5392: 5381: 5380: 5373: 5366: 5358: 5350: 5349: 5344: 5341: 5334: 5328: 5327: 5322: 5319: 5310: 5305: 5299: 5298: 5259:Kramers, J. H. 5255:Gibb, H. A. R. 5246: 5224: 5203: 5160: 5148:10.1086/677240 5130:10.1086/677240 5124:(2): 179–190. 5110: 5100:(3): 188–195. 5089: 5072: 5044: 5038: 5023: 5011:10.2307/283789 4994: 4988: 4970: 4964: 4937:van Donzel, E. 4924: 4887: 4870: 4864: 4847: 4841: 4823: 4817: 4800: 4760: 4734:(4): 450–469. 4720: 4714: 4702:, ed. (1996). 4700:Hawting, G. R. 4696: 4670:(2): 259–278. 4659: 4622: 4616: 4601: 4595: 4580: 4574: 4556: 4550: 4527:van Donzel, E. 4515:Bearman, P. J. 4506: 4500: 4473:van Donzel, E. 4460: 4451: 4446:978-9004082656 4445: 4420: 4414: 4399: 4373:(4): 210–222. 4362: 4357:978-1897940907 4356: 4343: 4337: 4318: 4315: 4313: 4312: 4297: 4295:, p. 183. 4285: 4283:, p. 153. 4273: 4261: 4249: 4237: 4225: 4223:, p. 165. 4196: 4184: 4158: 4132: 4107: 4081: 4055: 4030: 3999: 3939: 3924: 3912: 3910:, p. 157. 3900: 3898:, p. 267. 3888: 3865: 3853: 3841: 3829: 3817: 3815:, p. 257. 3805: 3803:, p. 256. 3793: 3781: 3769: 3757: 3755:, p. 238. 3742: 3740:, p. 554. 3730: 3728:, p. 237. 3718: 3716:, p. 227. 3706: 3694: 3682: 3680:, p. 224. 3667: 3652: 3650:, p. 197. 3640: 3638:, p. 196. 3621: 3609: 3607:, p. 185. 3597: 3595:, p. 152. 3585: 3583:, p. 187. 3570: 3568:, p. 186. 3558: 3546: 3544:, p. 418. 3534: 3532:, p. 101. 3522: 3520:, p. 107. 3510: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3472:, p. 217. 3462: 3450: 3438: 3426: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3378: 3376:, p. 454. 3366: 3354: 3337: 3322: 3310: 3298: 3286: 3284:, p. 164. 3271: 3269:, p. 163. 3256: 3254:, p. 453. 3239: 3227: 3212: 3197: 3185: 3173: 3161: 3159:, p. 271. 3149: 3137: 3125: 3113: 3098: 3096:, p. 958. 3083: 3071: 3059: 3057:, p. 188. 3044: 3032: 3020: 3005: 3003:, p. 268. 2984: 2972: 2970:, p. 957. 2957: 2955:, p. 217. 2945: 2943:, p. 212. 2924: 2922:, p. 156. 2903: 2901:, p. 155. 2891: 2879: 2877:, p. 162. 2867: 2855: 2843: 2831: 2819: 2804: 2792: 2790:, p. 154. 2777: 2765: 2753: 2751:, p. 153. 2724: 2712: 2697: 2685: 2683:, p. 151. 2670: 2668:, p. 911. 2655: 2643: 2631: 2619: 2617:, p. 131. 2607: 2605:, p. 137. 2595: 2593:, p. 130. 2578: 2576:, p. 136. 2566: 2564:, p. 153. 2554: 2542: 2540:, p. 129. 2530: 2528:, p. 910. 2513: 2501: 2489: 2477: 2475:, p. 198. 2465: 2463:, p. 115. 2446: 2434: 2432:, p. 114. 2422: 2420:, p. 111. 2410: 2398: 2381: 2369: 2354: 2339: 2337:, p. 104. 2322: 2320:, p. 102. 2307: 2295: 2283: 2271: 2256: 2241: 2239:, p. 277. 2237:Raisuddin 1981 2224: 2212: 2200: 2188: 2186:, p. 451. 2161: 2140: 2128: 2124:Buhl 1913–1936 2115: 2113: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2093: 2085:Battle of Uhud 2072: 2055: 2033:The historian 2026: 2005: 1979: 1978: 1976: 1973: 1948: 1945: 1937: 680–690 1885: 1882: 1841: 1838: 1817: 1814: 1793: 1790: 1782:Friday prayers 1736: 1733: 1676:Natil ibn Qays 1653: 1650: 1574: 1571: 1559: 644–656 1535: 1532: 1520:Wadi al-Natrun 1500:, a turban, a 1441:Eastern Desert 1416: 1409: 1408: 1407: 1398: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1384:Administration 1382: 1378: 685–705 1337: 1334: 1314: 641–668 1243:Constantinople 1225:. He captured 1175: 1172: 1170: 1167: 1163:Treaty of Umar 1143: 610–641 1116:Battle of Fahl 1081: 634–644 962: 959: 951: 632–634 821:Banu Abd Shams 772:. His father, 762: 759: 747: 656–661 717: 644–656 643: 632–634 600:commander and 562: 561: 558: 557: 555: 554: 553: 552: 549: 538: 537: 536: 530: 524: 518: 507: 506: 505: 499: 493: 490:Battle of Fahl 487: 481: 470: 469: 468: 456: 454: 450: 449: 444: 440: 439: 437: 436: 430: 424: 417: 415: 411: 410: 406: 405: 396: 392: 391: 389: 388: 385: 379: 377: 373: 372: 366: 362: 361: 348: 344: 343: 325: 321: 320: 304: 300: 299: 295: 294: 291: 290: 285: 279: 278: 273: 267: 266: 264: 263: 260: 634–639 253: 250: 634–634 239: 237: 233: 232: 222: 221: 214: 213: 204: 198: 197: 186: 180: 179: 176: 661–664 166: 162: 161: 151: 150: 145: 139: 138: 133: 127: 126: 124: 123: 120: 644–646 110: 107: 640–644 96: 94: 90: 89: 79: 78: 72: 71: 68: 67: 53: 45: 44: 36:Amr ibn al-As 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5688: 5677: 5676:City founders 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5618: 5616: 5601: 5598: 5596: 5593: 5591: 5588: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5531: 5528: 5526: 5523: 5521: 5518: 5516: 5513: 5511: 5508: 5505: 5503: 5500: 5498: 5497:Uqba ibn Amir 5495: 5493: 5490: 5488: 5485: 5483: 5482:Amr ibn al-As 5480: 5479: 5476: 5472: 5468: 5461: 5456: 5454: 5449: 5447: 5442: 5441: 5438: 5426: 5423: 5421: 5418: 5416: 5415:Qays ibn Sa'd 5413: 5411: 5408: 5406: 5403: 5401: 5400:Amr ibn al-As 5398: 5397: 5394: 5390: 5386: 5379: 5374: 5372: 5367: 5365: 5360: 5359: 5356: 5347: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5325: 5316: 5315: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5291: 5287: 5283: 5281: 5276: 5272: 5268: 5264: 5260: 5256: 5252: 5247: 5243: 5239: 5235: 5234: 5229: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5204: 5200: 5196: 5192: 5188: 5186: 5181: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5153: 5149: 5145: 5140: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5119: 5115: 5111: 5107: 5103: 5099: 5095: 5090: 5087:(4): 277–290. 5086: 5082: 5078: 5073: 5069: 5063: 5055: 5054: 5049: 5045: 5041: 5035: 5031: 5030: 5024: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4989:0-521-56181-7 4985: 4981: 4980: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4961: 4957: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4942: 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4921: 4917: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4871: 4867: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4838: 4834: 4833: 4828: 4827:Kennedy, Hugh 4824: 4820: 4818:0-521-47137-0 4814: 4810: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4789: 4785: 4783: 4778: 4774: 4770: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4724:Hinds, Martin 4721: 4717: 4711: 4707: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4693: 4689: 4685: 4681: 4677: 4673: 4669: 4665: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4609: 4608: 4602: 4598: 4592: 4588: 4587: 4581: 4577: 4575:0-691-05327-8 4571: 4567: 4566: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4537: 4532: 4528: 4524: 4520: 4519:Bianquis, Th. 4516: 4512: 4507: 4503: 4497: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4482: 4478: 4474: 4470: 4466: 4461: 4457: 4452: 4448: 4442: 4438: 4434: 4430: 4426: 4421: 4417: 4411: 4407: 4406: 4400: 4396: 4392: 4388: 4384: 4380: 4376: 4372: 4368: 4363: 4359: 4353: 4349: 4344: 4340: 4338:90-04-09050-9 4334: 4330: 4326: 4321: 4320: 4309: 4304: 4302: 4294: 4289: 4282: 4277: 4270: 4265: 4259:, p. 31. 4258: 4253: 4246: 4241: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4193: 4188: 4172: 4168: 4162: 4146: 4145:ahadith.co.uk 4142: 4136: 4121: 4117: 4111: 4095: 4091: 4085: 4069: 4068:ahadith.co.uk 4065: 4059: 4044: 4040: 4034: 4018: 4014: 4010: 4003: 3995: 3989: 3974: 3970: 3966: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3943: 3936: 3931: 3929: 3921: 3916: 3909: 3904: 3897: 3896:Madelung 1997 3892: 3886:, p. 69. 3885: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 3870: 3863:, p. 96. 3862: 3857: 3850: 3845: 3838: 3833: 3826: 3825:Madelung 1997 3821: 3814: 3813:Madelung 1997 3809: 3802: 3801:Madelung 1997 3797: 3790: 3789:Madelung 1997 3785: 3778: 3773: 3766: 3765:Madelung 1997 3761: 3754: 3753:Madelung 1997 3749: 3747: 3739: 3734: 3727: 3726:Madelung 1997 3722: 3715: 3714:Madelung 1997 3710: 3703: 3702:Madelung 1997 3698: 3691: 3690:Madelung 1997 3686: 3679: 3678:Madelung 1997 3674: 3672: 3665:, p. 78. 3664: 3659: 3657: 3649: 3648:Madelung 1997 3644: 3637: 3636:Madelung 1997 3632: 3630: 3628: 3626: 3618: 3617:Madelung 1997 3613: 3606: 3605:Madelung 1997 3601: 3594: 3593:Madelung 1997 3589: 3582: 3581:Madelung 1997 3577: 3575: 3567: 3566:Madelung 1997 3562: 3555: 3550: 3543: 3538: 3531: 3526: 3519: 3518:McDonald 1987 3514: 3507: 3502: 3496:, p. 37. 3495: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3466: 3460:, p. 36. 3459: 3454: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3430: 3424:, p. 92. 3423: 3422:Madelung 1997 3418: 3411: 3410:Madelung 1997 3406: 3400:, p. 91. 3399: 3398:Madelung 1997 3394: 3388:, p. 90. 3387: 3386:Madelung 1997 3382: 3375: 3370: 3363: 3358: 3352:, p. 74. 3351: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3334: 3329: 3327: 3320:, p. 29. 3319: 3314: 3307: 3306:Madelung 1997 3302: 3296:, p. 69. 3295: 3290: 3283: 3278: 3276: 3268: 3263: 3261: 3253: 3248: 3246: 3244: 3236: 3235:Trombley 2013 3231: 3224: 3219: 3217: 3210:, p. 17. 3209: 3204: 3202: 3195:, p. 39. 3194: 3189: 3182: 3177: 3171:, p. 35. 3170: 3165: 3158: 3153: 3146: 3141: 3134: 3129: 3122: 3117: 3111:, p. 31. 3110: 3105: 3103: 3095: 3090: 3088: 3080: 3075: 3068: 3063: 3056: 3051: 3049: 3042:, p. 26. 3041: 3036: 3029: 3024: 3018:, p. 24. 3017: 3012: 3010: 3002: 2997: 2995: 2993: 2991: 2989: 2982:, p. 67. 2981: 2976: 2969: 2964: 2962: 2954: 2949: 2942: 2937: 2935: 2933: 2931: 2929: 2921: 2916: 2914: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2900: 2895: 2889:, p. 43. 2888: 2883: 2876: 2871: 2864: 2859: 2853:, p. 40. 2852: 2847: 2841:, p. 27. 2840: 2835: 2828: 2823: 2817:, p. 90. 2816: 2811: 2809: 2801: 2796: 2789: 2784: 2782: 2775:, p. 65. 2774: 2769: 2762: 2761:Madelung 1997 2757: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2735: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2722:, p. 88. 2721: 2716: 2709: 2704: 2702: 2694: 2689: 2682: 2677: 2675: 2667: 2662: 2660: 2652: 2647: 2641:, p. 96. 2640: 2635: 2628: 2623: 2616: 2611: 2604: 2599: 2592: 2587: 2585: 2583: 2575: 2570: 2563: 2558: 2551: 2546: 2539: 2534: 2527: 2522: 2520: 2518: 2510: 2509:Mayerson 1964 2505: 2498: 2493: 2487:, p. 73. 2486: 2481: 2474: 2473:Mayerson 1964 2469: 2462: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2443: 2442:Mayerson 1964 2438: 2431: 2426: 2419: 2414: 2407: 2402: 2394: 2393: 2385: 2378: 2373: 2366: 2361: 2359: 2352:, p. 28. 2351: 2346: 2344: 2336: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2319: 2314: 2312: 2304: 2299: 2293:, p. 67. 2292: 2287: 2280: 2275: 2269:, p. 27. 2268: 2263: 2261: 2254:, p. 25. 2253: 2248: 2246: 2238: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2222:, p. 25. 2221: 2216: 2209: 2204: 2197: 2192: 2185: 2184:Wensinck 1960 2180: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2158: 2153: 2151: 2149: 2147: 2145: 2137: 2136:Madelung 1997 2132: 2125: 2120: 2116: 2103: 2097: 2090: 2086: 2082: 2076: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2052: 2048: 2044: 2040: 2036: 2035:Albrecht Noth 2030: 2023: 2019: 2015: 2009: 2002: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1984: 1980: 1972: 1970: 1966: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1944: 1942: 1931: 1930:John of Nikiu 1927: 1923: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1890: 1881: 1876: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1849: 1847: 1837: 1835: 1829: 1826: 1821: 1813: 1811: 1807: 1803: 1799: 1789: 1785: 1783: 1779: 1773: 1771: 1770:Abd al-Rahman 1767: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1747: 1743: 1742:Qays ibn Sa'd 1732: 1729: 1727: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1709: 1708: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1688: 1684: 1679: 1677: 1673: 1668: 1664: 1659: 1649: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1635: 1630: 1629:assassination 1625: 1623: 1619: 1616:(d. 892) and 1615: 1611: 1607: 1606: 1600: 1598: 1593: 1589: 1585: 1581: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1553: 1548: 1546: 1542: 1531: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1514: 1509: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1494: 1488: 1483: 1481: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1456: 1452: 1450: 1446: 1442: 1438: 1433: 1428: 1427:garrison town 1413: 1402: 1395: 1381: 1372: 1367: 1363: 1359: 1355: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1333: 1331: 1327: 1321: 1319: 1308: 1303: 1299: 1291: 1290:lengthy siege 1287: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1272: 1268: 1264: 1260: 1256: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1228: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1207: 1205: 1201: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1180: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1151:Yarmouk River 1148: 1137: 1132: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1101: 1097: 1096:Yarmouk River 1092: 1088: 1086: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1063: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1039: 1035: 1030: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1004: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 972: 968: 967:conquer Syria 958: 956: 945: 941: 935: 933: 927: 925: 921: 917: 912: 907: 905: 901: 896: 892: 888: 884: 880: 876: 872: 868: 863: 861: 857: 853: 849: 845: 841: 837: 833: 829: 824: 822: 818: 814: 813:Uqba ibn Nafi 810: 806: 802: 798: 787: 783: 779: 775: 758: 756: 752: 741: 737: 734:, Amr joined 733: 729: 724: 722: 711: 707: 703: 699: 696:. He founded 695: 691: 687: 683: 679: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 637: 634: 630: 619: 615: 611: 607: 603: 599: 587: 581: 572: 568: 559: 550: 547: 544: 543: 542: 539: 534: 531: 528: 525: 522: 519: 516: 513: 512: 511: 508: 503: 500: 497: 494: 491: 488: 485: 482: 479: 476: 475: 474: 471: 466: 463: 462: 461: 458: 457: 455: 451: 445: 441: 434: 431: 428: 425: 422: 419: 418: 416: 412: 407: 404: 400: 397: 393: 386: 384: 381: 380: 378: 374: 370: 367: 363: 360: 355: 349: 345: 342: 338: 326: 322: 319: 315: 305: 301: 296: 292: 289: 286: 280: 277: 274: 268: 254: 244: 241: 240: 238: 234: 228: 223: 220: 215: 212: 208: 205: 199: 196: 191: 187: 181: 170: 167: 163: 157: 152: 149: 146: 140: 137: 134: 128: 114: 111: 101: 98: 97: 95: 91: 85: 80: 77: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 51: 46: 33: 30: 19: 5481: 5399: 5336: 5331: 5312: 5285: 5278: 5232: 5211: 5207: 5190: 5183: 5121: 5117: 5097: 5093: 5084: 5080: 5052: 5028: 5002: 4998: 4978: 4955: 4948: 4898:(1): 24–37. 4895: 4891: 4882: 4878: 4853: 4831: 4808: 4787: 4780: 4731: 4727: 4704: 4667: 4663: 4630: 4626: 4606: 4585: 4564: 4541: 4534: 4491: 4484: 4455: 4428: 4404: 4370: 4366: 4347: 4328: 4317:Bibliography 4288: 4276: 4264: 4252: 4245:Charles 1913 4240: 4233:Kennedy 2007 4228: 4221:Kennedy 2007 4187: 4175:. Retrieved 4170: 4161: 4149:. Retrieved 4144: 4135: 4123:. Retrieved 4119: 4110: 4098:. Retrieved 4093: 4084: 4072:. Retrieved 4067: 4058: 4046:. Retrieved 4042: 4033: 4021:. Retrieved 4016: 4012: 4002: 3988:cite journal 3976:. Retrieved 3956: 3952: 3942: 3935:Hawting 1996 3920:Kennedy 2004 3915: 3908:Hawting 1996 3903: 3891: 3884:Kennedy 1998 3856: 3849:Kennedy 1998 3844: 3832: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3784: 3777:Kennedy 2004 3772: 3760: 3733: 3721: 3709: 3697: 3685: 3663:Kennedy 2004 3643: 3612: 3600: 3588: 3561: 3549: 3537: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3482:Blakely 2010 3477: 3470:Blakely 2010 3465: 3453: 3441: 3429: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3357: 3350:Kennedy 2004 3313: 3301: 3294:Kennedy 2004 3289: 3282:Kennedy 2007 3267:Kennedy 2007 3230: 3193:Bruning 2018 3188: 3181:Bruning 2018 3176: 3169:Bruning 2018 3164: 3152: 3145:Bruning 2018 3140: 3133:Bruning 2018 3128: 3116: 3109:Bruning 2018 3079:Bruning 2018 3074: 3062: 3055:Scanlon 1968 3035: 3028:Bruning 2018 3023: 3016:Bruning 2018 2980:Kennedy 2004 2975: 2953:Kennedy 2007 2948: 2894: 2887:Bruning 2018 2882: 2875:Kennedy 2007 2870: 2863:Bruning 2018 2858: 2851:Bruning 2018 2846: 2839:Bruning 2018 2834: 2822: 2815:Bruning 2018 2795: 2773:Kennedy 2004 2768: 2756: 2720:Kennedy 2007 2715: 2693:Kennedy 2007 2688: 2666:Sourdel 1965 2646: 2639:Kennedy 2007 2634: 2622: 2610: 2598: 2569: 2557: 2550:Sourdel 1965 2545: 2533: 2526:Sourdel 1965 2504: 2492: 2485:Kennedy 2007 2480: 2468: 2437: 2425: 2413: 2401: 2391: 2384: 2372: 2298: 2286: 2274: 2215: 2203: 2191: 2159:, p. 3. 2131: 2119: 2096: 2075: 2064:Tell el-Hesi 2058: 2029: 2024:to the post. 2008: 1983: 1950: 1919: 1907: 1902:Tripolitania 1878: 1874: 1871: 1867: 1851: 1846:sexual dream 1843: 1831: 1823: 1819: 1795: 1786: 1774: 1738: 1723: 1713: 1697: 1687:Abu al-A'war 1680: 1666: 1655: 1626: 1614:al-Baladhuri 1603: 1601: 1576: 1549: 1537: 1510: 1506:Martin Hinds 1484: 1476: 1461: 1423: 1371:Abd al-Malik 1339: 1322: 1295: 1285: 1267:Middle Egypt 1208: 1189: 1133: 1105: 1031: 964: 937: 929: 920:Al-Baladhuri 918:. Historian 908: 864: 825: 780:clan of the 764: 725: 667: 631:. The first 608:who led the 566: 565: 453:Battles/wars 283:Succeeded by 275: 226: 217:Governor of 202:Succeeded by 155: 143:Succeeded by 135: 83: 29: 5275:Pellat, Ch. 5267:Schacht, J. 5180:Schacht, J. 5176:Pellat, Ch. 5164:Sourdel, D. 5094:Archaeology 5005:: 155–199. 4945:Lecomte, G. 4777:Schacht, J. 4773:Pellat, Ch. 4765:"Al-Fusṭāṭ" 4633:(1): 1–24. 4490:Volume VII: 4481:Pellat, Ch. 4281:Bewley 2000 4257:Lecker 1989 4192:Lecker 1989 4173:(in Arabic) 4096:(in Arabic) 3959:: 669–689. 3738:Lecker 1997 3554:Lecker 1989 3542:Faizer 2011 3530:Faizer 2011 3506:Lecker 1989 3494:Lecker 1989 3458:Lecker 1989 3446:Lecker 1989 3434:Lecker 1989 3333:Lecker 1989 3318:Lecker 1989 3094:Jomier 1965 3067:Jomier 1965 2968:Jomier 1965 2708:Lecker 1989 2681:Donner 1981 2651:Donner 1981 2627:Donner 1981 2615:Donner 1981 2603:Donner 1981 2591:Donner 1981 2574:Donner 1981 2562:Donner 1981 2538:Donner 1981 2497:Donner 1981 2461:Donner 1981 2430:Donner 1981 2418:Donner 1981 2406:Donner 1981 2377:Lecker 1989 2365:Lecker 1989 2350:Lecker 1989 2335:Donner 1981 2318:Donner 1981 2303:Donner 1981 2291:Donner 1981 2279:Lecker 1989 2267:Lecker 1989 2252:Lecker 1987 2220:Lecker 1989 2208:Lecker 1989 2196:Lecker 1989 2102:Eid al-Fitr 2041:and Caliph 1963:after they 1947:Descendants 1862:dawn prayer 1634:Banu Umayya 1569:in 654/55. 1493:dār al-rizq 1487:gold dinars 1342:Paraetonium 1307:Constans II 1271:Upper Egypt 1257:(Bahnasa), 1255:Oxyrhynchus 1046:Bayt Jibrin 1019:Banu Sulaym 875:Fred Donner 862:(d. 1176). 732:First Fitna 541:First Fitna 332:(664-00-00) 271:Preceded by 184:Preceded by 131:Preceded by 5626:664 deaths 5621:573 births 5615:Categories 5189:Volume II: 5139:1887/85169 4954:Volume IX: 4786:Volume II: 4425:"Muḥammad" 4171:Sunnah.com 4094:Sunnah.com 3374:Hinds 1972 3362:Hinds 1972 3252:Hinds 1972 3223:Foss 2009a 3208:Foss 2009a 3157:Foss 2009b 3121:Akbar 1989 3040:Akbar 1989 3001:Foss 2009b 2157:Foss 2009a 2112:References 2091:in 629/30. 2068:Kiryat Gat 2039:Alexandria 2018:Mu'awiya I 2012:Amr's son 2001:al-Mas'udi 1971:(d. 758). 1880:laughter. 1758:pro-Uthman 1748:, died in 1464:Hermopolis 1326:Heraklonas 1259:Hermopolis 1235:Alexandria 1215:Nile Delta 1015:Ibn A'tham 999:Wadi Araba 940:Ridda wars 904:Banu Udhra 883:Ibn Hisham 860:Ibn Asakir 793: 622 770: 573 655:Byzantines 625: 629 614:Qurayshite 594: 573 433:Mu'awiya I 414:Allegiance 310: 573 169:Mu'awiya I 5641:Banu Sahm 5332:New title 5294:495469456 5284:Volume I: 5271:Lewis, B. 5242:752790641 5199:495469475 5172:Lewis, B. 5156:162233422 5062:cite book 4920:163092638 4796:495469475 4769:Lewis, B. 4756:159763369 4692:160796986 4655:159785219 4540:Volume X: 4395:166401071 4308:Elad 2016 3973:2197-5523 2014:Abd Allah 1989:al-Tabari 1898:Cyrenaica 1896:, Egypt, 1894:Palestine 1812:section. 1718:and then 1672:Judhamite 1622:Abd Allah 1610:Beersheba 1358:Cyrenaica 1350:Ptolemais 1265:, all in 1155:Jerusalem 1136:Heraclius 1025:tribe of 1011:al-Waqidi 1003:Muhajirun 971:Palestine 817:Banu Fihr 784:tribe of 778:Banu Sahm 651:Palestine 602:companion 580:romanized 529:(641–642) 523:(640–641) 435:(658–664) 429:(632–658) 423:(629–632) 395:Parent(s) 383:Abd Allah 369:Banu Sahm 365:Relations 347:Spouse(s) 227:In office 219:Palestine 156:In office 84:In office 5340:640–646 5318:658–664 5277:(eds.). 5230:(1927). 5214:: 5–38. 5182:(eds.). 5166:(1965). 5106:41667856 4976:(1997). 4947:(eds.). 4929:"Ṣiffīn" 4885:: 17–40. 4829:(2004). 4779:(eds.). 4684:40379004 4647:40378842 4562:(1981). 4533:(eds.). 4483:(eds.). 4387:25769690 4177:28 March 4151:12 April 4125:12 April 4100:28 March 4074:12 April 4048:12 April 4023:12 April 3978:12 April 2081:Muhammad 1961:Abbasids 1914:Muqattam 1858:tayammum 1516:Benjamin 1302:poll tax 1200:Pelusium 1196:al-Arish 1128:Bab Tuma 1124:Damascus 1070:Sebastia 1034:Caesarea 1027:Madh'hij 1023:Yemenite 944:Abu Bakr 832:Muhammad 809:Banu Adi 694:Benjamin 686:poll tax 661:and the 659:Ajnadayn 636:Abu Bakr 629:Muhammad 606:Muhammad 446:657–658 421:Muhammad 387:Muhammad 376:Children 243:Abu Bakr 236:Monarchs 93:Monarchs 5469:during 5387:during 4956:San–Sze 4492:Mif–Naz 4009:"About" 2083:at the 2051:Red Sea 2049:to the 2047:Babylon 1953:Umayyad 1800:called 1498:burnous 1362:Tripoli 1330:Martina 1253:oasis, 1227:Memphis 1211:Babylon 1204:Bilbeis 900:Balqayn 815:of the 782:Quraysh 678:Tripoli 582:: 448:629–646 231:634–639 165:Monarch 88:640–646 5292: 5273:& 5240: 5197: 5178:& 5154: 5146: 5104: 5036: 5019:283789 5017: 4986: 4962: 4943:& 4918: 4912:617911 4910: 4862: 4839: 4815: 4794: 4775:& 4754: 4748:162492 4746: 4712: 4690: 4682: 4653: 4645: 4614: 4593: 4572: 4548: 4529:& 4498: 4479:& 4443: 4412: 4393: 4385: 4354: 4335: 3971: 1922:Coptic 1750:Qulzum 1720:Adhruh 1605:mawālī 1592:A'isha 1552:Uthman 1502:sirwal 1449:Coptic 1437:Fustat 1366:Zawila 1263:Akhmim 1251:Fayyum 1120:Beisan 1102:in 636 1066:Nablus 891:Quda'a 852:Medina 710:Uthman 706:Medina 698:Fustat 690:Coptic 663:Yarmuk 633:caliph 571:Arabic 371:(clan) 255:Umar ( 113:Uthman 60:Fustat 5253:. In 5170:. In 5152:S2CID 5144:JSTOR 5102:JSTOR 5015:JSTOR 4931:. In 4916:S2CID 4908:JSTOR 4767:. In 4752:S2CID 4744:JSTOR 4688:S2CID 4680:JSTOR 4651:S2CID 4643:JSTOR 4513:. In 4467:. 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