1613:
25:
1599:
2680:
82:
1585:
290:
Since the birth of comparative linguistics in the 19th century, the riddle of the apparently isolated
Caucasian language families has attracted the attention of many scholars, who have endeavored to relate them to each other or to languages outside the Caucasus region. The most promising proposals
2121:
122:
of languages. According to Asya
Pereltsvaig, "grammatical differences between the three groups of languages are considerable. These differences force the more conservative historical linguistics to treat the three language families of the Caucasus as unrelated."
2033:
329:. This theory excludes the South Caucasian languages, thereby proposing two indigenous language families. While these two families share many similarities, their morphological structure, with many
3671:
2115:
333:
consisting of a single consonant, make comparison between them unusually difficult, and it has not been possible to establish a genetic relationship with any certainty.
1974:– An in-depth linguistic study of Basque, Georgian, and other ergative languages, concluding that the similarities are not strong enough to prove a genetic link.
2015:
2045:
1773:
2200:
1931:
Kovalevskaia, V. B "Central
Ciscaucasia in Antiquity and Early Middle Ages: Caucasian Substratum and Migrations of the Iranic-Speaking Tribes." (1988).
1977:
2003:
581:
is predominant, with around 9 million speakers in
Azerbaijan and more than 10 million in North Western Iran. Other Turkic languages spoken include
347:
There are no known affinities between the South
Caucasian and North Caucasian families. Nevertheless, some scholars have proposed the single name
1997:
442:
Other languages historically and currently spoken in the
Caucasus area can be placed into families with a much wider geographical distribution.
3004:
3721:
2009:
118:, with little or no discernible affinity to each other. However, the languages of the Caucasus are sometimes mistakenly referred to as a
2085:
2027:
243:). The consonant inventories of the South Caucasian languages, however, are not nearly as extensive, ranging from 28 (Georgian) to 30 (
1971:
131:
Three of these families have no current indigenous members outside the
Caucasus, and are considered indigenous to the area. The term
3661:
2068:
2193:
2127:
317:
see the
Northeast (Nakh-Dagestanian) and Northwest (Abkhaz–Adyghe) families as related and propose uniting them in a single
96:
languages comprise a large and extremely varied array of languages spoken by more than ten million people in and around the
351:
for all the
Caucasian language families, North and South, in an attempt to unify the Caucasian languages under one family.
291:
are connections between the
Northeast and Northwest Caucasian families and each other or with languages formerly spoken in
2154:
3866:
2186:
2021:
648:
643:
1861:
1828:
1799:
1719:
275:
68:
46:
1876:
Nichols, Johanna. 2003. The Nakh-Daghestanian consonant correspondences. In Dee Ann Holisky and Kevin Tuite (eds.),
39:
3871:
3744:
2997:
557:
throughout medieval times until the early 20th century. In the nineteenth century, it was considered that the best
1986:
278:. Many of these features are shared with other languages that have been in the Caucasus for a long time, such as
3586:
3574:
1741:, edited by Jared Klein, Brian Joseph and Matthias Fritz, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 2017, pp. 105-114.
408:
398:
2966:
466:, form another group of around 700,000 speakers. Other Indo-European languages spoken in the Caucasus include
3801:
3791:
3786:
3651:
3479:
3263:
3258:
2911:
2619:
2296:
1961:
1631:
523:
364:
208:
176:
2165:
1898:
Common West Caucasian: The Reconstruction of its Phonological System and Parts of its Lexicon and Morphology
1878:
Current Trends in Caucasian, East European and Inner Asian Linguistics: Papers in honor of Howard I. Aronson
3806:
3776:
3631:
359:
Some linguists have claimed affinities between the Northwest Caucasian (Circassian) family and the extinct
3754:
3656:
3095:
2990:
2455:
1516:
1434:
1171:
1094:
1053:
900:
721:
3423:
1991:
1668:
Tuite, Kevin. (1999). The myth of the Caucasian Sprachbund: The case of ergativity. Lingua. 108. 1-29.
2133:
1900:. Leiden: Research School CNWS, School of Asian, African, and Amerindian Studies. ISBN 978-9073782716.
3821:
3816:
3811:
3679:
3601:
3596:
3252:
3013:
2138:
1473:
1046:
1011:
653:
342:
308:
3646:
3591:
3362:
3192:
3081:
2901:
2307:
2079:
382:
33:
1757:
Arkadiev, Peter & Maisak, Timur. (2018). Grammaticalization in the North Caucasian languages.
3460:
3355:
3305:
3284:
3275:
3157:
3074:
3034:
2961:
2734:
2688:
2039:
479:
451:
1956:
3616:
3611:
3376:
3348:
3339:
3298:
2353:
2155:
BASQUE AND CAUCASIAN: A SURVEY OF THE METHODS USED IN ESTABLISHING ANCIENT GENETIC AFFILIATIONS
2062:
1943:
1845:
558:
427:
50:
3768:
3641:
3621:
3369:
3164:
3102:
2944:
515:
85:
2148:
1982:
1817:
In Quest for God and Freedom: The Sufi Response to the Russian Advance in the North Caucasus
3749:
3739:
3729:
3579:
3433:
3246:
3130:
2956:
2866:
2646:
2233:
632:
Below are selected basic vocabulary items for all three language families of the Caucasus.
578:
140:
423:
135:
is generally restricted to these families, which are spoken by about 11.2 million people.
8:
3796:
3569:
3554:
3489:
3291:
3213:
3123:
3116:
3067:
3025:
2971:
2277:
2243:
2116:
A case of taboo-motivated lexical replacement in the indigenous languages of the Caucasus
2098:
A Case of Taboo-Motivated Lexical Replacement in the Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus
2074:
1951:
1636:
431:
376:
271:
165:
1978:
Atlas of the Caucasian Languages with very detailed Language Guide (by Yuri B. Koryakov)
3530:
3484:
3399:
3394:
3389:
2764:
2656:
2444:
621:
503:
263:
225:
111:
97:
2143:
3734:
3711:
3706:
3684:
3626:
3404:
3327:
3220:
2825:
2780:
2719:
2699:
2600:
2575:
2522:
2348:
2343:
2330:
2248:
1857:
1853:
1824:
1820:
1795:
1791:
1758:
1715:
658:
483:
463:
455:
279:
248:
157:
153:
232:
The Northeast and Northwest Caucasian families are notable for their high number of
3696:
3689:
3636:
3564:
3559:
3516:
3509:
3439:
3383:
3321:
3227:
3199:
3185:
3171:
3088:
3060:
3048:
3041:
2876:
2871:
2816:
2797:
2790:
2785:
2759:
2751:
2724:
2707:
2629:
2558:
2534:
2495:
2439:
2415:
2405:
2370:
2339:
2325:
1881:
1680:
598:
594:
574:
526:, with around 1,000 speakers. Both of these were brought to the Caucasus by ethnic
499:
495:
475:
404:
314:
252:
201:
189:
2109:
3523:
3474:
3428:
3311:
3206:
3178:
3137:
3054:
2919:
2858:
2833:
2729:
2651:
2639:
2571:
2567:
2546:
2468:
2400:
2395:
2383:
2378:
2315:
2253:
2160:
1966:
1705:
1598:
1590:
582:
546:
527:
487:
415:
360:
197:
115:
1669:
3701:
3469:
2982:
2938:
2843:
2838:
2664:
2634:
2580:
2509:
2490:
2473:
2434:
2423:
2334:
2122:
From North to North West: How North-West Caucasian Evolved from North Caucasian
2057:
1701:
1646:
1641:
617:
590:
586:
467:
381:
Alarodian is a proposed connection between Northeast Caucasian and the extinct
240:
506:, whose speakers number over a third of the total population of the Caucasus.
3860:
2848:
2584:
2517:
2388:
2360:
2320:
2286:
2267:
2034:“Mountain of Tongues” The Languages of the Caucasus in Arabic-Islamic Sources
1910:
1618:
602:
267:
259:
255:(28 phonemes), and Western European languages (often more than 20 phonemes).
193:
161:
2178:
1742:
3606:
3414:
3148:
2896:
2802:
2605:
2539:
2478:
2449:
2272:
2259:
1885:
1711:
613:
471:
244:
169:
2171:
1737:
Schulze, Wolfgang. "11. The comparative method in Caucasian linguistics".
2016:
Areal Typology of Proto‐Indo‐European: The Case for Caucasian Connections
1983:
Comparative Notes on Hurro-Urartian, Northern Caucasian and Indo-European
1739:
Volume 1 Handbook of Comparative and Historical Indo-European Linguistics
1604:
535:
411:
296:
105:
2097:
2091:
2080:
North Caucasian languages: comparison of three classification approaches
1850:
The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World
3781:
3500:
3450:
3316:
2103:
1967:
Caucausian section of the Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire
550:
419:
2110:
Languages of the World: Ibero-Caucasian and Pidgin-Creole Fascicle One
2092:
Languages of the World: Ibero-Caucasian and Pidgin-Creole Fascicle One
152:
language family, with a total of about 4.3 million speakers. Includes
2739:
2679:
491:
459:
233:
101:
81:
114:
allows the classification of these languages into several different
2712:
2212:
2046:
13 - The Caucasus from Part II - Case Studies for Areal Linguistics
1626:
1584:
562:
554:
386:
330:
292:
236:
93:
1947:
3017:
2528:
2051:
224:
family, with a total of about 2.5 million speakers. Includes the
188:
family, with a total of about 4.3 million speakers. Includes the
3458:
2075:
Parallel Evolution of Genes and Languages in the Caucasus Region
3109:
2004:
The Rise and Fall and Revival of the Ibero-Caucasian Hypothesis
542:
2906:
1972:
The Iberian-Caucasian Connection in a Typological Perspective
531:
519:
414:, which includes the North Caucasian languages together with
1998:
The myth of the Caucasian Sprachbund: The case of ergativity
2086:
The linguistic and genetic mosaic of the Northwest Caucasus
2052:
Ejectives, Altitude, and the Caucasus as a Linguistic Area
462:(circa 6.7 million speakers). The Ossetians, speaking the
2220:
251:(up to 37 consonant phonemes, depending on definition),
258:
The autochthonous languages of the Caucasus share some
126:
1687:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 65.
1580:
274:, all of them exhibit a greater or lesser degree of
16:
Diverse languages between the Black and Caspian seas
2118:
by Kevin Tuite and Wolfgang Schulze on ResearchGate
2010:
Grammaticalization in the North Caucasian languages
1992:
11. The comparative method in Caucasian linguistics
1915:
Etymological Dictionary of the Kartvelian Languages
437:
2104:Mountain of Tongues: The Languages of the Caucasus
2028:Mountain of Tongues: The Languages of the Caucasus
2172:The Pan-Caucasian alphabet by Vazgen R. Ghazaryan
239:(inventories range up to the 80–84 consonants of
3858:
3012:
2166:Endangered Languages of the Caucasus and Beyond
434:. This proposal is rejected by most linguists.
282:(which has ejective sounds but no ergativity).
1564:
1528:
1487:
1446:
1405:
1369:
1345:
1315:
1285:
1249:
1219:
1183:
1142:
1106:
1065:
1019:
984:
948:
912:
871:
835:
805:
769:
733:
692:
2998:
2208:
2194:
2094:by C. F. Voegelin and F. M. Voegelin on JSTOR
1556:
1548:
1540:
1520:
1507:
1499:
1479:
1466:
1458:
1438:
1425:
1417:
1397:
1389:
1381:
1357:
1335:
1327:
1305:
1297:
1277:
1269:
1261:
1239:
1231:
1211:
1203:
1195:
1175:
1162:
1154:
1134:
1126:
1118:
1098:
1085:
1077:
1057:
1039:
1031:
1004:
996:
976:
968:
960:
940:
932:
924:
904:
891:
883:
863:
855:
847:
825:
817:
797:
789:
781:
761:
753:
745:
725:
712:
704:
684:
676:
668:
392:
3842:Families with more than 30 languages are in
2134:Overview of Caucasian languages and Caucasus
2100:by Kevin Tuite and Wolfgang Schulze on JSTOR
1870:
336:
302:
1679:
270:structure, and, with the sole exception of
3005:
2991:
2201:
2187:
2157:on repository by the University of Arizona
2128:2. The problem of the Caucasian Sprachbund
1753:
1751:
1749:
1696:
1694:
1733:
1731:
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2149:Northwest Caucasian Languages and Hattic
1700:
627:
363:of central Anatolia. See the article on
80:
32:This article includes a list of general
2144:The Caucasians - Cradle of Civilization
1814:
1770:North Caucasian Etymological Dictionary
1746:
1691:
1685:Languages of the World: An Introduction
1664:
1662:
3859:
2063:Barriers That Are Steep and Linguistic
1909:
1880:, 207-264. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
1768:Nikolayev, S., and S. Starostin. 1994
1728:
577:are spoken in the Caucasus. Of these,
2986:
2182:
1843:
1785:
285:
2112:by C. F. Voegelin and F. M. Voegelin
1962:language-family map by Matthew Dryer
1659:
18:
1837:
1762:
522:, with around 30,000 speakers, and
127:Families indigenous to the Caucasus
13:
2943:Languages between parentheses are
2040:Routledge Handbook of the Caucasus
2012:by Peter Arkadiev and Timur Maisak
1925:
1808:
1779:
204:with 800,000 speakers, and others.
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
14:
3883:
2024:by Peter Arkadiev and Yury Lander
2022:The Northwest Caucasian languages
1935:
247:) – comparable to languages like
2678:
1611:
1597:
1583:
549:was spoken natively in parts of
445:
438:Families with wider distribution
23:
1903:
1890:
620:-speakers from East Asia, is a
561:was spoken in the mountains of
192:with 1.7 million speakers, the
2947:of the language on their left.
1673:
160:, with four million speakers,
1:
2058:The languages of the Caucasus
1788:Arabic As a Minority Language
1652:
1632:Ethnic groups in the Caucasus
365:Northwest Caucasian languages
196:with 1 million speakers, the
88:in the Caucasus region (1995)
1917:. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter.
1896:Chirikba, Viacheslav. 1996.
534:or Assyrian genocide during
518:are spoken in the Caucasus:
454:language in the Caucasus is
370:
228:, with one million speakers.
7:
2139:Caucasian Language Families
1942:TITUS: Caucasian languages
1844:Bryan, Fanny. E.B. (1992).
1576:
616:, spoken by descendants of
608:
200:with 500,000 speakers, the
156:, the official language of
10:
3888:
3662:Chukotko-Kamchatkan–Amuric
1772:. Moscow: Asterisk Press.
509:
396:
393:Dené–Caucasian macrofamily
374:
340:
306:
262:, such as the presence of
3867:Languages of the Caucasus
3830:
3767:
3720:
3670:
3550:
3543:
3498:
3449:
3413:
3338:
3274:
3237:
3147:
3024:
2929:
2889:
2857:
2824:
2815:
2773:
2750:
2698:
2687:
2676:
2618:
2593:
2557:
2508:
2414:
2369:
2306:
2295:
2232:
2219:
2106:by J. C. Catford on JSTOR
568:
354:
343:Ibero-Caucasian languages
337:Ibero-Caucasian languages
321:family, sometimes called
309:North Caucasian languages
303:North Caucasian languages
2902:Northeastern Neo-Aramaic
1786:Owens, Jonathan (2000).
399:Dené–Caucasian languages
383:Hurro-Urartian languages
100:, which lie between the
3872:Agglutinative languages
3839:have no living members.
3722:East and Southeast Asia
2962:Languages of Azerbaijan
1957:CIA ethnolinguistic map
1846:Bennigsen-Broxup, Marie
1558:
1550:
1542:
1522:
1509:
1501:
1481:
1468:
1460:
1440:
1427:
1419:
1399:
1391:
1383:
1359:
1337:
1329:
1307:
1299:
1279:
1271:
1263:
1241:
1233:
1213:
1205:
1197:
1177:
1164:
1156:
1136:
1128:
1120:
1100:
1087:
1079:
1059:
1041:
1033:
1006:
998:
978:
970:
962:
942:
934:
926:
906:
893:
885:
865:
857:
849:
827:
819:
799:
791:
783:
763:
755:
747:
727:
714:
706:
686:
678:
670:
53:more precise citations.
2130:by Viacheslav Chirikba
2124:by Viacheslav Chirikba
1886:10.1075/cilt.246.14nic
1815:Zelkina, Anna (2000).
1565:
1529:
1488:
1447:
1406:
1370:
1346:
1316:
1286:
1250:
1220:
1184:
1143:
1107:
1066:
1020:
985:
949:
913:
872:
836:
806:
770:
734:
693:
89:
86:Ethnolinguistic groups
2161:The History of Basque
628:Vocabulary comparison
112:Linguistic comparison
84:
2967:Languages of Georgia
2957:Languages of Armenia
520:Assyrian Neo-Aramaic
144:, also known as the
3480:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
3264:Northwest Caucasian
3259:Northeast Caucasian
2972:Languages of Russia
2088:by Asya Pereltsvaig
2071:by Marina Chumakina
2069:Caucasian Languages
2036:by Andrii Danylenko
1994:by Wolfgang Schulze
1944:map by Jost Gippert
1794:. pp. 89–101.
1637:Languages of Europe
377:Alarodian languages
264:ejective consonants
209:Northwest Caucasian
177:Northeast Caucasian
133:Caucasian languages
3745:Austronesian–Ongan
3544:Proposed groupings
2456:Caucasian Albanian
2082:by Valery Solovyev
2018:by Ranko Matasovic
1854:C. Hurst & Co.
1821:C. Hurst & Co.
1704:(12 August 2019).
1121:rV-uqq’ / *rV-uƛƛ’
649:Proto-NW Caucasian
644:Proto-NE Caucasian
524:Bohtan Neo-Aramaic
403:Linguists such as
313:Linguists such as
286:External relations
226:Kabardian language
212:, also called the
180:, also called the
98:Caucasus Mountains
90:
3854:
3853:
3763:
3762:
3755:Sino-Austronesian
3539:
3538:
3014:Language families
2980:
2979:
2939:extinct languages
2885:
2884:
2811:
2810:
2674:
2673:
2614:
2613:
2048:by Sven Grawunder
2042:by John Colarusso
1792:Walter de Gruyter
1681:Pereltsvaig, Asya
1572:
1571:
1384:-aqq’(u) / *-uqq’
1330:alč’i- (*ʕalč’i-)
1080:c’ar(i), *c’ad(i)
464:Ossetian language
182:Nakh-Daghestanian
116:language families
79:
78:
71:
3879:
3822:Proto-Euphratean
3548:
3547:
3456:
3455:
3424:Great Andamanese
3007:
3000:
2993:
2984:
2983:
2822:
2821:
2696:
2695:
2682:
2304:
2303:
2230:
2229:
2210:Languages of the
2203:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2179:
2030:by J. C. Catford
1919:
1918:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1888:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1841:
1835:
1834:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1783:
1777:
1774:Available online
1766:
1760:
1755:
1744:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1698:
1689:
1688:
1677:
1671:
1666:
1621:
1616:
1615:
1614:
1607:
1602:
1601:
1593:
1588:
1587:
1568:
1561:
1553:
1545:
1532:
1525:
1512:
1504:
1502:cV (*cʕV ?)
1491:
1484:
1471:
1463:
1450:
1443:
1430:
1422:
1409:
1402:
1394:
1386:
1373:
1362:
1349:
1340:
1332:
1319:
1310:
1302:
1289:
1282:
1274:
1266:
1253:
1244:
1236:
1223:
1216:
1208:
1200:
1187:
1180:
1167:
1159:
1146:
1139:
1131:
1123:
1110:
1103:
1090:
1082:
1069:
1062:
1044:
1036:
1023:
1009:
1001:
988:
981:
973:
965:
952:
945:
937:
929:
916:
909:
896:
888:
875:
868:
860:
852:
839:
830:
822:
809:
802:
794:
786:
773:
766:
758:
750:
737:
730:
717:
709:
696:
689:
681:
673:
654:Proto-Kartvelian
637:
636:
575:Turkic languages
514:Two dialects of
496:Slavic languages
458:, spoken by the
450:The predominant
407:have proposed a
405:Sergei Starostin
315:Sergei Starostin
214:Abkhazo-Adyghean
202:Lezgian language
190:Chechen language
74:
67:
63:
60:
54:
49:this article by
40:inline citations
27:
26:
19:
3887:
3886:
3882:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3857:
3856:
3855:
3850:
3849:
3826:
3817:Paleo-Laplandic
3812:Pre-Finno-Ugric
3759:
3716:
3680:Greater Siangic
3666:
3652:Uralic–Yukaghir
3602:Ibero-Caucasian
3597:Elamo-Dravidian
3535:
3494:
3445:
3409:
3334:
3270:
3253:North Caucasian
3233:
3143:
3082:Paleo-Sardinian
3020:
3011:
2981:
2976:
2950:
2925:
2920:Shirvani Arabic
2881:
2853:
2834:Karachay-Balkar
2807:
2769:
2746:
2690:
2683:
2670:
2622:
2610:
2589:
2553:
2504:
2410:
2365:
2299:
2291:
2254:Judaeo-Georgian
2236:
2223:
2215:
2207:
2177:
1946:& projects
1938:
1928:
1926:Further reading
1923:
1922:
1908:
1904:
1895:
1891:
1875:
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1864:
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1784:
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1707:Origin of Vedas
1702:Krishnan, K. S.
1699:
1692:
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1674:
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1660:
1655:
1617:
1612:
1610:
1603:
1596:
1591:Language portal
1589:
1582:
1579:
1543:(W)-ƛƛi / *ƛƛwi
1108:cecxli; xanʒari
630:
611:
583:Karachay-Balkar
571:
559:literary Arabic
547:Shirvani Arabic
512:
448:
440:
401:
395:
379:
373:
361:Hattic language
357:
349:Ibero-Caucasian
345:
339:
319:North Caucasian
311:
305:
288:
198:Ingush language
146:South Caucasian
129:
75:
64:
58:
55:
45:Please help to
44:
28:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3885:
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3647:Uralo-Siberian
3644:
3639:
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3632:Serbi–Mongolic
3629:
3624:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3592:Dravido-Korean
3589:
3587:Dené–Yeniseian
3584:
3583:
3582:
3577:
3575:Dené–Caucasian
3572:
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3203:
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3193:Hurro-Urartian
3189:
3182:
3175:
3168:
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3153:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3142:
3141:
3134:
3127:
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3106:
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3092:
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3075:Paleo-Corsican
3071:
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3010:
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2095:
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2077:
2072:
2066:
2065:by Ellen Barry
2060:
2055:
2054:by Thomas Wier
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2006:by Kevin Tuite
2001:
2000:by Kevin Tuite
1995:
1989:
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1969:
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1936:External links
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1469:sə-tʰə; *śə-da
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850:rVk’u / *Vrk’u
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814:back (of body)
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409:Dené–Caucasian
397:Main article:
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375:Main article:
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341:Main article:
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307:Main article:
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260:areal features
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446:Indo-European
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266:and a highly
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3835:Families in
3792:Pre-Goidelic
3787:Pre-Germanic
3617:Indo-Semitic
3612:Indo-Pacific
3607:Indo-Hittite
3522:
3515:
3508:
3438:
3415:Indian Ocean
3382:
3377:Austronesian
3375:
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3349:Sino-Tibetan
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3103:North Picene
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2918:
2897:Kalmyk Oirat
2803:Pontic Greek
2663:
2527:
2454:
2260:Old Georgian
2258:
2237:(Kartvelian)
2224:
2209:
1987:V. V. Ivanov
1914:
1905:
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1877:
1872:
1849:
1839:
1823:p. 31.
1816:
1810:
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1712:Notion Press
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1474:P-Circassian
1433:
1400:šwer-, *šwr-
1170:
1093:
1052:
1047:P-Circassian
1012:P-Circassian
899:
886:(CV)-(lV)ƛƛ’
720:
631:
614:Kalmyk Oirat
612:
572:
540:
530:fleeing the
513:
472:Pontic Greek
449:
441:
428:Sino-Tibetan
402:
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37:
3642:Ural-Altaic
3622:Indo-Uralic
3434:Sentinelese
3165:Afroasiatic
3131:Eteocypriot
2867:Azerbaijani
2174:at Omniglot
1605:Asia portal
579:Azerbaijani
536:World War I
516:Neo-Aramaic
480:Tat Persian
478:(including
412:macrofamily
297:Mesopotamia
106:Caspian Sea
51:introducing
3861:Categories
3782:Pre-Celtic
3750:East Asian
3740:Austro-Tai
3730:Andamanese
3580:Eurasiatic
3501:North Asia
3451:North Asia
3363:Hmong–Mien
3317:Burushaski
3276:South Asia
3247:Kartvelian
3214:Philistine
3124:Eteocretan
3068:Tartessian
2647:Circassian
2308:Avar–Andic
2278:Mingrelian
1911:Klimov, G.
1653:References
1420:(C)-uƛ’Vl-
1272:ca; *bla/ə
624:language.
551:Azerbaijan
498:, such as
494:, and the
420:Burushaski
325:or simply
276:ergativity
272:Mingrelian
218:Circassian
166:Mingrelian
141:Kartvelian
34:references
3807:Pre-Vedic
3797:Pre-Greek
3769:Substrata
3672:Arunachal
3570:Nostratic
3555:Alarodian
3490:Yeniseian
3340:East Asia
3292:Dravidian
3149:West Asia
3117:Tyrsenian
2945:varieties
2937:indicate
2765:Ukrainian
2740:Judeo-Tat
2657:Kabardian
2620:Northwest
2465:Southern
2445:Tabasaran
2300:(Caspian)
2297:Northeast
2244:Karto-Zan
2221:Caucasian
1021:dedamiʦ’a
784:kV, *kol-
778:hand, arm
545:known as
528:Assyrians
504:Ukrainian
492:Judeo-Tat
460:Armenians
432:Yeniseian
371:Alarodian
331:morphemes
327:Caucasian
234:consonant
102:Black Sea
94:Caucasian
59:June 2011
3802:Vasconic
3777:Atlantic
3531:Eskaleut
3485:Yukaghir
3400:Koreanic
3395:Tungusic
3390:Mongolic
3328:Harappan
3239:Caucasus
3221:Sumerian
3096:Ligurian
2953:See also
2907:Assyrian
2781:Armenian
2720:Ossetian
2713:Kurmanji
2691:European
2623:(Pontic)
2601:Khinalug
2576:Khwarshi
2561:(Didoic)
2487:Western
2431:Eastern
2349:Chamalal
2344:Godoberi
2331:Bagvalal
2249:Georgian
2213:Caucasus
1913:(1998).
1683:(2012).
1627:Caucasus
1577:See also
999:(l)ončči
659:Georgian
622:Mongolic
609:Mongolic
573:Several
563:Dagestan
555:Dagestan
456:Armenian
387:Anatolia
323:Caucasic
293:Anatolia
280:Ossetian
237:phonemes
154:Georgian
104:and the
3837:italics
3735:Austric
3712:Kho-Bwa
3707:Hrusish
3685:Siangic
3627:Karasuk
3527: ?
3440:Kenaboi
3405:Japonic
3370:Kra–Dai
3331: ?
3322:Kusunda
3228:Elamite
3200:Kassite
3186:Kaskian
3089:Camunic
3061:Iberian
3018:Eurasia
2935:Italics
2877:Turkmen
2872:Turkish
2826:Kipchak
2791:Western
2786:Eastern
2760:Russian
2725:Persian
2708:Kurdish
2700:Iranian
2535:Chechen
2529:Arshtin
2523:Vainakh
2496:Tsakhur
2406:Kubachi
2340:Botlikh
2326:Akhvakh
2225:(areal)
2168:on IIAS
1848:(ed.).
1441:ttx-el-
1371:mrgvali
1214:ʓ₁ax-e-
1206:(p’)c’a
1101:ʓec₁xl-
1067:ʦ’q’ali
1007:č’ə-g°ə
599:Turkmen
595:Turkish
510:Semitic
500:Russian
484:Kurdish
476:Persian
424:Na-Dené
249:Russian
186:Caspian
158:Georgia
150:Iberian
47:improve
3697:Mijiic
3690:Digaro
3637:Pontic
3565:Borean
3560:Altaic
3524:Rouran
3517:Turkic
3510:Uralic
3499:Other
3384:Turkic
3312:Nihali
3207:Gutian
3179:Hattic
3172:Turkic
3138:Minoan
3110:Sicani
3055:Basque
3049:Turkic
3042:Uralic
3026:Europe
2912:Bohtan
2890:Others
2817:Turkic
2798:German
2774:Others
2752:Slavic
2730:Talysh
2652:Adyghe
2640:Abkhaz
2630:Abazgi
2594:Others
2581:Hinukh
2572:Hunzib
2568:Bezhta
2559:Tsezic
2547:Ingush
2469:Budukh
2440:Lezgin
2428:Samur
2416:Lezgic
2401:Kaitag
2396:Itsari
2384:Dargwa
2379:Chirag
2371:Dargin
2354:Karata
1952:Ecling
1950:&
1948:Armazi
1860:
1827:
1798:
1718:
1407:mšrali
1300:(-)Vc’
1144:perpli
1088:məć’°a
1060:c̣q̣a-
986:mtvare
742:tongue
735:k’bili
728:ḳb-il-
569:Turkic
543:Arabic
488:Talysh
430:, and
416:Basque
355:Hattic
253:Arabic
222:Pontic
120:family
36:, but
3475:Nivkh
3429:Ongan
2859:Oghuz
2844:Nogai
2839:Kumyk
2689:Indo-
2665:Ubykh
2635:Abaza
2491:Rutul
2474:Kryts
2435:Aghul
2424:Archi
2389:Kadar
2335:Tindi
2316:Andic
2234:South
1557:*
1549:*
1541:*
1521:*
1508:*
1500:*
1480:*
1467:*
1459:*
1448:txeli
1439:*
1426:*
1418:*
1398:*
1390:*
1382:*
1358:*
1354:round
1336:*
1328:*
1324:black
1317:codna
1306:*
1298:*
1278:*
1270:*
1262:*
1251:k’vla
1240:*
1232:*
1212:*
1204:*
1196:*
1176:*
1165:məʕ°á
1163:*
1155:*
1137:ṭuṭa-
1135:*
1127:*
1119:*
1115:ashes
1099:*
1086:*
1078:*
1058:*
1040:*
1032:*
1028:water
1005:*
997:*
993:earth
979:tute-
977:*
969:*
961:*
943:mz₁e-
941:*
933:*
927:bVrVg
925:*
914:xorci
907:qorc-
905:*
892:*
884:*
864:*
856:*
848:*
844:heart
837:zurgi
826:*
820:-uqq’
818:*
798:*
790:*
782:*
764:nena-
762:*
754:*
748:maʒ-i
746:*
726:*
713:*
705:*
701:tooth
694:tvali
687:twal-
685:*
677:*
669:*
640:gloss
618:Oirat
591:Nogai
587:Kumyk
532:Sayfo
468:Greek
241:Ubykh
220:, or
3844:bold
3702:Miju
3470:Ainu
2849:Urum
2585:Tsez
2540:Aukh
2518:Bats
2510:Nakh
2361:Avar
2321:Andi
2287:Svan
1858:ISBN
1825:ISBN
1796:ISBN
1716:ISBN
1566:xuti
1559:xut-
1551:txᵒə
1537:five
1530:erti
1523:ert-
1461:sti-
1455:what
1428:č’°a
1414:thin
1392:ʕ°ə́
1347:šavi
1338:ć’°a
1294:know
1287:ʦ’va
1280:c₁x-
1264:-Vk’
1258:burn
1242:ƛ’ə́
1234:-Vƛ’
1228:kill
1192:name
1178:gza-
1151:road
1129:tq°a
1074:fire
1034:ɬɬin
971:məʒa
957:moon
935:dəɣa
880:meat
873:guli
866:gul-
807:xeli
707:cVl-
679:b-la
603:Urum
601:and
553:and
502:and
168:and
162:Svan
92:The
3417:rim
3016:of
2735:Tat
2606:Lak
2479:Jek
2450:Udi
2273:Laz
2268:Zan
1985:by
1882:doi
1496:one
1482:ma-
1378:dry
1308:ć’a
1185:gza
1042:psə
950:mze
921:sun
858:g°ə
828:pxá
800:qe-
792:q’a
771:ena
756:bza
665:eye
482:),
474:),
385:of
245:Laz
184:or
170:Laz
148:or
3863::
1852:.
1819:.
1790:.
1748:^
1730:^
1714:.
1710:.
1693:^
1661:^
1517:GZ
1510:za
1489:ra
1435:GZ
1172:GZ
1095:GZ
1054:GZ
901:GZ
894:Lə
722:GZ
715:ca
605:.
597:,
593:,
589:,
585:,
565:.
538:.
490:,
486:,
426:,
422:,
418:,
389:.
299:.
216:,
164:,
108:.
3846:.
3463:"
3459:"
3006:e
2999:t
2992:v
2583:–
2574:–
2570:–
2342:–
2333:–
2202:e
2195:t
2188:v
1884::
1866:.
1833:.
1804:.
1776:.
1724:.
1476:)
1472:(
1049:)
1045:(
1014:)
1010:(
470:(
172:.
72:)
66:(
61:)
57:(
43:.
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