381:(IPA). Americanist phonetic notation does not require a strict harmony among character styles: letters from the Greek and Latin alphabets are used side-by-side. Another contrasting feature is that, to represent some of the same sounds, the Americanist tradition relies heavily on letters modified with diacritics; whereas the IPA, which reserves diacritics for other specific uses, gave Greek and Latin letters new shapes. These differing approaches reflect the traditions' differing philosophies. The Americanist linguists were interested in a phonetic notation that could be easily created from
236:(IPA), which seeks to use as few diacritics as possible for phonemic distinctions, retaining them only for the dental–alveolar distinction. Americanist notation relies on diacritics to distinguish many other distinctions that are phonemic in the languages it transcribes. On the other hand, Americanist notation uses single letters for most coronal affricates, whereas the IPA requires digraphs. Otherwise Americanist notation has grown increasingly similar to IPA, and has abandoned many of the more obscure letters it once employed.
463:, and tend to be considered by some therefore to be not very scholarly. In their publications and periodicals the notation they use, when writing of pronunciation, is that of the IPA. My belief is that the last thing a member of an American Linguistics Department wants is to be mistaken for a member of a Speech Department; but if he were to use IPA notation in his writings he would certainly lay himself open to the suspicion that he was.
451:. Most of the texts he collected were not published during his lifetime. It is ironic that when they were published, posthumously, by the University of California Press, the texts were "reorthographized", as the editor's introduction put it: the IPA symbols Uldall had used were removed and replaced by others.
454:
What is strange is that the IPA symbols seem so obviously preferable to the
Americanist alternatives, the 'long s' to the 's wedge', for example. As Jones often pointed out, in connected texts, for the sake of legibility diacritics should be avoided as far as possible. Many Americanist texts give the
458:
One may wonder why there should be such a hostility in
America to IPA notation. I venture to suggest a reason for this apparently irrational attitude. The hostility derives ultimately from the existence, in most American universities, of Speech Departments, which we do not have in Britain. Speech
1604:
as a uvular trill. Apart from the ambiguity of the rhotics below, and minor graphic variants (ȼ g γ for c ɡ ɣ and the placement of the diacritic in g̑ γ̑), this is compatible with the WIELD recommendations. Only precomposed affricates are shown below; others may be indicated by digraphs (e.g.
351:
used a somewhat different set of symbols (Boas 1911). In 1916, a publication by the
American Anthropological Society greatly expanded upon Boas's alphabet. This same alphabet was discussed and modified in articles by Bloomfield & Bolling (1927) and Herzog
4448:
The vowel chart is based on the classification of H. Sweet. The high central vowels are differentiated by moving the centralizing dot to the left rather than with a cross stroke. IPA equivalents are given in a few cases that may not be clear.
8008:
P. W. Schmidt, P. G. Schmidt and P. J. Hermes, "Die
Sprachlaute und ihre Darstellung in einem allgemeinen linguistischen Alphabet (Schluß) / Les sons du langage et leur représentation dans un alphabet linguistique général (Conclusion)",
411:
during a symposium held in New York in 1952 on the present state of anthropology. He told how, at the beginning of the 1930s, he was being taught phonetics by, as he put it, a "pleasant Dane", who made him use the IPA symbol for
374:. Useful sources explaining the symbols – some with comparisons of the alphabets used at different times – are Campbell (1997:xii-xiii), Goddard (1996:10–16), Langacker (1972:xiii-vi), Mithun (1999:xiii-xv), and Odden (2005).
8110:. International journal of American linguistics (Vol. 24, No. 1, Part 3); Indiana University research center in anthropology, folklore, and linguistics, publ. 7. Baltimore. (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University, 1953).
1360:). This lack of detail, although economical and phonologically sound, requires a more careful reading of a given language's phonological description to determine the precise phonetics. A list of rhotics is given below.
481:(WIELD) has recommended the following conventions since 2016: Note however that WIELD is designed specifically for Native American languages, whereas NAPA, despite its name, is widely used elsewhere, e.g. in Africa.
342:
used an early set of phonetic symbols in his publications (particularly Powell 1880) on
American language families, although he chose symbols which had their origins in work by other phoneticians and American writers
3874:
Bloch & Trager (1942) proposed the following schema, which was never used. They use a single dot for central vowels and a dieresis to reverse backness. The only central vowels with their own letters are
6480:
published the alphabet to be used in their articles in 1907. It is the same basic system that Sapir and Boas introduced to the United States. Transcription is italic, without other delimiters.
245:
512:⟩. Labialization, velarization, aspiration, voicelessness and prenasalization are as in the IPA. Pharyngeals, epiglottals and glottals are as in the IPA, as are implosives and clicks.
8297:
The principles of the
International Phonetic Association, being a description of the International Phonetic Alphabet and the manner of using it, illustrated by texts in 51 languages
3146:
Voiceless, voiced and syllabic consonants may also be C̥, C̬ and C̩, as in IPA. Aspirated consonants are Cʻ or C̥ʰ / C̬ʱ. Non-audible release is indicated with superscripting, Vꟲ.
1302:
Differences from the IPA fall into a few broad categories: use of diacritics to derive the other coronal and dorsal articulations from the alveolar and velar, respectively; use of
214:
Despite its name, NAPA has always been widely used outside the
Americas. For example, a version of it is the standard for the transcription of Arabic in articles published in the
385:
of existing orthographies. This was seen as more practical and more cost-efficient, as many of the characters chosen already existed in Greek and East
European orthographies.
1588:
According to Pullum & Ladusaw (1996), typical
Americanist usage at the time was more-or-less as follows. There was, however, little standardization of rhotics, and
8491:
424:. When Sapir saw the work he "simply blew up", Voegelin said, and demanded that in future Voegelin should use 's wedge' (as š was called), instead of the IPA symbol.
217:
1440:
There are many alternate symbols seen in
Americanist transcription. Below are some equivalent symbols matched with the symbols shown in the consonant chart above.
478:
6439:). The symbol on the right side is strongly glottalized (i.e. it is articulated very forcefully). Example: = weakly glottalized, = strongly glottalized. (Cf.
3866:
Nasalization is V̨ or Vⁿ. A long vowel is V꞉ or Vꞏ; half-long is V‧ (raised dot). Positional variants are fronted V˂, backed V˃, raised V˄ and lowered V˅.
122:
10061:
7200:
1576:
8597:
8484:
3149:
Fortis is C͈ and lenis C᷂. Labialization is C̮ or Cʷ; palatalization is Ꞔ, C⁽ⁱ⁾ or Cʸ; velarization is C⁽ᵘ⁾, and pharyngealization is C̴.
8847:
6443:= followed by glottal stop.) This convention is only shown for the glottalized stops, but may be used for any of the glottalized consonants.
404:, 1935. But since then, a strange hostility has been shown by many American linguists to IPA notation, especially to certain of its symbols.
364:
459:
Departments tend to be well-endowed, large, and powerful. In linguistic and phonetic matters they have a reputation for being predominantly
2258:
Ejectives and implosives follow the same conventions as in the IPA, apart from the ejective apostrophe being placed above the base letter.
6431:
column, the phonetic symbol appearing on the left side (which is a consonant plus an overhead single quotation mark) represents a weakly
327:
Dot over vowel for centering, two dots (diaeresis) over a vowel to change fronting (for front rounded vowels and unrounded back vowels)
8879:
8477:
3160:
WIELD recommends the following conventions. It doesn't provide characters for distinctions that aren't attested in the literature:
223:
6673:
347:, Pickering 1820; Cass 1821a, 1821b; Hale 1846; Lepsius 1855, 1863; Gibbs 1861; and Powell 1877). The influential anthropologist
9949:
8451:
8167:
7529:
3152:
Other airstream mechanisms are pulmonic ingressive C, ejective Cˀ, implosive Cˁ, click C˂, and lingual ejective (spurt) C˃.
8583:
6813:
6695:
4442:
176:
20:
4271:
Chomsky & Halle (1968) proposed the following schema, which was hardly ever used. In addition to the table, there was
7646:
9717:
9703:
9673:
8812:
8424:
8378:
8359:
8331:
8225:
8205:
8186:
8052:
6837:
8235:
Herzog, George; Newman, Stanley S.; Sapir, Edward; Swadesh, Mary Haas; Swadesh, Morris; Voegelin, Charles F (1934).
9935:
8740:
8528:
6914:
6765:
420:, among others. Some while later he used those symbols in some work on an American Indian language he had done for
508:⟩ (ejectives are not distinguished from other types of glottalization). Palatalization is written ⟨
7824:
7599:
7553:
1357:
378:
233:
104:
7938:
9942:
7576:
7053:
1527:
Some transcriptions superscript the onset of doubly articulated consonants and the release of fricatives, e.g.
7871:
3399:
No distinction is made between front and central for the lowest unrounded vowels. Diphthongs are e.g. ⟨
252:⟩. Over the years, NAPA has drawn closer to the IPA. This can be seen, for example, in a comparison of
8697:
8640:
7739:
6938:
6789:
3443:
According to Pullum & Ladusaw (1996), typical Americanist usage at the time was more-or-less as follows:
244:
Certain symbols in NAPA were once identical to those of the International Phonetic Alphabet, but have become
8114:
American Anthropological Society; Boas, Franz; Goddard, Pliny E.; Sapir, Edward; Kroeber, Alfred L. (1916).
9928:
9907:
8593:
7670:
6866:
6718:
7992:
7887:
7883:
6440:
4105:
3432:
3428:
3424:
3420:
3416:
3412:
3408:
3404:
3400:
1356:
character. This usage is common practice in Americanist and also other notational traditions (such as the
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
485:
249:
118:
114:
10056:
9808:
9787:
8118:(Report). Smithsonian miscellaneous collections. Vol. 66. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution.
7693:
7506:
6469:
9875:
8667:
8390:
Phonetics: A critical analysis of phonetic theory and a technic for the practical description of sounds
8159:
8116:
Phonetic transcription of Indian languages: Report of committee of American Anthropological Association
7955:
Phonetic Transcription of Indian Languages: Report of Committee of American Anthropological Association
7743:
7009:
1565:
432:
8702:
7958:
7829:
6962:
6741:
6553:
196:
8304:
Kemp, J. Alan (1994). "Phonetic transcription: History". In Asher, R. E.; Simpson, J. M. Y. (eds.).
9625:
9611:
8916:
8115:
7996:
7912:
7834:
7623:
7152:
7129:
6600:
208:
9230:
9914:
8942:
8500:
8408:
Introduction to the Study of Indian languages, with words, phrases, and sentences to be collected
7789:
7717:
7032:
6890:
460:
358:
8650:
8728:
8718:
8438:. Handbook of North American Indians. Vol. 1. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution.
8345:. Cambridge studies in speech science and communication. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
7819:
6986:
6577:
5757:
5601:
4675:
2310:
1655:
560:
553:
377:
It is often useful to compare the Americanist tradition with another widespread tradition, the
100:
61:
296:
Advancing diacritic (inverted breve) for dentals and palatals (apart from non-sibilant dental
10016:
9921:
9710:
9659:
9119:
9041:
8805:
7352:
7174:
6623:
2293:
2286:
1633:
1626:
1182:
529:
4104:
Kurath (1939) is as follows. Enclosed in parentheses are rounded vowels. Apart from ⟨
256:'s earlier and later works. However, there remain significant differences. Among these are:
9780:
9531:
9208:
8322:
MacMahon, Michael K. C. (1996). "Phonetic notation". In Daniels, P. T.; Bright, W. (eds.).
6447:
2332:
1677:
582:
8:
8723:
7969:
There is no small-capital delta in Unicode. A full capital would normally be substituted.
7322:
7293:
7225:
7106:
6476:
6432:
5519:
4781:
4763:
4745:
4717:
4699:
4681:
2607:
2433:
2305:
1958:
1782:
1650:
870:
684:
602:
546:
408:
204:
180:
9766:
9743:
9377:
9266:
9256:
9148:
9091:
9077:
9034:
8735:
8662:
8457:
8283:
8140:
7083:
6436:
5440:
5209:
2300:
2281:
1645:
1621:
541:
524:
393:
369:
339:
200:
8999:
388:
Abercrombie (1991:44–45) recounts the following concerning the Americanist tradition:
9889:
9882:
9618:
9604:
9516:
9405:
9315:
9294:
9273:
9201:
9133:
8992:
8950:
8902:
8707:
8645:
8601:
8461:
8447:
8420:
8374:
8355:
8327:
8221:
8201:
8182:
8163:
7803:
7767:
6414:
6244:
4776:
4771:
4758:
4753:
4740:
4735:
4730:
4725:
4712:
4707:
4694:
4689:
4670:
4665:
4660:
4648:
4643:
2927:
2732:
2653:
2566:
2517:
2479:
2393:
2339:
2317:
2180:
2009:
1915:
1864:
1827:
1740:
1684:
1662:
977:
784:
690:
596:
589:
567:
192:
156:
8123:
Bloomfield, Leonard; Bolling, George Melville (1927). "What symbols shall we use?".
8090:
Abercrombie, David. (1991). "Daniel Jones's teaching". In Abercrombie, David (ed.).
10023:
9961:
9854:
9815:
9801:
9759:
9634:
9580:
9561:
9495:
9487:
9473:
9466:
9391:
9187:
9162:
9098:
9070:
8985:
8971:
8888:
8861:
8798:
8674:
8439:
8275:
8248:
8132:
7916:
6422:
5360:
5204:
5131:
5126:
2327:
2266:
2140:
1672:
1640:
1349:
1324:
644:
577:
536:
448:
188:
184:
9861:
9056:
8469:
8253:
8236:
443:. Uldall did a great deal of research into Californian languages, especially into
9847:
9539:
9480:
9426:
9419:
9398:
9384:
9368:
9346:
9301:
9194:
9169:
9141:
9126:
9049:
9027:
9020:
8978:
8938:
8909:
8692:
8588:
8153:
6094:
5888:
4653:
3077:
2322:
2218:
1667:
1549:
The fronting diacritic may be a caret rather than an inverted breve, e.g. dental
1104:
572:
440:
300:), and retracting diacritic (a dot) for retroflex and uvulars (apart from uvular
8113:
9984:
9868:
9752:
9732:
9641:
9509:
9440:
9339:
9287:
9280:
9112:
9105:
9084:
9063:
8964:
8957:
8605:
8533:
4623:
3005:
2346:
1691:
444:
160:
84:
80:
7960:
Chart is a fold-out behind the back cover that is not reproduced at this link.
10050:
9991:
9840:
9773:
9696:
9666:
9524:
9502:
9433:
9329:
9308:
9155:
9013:
8931:
8924:
8895:
8854:
8745:
7382:
4902:
4796:
3435:⟩, as in the IPA. Creak, murmur, rhoticity et al. are as in the IPA.
3177:
2770:
2697:
2613:
2524:
2439:
2352:
2057:
1964:
1871:
1788:
1697:
1336:
1143:
164:
7886:⟩ is often rendered by removing the dot from a question mark ⟨
3407:⟩, depending on phonological analysis. Nasal vowels are e.g. ⟨
9447:
9412:
9353:
8840:
8657:
8567:
8220:. Vol. 17. Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. pp. 1–16.
7436:
7409:
6646:
436:
435:'s most brilliant students, who was later to become one of the founders of
428:
421:
253:
4433:
Syllable division is CV.CV, as in IPA, and morpheme boundaries are CV-CV.
10030:
9794:
9725:
9006:
8761:
8549:
7978:
Not supported by Unicode. It can be kept distinct in a database as Greek
7934:
7839:
5051:
4976:
3251:
3219:
3207:
3195:
3172:
8443:
6488:
Following are symbols that differ among well-known Americanist sources.
4430:
Short or intermediate and long or final 'pauses' are |, ||, as in IPA.
8520:
8179:
American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America
6451:
4638:
4633:
4108:⟩ and some differences in alignment, it is essentially the IPA.
3358:
3182:
2851:
2100:
1065:
348:
8287:
8144:
9998:
9977:
9970:
8684:
8559:
7849:
7844:
6406:
5282:
3703:
3498:
3303:
3228:
382:
229:
168:
1352:. As a result, rhotic consonants are generally transcribed with the
8771:
8627:
8279:
8136:
8108:
The International Phonetic Alphabet: Its background and development
4897:
4791:
4628:
2691:
1572:
183:. It is still commonly used by linguists working on, among others,
110:
39:
8294:
8077:
8821:
6019:
5355:
172:
9822:
6169:
321:
8152:
Boas, Franz (August 29, 2013) . "Introduction by Franz Boas".
8635:
1561:
356:(1934). The Americanist notation may be seen in the journals
8466:(part of a 20-volume series published between 1978–present).
8766:
8712:
7979:
1524:ʸ may be used for fronted velars (e.g., kʸ = k̯, gʸ = g̑).
1592:
may be either retroflex or uvular, though as noted above
239:
232:
are more widely used in Americanist notation than in the
8399:
Phonemics: A Technique for Reducing Languages to Writing
8234:
8216:
Goddard (1996). "Introduction". In Goddard, Ives (ed.).
8100:
Phonetic linguistics: Essays in honor of Peter Ladefoged
8094:. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 37–47.
3423:⟩. Primary and secondary stress are e.g. ⟨
3415:⟩. A three-way length distinction may be ⟨
392:
In America phonetic notation has had a curious history.
207:; however, Uralists commonly use a variant known as the
8410:(2nd ed.). Washington: Government Printing Office.
8326:. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 821–846.
1613:
Typical NAPA consonant values (1996, not prescriptive)
479:
Western Institute for Endangered Language Documentation
218:
Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft
163:
and language scientists (many of whom were students of
8299:. London: University College, Department of Phonetics.
7991:
Small-capital engma is rendered various ways. ⟨
407:
An interesting and significant story was once told by
400:, 1914, and in the English edition of his more famous
4441:
The following charts were agreed by committee of the
4427:
Stress is primary ˈCV or V́ and secondary ˌCV or V̀.
1538:
There may be a distinction between laminal retroflex
8308:. Vol. 6. Oxford: Pergamon. pp. 3040–3051.
7872:
WIELD's Recommended Americanist Transcription System
3883:, which would not be distinct if formed with a dot.
109:. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
8499:
7940:
Handbook of the Linguistic Geography of New England
3447:Typical NAPA vowel values (1996, not prescriptive)
3164:WIELD (2016) recommendations for NAPA (semi)vowels
8415:Pullum, Geoffrey K.; Laduslaw, William A. (1986).
8122:
8078:Recommendations of WIELD for Americanist notation
516:WIELD (2016) recommendations for NAPA consonants
10048:
455:impression of being overloaded with diacritics.
123:IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters
4410:Pike (1947) provides the following tone marks:
8414:
2269:(1947) provides the following set of symbols:
1348:About 90% of languages only have one phonemic
330:Acute and grave accents over vowels for stress
159:originally developed by European and American
8806:
8485:
8218:Handbook of North American Indians: Languages
7982:, but that is not visually distinct in print.
7957:. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 66.6.
427:I have no doubt that the "pleasant Dane" was
365:International Journal of American Linguistics
8306:The encyclopedia of language and linguistics
7923:. Linguistic Society of America. p. 22.
6483:
4436:
215:
8295:International Phonetic Association (1949).
8195:
8089:
7911:
1435:
8813:
8799:
8492:
8478:
8433:
8401:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
8392:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press.
8198:An introduction to phonetics and phonology
8013:, Bd. 2, H. 5. (1907), insert at page 1098
7953:Boas, Goddard, Sapir & Kroeber (1916)
8354:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
8340:
8312:
8252:
8092:Fifty years in phonetics: Selected papers
4279:Chomsky & Halle (1968) vowel symbols
3438:
1331:are slit fricatives (non-sibilant) while
500:⟩. Glottalization is e.g. ⟨
8419:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
8321:
8176:
3887:Bloch & Trager (1942) vowel symbols
3431:⟩. Voicelessness is e.g. ⟨
398:An Introduction to the Study of Language
16:Phonetic alphabet developed in the 1880s
10062:Writing systems introduced in the 1880s
8708:Dakelh Syllabics (Dʌlk'ʷahke or ᑐᑊᘁᗕᑋᗸ)
8215:
7867:
7865:
7810:as a subtag for text in this notation.
3411:⟩. Long vowels are e.g. ⟨
1583:
10049:
8598:Abaj Takalik & Kaminaljuyú scripts
8405:
8349:
8317:. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
7933:
4266:
240:Summary contrast with the IPA alphabet
9950:American Printing House for the Blind
9726:International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)
9378:Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)
8794:
8473:
8368:
8352:The languages of Native North America
8181:. New York: Oxford University Press.
8155:Handbook of American Indian Languages
7999:and is the form supported by Unicode.
7995:⟩ is the form it takes in the
4283:
3869:
3656:
3451:
3168:
1181:
595:
8434:Sturtevant, William C., ed. (2022).
8396:
8387:
8303:
8262:Hill, Kenneth C. (1988). "Review of
8261:
8151:
8045:
7862:
6344:(any vowel with laryngeal resonance)
4443:American Anthropological Association
3648:Pike (1947) presents the following:
396:used IPA notation in his early book
177:indigenous languages of the Americas
113:. For the distinction between ,
21:pronunciation respelling for English
8820:
8315:Fundamentals of linguistic analysis
8266:by G. K. Pullum & W. Ladusaw".
8237:"Some orthographic recommendations"
8200:(2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell.
8196:Clark, John; Yallop, Colin (1995).
8097:
6458:
4405:
477:There is no central authority. The
13:
8037:Handbook of North American Indians
488:⟩ and retracted is ⟨
14:
10073:
8096:(Original work published 1985 in
8071:
8024:Languages of Native North America
4275:for an unstressed reduced vowel.
7943:. Brown University. p. 123.
1579:is becoming increasingly common.
1343:
137:North American Phonetic Alphabet
8102:. Orlando: Academic Press, Inc.
8083:
8029:
8016:
8002:
7825:International Phonetic Alphabet
7807:
3879:, which already has a dot, and
1314:for a tap rather than a trill.
1310:for its consonantal value, and
379:International Phonetic Alphabet
234:International Phonetic Alphabet
105:International Phonetic Alphabet
8373:. Cambridge University Press.
7985:
7972:
7963:
7947:
7927:
7921:Outline of Linguistic Analysis
7905:
7893:
7876:
492:⟩. Geminate is ⟨
23:used in American dictionaries.
1:
9718:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
9674:Gardner–Salinas braille codes
8313:Langacker, Ronald W. (1972).
8254:10.1525/aa.1934.36.4.02a00300
7855:
6446:"Laryngeal" refers to either
2273:Pike (1947) consonant values
472:
145:Americanist Phonetic Alphabet
133:Americanist phonetic notation
89:Americanist phonetic notation
29:Americanist phonetic notation
9929:National Braille Association
9908:Braille Institute of America
9626:Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)
8594:Mesoamerican writing systems
8106:Albright, Robert W. (1958).
4112:Kurath (1939) vowel symbols
3700:
3495:
3249:
3225:
2276:
1616:
1571:The use of the standard IPA
98: This article contains
7:
9809:Refreshable braille display
9788:Optical braille recognition
9385:Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)
8917:Chinese (mainland Mandarin)
8324:The world's writing systems
7813:
7797:
6470:Anthropos phonetic alphabet
1600:may be a retroflex flap vs
1577:voiceless lateral fricative
1560:Many researchers use the x-
467:
290:and sometimes alveopalatal
10:
10078:
9876:Thakur Vishva Narain Singh
8160:Cambridge University Press
8053:"Language Subtag Registry"
7483:
6843:
6467:
1566:voiceless uvular fricative
1364:Common rhotic conventions
334:
149:American Phonetic Alphabet
18:
10008:
9959:
9899:
9832:
9742:
9688:
9651:
9612:Mainland Chinese Mandarin
9591:
9572:
9553:
9458:
9364:
9325:
9252:
9179:
8878:
8871:
8832:
8790:
8754:
8683:
8626:
8619:
8576:
8558:
8542:
8519:
8512:
8508:
8397:Pike, Kenneth L. (1947).
8388:Pike, Kenneth L. (1943).
8350:Mithun, Marianne (1999).
7830:English Phonetic Alphabet
7059:
6652:
6530:
6484:Variation between authors
4652:
4647:
4642:
4637:
4632:
4627:
4622:
4619:
4459:
4456:
4437:Historical charts of 1916
4369:
4335:
4301:
4287:
4285:
4099:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3825:
3820:
3810:
3775:
3724:
3701:
3664:
3661:
3658:
3652:Pike (1947) vowel values
3643:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3622:
3616:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3586:
3572:
3519:
3496:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3379:
3376:
3370:
3357:
3346:
3302:
3272:
3250:
3239:
3226:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3155:
3076:
3004:
2926:
2850:
2765:
2690:
2606:
2516:
2432:
2345:
2277:
2217:
2179:
2139:
2099:
1957:
1863:
1781:
1690:
1617:
1411:
1400:
1389:
1378:
1373:
1370:
1368:
1142:
1103:
1064:
975:
965:
962:
959:
956:
953:
950:
947:
944:
941:
935:
932:
927:
917:
914:
911:
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
887:
884:
879:
874:
869:
782:
773:
771:
769:
767:
765:
762:
759:
756:
753:
748:
745:
740:
731:
729:
726:
723:
721:
718:
715:
712:
709:
703:
700:
695:
688:
683:
520:
197:languages of the Caucasus
96:
73:
68:
56:
46:
34:
28:
9599:Chinese semi-syllabaries
8862:Unicode braille patterns
8848:International uniformity
8406:Powell, John W. (1880).
7997:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
7835:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
1555:⟨k̭⟩
1551:⟨ṱ⟩
1540:⟨č̣ ṣ̌ ẓ̌⟩
1436:Common alternate symbols
209:Uralic Phonetic Alphabet
19:Not to be confused with
9936:Blindness organizations
9915:Braille Without Borders
9704:Canadian currency marks
9326:Egyptian lineage family
8341:Maddieson, Ian (1984).
8241:American Anthropologist
8177:Campbell, Lyle (1997).
2261:
1546:in some transcriptions.
359:American Anthropologist
292:⟨ć ś ź ń⟩
288:⟨č ǰ š ž⟩
224:German Oriental Society
101:phonetic transcriptions
9253:Russian lineage family
8741:Great Lakes Algonquian
8729:Western Cree syllabics
8719:Eastern Cree syllabics
8098:Fromkin, V. A. (ed.).
8039:, vol. 17, 1978, p. 12
7820:Phonetic transcription
1544:⟨c̣ ṣ ẓ⟩
465:
246:obsolete in the latter
216:
195:languages and for the
62:phonetic transcription
10017:Accessible publishing
9943:Schools for the blind
9922:Japan Braille Library
9711:Computer Braille Code
9365:Indian lineage family
8417:Phonetic symbol guide
8371:Introducing phonology
8369:Odden, David (2005).
8264:Phonetic symbol guide
7902:, 2nd ed., p. 301–302
7900:Phonetic Symbol Guide
3427:⟩ and ⟨
1542:and apical retroflex
1333:⟨s̯ z̯⟩
390:
222:, the journal of the
9781:Mountbatten Brailler
9136:(largely reassigned)
8919:(largely reassigned)
7406:V꞉ (a꞉ a꞉꞉ or aꞏ a꞉)
6038:k̯̓ , k̯ǃ
5541:τ̣̓ , τ̣ǃ
5380:τ̯̓ , τ̯ǃ
5148:t̯̓ , t̯ǃ
3439:Pullum & Ladusaw
3419:⟩ or ⟨
3403:⟩ or ⟨
1584:Pullum & Ladusaw
504:⟩ or ⟨
496:⟩ or ⟨
484:Advanced is ⟨
135:, also known as the
52:1880s to the present
9733:Nemeth braille code
9519:(reassigned vowels)
9044:(extended to 8-dot)
8724:Inuktitut syllabics
8703:Blackfoot Syllabics
8444:10.5479/si.21262173
4280:
4267:Chomsky & Halle
4113:
3888:
3653:
3448:
3165:
2274:
1614:
1533:⟨t̓ᶿ⟩
1430:⟨l͏̌⟩
1365:
1329:⟨θ ð⟩
517:
298:⟨θ ð⟩
181:languages of Europe
10057:Phonetic alphabets
9767:Braille translator
9744:Braille technology
9720:(science; GS8/GS6)
9689:Symbols in braille
9619:Taiwanese Mandarin
9134:Taiwanese Mandarin
8755:Somacheirographies
8698:Canadian Syllabics
8663:Duployan shorthand
8343:Patterns of sounds
8055:. IETF. 2024-05-16
7804:IETF language tags
6435:stop (i.e. weakly
6188:ḳ̓ , ḳǃ
6113:k̓ , kǃ
5459:τ̓ , τǃ
5326:ƚ̣ , ʟ̣
5299:ṭ̓ , ṭǃ
5226:t̓ , tǃ
5175:ƚ̯ , ʟ̯
4920:p̓ , pǃ
4649:Lateral Affricates
4278:
4111:
3886:
3870:Bloch & Trager
3651:
3446:
3163:
2272:
1612:
1607:⟨dz⟩
1602:⟨ṛ̃⟩
1598:⟨ṛ̌⟩
1529:⟨ᵍɓ⟩
1519:⟨x̣⟩
1459:⟨c̣⟩
1455:⟨č̣⟩
1363:
515:
340:John Wesley Powell
316:⟨r̃⟩
248:, such as ⟨
155:), is a system of
10044:
10043:
10040:
10039:
9962:tactile alphabets
9890:William Bell Wait
9883:Sabriye Tenberken
9684:
9683:
9549:
9548:
9534:(Japanese vowels)
9332:-mediated scripts
9259:-mediated scripts
8786:
8785:
8782:
8781:
8651:SENĆOŦEN alphabet
8615:
8614:
8543:Semi-logographies
8453:978-1-944466-54-1
8169:978-1-108-06342-5
8162:. pp. 5–83.
7917:Trager, George L.
7795:
7794:
7442:
7441:
7231:
7230:
6394:
6393:
5923:(ṭ̓ , ṭ
5792:(t̓ , t
5639:(τ̓ , τ
5625:
5534:
5453:
5373:
4654:Rolled Consonants
4615:
4614:
4403:
4402:
4273:⟨ə⟩
4264:
4263:
4097:
4096:
3881:⟨ᵻ⟩
3877:⟨ɨ⟩
3864:
3863:
3831:
3641:
3640:
3397:
3396:
3144:
3143:
2766:Lateral fricative
2256:
2255:
2053:Lateral fricative
1594:⟨ṛ⟩
1590:⟨ṛ⟩
1515:⟨X⟩
1509:⟨ġ⟩
1505:⟨G⟩
1499:⟨φ⟩
1495:⟨ɸ⟩
1489:⟨ł⟩
1485:⟨ƚ⟩
1479:⟨ǯ⟩
1475:⟨ǰ⟩
1469:⟨ʒ⟩
1465:⟨j⟩
1449:⟨c⟩
1445:⟨¢⟩
1426:⟨ň⟩
1422:
1421:
1374:Retroflex/Uvular
1354:⟨r⟩
1325:dental fricatives
1300:
1299:
312:⟨ř⟩
308:⟨r⟩
302:⟨q⟩
281:⟨ł⟩
277:⟨ƛ⟩
273:⟨¢⟩
269:⟨c⟩
265:⟨ñ⟩
261:⟨y⟩
175:transcription of
157:phonetic notation
130:
129:
10069:
10033:
10026:
10024:Braille literacy
10019:
10001:
9994:
9987:
9980:
9973:
9952:
9945:
9938:
9931:
9924:
9917:
9910:
9892:
9885:
9878:
9871:
9864:
9857:
9850:
9843:
9825:
9818:
9816:Slate and stylus
9811:
9804:
9802:Perkins Brailler
9797:
9790:
9783:
9776:
9769:
9762:
9760:Braille embosser
9755:
9735:
9728:
9721:
9713:
9706:
9699:
9677:
9669:
9662:
9644:
9637:
9628:
9621:
9614:
9607:
9600:
9584:
9581:American Braille
9565:
9562:Algerian Braille
9542:
9535:
9527:
9520:
9512:
9505:
9498:
9491:
9483:
9476:
9469:
9451:
9443:
9436:
9429:
9422:
9415:
9408:
9401:
9394:
9387:
9380:
9357:
9349:
9342:
9318:
9311:
9304:
9297:
9290:
9283:
9276:
9269:
9243:
9238:
9233:
9226:
9221:
9216:
9211:
9204:
9197:
9190:
9177:
9176:
9172:
9165:
9158:
9151:
9144:
9137:
9129:
9122:
9115:
9108:
9101:
9094:
9087:
9080:
9073:
9066:
9059:
9052:
9045:
9037:
9030:
9023:
9016:
9009:
9002:
8995:
8988:
8981:
8974:
8967:
8960:
8953:
8946:
8934:
8927:
8920:
8912:
8905:
8898:
8891:
8876:
8875:
8864:
8857:
8850:
8843:
8826:
8815:
8808:
8801:
8792:
8791:
8675:Deseret alphabet
8624:
8623:
8517:
8516:
8510:
8509:
8494:
8487:
8480:
8471:
8470:
8465:
8430:
8411:
8402:
8393:
8384:
8365:
8346:
8337:
8318:
8309:
8300:
8291:
8258:
8256:
8231:
8211:
8192:
8173:
8158:. Vol. 40.
8148:
8119:
8103:
8095:
8065:
8064:
8062:
8060:
8049:
8043:
8033:
8027:
8026:, 1999, p. viii.
8020:
8014:
8006:
8000:
7994:
7989:
7983:
7976:
7970:
7967:
7961:
7951:
7945:
7944:
7931:
7925:
7924:
7909:
7903:
7897:
7891:
7889:
7885:
7880:
7874:
7869:
7809:
7444:
7443:
7233:
7232:
6491:
6490:
6442:
6429:glottalized stop
6423:partially voiced
6345:
6272:
6264:ʽ , h
5623:
5532:
5451:
5408:
5403:
5371:
5253:ƚ , ʟ
4686:
4617:
4616:
4502:ɩ᷸ (= ˙ɩ)
4493:ı᷸ (= ˙ı)
4452:
4451:
4406:Tone and prosody
4281:
4277:
4274:
4114:
4110:
4107:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3907:
3889:
3885:
3882:
3878:
3829:
3805:
3781:
3755:
3730:
3706:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3654:
3650:
3600:
3578:
3550:
3525:
3501:
3492:
3487:
3482:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3449:
3445:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3387:
3365:
3335:
3310:
3283:
3258:
3231:
3222:
3215:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3166:
3162:
3115:
3084:
3048:
3012:
2970:
2934:
2893:
2858:
2813:
2773:
2735:
2700:
2656:
2616:
2569:
2527:
2482:
2442:
2396:
2355:
2275:
2271:
2060:
2012:
1967:
1918:
1874:
1830:
1791:
1743:
1700:
1615:
1611:
1608:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1556:
1552:
1545:
1541:
1534:
1530:
1520:
1517:may be used for
1516:
1510:
1507:may be used for
1506:
1500:
1497:may be used for
1496:
1490:
1487:may be used for
1486:
1480:
1477:may be used for
1476:
1470:
1467:may be used for
1466:
1460:
1457:may be used for
1456:
1450:
1447:may be used for
1446:
1431:
1427:
1424:Other flaps are
1366:
1362:
1355:
1350:rhotic consonant
1334:
1330:
1306:for affricates;
1265:
1230:
1189:
1026:
985:
980:
930:
882:
877:
832:
792:
787:
743:
698:
693:
647:
605:
518:
514:
511:
507:
503:
499:
495:
491:
487:
324:for nasalization
317:
313:
309:
303:
299:
293:
289:
286:Palato-alveolar
282:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
251:
221:
126:
120:
116:
26:
25:
10077:
10076:
10072:
10071:
10070:
10068:
10067:
10066:
10047:
10046:
10045:
10036:
10029:
10022:
10015:
10004:
9997:
9990:
9983:
9976:
9969:
9955:
9948:
9941:
9934:
9927:
9920:
9913:
9906:
9895:
9888:
9881:
9874:
9867:
9860:
9853:
9848:Charles Barbier
9846:
9839:
9828:
9821:
9814:
9807:
9800:
9793:
9786:
9779:
9772:
9765:
9758:
9751:
9738:
9731:
9724:
9716:
9709:
9702:
9695:
9680:
9672:
9665:
9658:
9647:
9640:
9633:
9624:
9617:
9610:
9603:
9598:
9587:
9579:
9573:Frequency-based
9568:
9560:
9545:
9538:
9530:
9523:
9515:
9508:
9501:
9494:
9486:
9479:
9472:
9465:
9454:
9446:
9439:
9432:
9425:
9418:
9411:
9404:
9397:
9390:
9383:
9376:
9369:Bharati Braille
9366:
9360:
9352:
9345:
9338:
9327:
9321:
9314:
9307:
9300:
9293:
9286:
9279:
9272:
9265:
9254:
9248:
9241:
9236:
9229:
9224:
9219:
9214:
9207:
9200:
9193:
9186:
9175:
9168:
9161:
9154:
9147:
9140:
9132:
9125:
9118:
9111:
9104:
9097:
9090:
9083:
9076:
9069:
9062:
9055:
9048:
9040:
9033:
9026:
9019:
9012:
9005:
8998:
8991:
8984:
8977:
8970:
8963:
8956:
8949:
8943:Unified English
8937:
8930:
8923:
8915:
8908:
8901:
8894:
8887:
8872:Braille scripts
8867:
8860:
8853:
8846:
8839:
8828:
8824:
8819:
8778:
8750:
8679:
8668:Chinook writing
8611:
8589:Isthmian script
8572:
8554:
8538:
8504:
8503:of the Americas
8501:Writing systems
8498:
8454:
8427:
8381:
8362:
8334:
8228:
8208:
8189:
8170:
8086:
8074:
8069:
8068:
8058:
8056:
8051:
8050:
8046:
8034:
8030:
8021:
8017:
8007:
8003:
7990:
7986:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7952:
7948:
7932:
7928:
7910:
7906:
7898:
7894:
7881:
7877:
7870:
7863:
7858:
7816:
7800:
7475:
7470:
7465:
7460:
7455:
7450:
7370:
7340:
7329:palatalization
7300:glottalization
7264:
7259:
7254:
7249:
7244:
7239:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6497:
6486:
6472:
6464:
6343:
6270:
6268:
6171:
6096:
6021:
6004:
5997:
5990:
5983:
5976:
5969:
5966: , ʟ̣
5965:
5958:
5951:
5926:
5919:
5912:
5905:
5898:
5890:
5873:
5866:
5859:
5852:
5845:
5838:
5834:
5827:
5820:
5795:
5788:
5781:
5774:
5767:
5759:
5742:
5735:
5728:
5721:
5714:
5707:
5700:
5697:
5690:
5687:
5680:
5674:
5668:
5661:
5655:
5649:
5642:
5635:
5628:
5618:
5611:
5603:
5569:
5564:
5521:
5487:
5482:
5406:
5401:
5359:
5208:
5130:
5053:
4978:
4900:
4865:
4859:
4834:
4830:
4823:
4817:
4811:
4805:
4794:
4783:
4765:
4747:
4719:
4701:
4683:
4680:
4439:
4408:
4272:
4269:
4131:
4123:
4102:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3803:
3779:
3753:
3728:
3702:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3646:
3598:
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441:Louis Hjelmslev
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161:anthropologists
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83:, augmented by
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69:Related scripts
64:of any language
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4341:
4338:
4336:
4333:
4332:
4329:
4326:
4323:
4320:
4317:
4316:
4313:
4310:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4299:
4298:
4296:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4288:
4286:
4284:
4268:
4265:
4262:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4244:
4243:
4240:
4238:
4235:
4233:
4230:
4226:
4225:
4223:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4208:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4199:
4197:
4195:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4180:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4155:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4137:
4136:
4133:
4128:
4125:
4120:
4117:
4101:
4098:
4095:
4094:
4091:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4071:
4068:
4065:
4062:
4059:
4056:
4053:
4049:
4048:
4045:
4042:
4039:
4036:
4033:
4030:
4026:
4025:
4022:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4003:
4002:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3941:
3938:
3934:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3913:
3908:
3902:
3901:
3898:
3895:
3892:
3871:
3868:
3862:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3842:
3841:
3839:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3827:
3823:
3822:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3812:
3809:
3806:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3777:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3762:
3759:
3756:
3750:
3749:
3746:
3743:
3740:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3726:
3722:
3721:
3718:
3716:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3707:
3699:
3698:
3693:
3688:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3660:
3657:
3645:
3642:
3639:
3638:
3635:
3632:
3629:
3625:
3624:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3601:
3595:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3579:
3574:
3570:
3569:
3566:
3563:
3560:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3545:
3544:
3541:
3538:
3535:
3532:
3529:
3526:
3521:
3517:
3516:
3513:
3511:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3494:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3455:
3452:
3440:
3437:
3395:
3394:
3391:
3388:
3382:
3381:
3378:
3375:
3372:
3369:
3366:
3361:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3348:
3345:
3342:
3339:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3317:
3314:
3311:
3306:
3300:
3299:
3296:
3293:
3290:
3287:
3284:
3278:
3277:
3274:
3271:
3268:
3265:
3262:
3259:
3254:
3248:
3247:
3244:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3232:
3224:
3223:
3216:
3211:
3204:
3199:
3192:
3186:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3170:
3157:
3154:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3134:
3132:
3130:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3116:
3110:
3109:
3107:
3105:
3103:
3101:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3080:
3074:
3073:
3071:
3069:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3061:
3058:
3055:
3053:
3051:
3049:
3043:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3013:
3008:
3002:
3001:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2985:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2974:
2971:
2965:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2951:
2948:
2946:
2943:
2941:
2938:
2935:
2930:
2924:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2888:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2854:
2848:
2847:
2844:
2841:
2838:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2814:
2808:
2807:
2804:
2801:
2798:
2795:
2792:
2789:
2786:
2783:
2780:
2777:
2774:
2767:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2758:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2728:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2704:
2701:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2663:
2660:
2657:
2649:
2648:
2645:
2642:
2639:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2610:
2608:Flat fricative
2604:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2562:
2561:
2558:
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2521:
2514:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2475:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2466:
2463:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2436:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2423:
2420:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2389:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2365:
2362:
2359:
2356:
2349:
2343:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2315:
2308:
2303:
2298:
2291:
2284:
2279:
2263:
2260:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2247:
2244:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2230:
2227:
2224:
2221:
2215:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2183:
2177:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2143:
2137:
2136:
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2097:
2096:
2093:
2090:
2087:
2084:
2081:
2078:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2064:
2061:
2054:
2050:
2049:
2046:
2043:
2040:
2037:
2034:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2022:
2019:
2016:
2013:
2005:
2004:
2001:
1998:
1995:
1992:
1989:
1986:
1983:
1980:
1977:
1974:
1971:
1968:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1951:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1939:
1936:
1933:
1930:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1911:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1901:
1898:
1895:
1892:
1889:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1878:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1857:
1854:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1844:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1823:
1822:
1819:
1816:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1806:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1785:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1769:
1766:
1763:
1761:
1758:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1744:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1729:
1726:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1701:
1694:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1665:
1660:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1585:
1582:
1581:
1580:
1569:
1558:
1547:
1536:
1525:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1452:
1437:
1434:
1420:
1419:
1416:
1413:
1409:
1408:
1405:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1386:
1383:
1380:
1376:
1375:
1372:
1369:
1345:
1342:
1341:
1340:
1298:
1297:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1269:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1225:
1224:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1214:
1211:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1199:
1196:
1193:
1190:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1164:
1161:
1158:
1155:
1152:
1149:
1146:
1140:
1139:
1137:
1135:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1107:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1096:
1093:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1062:
1061:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1033:
1030:
1027:
1021:
1020:
1018:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1007:
1004:
1001:
998:
995:
992:
989:
986:
981:
973:
972:
968:
967:
964:
961:
958:
955:
952:
949:
946:
943:
940:
937:
934:
931:
925:
924:
920:
919:
916:
913:
910:
907:
904:
901:
898:
895:
892:
889:
886:
883:
878:
873:
867:
866:
864:
862:
860:
857:
854:
851:
848:
845:
842:
839:
836:
833:
827:
826:
824:
822:
820:
817:
814:
811:
808:
805:
802:
799:
796:
793:
788:
780:
779:
775:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
764:
761:
758:
755:
752:
749:
747:
744:
738:
737:
733:
732:
730:
728:
725:
722:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
705:
702:
699:
694:
687:
681:
680:
678:
676:
673:
670:
667:
665:
663:
660:
657:
654:
651:
648:
640:
639:
636:
634:
631:
628:
625:
623:
621:
618:
615:
612:
609:
606:
599:
593:
592:
587:
580:
575:
570:
565:
558:
551:
544:
539:
534:
527:
522:
474:
471:
469:
466:
336:
333:
332:
331:
328:
325:
319:
305:
294:
284:
241:
238:
205:much of Africa
165:Neogrammarians
128:
127:
121:⟩, see
94:
93:
91:
90:
81:Latin alphabet
79:
77:
75:Parent systems
74:
71:
70:
66:
65:
58:
54:
53:
50:
47:
44:
43:
38:
36:
32:
31:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
10074:
10063:
10060:
10058:
10055:
10054:
10052:
10032:
10028:
10025:
10021:
10018:
10014:
10013:
10011:
10007:
10000:
9996:
9993:
9992:Night writing
9989:
9986:
9982:
9979:
9975:
9972:
9968:
9967:
9965:
9963:
9958:
9951:
9947:
9944:
9940:
9937:
9933:
9930:
9926:
9923:
9919:
9916:
9912:
9909:
9905:
9904:
9902:
9900:Organisations
9898:
9891:
9887:
9884:
9880:
9877:
9873:
9870:
9866:
9863:
9862:Valentin Haüy
9859:
9856:
9852:
9849:
9845:
9842:
9841:Louis Braille
9838:
9837:
9835:
9831:
9824:
9820:
9817:
9813:
9810:
9806:
9803:
9799:
9796:
9792:
9789:
9785:
9782:
9778:
9775:
9774:Braille watch
9771:
9768:
9764:
9761:
9757:
9754:
9750:
9749:
9747:
9745:
9741:
9734:
9730:
9727:
9723:
9719:
9715:
9712:
9708:
9705:
9701:
9698:
9697:Braille music
9694:
9693:
9691:
9687:
9675:
9671:
9668:
9664:
9661:
9660:Luxembourgish
9657:
9656:
9654:
9650:
9643:
9639:
9636:
9632:
9627:
9623:
9620:
9616:
9613:
9609:
9606:
9602:
9601:
9597:
9596:
9594:
9590:
9582:
9578:
9577:
9575:
9571:
9563:
9559:
9558:
9556:
9552:
9541:
9537:
9533:
9529:
9526:
9522:
9518:
9514:
9511:
9507:
9504:
9500:
9497:
9493:
9489:
9485:
9482:
9478:
9475:
9471:
9468:
9464:
9463:
9461:
9459:Other scripts
9457:
9449:
9445:
9442:
9438:
9435:
9431:
9428:
9424:
9421:
9417:
9414:
9410:
9407:
9403:
9400:
9396:
9393:
9389:
9386:
9382:
9379:
9375:
9374:
9372:
9370:
9363:
9355:
9351:
9348:
9344:
9341:
9337:
9336:
9334:
9331:
9324:
9317:
9313:
9310:
9306:
9303:
9299:
9296:
9292:
9289:
9285:
9282:
9278:
9275:
9271:
9268:
9264:
9263:
9261:
9258:
9251:
9240:
9235:
9232:
9231:Northern Sámi
9228:
9223:
9218:
9213:
9212:
9210:
9206:
9203:
9199:
9196:
9192:
9189:
9185:
9184:
9182:
9180:Nordic family
9178:
9171:
9167:
9164:
9160:
9157:
9153:
9150:
9146:
9143:
9139:
9135:
9131:
9128:
9124:
9121:
9120:South African
9117:
9114:
9110:
9107:
9103:
9100:
9096:
9093:
9089:
9086:
9082:
9079:
9075:
9072:
9068:
9065:
9061:
9058:
9054:
9051:
9047:
9043:
9042:Luxembourgish
9039:
9036:
9032:
9029:
9025:
9022:
9018:
9015:
9011:
9008:
9004:
9001:
8997:
8994:
8990:
8987:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8973:
8969:
8966:
8962:
8959:
8955:
8952:
8948:
8944:
8940:
8936:
8933:
8929:
8926:
8922:
8918:
8914:
8911:
8907:
8904:
8900:
8897:
8893:
8890:
8886:
8885:
8883:
8881:
8877:
8874:
8870:
8863:
8859:
8856:
8855:ASCII braille
8852:
8849:
8845:
8842:
8838:
8837:
8835:
8831:
8823:
8816:
8811:
8809:
8804:
8802:
8797:
8796:
8793:
8789:
8773:
8770:
8769:
8768:
8765:
8763:
8760:
8759:
8757:
8753:
8747:
8744:
8742:
8739:
8737:
8734:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8717:
8714:
8711:
8709:
8706:
8704:
8701:
8700:
8699:
8696:
8694:
8691:
8690:
8688:
8686:
8682:
8676:
8673:
8669:
8666:
8665:
8664:
8661:
8659:
8656:
8652:
8649:
8647:
8644:
8642:
8639:
8638:
8637:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8625:
8622:
8618:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8595:
8592:
8590:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8581:
8579:
8575:
8569:
8566:
8565:
8563:
8561:
8557:
8551:
8548:
8547:
8545:
8541:
8535:
8532:
8530:
8527:
8526:
8524:
8522:
8518:
8515:
8513:pre-Columbian
8511:
8507:
8502:
8495:
8490:
8488:
8483:
8481:
8476:
8475:
8472:
8463:
8459:
8455:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8432:
8428:
8426:0-226-68532-2
8422:
8418:
8413:
8409:
8404:
8400:
8395:
8391:
8386:
8382:
8380:0-521-82669-1
8376:
8372:
8367:
8363:
8361:0-521-23228-7
8357:
8353:
8348:
8344:
8339:
8335:
8333:0-19-507993-0
8329:
8325:
8320:
8316:
8311:
8307:
8302:
8298:
8293:
8289:
8285:
8281:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8265:
8260:
8255:
8250:
8246:
8242:
8238:
8233:
8229:
8227:0-16-048774-9
8223:
8219:
8214:
8209:
8207:0-631-19452-5
8203:
8199:
8194:
8190:
8188:0-19-509427-1
8184:
8180:
8175:
8171:
8165:
8161:
8157:
8156:
8150:
8146:
8142:
8138:
8134:
8130:
8126:
8121:
8117:
8112:
8109:
8105:
8101:
8093:
8088:
8087:
8079:
8076:
8075:
8054:
8048:
8042:
8038:
8032:
8025:
8019:
8012:
8005:
7998:
7988:
7981:
7975:
7966:
7959:
7956:
7950:
7942:
7941:
7936:
7930:
7922:
7918:
7914:
7908:
7901:
7896:
7879:
7873:
7868:
7866:
7861:
7851:
7848:
7846:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7828:
7826:
7823:
7821:
7818:
7817:
7811:
7805:
7791:
7788:
7785:
7782:
7780:
7777:
7775:
7773:
7772:
7769:
7766:
7763:
7760:
7758:
7755:
7752:
7749:
7748:
7745:
7741:
7738:
7735:
7732:
7730:
7727:
7725:
7723:
7722:
7719:
7716:
7713:
7710:
7708:
7705:
7702:
7699:
7698:
7695:
7692:
7689:
7686:
7684:
7681:
7679:
7676:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7661:
7658:
7655:
7652:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7639:
7637:
7634:
7632:
7629:
7628:
7625:
7622:
7619:
7616:
7614:
7611:
7608:
7605:
7604:
7601:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7590:
7587:
7585:
7582:
7581:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7569:
7567:
7564:
7562:
7559:
7558:
7555:
7552:
7549:
7546:
7544:
7541:
7538:
7535:
7534:
7531:
7528:
7525:
7522:
7520:
7517:
7515:
7512:
7511:
7508:
7505:
7502:
7499:
7497:
7494:
7491:
7488:
7487:
7482:
7478:
7473:
7468:
7463:
7458:
7453:
7448:
7446:
7445:
7438:
7435:
7432:
7429:
7427:
7424:
7421:
7418:
7416:nasalization
7415:
7414:
7411:
7408:
7405:
7402:
7399:
7396:
7393:
7391:
7388:
7387:
7384:
7381:
7378:
7375:
7372:
7366:
7363:
7361:
7358:
7357:
7354:
7351:
7348:
7345:
7342:
7336:
7333:
7331:
7328:
7327:
7324:
7320:
7317:
7314:
7311:
7308:
7305:
7302:
7299:
7298:
7295:
7292:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7278:
7275:
7272:
7271:
7267:
7262:
7257:
7252:
7247:
7242:
7237:
7235:
7234:
7227:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7217:
7214:
7212:
7209:
7206:
7205:
7202:
7199:
7196:
7193:
7191:
7188:
7185:
7183:
7180:
7179:
7176:
7173:
7171:
7168:
7166:
7163:
7160:
7158:
7157:
7154:
7151:
7148:
7145:
7143:
7140:
7137:
7135:
7134:
7131:
7128:
7125:
7122:
7120:
7117:
7114:
7112:
7111:
7108:
7105:
7102:
7099:
7097:
7094:
7091:
7089:
7088:
7085:
7082:
7079:
7076:
7073:
7070:
7067:
7064:
7063:
7058:
7055:
7052:
7049:
7046:
7044:
7042:
7040:
7038:
7037:
7034:
7031:
7028:
7025:
7023:
7020:
7017:
7015:
7014:
7011:
7008:
7005:
7002:
7000:
6997:
6994:
6992:
6991:
6988:
6985:
6982:
6979:
6977:
6974:
6971:
6968:
6967:
6964:
6961:
6958:
6955:
6953:
6950:
6947:
6944:
6943:
6940:
6937:
6934:
6931:
6929:
6926:
6923:
6920:
6919:
6916:
6913:
6910:
6907:
6905:
6902:
6899:
6896:
6895:
6892:
6889:
6886:
6883:
6881:
6878:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6862:
6859:
6857:
6854:
6851:
6848:
6847:
6842:
6839:
6836:
6833:
6830:
6827:
6824:
6821:
6819:
6818:
6815:
6812:
6809:
6806:
6803:
6800:
6797:
6795:
6794:
6791:
6788:
6785:
6782:
6779:
6776:
6774:
6771:
6770:
6767:
6764:
6761:
6758:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6746:
6743:
6740:
6737:
6734:
6731:
6728:
6726:
6724:
6723:
6720:
6717:
6714:
6711:
6708:
6705:
6703:
6701:
6700:
6697:
6694:
6691:
6688:
6686:
6683:
6681:
6679:
6678:
6675:
6672:
6669:
6666:
6664:
6661:
6659:
6657:
6656:
6651:
6648:
6645:
6642:
6639:
6636:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6628:
6625:
6622:
6619:
6616:
6614:
6611:
6608:
6606:
6605:
6602:
6599:
6596:
6593:
6591:
6588:
6585:
6583:
6582:
6579:
6576:
6573:
6570:
6567:
6564:
6561:
6559:
6558:
6555:
6552:
6549:
6546:
6543:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6534:
6529:
6525:
6520:
6515:
6510:
6505:
6500:
6495:
6493:
6492:
6489:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6471:
6466:
6461:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6438:
6434:
6430:
6426:
6424:
6420:
6416:
6412:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6389:
6386:
6383:
6380:
6377:
6374:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6362:
6359:
6356:
6353:
6350:
6347:
6342:
6339:
6336:
6333:
6330:
6327:
6324:
6321:
6320:
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6295:
6292:
6289:
6286:
6283:
6280:
6277:
6274:
6266:
6263:
6260:
6257:
6254:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6243:
6242:
6238:
6235:
6232:
6229:
6226:
6223:
6220:
6217:
6214:
6211:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6199:
6196:
6193:
6190:
6187:
6184:
6181:
6178:
6175:
6173:
6170:Back palatal,
6168:
6167:
6163:
6160:
6157:
6154:
6151:
6148:
6145:
6142:
6139:
6136:
6133:
6130:
6127:
6124:
6121:
6118:
6115:
6112:
6109:
6106:
6103:
6100:
6098:
6093:
6092:
6088:
6085:
6082:
6079:
6076:
6073:
6070:
6067:
6064:
6061:
6058:
6055:
6052:
6049:
6046:
6043:
6040:
6037:
6034:
6031:
6028:
6025:
6023:
6018:
6017:
6013:
6010:
6007:
6000:
5993:
5986:
5979:
5972:
5961:
5954:
5947:
5944:
5941:
5938:
5935:
5932:
5929:
5922:
5915:
5908:
5901:
5894:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5869:
5862:
5855:
5848:
5841:
5830:
5823:
5816:
5813:
5810:
5807:
5804:
5801:
5798:
5791:
5784:
5777:
5770:
5763:
5761:
5756:
5755:
5751:
5748:
5745:
5738:
5731:
5724:
5717:
5710:
5703:
5693:
5683:
5676:
5670:
5664:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5638:
5631:
5621:
5614:
5607:
5605:
5600:
5599:
5595:
5592:
5589:
5586:
5583:
5580:
5577:
5574:
5571:
5566:
5561:
5558:
5555:
5552:
5549:
5546:
5543:
5540:
5537:
5531:
5528:
5525:
5523:
5518:
5517:
5513:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5498:
5495:
5492:
5489:
5484:
5479:
5476:
5473:
5470:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5458:
5455:
5450:
5447:
5444:
5442:
5439:
5438:
5434:
5431:
5428:
5425:
5422:
5419:
5416:
5413:
5410:
5405:
5400:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5388:
5385:
5382:
5379:
5376:
5370:
5367:
5364:
5362:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5349:
5346:
5343:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5325:
5322:
5319:
5316:
5313:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5286:
5284:
5281:
5280:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5261:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5249:
5246:
5243:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5211:
5206:
5203:
5202:
5198:
5195:
5192:
5189:
5186:
5183:
5180:
5177:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5156:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5144:
5141:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5128:
5125:
5124:
5120:
5117:
5114:
5111:
5108:
5105:
5102:
5099:
5096:
5093:
5090:
5087:
5084:
5081:
5078:
5075:
5072:
5069:
5066:
5063:
5060:
5057:
5055:
5050:
5049:
5045:
5042:
5039:
5036:
5033:
5030:
5027:
5024:
5021:
5018:
5015:
5012:
5009:
5006:
5003:
5000:
4997:
4994:
4991:
4988:
4985:
4982:
4980:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4967:
4964:
4961:
4958:
4955:
4952:
4949:
4946:
4943:
4940:
4937:
4934:
4931:
4928:
4925:
4922:
4919:
4916:
4913:
4910:
4907:
4904:
4899:
4896:
4895:
4891:
4888:
4885:
4882:
4879:
4876:
4873:
4870:
4867:
4861:
4855:
4852:
4849:
4846:
4843:
4840:
4837:
4826:
4819:
4813:
4807:
4801:
4798:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4785:
4780:
4778:
4775:
4773:
4770:
4767:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4749:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4721:
4716:
4714:
4711:
4709:
4706:
4703:
4698:
4696:
4693:
4691:
4688:
4685:
4679:
4677:
4674:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4658:
4655:
4650:
4645:
4640:
4635:
4630:
4625:
4618:
4611:
4609:
4607:
4604:
4601:
4598:
4595:
4594:
4590:
4587:
4584:
4581:
4578:
4575:
4572:
4571:
4567:
4564:
4561:
4558:
4555:
4552:
4549:
4548:
4544:
4541:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4533:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4523:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4498:
4495:
4492:
4489:
4486:
4485:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4463:
4454:
4453:
4450:
4446:
4444:
4434:
4431:
4428:
4423:Low: V̀ or V⁴
4422:
4419:
4417:Mid: V̍ or V²
4416:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4398:
4395:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4386:
4382:
4379:
4376:
4373:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4361:
4358:
4355:
4353:
4352:
4348:
4345:
4342:
4339:
4337:
4334:
4330:
4327:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4314:
4311:
4308:
4305:
4303:
4300:
4297:
4295:
4293:
4291:
4290:
4282:
4276:
4259:
4257:
4254:
4252:
4249:
4246:
4245:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4221:
4218:
4216:
4213:
4210:
4209:
4206:
4203:
4200:
4198:
4196:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4171:
4168:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4156:
4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4139:
4138:
4134:
4129:
4126:
4121:
4118:
4116:
4115:
4109:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4074:
4073:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4057:
4054:
4051:
4050:
4046:
4043:
4040:
4037:
4034:
4031:
4028:
4027:
4023:
4020:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4004:
4000:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3939:
3936:
3935:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3909:
3904:
3903:
3890:
3884:
3867:
3859:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3843:
3840:
3838:
3836:
3833:
3828:
3824:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3807:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3792:
3789:
3786:
3783:
3778:
3774:
3770:
3767:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3757:
3752:
3751:
3747:
3744:
3741:
3738:
3735:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3713:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3668:
3655:
3649:
3636:
3626:
3619:
3615:
3602:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3589:
3583:
3580:
3575:
3571:
3567:
3564:
3561:
3558:
3555:
3552:
3547:
3546:
3542:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3530:
3527:
3522:
3518:
3514:
3512:
3510:
3508:
3506:
3503:
3500:
3489:
3484:
3479:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3463:
3450:
3444:
3436:
3392:
3389:
3384:
3383:
3373:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3356:
3352:
3349:
3343:
3340:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3321:
3318:
3315:
3312:
3307:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3294:
3291:
3288:
3285:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3269:
3266:
3263:
3260:
3255:
3253:
3245:
3242:
3236:
3233:
3230:
3221:
3217:
3212:
3209:
3205:
3200:
3197:
3193:
3188:
3187:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3167:
3161:
3153:
3150:
3147:
3140:
3138:
3135:
3133:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3112:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3102:
3100:
3098:
3096:
3093:
3091:
3089:
3086:
3081:
3079:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3068:
3066:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3052:
3050:
3045:
3044:
3040:
3038:
3035:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3009:
3007:
3003:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2986:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2972:
2967:
2966:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2890:
2889:
2886:
2883:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2810:
2809:
2805:
2802:
2799:
2796:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2734:
2730:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2689:
2685:
2683:
2680:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2664:
2661:
2658:
2655:
2651:
2650:
2646:
2643:
2640:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2630:
2627:
2624:
2621:
2618:
2615:
2611:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2598:
2595:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2583:
2580:
2577:
2574:
2571:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2541:
2538:
2535:
2532:
2529:
2526:
2522:
2519:
2515:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2481:
2477:
2476:
2473:
2470:
2467:
2464:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2450:
2447:
2444:
2441:
2437:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2421:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2383:
2380:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2357:
2354:
2350:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2338:
2336:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2304:
2302:
2299:
2297:
2292:
2290:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2270:
2268:
2259:
2251:
2248:
2245:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2172:
2169:
2166:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2154:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2110:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2091:
2088:
2085:
2082:
2079:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2059:
2055:
2052:
2051:
2047:
2044:
2041:
2038:
2035:
2032:
2029:
2026:
2023:
2020:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2007:
2006:
2002:
1999:
1996:
1993:
1990:
1987:
1984:
1981:
1978:
1975:
1972:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1949:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1937:
1934:
1931:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1908:
1905:
1902:
1899:
1896:
1893:
1890:
1887:
1884:
1882:
1879:
1876:
1873:
1869:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1851:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1841:
1839:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1829:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1790:
1786:
1784:
1780:
1776:
1773:
1770:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1756:
1753:
1751:
1748:
1745:
1742:
1738:
1737:
1733:
1730:
1727:
1724:
1721:
1719:
1716:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1702:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1689:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1674:
1671:
1669:
1666:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1632:
1630:
1625:
1623:
1620:
1610:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1567:
1564:(x̌) for the
1563:
1559:
1548:
1537:
1526:
1523:
1513:
1503:
1493:
1483:
1473:
1463:
1453:
1443:
1442:
1441:
1433:
1417:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1381:
1377:
1367:
1361:
1359:
1351:
1344:Rhotics table
1338:
1326:
1322:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1315:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1296:
1294:
1292:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1279:
1276:
1273:
1270:
1267:
1262:
1261:
1258:
1256:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1246:
1244:
1242:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1227:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1218:
1215:
1212:
1209:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1197:
1194:
1191:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1165:
1162:
1159:
1156:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1145:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1130:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1111:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1091:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1072:
1069:
1067:
1063:
1060:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1034:
1031:
1028:
1023:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1011:
1008:
1005:
1002:
999:
996:
993:
990:
987:
982:
979:
974:
970:
969:
938:
926:
922:
921:
890:
872:
868:
865:
863:
861:
858:
855:
852:
849:
846:
843:
840:
837:
834:
829:
828:
825:
823:
821:
818:
815:
812:
809:
806:
803:
800:
797:
794:
789:
786:
781:
777:
776:
750:
739:
735:
734:
706:
692:
686:
682:
679:
677:
674:
671:
668:
666:
664:
661:
658:
655:
652:
649:
646:
642:
641:
637:
635:
632:
629:
626:
624:
622:
619:
616:
613:
610:
607:
604:
600:
598:
594:
591:
588:
586:
581:
579:
576:
574:
571:
569:
566:
564:
559:
557:
552:
550:
545:
543:
540:
538:
535:
533:
528:
526:
523:
519:
513:
482:
480:
464:
462:
456:
452:
450:
446:
442:
438:
434:
430:
425:
423:
419:
415:
410:
409:Carl Voegelin
405:
403:
399:
395:
389:
386:
384:
380:
375:
373:
372:
367:
366:
361:
360:
355:
350:
346:
341:
329:
326:
323:
320:
306:
295:
285:
259:
258:
257:
255:
247:
237:
235:
231:
227:
225:
220:
219:
212:
210:
206:
202:
198:
194:
190:
186:
182:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
124:
112:
108:
106:
102:
95:
88:
87:
86:
82:
78:
72:
67:
63:
60:Reserved for
59:
55:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
27:
22:
9532:Thai and Lao
9209:Scandinavian
8841:1829 braille
8833:Braille cell
8646:Sḵwx̱wú7mesh
8521:Logographies
8436:Introduction
8435:
8416:
8407:
8398:
8389:
8370:
8351:
8342:
8323:
8314:
8305:
8296:
8271:
8267:
8263:
8244:
8240:
8217:
8197:
8178:
8154:
8128:
8124:
8107:
8099:
8091:
8084:Bibliography
8057:. Retrieved
8047:
8040:
8036:
8035:Sturtevant,
8031:
8023:
8018:
8010:
8004:
7987:
7974:
7965:
7954:
7949:
7939:
7935:Kurath, Hans
7929:
7920:
7907:
7899:
7895:
7878:
7801:
6487:
6475:
6474:The journal
6473:
6465:
6459:
6428:
6418:
6410:
6402:
6396:
6395:
4447:
4440:
4432:
4429:
4426:
4409:
4270:
4103:
3873:
3865:
3647:
3442:
3398:
3159:
3151:
3148:
3145:
2265:
2257:
1587:
1575:(ɬ) for the
1553:and palatal
1439:
1423:
1379:Approximant
1347:
1317:
1316:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1301:
483:
476:
461:prescriptive
457:
453:
437:glossematics
429:H. J. Uldall
426:
417:
413:
406:
401:
397:
391:
387:
376:
370:
363:
357:
353:
344:
338:
254:Edward Sapir
243:
228:
213:
152:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
131:
117:and ⟨
99:
10031:RoboBraille
9855:Róża Czacka
9795:Perforation
9592:Independent
9490:(Bhutanese)
9225:Greenlandic
8896:Azerbaijani
8762:SignWriting
8685:Syllabaries
8584:Anishinaabe
8560:Pictography
7840:Teuthonista
7273:aspiration
6844:fricatives
6653:affricates
6433:glottalized
6176:ḳ (q)
4550:high round
4229:Higher low
4176:Higher mid
4158:Lower high
4052:Higher-low
3983:Higher-mid
3960:Lower-high
2347:Stop (oral)
1692:Stop (oral)
1339:(sibilant).
1183:Approximant
318:for a trill
48:Time period
35:Script type
10051:Categories
9583:(obsolete)
9564:(obsolete)
9356:(Pakistan)
9267:Belarusian
9149:Vietnamese
9092:Portuguese
9078:Philippine
9035:Lithuanian
7856:References
7469:Sturtevant
7258:Sturtevant
6516:Sturtevant
6452:epiglottal
6448:pharyngeal
6322:Laryngeal
4634:Affricates
4596:low round
4573:mid round
4211:Lower mid
4029:Lower-mid
3628:Lower-Low
1337:sulcalized
1323:Among the
1229:labialized
473:Consonants
394:Bloomfield
349:Franz Boas
230:Diacritics
167:) for the
9999:Vibratese
9978:Moon type
9971:Decapoint
9652:Eight-dot
9605:Cantonese
9554:Reordered
9517:Inuktitut
9406:Malayalam
9316:Ukrainian
9295:Mongolian
9274:Bulgarian
9237:Norwegian
9202:Icelandic
8993:Hungarian
8951:Esperanto
8903:Cantonese
8715:Syllabics
8628:Alphabets
8462:252700488
8011:Anthropos
7890:⟩.
7850:Phonology
7845:Phonetics
7806:register
7181:laterals
6531:plosives
6477:Anthropos
6460:Anthropos
6419:intermed.
6407:voiceless
5889:Posterior
4903:unrounded
4676:Aspirated
4671:Intermed.
4445:in 1916.
4006:Mean-mid
3083:voiceless
3011:voiceless
2933:voiceless
2857:voiceless
2771:voiceless
2703:w̱̟ (W̟)
2698:voiceless
2614:voiceless
2525:voiceless
2520:affricate
2440:voiceless
2434:Affricate
2353:voiceless
2306:Retroflex
2058:voiceless
1965:voiceless
1959:Fricative
1872:voiceless
1867:affricate
1789:voiceless
1783:Affricate
1698:voiceless
1651:Retroflex
1371:Alveolar
984:voiceless
881:voiceless
871:Fricative
791:voiceless
697:voiceless
685:Affricate
603:voiceless
431:, one of
383:typefaces
279:for and
203:, and of
57:Languages
9635:Japanese
9496:Georgian
9488:Dzongkha
9474:Armenian
9392:Gujarati
9257:Cyrillic
9188:Estonian
9163:Yugoslav
9099:Romanian
9071:Nigerian
8986:Hawaiian
8972:Ghanaian
8889:Albanian
8772:ASLwrite
8736:Cherokee
8268:Language
8125:Language
8022:Mithun,
7937:(1939).
7919:(1942).
7882:⟨
7814:See also
7798:Encoding
7410:Vː (Vːː)
6437:ejective
6020:Anterior
5891:c-sounds
5760:c-sounds
5604:c-sounds
5602:Anterior
5283:Cerebral
5210:alveolar
4898:Bilabial
4792:Bilabial
4644:Laterals
4629:Spirants
4127:Central
3729:(higher)
3524:(higher)
3417:a a꞉ a꞉꞉
3057:ř , l͏̌
2692:Sibilant
2311:Alveolo-
2301:Alveolar
2282:Bilabial
1658:alveolar
1646:Alveolar
1622:Bilabial
1573:belted l
556:alveolar
542:Alveolar
525:Bilabial
468:Alphabet
402:Language
371:Language
201:of India
179:and for
173:phonemic
169:phonetic
115:/ /
111:Help:IPA
40:Alphabet
9540:Tibetan
9481:Burmese
9467:Amharic
9450:(India)
9427:Sinhala
9420:Punjabi
9399:Kannada
9347:Persian
9302:Russian
9242:Swedish
9220:Finnish
9195:Faroese
9170:Zambian
9142:Turkish
9127:Spanish
9050:Maltese
9028:Latvian
9021:Italian
9000:Iñupiaq
8979:Guarani
8939:English
8910:Catalan
8827:⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑
8822:Braille
8606:Zapotec
8577:Unknown
8529:Miꞌkmaq
7808:fonnapa
7484:vowels
7403:Vꞏ (V:)
7400:Vꞏ (V:)
7389:length
7303:Cʼ (bʼ)
7207:trills
7060:nasals
6427:In the
6390:
6387:
6384:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6372:
6369:
6366:
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6348:
6337:
6331:
6328:
6317:
6314:
6308:
6305:
6302:
6299:
6296:
6293:
6290:
6287:
6284:
6281:
6275:
6267:a
6261:
6255:
6252:
6245:Glottal
6221:
6218:
6215:
6146:
6143:
6140:
6097:palatal
6071:
6068:
6065:
6022:palatal
6014:
6011:
6008:
5883:
5880:
5877:
5752:
5749:
5746:
5596:
5593:
5590:
5522:palatal
5514:
5511:
5508:
5435:
5432:
5429:
5121:
5118:
5115:
5112:
5109:
5106:
5103:
5100:
5097:
5094:
5091:
5070:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5058:
5046:
5043:
5040:
5037:
5034:
5031:
5028:
5025:
5022:
5019:
5016:
4995:
4992:
4989:
4986:
4983:
4971:
4968:
4965:
4962:
4959:
4956:
4953:
4950:
4947:
4892:
4889:
4886:
4883:
4880:
4877:
4874:
4871:
4868:
4797:rounded
4784:talized
4766:talized
4748:talized
4720:talized
4702:talized
4684:talized
4620:
4087:ɒ̇
4084:ȧ
4064:ω̇
4061:æ̇
4041:ɔ̇
4038:ɛ̇
4018:ꭥ̇
4015:ᴇ̇
3995:ȯ
3992:ė
3972:ᴜ̇
3949:u̇
3926:unround
3916:unround
3906:unround
3897:Central
3691:unround
3681:unround
3671:unround
3662:Central
3486:unround
3476:unround
3466:unround
3457:Central
3421:a aꞏ a꞉
3240:
3214:unround
3202:unround
3190:unround
3178:Central
3169:
3041:
3036:
3033:
3030:
3018:
3015:
3000:
2997:
2990:
2976:
2973:
2963:
2960:
2953:
2940:
2937:
2928:Lateral
2920:
2917:
2884:
2881:
2878:ŋ̱ (Ŋ)
2873:ṉ̃ (Ñ)
2861:m̱ (M)
2846:
2843:
2840:
2837:
2834:
2831:
2828:
2822:
2819:
2816:
2806:
2803:
2800:
2797:
2794:
2791:
2788:
2782:
2779:
2776:
2748:ẓ , ẓ̌
2713:ṣ , ṣ̌
2602:
2599:
2596:
2593:
2590:
2587:
2584:
2581:dl (λ)
2578:
2575:
2572:
2560:
2557:
2554:
2551:
2548:
2545:
2542:
2539:tƚ (ƛ)
2536:
2533:
2530:
2518:Lateral
2512:
2509:
2501:
2498:dž (ǰ)
2493:dz (ʒ)
2471:
2468:
2462:
2459:tš (č)
2454:ts (ȼ)
2448:
2428:
2425:
2422:g̣ (G)
2402:
2361:
2340:Glottal
2333:Pharyn-
2318:Palatal
2313:palatal
2278:
2252:
2249:
2240:
2235:
2232:
2229:
2226:
2213:
2210:
2203:
2188:
2185:
2181:Lateral
2175:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2148:
2145:
2135:
2132:
2095:
2092:
2089:
2086:
2083:
2080:
2077:
2069:
2066:
2063:
1953:
1950:
1947:
1944:
1941:
1938:
1935:
1929:
1926:
1921:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1891:
1885:
1880:
1877:
1865:Lateral
1859:
1856:
1849:
1833:
1821:
1818:
1811:
1794:
1777:
1774:
1749:
1731:
1706:
1685:Glottal
1678:Pharyn-
1663:Palatal
1656:Palato-
1618:
1432:, etc.
1304:c j λ ƛ
1290:
1271:
1268:
1264:lateral
1236:
1233:
1219:
1210:
1207:
1198:
1192:
1188:central
1169:
1166:
1163:
1151:
1148:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1115:
1112:
1109:
1056:
1053:
1050:
1047:
1044:
1041:
1035:
1032:
1029:
1015:
1012:
1006:
1003:
1000:
994:
991:
988:
978:lateral
876:central
859:
856:
853:
850:
847:
841:
838:
835:
819:
816:
813:
810:
807:
801:
798:
795:
785:lateral
746:
701:
691:central
653:
611:
597:Plosive
590:Glottal
583:Pharyn-
568:Palatal
563:palatal
554:Palato-
521:
449:Nisenan
439:, with
335:History
193:Semitic
147:or the
143:), the
103:in the
9960:Other
9833:People
9823:Braigo
9642:Korean
9510:Hebrew
9441:Telugu
9340:Arabic
9330:Arabic
9288:Kyrgyz
9281:Kazakh
9215:Danish
9113:Slovak
9106:Samoan
9085:Polish
9064:Navajo
8965:German
8958:French
8825:
8746:Yugtun
8534:Mixtec
8460:
8450:
8423:
8377:
8358:
8330:
8288:414792
8286:
8224:
8204:
8185:
8166:
8145:408965
8143:
8059:22 May
7282:Cʽ, Cʰ
6801:tł, tʟ
6574:ɡ̯, ɡʸ
6550:k̯, kʸ
6462:(1907)
6415:voiced
6411:sonant
6397:Notes:
6271:vowel)
5520:Dorso-
5441:Dorsal
5361:dental
5205:Linguo
5132:dental
5127:Linguo
5054:dental
5052:Inter-
4979:labial
4977:Dento-
4777:Sonant
4759:Sonant
4741:Sonant
4731:Sonant
4713:Sonant
4695:Sonant
4666:Sonant
4639:Nasals
4482:front
4457:narrow
4260:ꭤ (ɒ)
4219:ɜ (ɞ)
4214:ɛ (ʚ)
4179:e (ø)
4169:ɤ (ᴜ)
4166:ᵻ (ᵾ)
4163:ɪ (ʏ)
4153:ɯ (u)
4148:ɨ (ʉ)
4143:i (y)
4124:front
4119:Front
4100:Kurath
3845:lower
3830:higher
3780:higher
3577:higher
3364:higher
3309:higher
3257:higher
3156:Vowels
3114:voiced
3047:voiced
2969:voiced
2945:ƚ (L)
2892:voiced
2868:ṉ (N)
2812:voiced
2733:voiced
2654:voiced
2567:voiced
2480:voiced
2394:voiced
2381:ḳ (q)
2328:Uvular
2296:dental
2294:Inter-
2289:dental
2287:Labio-
2141:Rhotic
2010:voiced
1916:voiced
1828:voiced
1741:voiced
1673:Uvular
1641:Dental
1636:dental
1634:Inter-
1629:dental
1627:Labio-
1412:Trill
1318:Notes:
1025:voiced
929:voiced
831:voiced
742:voiced
645:voiced
578:Uvular
561:Alveo-
547:Retro-
537:Dental
532:dental
530:Labio-
368:, and
354:et al.
322:Ogonek
275:for ,
267:for ,
263:for ,
189:Uralic
185:Slavic
119:
9676:(GS8)
9667:Kanji
9525:Khmer
9503:Greek
9434:Tamil
9367:i.e.
9328:i.e.
9309:Tatar
9255:i.e.
9156:Welsh
9057:Māori
9014:Irish
8932:Dutch
8925:Czech
8693:Afaka
8658:Osage
8636:Latin
8602:Olmec
8568:Aztec
8458:S2CID
8284:JSTOR
8141:JSTOR
7474:WIELD
7464:Sapir
7449:Powel
7367:Cw, C
7337:Cy, C
7263:WIELD
7253:Sapir
7238:Powel
6521:WIELD
6511:Sapir
6496:Powel
6311:(a̓)
6172:velar
6080:k̯ƚǃ
6056:k̯xǃ
5587:τ̣ᴧǃ
5559:τ̣σǃ
5426:τ̯ᴧǃ
5398:τ̯σǃ
5356:Dorso
5190:t̯ƚǃ
5166:t̯sǃ
4782:Glot-
4764:Glot-
4746:Glot-
4718:Glot-
4700:Glot-
4682:Glot-
4624:Stops
4487:high
4479:mixed
4473:front
4470:mixed
4460:wide
4140:High
4135:Back
4132:back
4130:Half-
4122:Half-
3937:High
3931:round
3921:round
3911:round
3900:Back
3894:Front
3804:lower
3754:lower
3704:Glide
3696:round
3686:round
3676:round
3665:Back
3659:Front
3599:lower
3549:lower
3499:Glide
3491:round
3481:round
3471:round
3460:Back
3454:Front
3386:lower
3334:lower
3282:lower
3252:Close
3229:Glide
3220:round
3208:round
3196:round
3173:Front
3078:Trill
2852:Nasal
2323:Velar
2219:Glide
2101:Nasal
1668:Velar
1562:caron
1390:Flap
1105:Trill
1066:Nasal
573:Velar
445:Maidu
433:Jones
422:Sapir
107:(IPA)
85:Greek
9448:Urdu
9413:Odia
9354:Urdu
8767:si5s
8713:Dene
8641:NAPA
8550:Maya
8448:ISBN
8421:ISBN
8375:ISBN
8356:ISBN
8328:ISBN
8222:ISBN
8202:ISBN
8183:ISBN
8164:ISBN
8061:2024
7802:The
7778:ɑ, ȧ
7736:ɨ, ï
7682:ɔ, o
7659:o, ō
7635:υ, u
7612:u, ū
7588:ä, ă
7565:ɛ, e
7542:e, ē
7518:ɩ, i
7495:i, ī
7479:IPA
7476:2020
7471:1978
7466:1934
7461:1916
7456:1911
7454:Boas
7451:1880
7321:Cʼ,
7268:IPA
7265:2020
7260:1978
7255:1934
7250:1916
7245:1911
7243:Boas
7240:1880
7189:ł, ʟ
6589:q, ḳ
6526:IPA
6523:2020
6518:1978
6513:1934
6508:1916
6503:1911
6501:Boas
6498:1880
6403:surd
6351:ʼ̣ḥ
6269:(any
6239:ρ̣ǃ
6230:ḳƚǃ
6227:g̣l
6206:ḳxǃ
6203:g̣γ
6197:x̣ǃ
6155:kƚǃ
6131:kxǃ
6095:Mid-
6089:ρ̯ǃ
6077:g̯l
6074:k̯ƚ
6053:g̯γ
6050:k̯x
6047:x̯ǃ
6035:k̯ʽ
5945:ṭcǃ
5936:c̣ǃ
5814:tcǃ
5584:δ̣ᴧ
5581:τ̣ᴧ
5578:ᴧ̣ǃ
5556:δ̣ζ
5553:τ̣σ
5550:σ̣ǃ
5538:τ̣ʽ
5505:τᴧǃ
5477:τσǃ
5423:δ̯ᴧ
5420:τ̯ᴧ
5417:ᴧ̯ǃ
5395:δ̯ζ
5392:τ̯σ
5389:σ̯ǃ
5377:τ̯ʽ
5350:ʀ̣ǃ
5341:ṭƚǃ
5332:ƚ̣ǃ
5317:ṭsǃ
5268:tƚǃ
5244:tsǃ
5199:ʀ̯ǃ
5187:d̯l
5184:t̯ƚ
5181:ƚ̯ǃ
5163:d̯z
5160:t̯s
5157:s̯ǃ
5145:t̯ʽ
5088:tθǃ
5013:pfǃ
4938:pφǃ
4853:pƕǃ
4772:Surd
4754:Surd
4736:Surd
4726:Surd
4708:Surd
4690:Surd
4661:Surd
4531:low
4510:mid
4476:back
4467:back
4247:Low
4242:(ɔ)
4204:(ɵ)
4194:Mid
4189:(o)
4106:ʚ, ꭤ
4075:Low
3826:Low
3725:High
3644:Pike
3623:a/ɑ
3617:Low
3520:High
3359:Open
3183:Back
3006:Flap
2681:g̶̣
2675:g̶̯
2504:gg̶
2490:d̯ꟈ
2485:bb̶
2451:t̯θ
2335:geal
2267:Pike
2262:Pike
2246:(w)
2223:(w)
1680:geal
1401:Tap
1335:are
778:dz̯
727:qx̣
585:geal
549:flex
418:ship
345:e.g.
283:for
171:and
141:NAPA
9007:IPA
8440:doi
8276:doi
8249:doi
8133:doi
7459:AAA
7394:V̄?
7248:AAA
6838:d͡ɮ
6814:t͡ɬ
6790:d͡ʒ
6766:t͜ʃ
6742:d͜z
6719:t͜s
6696:d͜ð
6674:t͜θ
6506:AAA
6450:or
6334:ʼ̣
6325:ʼ̣
6236:ρ̣
6233:Ρ̣
6224:ḳƚ
6212:ŋ̣
6209:ᴎ̣
6200:ḳx
6194:γ̣
6191:x̣
6185:ḳʽ
6182:ɢ̣
6179:g̣
6164:ρǃ
6152:gl
6149:kƚ
6128:gγ
6125:kx
6122:xǃ
6110:kʽ
6086:ρ̯
6083:Ρ̯
6062:ŋ̯
6059:ᴎ̯
6044:γ̯
6041:x̯
6032:ɢ̯
6029:g̯
6026:k̯
6005:ǃ)
6001:(ṭƚ
5994:(ḍl
5987:(ṭƚ
5984:ǃ)
5980:(ƚ̣
5962:(ƚ̣
5948:(ɴ̣
5942:ḍj
5939:ṭc
5933:j̣
5930:c̣
5927:ǃ)
5920:ʽ)
5909:(ᴅ̣
5874:ǃ)
5870:(tƚ
5863:(dl
5856:(tƚ
5853:ǃ)
5811:dj
5808:tc
5805:cǃ
5796:ǃ)
5789:ʽ)
5758:Mid
5743:ǃ)
5739:(τᴧ
5732:(δᴧ
5725:(τᴧ
5722:ǃ)
5643:ǃ)
5636:ʽ)
5575:λ̣
5572:ᴧ̣
5547:ζ̣
5544:σ̣
5529:δ̣
5526:τ̣
5502:δᴧ
5499:τᴧ
5496:ᴧǃ
5474:δζ
5471:τσ
5468:σǃ
5456:τʽ
5414:λ̯
5411:ᴧ̯
5386:ζ̯
5383:σ̯
5368:δ̯
5365:τ̯
5344:ʀ̣
5338:ḍl
5335:ṭƚ
5320:ɴ̣
5314:ḍz
5311:ṭs
5308:ṣǃ
5296:ṭʽ
5293:ᴅ̣
5277:ʀǃ
5265:dl
5262:tƚ
5259:ƚǃ
5241:dz
5238:ts
5235:sǃ
5223:tʽ
5196:r̯
5193:ʀ̯
5178:l̯
5172:n̯
5169:ɴ̯
5154:z̯
5151:s̯
5142:ᴅ̯
5139:d̯
5136:t̯
5085:dϑ
5082:tθ
5079:θǃ
5010:bv
5007:pf
5004:fǃ
4935:bβ
4932:pφ
4929:φǃ
4917:pʽ
4850:bw
4847:pƕ
4844:ƕǃ
4591:ɔ̈
4383:ɔ̄
3776:Mid
3573:Mid
3374:æ̇
3371:ɒ̈
3347:ɔ̇
3344:ɛ̇
3341:ɔ̈
3304:Mid
3295:ʊ̇
3289:ʊ̈
3136:ṛ̃
3125:r̃
3118:b̃
3094:ṟ̃
3087:p̃
3060:ṛ̌
3023:ṟ̌
2987:lʸ
2950:ƚʸ
2825:l̟
2785:ƚ̟
2738:w̟
2678:g̶
2668:ꟈ̣
2659:b̶
2641:x̣
2635:x̯
2628:θ̣
2465:kx
2445:pᵽ
2416:g̯
2405:d̯
2384:ḳ̣
2375:k̯
2364:t̯
2129:ŋ̇
2042:γ̇
2036:γ̑
2024:z̯
1997:x̣
1991:x̯
1979:s̯
1765:g̑
1754:d̯
1722:k̯
1711:t̯
1609:).
1596:or
1418:ṛ̃
1407:ᴅ̇
1396:ṛ̌
1358:IPA
1287:lʸ
1274:l̯
1204:ɹ̣
1154:r̯
1144:Tap
1118:r̃
1095:ŋ̇
1075:n̯
1009:łʸ
971:z̯
960:ɣ̇
954:ɣ̯
923:s̯
912:x̣
906:x̯
763:dź
757:dẓ
754:dz
751:dð
736:c̯
724:kx
713:c̣
707:tθ
704:pf
675:ɡ̇
669:ɡ̯
656:d̯
627:k̯
614:t̯
447:or
416:in
310:or
271:or
153:APA
10053::
8604:,
8600:,
8456:.
8446:.
8282:.
8272:64
8270:.
8245:36
8243:.
8239:.
8139:.
8127:.
8041:ff
7915:;
7864:^
7786:ʌ?
7742:,
7433:V̨
7425:V̨
7422:Vⁿ
7419:Vⁿ
7397:V̄
7383:Cʷ
7379:Cʷ
7376:Cʷ
7373:Cʷ
7364:Cᵘ
7353:Cʲ
7349:Cʸ
7346:Cʸ
7343:Cʸ
7334:Cꞏ
7323:Cˀ
7318:Cʼ
7315:C̓
7312:Cʼ
7309:Cʼ
7306:C!
7294:Cʰ
7290:Cʰ
7287:Cʰ
7279:Cʽ
7276:Cʽ
7175:ŋ̊
7164:ɴ̃
7161:ñ̥
7153:n̥
7149:n̥
7138:n̥
7130:m̥
7126:m̥
7115:m̥
7103:ŋ̇
7100:ŋ̇
7095:ṇ̃
7092:ṇ̃
7029:ɣ̇
7026:γ̇
7021:γ̣
7018:γ̣
7006:x̣
7003:x̣
6998:x̣
6948:x̣
6825:dl
6822:ʟ̣
6777:dj
6772:dj
6753:tc
6748:tc
6738:dz
6729:dz
6706:ts
6692:dð
6689:ð̂
6684:dϑ
6670:tθ
6667:θ̂
6662:tθ
6620:ɡ̇
6612:g̣
6609:g̣
6571:gʸ
6568:gʸ
6565:gy
6562:gꞏ
6547:kʸ
6544:kʸ
6541:ky
6538:kꞏ
6441:kʼ
6421:=
6417:;
6413:=
6409:;
6405:=
6340:ḥ
6278:ʼ
6258:ʼ
6249:ʼ
6161:ρ
6158:Ρ
6137:ŋ
6134:ᴎ
6119:γ
6116:x
6107:ɢ
6104:g
6101:k
5998:)
5991:)
5977:)
5973:(ḷ
5970:)
5959:)
5955:(ṇ
5952:)
5916:(ṭ
5913:)
5906:)
5902:(ḍ
5899:)
5895:(ṭ
5867:)
5860:)
5849:(ƚ
5846:)
5842:(l
5839:)
5831:(ƚ
5828:)
5824:(n
5821:)
5817:(ɴ
5802:j
5799:c
5785:(t
5782:)
5778:(ᴅ
5775:)
5771:(d
5768:)
5764:(t
5736:)
5729:)
5718:(ᴧ
5715:)
5711:(λ
5708:)
5704:(ᴧ
5701:)
5691:)
5681:ǃ
5677:tc
5671:dj
5665:tc
5662:ǃ
5632:(τ
5629:)
5619:)
5615:(δ
5612:)
5608:(τ
5568:ν̣
5563:ν̣
5535:̣
5493:λ
5490:ᴧ
5465:ζ
5462:σ
5448:δ
5445:τ
5407:ν̯
5402:ν̯
5374:̯
5347:ṛ
5329:ḷ
5323:ṇ
5305:ẓ
5302:ṣ
5290:ḍ
5287:ṭ
5274:r
5271:ʀ
5256:l
5250:n
5247:ɴ
5232:z
5229:s
5220:ᴅ
5217:d
5214:t
5076:ϑ
5073:θ
5001:v
4998:f
4944:m
4941:ᴍ
4926:β
4923:φ
4914:ʙ
4911:b
4908:p
4905:)
4841:w
4838:ƕ
4835:ǃ
4827:p̓
4824:ʽ
4799:)
4786:*
4768:*
4750:*
4722:*
4704:*
4605:ω̈
4602:ω̇
4588:ɔ̇
4568:ϋ
4565:υ̇
4556:u̇
4545:ä
4526:ε
4513:α
4505:ɩ
4499:ɩ̈
4399:ɔ
4377:ꭢ̄
4365:o
4349:ō
4346:ʌ̄
4331:ᴜ
4325:ᴜ̈
4315:u
4312:ᵻ̄
4255:ɑ
4250:a
4237:ɐ
4232:æ
4222:ʌ
4201:ə
4182:ɘ
4093:ɒ
4081:ɒ̈
4070:ω
4067:æ̈
4058:ω̈
4047:ɔ
4044:ɛ̈
4035:ɔ̈
4024:ꭥ
4021:ᴇ̈
4012:ꭥ̈
4001:o
3978:ᴜ
3975:ɪ̈
3966:ᴜ̈
3955:u
3860:ɒ
3821:ɔ
3811:ɔ̈
3798:o
3771:ᴜ
3761:ᴜ̈
3748:u
3720:w
3709:y
3637:ɒ
3612:ɔ
3606:ɔ̈
3593:o
3568:ᴜ
3565:ɪ̈
3556:ᴜ̈
3543:u
3515:w
3504:y
3413:a꞉
3405:ay
3401:ai
3393:a
3390:a
3380:ɒ
3377:ɑ
3368:æ
3353:ɔ
3350:ʌ
3338:ɛ
3328:o
3325:ë
3322:ȯ
3319:ə
3316:ö
3313:e
3298:ʊ
3292:ᵻ
3286:ɪ
3276:u
3273:ï
3270:ʉ
3267:ɨ
3264:ü
3261:i
3246:w
3243:ẉ
3237:ẅ
3234:y
2984:ḷ
2981:l
2914:ŋ
2909:ñ
2906:ṇ
2903:n
2896:m
2751:ž
2745:z
2716:š
2710:s
2686:ɦ
2665:ꟈ
2662:v
2647:h
2644:ḥ
2638:x
2625:θ
2622:f
2619:ᵽ
2419:g
2411:ḍ
2408:d
2399:b
2387:ʔ
2378:k
2370:ṭ
2367:t
2358:p
2243:y
2198:ḷ
2195:l
2170:ṛ
2158:ṛ
2155:r
2126:ŋ
2123:ñ
2118:ṇ
2115:n
2108:ṃ
2105:m
2074:ł
2048:ɦ
2045:ʕ
2039:γ
2033:ž
2030:ẓ
2027:z
2021:ð
2018:v
2015:β
2003:h
2000:ħ
1994:x
1988:š
1985:ṣ
1982:s
1976:θ
1973:f
1970:ɸ
1932:λ
1888:ƛ
1846:ǰ
1808:č
1803:ȼ
1771:ġ
1768:g
1760:ḍ
1757:d
1746:b
1734:ʔ
1728:q
1725:k
1717:ṭ
1714:t
1703:p
1531:,
1428:,
1415:r̃
1385:ṛ
1327:,
1280:ḷ
1277:l
1252:w
1249:ẅ
1216:ẉ
1213:y
1201:ɹ
1195:ʋ
1160:ṛ
1157:r
1134:ʀ
1092:ŋ
1089:ñ
1086:ń
1081:ṇ
1078:n
1070:m
1038:ɮ
997:ł
966:ɦ
963:ʕ
957:ɣ
951:ź
948:ž
945:ẓ
942:z
939:ð
936:v
933:β
918:h
915:ħ
909:x
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