American Sign Language

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production. For Deaf signers who learned a different sign language before learning American Sign Language, qualities of their native language may show in their ASL production. Some examples of that varied production include fingerspelling towards the body, instead of away from it, and signing certain movement from bottom to top, instead of top to bottom. Hearing people who learn American Sign Language also have noticeable differences in signing production. The most notable production difference of hearing people learning American Sign Language is their rhythm and arm posture.

1655: 3087: 2124: 1666:, which can be used to spell out words from the English language. It is rather a representation of the English alphabet, and not a unique alphabet of ASL, although commonly labeled as the "ASL alphabet". It is borrowed from French Sign Language (LSF), as much of ASL is derived from LSF. Such signs make use of the 19 handshapes of ASL. For example, the signs for 'p' and 'k' use the same handshape but different orientations. A common misconception is that ASL consists only of fingerspelling; although such a method ( 63: 668: 427: 279: 9513: 9384: 9147: 8834: 8625: 1081:(AAE) is generally viewed as more innovating than standard English, Black ASL is more conservative than standard ASL, preserving older forms of many signs. Black sign language speakers use more two-handed signs than in mainstream ASL, are less likely to show assimilatory lowering of signs produced on the forehead (e.g. KNOW) and use a wider signing space. Modern Black ASL borrows a number of idioms from AAE; for instance, the AAE idiom "I feel you" is 1368: 1353: 693:

documentation compared to European sign languages, albeit more influenced by fingerspelled loanwords and borrowed idioms from English as students were societally pressured to achieve fluency in spoken language. Nevertheless, oralism remained the predominant method of deaf education up to the 1950s. Linguists did not consider sign language to be true "language" but as something inferior. Recognition of the legitimacy of ASL was achieved by

2024:, was the first to acknowledge that sign language could be used to educate the deaf. An oft-repeated folk tale states that while visiting a parishioner, Épee met two deaf daughters conversing with each other using LSF. The mother explained that her daughters were being educated privately by means of pictures. Épée is said to have been inspired by those deaf children when he established the first educational institution for the deaf. 1546: 15170: 1155:. The response is titled "there shouldn't be any stigma about American Sign Language" and addressed that ASL is a vital language for the Deaf and hard of hearing. Stigmas associated with sign languages and the use of sign for educating children often lead to the absence of sign during periods in children's lives when they can access languages most effectively. Scholars such as 924:

quality of Deaf Schools promoted specific use of certain sign variants. Native signers did not have much access to signers from other regions during the beginning years of their education. It is hypothesized that because of that seclusion, certain variants of a sign prevailed over others due to the choice of variant used by the student of the school/signers in the community.

1135:. It results in deafness from birth followed by loss of vision later in life; consequently, those with Usher's syndrome often grow up in the Deaf community using ASL, and later transition to TASL. TASL differs from ASL in that signs are produced by touching the palms, and there are some grammatical differences from standard ASL in order to compensate for the lack of 1302: 1195: 1596:, which are used to classify objects and their movement in space. For example, a rabbit running downhill would use a classifier consisting of a bent V classifier handshape with a downhill-directed path; if the rabbit is hopping, the path is executed with a bouncy manner. In general, classifiers are composed of a "classifier handshape" 898:

on that phenomenon often concludes that the fast-paced production for signers from the coasts could be due to the fast-paced nature of living in large metropolitan areas. That conclusion also supports how the ease with which Southerners sign could be caused by the easygoing environment of the South in comparison to that of the coasts.

973: 993: 754:. That contrasts with Europe, where a variety of sign languages are used within the same continent. The unique situation of ASL seems to have been caused by the proliferation of ASL through schools influenced by the American School for the Deaf, wherein ASL originated, and the rise of community organizations for the Deaf. 953: 432: 431: 428: 433: 532:. All three languages show degrees of borrowing from English, but that alone is not sufficient for cross-language comprehension. It has been found that a relatively high percentage (37–44%) of ASL signs have similar translations in Auslan, which for oral languages would suggest that they belong to the same 1620:

Morphology is the study of how languages form words by using smaller units to construct larger units. The smallest meaningful unit in a language is known as a "morpheme", with some morphemes able to stand alone as independent units (free morphemes), while others must occur with other morphemes (bound

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For example, adding the suffix "-ship" to the noun "friend" creates the new word "friendship", which has a different meaning than the original word. Inflection, on the other hand, involves modifying a word's form to indicate grammatical features such as tense, number, gender, person, case, and degree

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and does not have a one-to-one map from phonological forms to written forms. That assertion has been disputed, and the process for each country to look at the ISWA and create a phonemic/morphemic assignment of features of each sign language was proposed by researchers Msc. Roberto Cesar Reis da Costa

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The prevalence of residential Deaf schools can account for much of the regional variance of signs and sign productions across the United States. Deaf schools often serve students of the state in which the school resides. That limited access to signers from other regions, combined with the residential

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Sign production can often vary according to location. Signers from the South tend to sign with more flow and ease. Native signers from New York have been reported as signing comparatively quicker and sharper. Sign production of native Californian signers has also been reported as being fast. Research

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I see, however, and I say it with regret, that any efforts that we have made or may still be making, to do better than, we have inadvertently fallen somewhat back of Abbé de l'Épée. Some of us have learned and still learn signs from uneducated pupils, instead of learning them from well instructed and

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By studying morphemes and how they can be combined or modified, linguists gain insight into the underlying structure of language and the creative ways in which it can be used to express meaning. Understanding morphology is essential to understanding how languages are built and how new signs or words

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ASL is sometimes incorrectly cited as the third- or fourth-most-spoken language in the United States. Those figures misquote Schein and Delk (1974), who actually concluded that ASL speakers constituted the third-largest population "requiring an interpreter in court". Although that would make ASL the

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languages. However, more recent research has shown that modern ASL does not share many of the structural features that characterize creole languages. ASL may have begun as a creole and then undergone structural change over time, but it is also possible that it was never a creole-type language. There

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Affixes, which are morphemes added to words to create new words or modify their meanings, are part of the derivational process. For example, in English, prefixes like "re-" and suffixes like "-able" are affixes. In ASL, affixation can be used to modify the sign for CHAIR to indicate different types

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forums with speakers and researchers in more than 40 countries, including Brazil, Ethiopia, France, Germany, Italy, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Slovenia, Tunisia, and the United States. Sutton SignWriting has both a printed and an electronically produced form so that persons can use the system anywhere

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Incorrect figures are sometimes cited for the population of ASL users in the United States based on misunderstandings of known statistics. Demographics of the deaf population have been confused with those of ASL use since adults who become deaf late in life rarely use ASL in the home. That accounts

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In American Sign Language (ASL), inflection is conveyed through facial expressions, body movements, and other non-manual markers. For instance, to indicate past tense in ASL, one might sign the present tense of a verb (such as "walk"), and then add a facial expression and head tilt to signify that

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Most popularly, there are variants of the signs for English words such as "birthday", "pizza", "Halloween", "early", and "soon", just a sample of the most commonly recognized signs with variants based on regional change. The sign for "school" is commonly varied between black and white signers; the

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made it dominant and effectively banned the use of sign languages at schools in the United States and Europe. However, the efforts of Deaf advocates and educators, more lenient enforcement of the Congress's mandate, and the use of ASL in religious education and proselytism ensured greater use and

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The largest group of students during the first seven decades of the school were from Martha's Vineyard, and they brought MVSL with them. There were also 44 students from around Henniker, New Hampshire, and 27 from the Sandy River valley in Maine, each of which had their own village sign language.

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However, American Sign Language does not appear to be vastly varied in comparison to other signed languages. That is because when Deaf education was beginning in the United States, many educators flocked to the American School for the Deaf in Hartford, Connecticut, whose central location for the

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Counting the number of ASL signers is difficult because ASL users have never been counted by the American census. The ultimate source for current estimates of the number of ASL users in the United States is a report for the National Census of the Deaf Population (NCDP) by Schein and Delk (1974).

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nature of genetic deafness, Chilmark had a high 4% rate of genetic deafness. MVSL was used even by hearing residents whenever a deaf person was present, and also in some situations where spoken language would be ineffective or inappropriate, such as during church sermons or between boats at sea.

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Research on acquisition of pronouns in ASL has shown that children do not always take advantage of the iconic properties of signs when they interpret their meaning. It has been found that when children acquire the pronoun "you", the iconicity of the point (at the child) is often confused, being

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Those properties of ASL allow it a variety of word orders, leading many to question which is the true, underlying, "basic" order. There are several other proposals that attempt to account for the flexibility of word order in ASL. One proposal is that languages like ASL are best described with a

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Furthermore, understanding morphology has practical applications in language learning and teaching. For example, teaching students the basic morphological structures of a language can help them to better understand the language's grammar and syntax, and can also aid in their acquisition of new

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American Sign Language is growing in popularity in many states. Many high school and university students desire to take it as a foreign language, but until recently, it was usually not considered a creditable foreign language elective. ASL users, however, have a very distinct culture, and they

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Whereas deafness was genetically recessive on Martha's Vineyard, it was dominant in Henniker. On the one hand, this dominance likely aided the development of sign language in Henniker since families would be more likely to have the critical mass of deaf people necessary for the propagation of

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Sign production can also vary depending on age and native language. For example, sign production of letters may vary in older signers. Slight differences in finger spelling production can be a signal of age. Additionally, signers who learned American Sign Language as a second language vary in

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In summary, morphology is an essential component of language and provides valuable insights into the structure and function of languages. By understanding the morphological processes involved in language formation, we can gain a deeper understanding of how languages work and how they can be

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In linguistics, there are two primary ways of changing the form of a word: derivation and inflection. Derivation involves creating new words by adding something to an existing word, while inflection involves changing the form of a word to convey grammatical information without altering its

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ASL changes over time and from generation to generation. The sign for telephone has changed as the shape of phones and the manner of holding them have changed. The development of telephones with screens has also changed ASL, encouraging the use of signs that can be seen on small screens.

1283:. Based on Stokoe Notation, HamNoSys was expanded to about 200 graphs in order to allow transcription of any sign language. Phonological features are usually indicated with single symbols, though the group of features that make up a handshape is indicated collectively with a symbol. 430: 434: 375:. Since then, ASL use has been propagated widely by schools for the deaf and Deaf community organizations. Despite its wide use, no accurate count of ASL users has been taken. Reliable estimates for American ASL users range from 250,000 to 500,000 persons, including a number of 1402:. Just as phonemes of sound distinguish meaning in spoken languages, those parameters are the phonemes that distinguish meaning in signed languages like ASL. Changing any one of them may change the meaning of a sign, as illustrated by the ASL signs THINK and DISAPPOINTED: 978: 974: 998: 994: 1616:

According to the book Linguistics of American Sign Language, ASL signs have two main components: hold segments and movement segments. Hold segments consist of hand-shape, location, orientation, and non-manual features, while movement segments possess similar features.

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treated more like a name. That is a similar finding to research in oral languages on pronoun acquisition. It has also been found that iconicity of signs does not affect immediate memory and recall; less iconic signs are remembered just as well as highly-iconic signs.

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Based on a 1972 survey of the NCDP, Schein and Delk provided estimates consistent with a signing population between 250,000 and 500,000. The survey did not distinguish between ASL and other forms of signing; in fact, the name "ASL" was not yet in widespread use.

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American Sign Language is now being accepted by many colleges as a language eligible for foreign language course credit; many states are making it mandatory to accept it as such. In some states however, this is only true with regard to high school coursework.

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is a clear exception, since words like "choo-choo" bear clear resemblance to the sounds that they mimic, the Saussurean approach was to treat them as marginal exceptions. ASL, with its significant inventory of iconic signs, directly challenges that theory.

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for currently-cited estimations that are greater than 500,000; such mistaken estimations can reach as high as 15,000,000. A 100,000-person lower bound has been cited for ASL users; the source of that figure is unclear, but it may be an estimate of

1101:, which has ASL origins, is no longer mutually comprehensible with ASL and must be considered its own language. For some imported ASL varieties, such as those used in West Africa, it is still an open question how similar they are to American ASL. 977: 997: 2043:

Although some surveys of smaller scope measure ASL use, such as the California Department of Education recording ASL use in the home when children begin school, ASL use in the general American population has not been directly measured. See

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Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely,

761:, ASL-based sign languages are signed by educated Deaf adults. Such languages, imported by boarding schools, are often considered by associations to be the official sign languages of their countries and are named accordingly, such as 1600:

to a "movement root". The classifier handshape represents the object as a whole, incorporating such attributes as surface, depth, and shape, and is usually very iconic. The movement root consists of a path, a direction and a manner.

1221:(distinctive) hand shape, orientation, motion, and position, though it lacks any representation of facial expression, and is better suited for individual words than for extended passages of text. Stokoe used that system for his 1965 957: 1381:

Each sign in ASL is composed of a number of distinctive components, generally referred to as parameters. A sign may use one hand or both. All signs can be described using the five parameters involved in signed languages, which are

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is reported to be a dialect of ASL, no more divergent than other acknowledged dialects. On the other hand, it is also known that some imported ASL varieties have diverged to the extent of being separate languages. For example,

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and the National Fraternal Society of the Deaf held national conventions that attracted signers from across the country. All of that contributed to ASL's wide use over a large geographical area, atypical of a sign language.

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English) to PSE which is quite close to ASL lexically and grammatically, but may alter some subtle features of ASL grammar. Fingerspelling may be used more often in PSE than it is normally used in ASL. There have been some

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Prior to the birth of ASL, sign language had been used by various communities in the United States. In the United States, as elsewhere in the world, hearing families with deaf children have historically employed ad hoc

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signing. On the other hand, in Martha's Vineyard the deaf were more likely to have more hearing relatives, which may have fostered a sense of shared identity that led to more inter-group communication than in Henniker.

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that oral languages are written (personal letters, newspapers, and media, academic research). The systematic examination of the International Sign Writing Alphabet (ISWA) as an equivalent usage structure to the

1066:, meaning that the same sign may be signed in a different way depending on the region. For example, an extremely common type of variation is between the handshapes /1/, /L/, and /5/ in signs with one handshape. 1092:, and a number of closely related sign languages derived from ASL are used in many different countries. Even so, there have been varying degrees of divergence from standard ASL in those imported ASL varieties. 429: 1885:

plays a significant role; a high percentage of signs resemble their referents in some way. That may be because the medium of sign, three-dimensional space, naturally allows more iconicity than oral language.

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More schools for the deaf were founded after ASD, and knowledge of ASL spread to those schools. In addition, the rise of Deaf community organizations bolstered the continued use of ASL. Societies such as the

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45 US states and DC formally recognize ASL in state law; Five states recognize ASL for educational foreign language requirements, but have not formally recognized ASL as a language in their legislatures.

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Just as there are accents in speech, there are regional accents in sign. People from the South sign slower than people in the North—even people from northern and southern Indiana have different styles.

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interact very differently when they talk. Their facial expressions and hand movements reflect what they are communicating. They also have their own sentence structure, which sets the language apart.

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Besides, word orders can be obtained through the phenomenon of subject copy in which the subject is repeated at the end of the sentence, accompanied by head nodding for clarification or emphasis:

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and for technical terms with no native ASL equivalent. There are also some other loan words which are fingerspelled, either very short English words or abbreviations of longer English words, e.g.

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sentences whose subject is implied, rather than stated explicitly. Subjects can be copied even in a null subject sentence, and the subject is then omitted from its original position, yielding a

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Although there is no well-established writing system for ASL, written sign language dates back almost two centuries. The first systematic writing system for a sign language seems to be that of

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system for ASL. In doing so, Stokoe revolutionized both deaf education and linguistics. In the 1960s, ASL was sometimes referred to as "Ameslan", but that term is now considered obsolete.

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and reciprocity. Reciprocity is indicated by using two one-handed signs; for example, the sign SHOOT, made with an L-shaped handshape with inward movement of the thumb, inflects to SHOOT

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is marked by incorporating rhythmic, circular movement, while punctual aspect is achieved by modifying the sign so that it has a stationary hand position. Verbs may agree with both the

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Newman, Aaron J.; Bavelier, Daphne; Corina, David; Jezzard, Peter; Neville, Helen J. (2002). "A critical period for right hemisphere recruitment in American Sign Language processing".

2485: 8680: 713:, the use of sign language in deaf education. Stokoe noted that sign language shares the important features that oral languages have as a means of communication, and even devised a 976: 509:, such as the ability to simultaneously convey information via the face, head, torso, and other body parts. That might override creole characteristics such as the tendency towards 996: 1624:

For example, the plural "-s" and third person "-s" in English are bound morphemes. In ASL, the 3 handshape in signs like THREE-WEEKS and THREE-MONTHS are also bound morphemes.

14464: 956: 14521: 13072: 8809: 2874: 4131: 1881:. In fact, many signs bear no resemblance to their referent because they were originally arbitrary symbols, or their iconicity has been obscured over time. Even so, in ASL 1268:

and elsewhere involving SignWriting. The ASL Knowledge request was marked as eligible in 2008 and the test ASL Knowledge has 50 articles written in ASL using SignWriting.

9362: 9357: 9352: 8819: 8814: 1250:. SignWriting consists of more than 5000 distinct iconic graphs/glyphs. Currently, it is in use in many schools for the Deaf, particularly in Brazil, and has been used in 1182:

than deaf children, most of whom are born to hearing parents. Unlike many deaf children, CODAs acquire ASL as well as Deaf cultural values and behaviors from birth. Such

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in some states, which included the residential schools for the deaf. Black ASL differs from standard ASL in vocabulary, phonology, and some grammatical structure. While

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and Madson Barreto in a thesis forum on June 23, 2014. The SignWriting community has an open project on Wikimedia Labs to support the various Wikimedia projects on

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hearing children may be mistakenly labeled as being "slow learners" or as having "language difficulties" because of preferential attitudes towards spoken language.

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Armstrong, David; Karchmer, Michael (2002), "William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages", in Armstrong, David; Karchmer, Michael; Van Cleve, John (eds.),

1108:(PSE) or 'contact signing', a blend of English structure with ASL vocabulary. Various types of PSE exist, ranging from highly English-influenced PSE (practically 3199: 14007: 12937: 12929: 9852: 2138: 742:

other than English, it does not imply that it is the fourth-most-spoken language in the United States since speakers of other languages may also speak English.

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Although the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia share English as a common oral and written language, ASL is not mutually intelligible with either

15655: 15650: 14501: 14307: 4096: 15425: 3468: 569:, which often reaches much higher levels of sophistication than gestures used by hearing people in spoken conversation. As early as 1541 at first contact by 2171: 1519:. For instance, the handshapes /2/ and /3/ are distinguished by the presence or absence of the feature , as illustrated to the right. ASL has processes of 4164: 1865:

structure whose words are ordered by their importance in the sentence, rather than by their syntactic properties. Another hypothesis is that ASL exhibits

2896: 11486: 11461: 2142: 473:. That suggests that nascent ASL was highly affected by the other signing systems brought by the ASD students although the school's original director, 15680: 7752: 1877:

Common misconceptions are that signs are iconically self-explanatory, that they are a transparent imitation of what they mean, or even that they are

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has also campaigned for bilingualism, arguing that those who are bilingual acquire cognitive skills that may help to prevent dementia later in life.

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to Old French Sign Language signs. However, that is far less than the standard 80% measure used to determine whether related languages are actually

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Hurlbut, Hope (2003), "A Preliminary Survey of the Signed Languages of Malaysia", in Baker, Anne; van den Bogaerde, Beppie; Crasborn, Onno (eds.),

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Petitto, Laura A. (1987). "On the autonomy of language and gesture: Evidence from the acquisition of personal pronouns in American sign language".

677: 15440: 8872: 536:. However, that does not seem justified historically for ASL and Auslan, and it is likely that the resemblance is caused by the higher degree of 465:

The influence of French Sign Language (LSF) on ASL is readily apparent; for example, it has been found that about 58% of signs in modern ASL are

1121:(MCE), which match English grammar exactly and simply replace spoken words with signs; those systems are not considered to be varieties of ASL. 640:, traveled to Europe in order to learn deaf pedagogy from European institutions. Ultimately, Gallaudet chose to adopt the methods of the French 15670: 12724: 10811: 10533: 8663: 15430: 14614: 14569: 11591: 9551: 9422: 9185: 4596: 4147:

Kegl, Judy (2008). "The Case of Signed Languages in the Context of Pidgin and Creole Studies". In Kouwenberg, Silvia; Singler, John (eds.).

2493: 15660: 15461: 14626: 11677: 11672: 10295: 5249: 4457: 4238: 3942: 1074: 15645: 12954: 9845: 3439: 2629: 2021: 1869:, in which syntax is not encoded in word order but can be encoded by other means such as head nods, eyebrow movement, and body position. 641: 3978: 15590: 1593: 1287: 1209:, developed in 1825. However, written sign language remained marginal among the public. In the 1960s, linguist William Stokoe created 4314: 2255: 928:

first generation of educators in Deaf education to learn American Sign Language allows ASL to be more standardized than its variant.

2792: 356:(LSF). It has been proposed that ASL is a creole language of LSF, although ASL shows features atypical of creole languages, such as 224:; Ontario (provincial) only in domains of: legislation, education and judiciary proceedings. through resolutions: Alberta, Manitoba. 8735: 7613: 7583: 4237:

Liddell, Scott (2002), "Modality Effects and Conflicting Agendas", in Armstrong, David; Karchmer, Michael; Van Cleve, John (eds.),

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Ruben, Robert J. (2005). "Sign language: Its history and contribution to the understanding of the biological nature of language".

15690: 15338: 15235: 5242: 4115: 1246:, is the first writing system to gain use among the public and the first writing system for sign languages to be included in the 805:. Due to lack of data, it is still an open question how similar those sign languages are to the variety of ASL used in America. 15585: 11454: 9838: 7694: 915:. Social variation is also found between citation forms and forms used by Deaf gay men for words such as "pain" and "protest". 17: 11977: 7745: 7649: 7640: 7607: 7577: 7571: 7565: 7366: 5223: 4513: 4487: 4400: 4342: 4248: 4200: 3952: 3718: 3684: 3659: 3272: 2965: 2703: 2552: 1313:

using English words. Such glosses are typically all-capitalized and are arranged in ASL order. For example, the ASL sentence

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A historical and etymological dictionary of American Sign Language : the origin and evolution of more than 500 signs

1942: 1677:, a linguistic process wherein words from one language are incorporated into another. In ASL, fingerspelling is used for 937: 154: 4371: 3183: 15306: 14933: 14511: 12675: 10804: 10526: 8656: 7779: 7515: 6067: 4365: 4280: 4158: 4125: 4069: 4008: 2436: 1977: 1701:(SVO) language, but various phenomena affect that basic word order. Basic SVO sentences are signed without any pauses: 1689:

from English 'apartment'. Fingerspelling may also be used to emphasize a word that would normally be signed otherwise.

605: 127: 688:, an approach to educating deaf students focusing on oral language, had previously been used in American schools, the 15625: 14882: 13360: 11447: 10870: 9544: 9415: 9178: 5219: 4589: 4419: 4087: 3527: 1916: 2585: 15379: 14989: 14958: 14877: 14526: 13329: 10288: 8629: 7738: 7533: 6506: 5363: 2017: 1985: 1334: 845: 649: 15545:

Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.

660:(LSF), which itself had developed in the Parisian school for the deaf established in 1755. From that situation of 570: 15580: 14680: 13729: 12990: 12964: 11831: 9613: 7022: 6072: 5562: 5455: 4674: 4018:

Bishop, Michele; Hicks, Sherry (2005). "Orange Eyes: Bimodal Bilingualism in Hearing Adults from Deaf Families".

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Folk Explanation in Language Survival in: Deaf World: A Historical Reader and Primary Sourcebook, Lois Bragg, Ed

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Other students brought knowledge of their own home signs. Laurent Clerc, the first teacher at ASD, taught using

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Travis Dougherty explains and demonstrates the ASL alphabet. Voice-over interpretation by Gilbert G. Lensbower.

9937: 7007: 4722: 1893:, it was assumed that the mapping between form and meaning in language must be completely arbitrary. Although 477:, taught in LSF. In fact, Clerc reported that he often learned the students' signs rather than conveying LSF: 15630: 15620: 15399: 14362: 14357: 13269: 12626: 11891: 10797: 10519: 10025: 9861: 8986: 8838: 8649: 6832: 6496: 5920: 2626:"A Brief History Of The American Asylum, At Hartford, For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb" 1497:

in ASL, which may include movement of the eyebrows, the cheeks, the nose, the head, the torso, and the eyes.

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in Canadian ASL; the standard way, and two regional variations (Atlantic and Ontario). Variation may also be

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officially recognize American Sign Language as a community language and a language of instruction in schools

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both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to

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Topicalization, accompanied with a null subject and a subject copy, can produce yet another word order,

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of chairs. The inflectional process, on the other hand, adds grammatical information to existing units.

15435: 15123: 15010: 14219: 13867: 12174: 12023: 11206: 11072: 11017: 10095: 8337: 8033: 8020: 6797: 6440: 6427: 6365: 6200: 6077: 706: 15118: 15088: 15078: 15063: 14953: 14943: 14652: 14584: 14378: 13965: 13930: 13907: 13875: 13461: 13444: 13259: 13137: 13027: 12742: 12663: 12515: 11858: 11691: 11651: 11575: 11118: 10997: 9367: 8273: 6466: 6193: 5450: 5430: 5420: 4624: 3350:

Armstrong, David F., and Michael A. Karchmer. "William C. Stokoe and the Study of Signed Languages."

1305:

Comparison of ASL writing systems: Sutton SignWriting, Si5s, Stokoe notation, SignFont, and ASLphabet

601: 3086: 2123: 15394: 15245: 15108: 15043: 15006: 14998: 14938: 14923: 14819: 14793: 14785: 14777: 14748: 14631: 14459: 14451: 14438: 14415: 14386: 14338: 14169: 14137: 14113: 13744: 13695: 13605: 13455: 13434: 13375: 13335: 13312: 13299: 13264: 13254: 13204: 13164: 13154: 13119: 13102: 13082: 13000: 12969: 12752: 12190: 12073: 12050: 11896: 11623: 11558: 11196: 11082: 11012: 10836: 9498: 9265: 8745: 8411: 8342: 7242: 6802: 6606: 5940: 5482: 5378: 5353: 5306: 3460: 2611: 1663: 1395: 1387: 1078: 1015:. There is little difficulty in comprehension among the varieties of the United States and Canada. 829: 633: 514: 447: 411: 12265: 1151:

In 2013, the White House published a response to a petition that gained over 37,000 signatures to

636:. Gallaudet, inspired by his success in demonstrating the learning abilities of a young deaf girl 15490: 15311: 15215: 15144: 15113: 15103: 15058: 15053: 14963: 14845: 14811: 14764: 14738: 14722: 14594: 14589: 14245: 14203: 14153: 14073: 14065: 13912: 13820: 13794: 13664: 13648: 13526: 13449: 13388: 13224: 13037: 13021: 13010: 12732: 12497: 12492: 12346: 12326: 12150: 12060: 12045: 11936: 11610: 11604: 11598: 11564: 11395: 11390: 11346: 11300: 11280: 11259: 11151: 11108: 11087: 11002: 10964: 10150: 10100: 9225: 9202: 9194: 7761: 6749: 6552: 6531: 6471: 5950: 5652: 5645: 5415: 5318: 5038: 4974: 4442: 2919: 1674: 1567: 1104:

When communicating with hearing English speakers, ASL-speakers often use what is commonly called

1098: 825: 609: 597: 518: 501: 403: 376: 8373: 6827: 4732: 15505: 15230: 15098: 15093: 15073: 15068: 14928: 14798: 14730: 14690: 14644: 14579: 14574: 14533: 14446: 14407: 14312: 14185: 14097: 14031: 14015: 13994: 13957: 13949: 13922: 13851: 13843: 13828: 13812: 13804: 13786: 13762: 13752: 13734: 13539: 13510: 13505: 13439: 13340: 13294: 13279: 13239: 13113: 13097: 13092: 13015: 12995: 12760: 12737: 12634: 12523: 12487: 12448: 12427: 12381: 12367: 12331: 12161: 12081: 12028: 12018: 11987: 11886: 11853: 11703: 11581: 11545: 11535: 11481: 11321: 11316: 11290: 11285: 11249: 11201: 11043: 11007: 10992: 10944: 10908: 10885: 10880: 10875: 10852: 9019: 8149: 8109: 8053: 8039: 7540: 6712: 6447: 6432: 6164: 6150: 6000: 5805: 5712: 5631: 5445: 5206: 4921: 1988:

were brought to the school by students. They, in turn, appear to have been influenced by early

1981: 1512: 1118: 1093: 1051: 766: 762: 42: 14636: 11628: 8897:

indicate extinct languages * indicates extinct language in Oklahoma but still spoken elsewhere

7884: 5847: 3734:

Lillo-Martin, Diane (November 1986). "Two Kinds of Null Arguments in American Sign Language".

2625: 15529: 15285: 15225: 15083: 14948: 14918: 14756: 14599: 14564: 14506: 14430: 14420: 14399: 14327: 14237: 14211: 14198: 14193: 14177: 14121: 14105: 14089: 14023: 13986: 13973: 13899: 13891: 13833: 13739: 13721: 13708: 13677: 13656: 13640: 13621: 13613: 13531: 13413: 13401: 13370: 13365: 13350: 13323: 13289: 13274: 13244: 13209: 13191: 13144: 13062: 13042: 12915: 12596: 12570: 12464: 12443: 12422: 12406: 12351: 12341: 12295: 12125: 12055: 11992: 11967: 11928: 11920: 11906: 11901: 11838: 11790: 11708: 11569: 11551: 11540: 11362: 11341: 11295: 11229: 11191: 11186: 11077: 11038: 10969: 10936: 10926: 10385: 10375: 10213: 10077: 9285: 9275: 8881: 8298: 8212: 8206: 8194: 8046: 8027: 7601: 7257: 7220: 6996: 6982: 6759: 6741: 6417: 6412: 6338: 6021: 5945: 5915: 5890: 5666: 5567: 5410: 3651: 3645: 3431: 3367: 1989: 1890: 1508: 1280: 1114: 1105: 1032: 1026: 702: 625: 585: 525: 451: 368: 217: 7905: 7898: 7712: 5854: 5826: 4787: 4504:

van der Hulst, Harry; Channon, Rachel (2010), "Notation systems", in Brentari, Diane (ed.),

2769:

Sign Language Structure: An Outline of the Visual Communication Systems of the American Deaf

1507:

of spoken languages. There has also been a proposal that they are analogous to classes like

1259:

for spoken languages has been proposed. According to some researchers, SignWriting is not a

15533: 15240: 14984: 14743: 14703: 14665: 14609: 14352: 14347: 14317: 14232: 14161: 14049: 14036: 14002: 13883: 13799: 13778: 13770: 13757: 13672: 13589: 13560: 13547: 13518: 13429: 13408: 13284: 13219: 13184: 13179: 13169: 13159: 13057: 13052: 13047: 13005: 12985: 12644: 12639: 12610: 12565: 12560: 12533: 12502: 12336: 12282: 12228: 12169: 12067: 11863: 11723: 11713: 11586: 11385: 11264: 11176: 11022: 10685: 10633: 10449: 9904: 9896: 9762: 9603: 9025: 8753: 8717: 8707: 8689: 8672: 8200: 8180: 7815: 7496: 7432: 7394: 7389: 7148: 6954: 6917: 6730: 6650: 6571: 6486: 6171: 5885: 5617: 5440: 5190: 5002: 4891: 4714: 4679: 4641: 4291: 1926: 1570:

marking. Aspect can be marked by changing the manner of movement of the verb; for example,

1260: 698: 657: 612:. Due to intermarriage in the original community of English settlers of the 1690s, and the 593: 510: 353: 321: 38: 31: 9300: 9250: 7870: 5840: 4747: 4544: 4351:

Padden, Carol (2010), "Sign Language Geography", in Mathur, Gaurav; Napoli, Donna (eds.),

3591: 2247: 1301: 808:

In addition to the aforementioned West African countries, ASL is reported to be used as a

418:

language. However, there are several alternative proposals to account for ASL word order.

8: 15465: 15325: 14913: 14803: 14695: 14670: 14604: 14425: 14391: 14370: 14322: 14129: 14081: 14057: 14041: 13859: 13838: 13716: 13581: 13573: 13555: 13380: 13355: 13345: 13234: 13229: 13214: 13149: 13132: 13077: 13067: 12688: 12528: 12401: 12290: 12033: 11800: 11795: 11745: 11529: 11254: 11224: 11181: 11171: 10918: 10751: 10467: 10090: 9799: 9708: 9618: 9560: 9431: 9331: 9260: 9132: 9031: 8588: 8187: 7860: 7718: 7384: 7252: 7122: 6975: 6909: 6807: 6286: 6183: 6087: 5972: 5816: 5787: 5730: 5592: 5577: 5477: 5467: 5405: 5400: 5383: 5323: 5195: 5159: 4835: 4704: 4605: 3827:"The Link Between Form and Meaning in American Sign Language: Lexical Processing Effects" 2796: 1728: 1575: 1516: 1342: 1265: 1175: 1132: 731: 386:

components, such as movement of the face, the torso, and the hands. ASL is not a form of

15409: 8331: 7891: 7877: 6792: 5833: 2162: 630:

The American Asylum, At Hartford, For The Education And Instruction Of The Deaf And Dumb

15456: 15354: 14835: 14660: 13917: 13687: 13568: 13468: 13393: 13087: 12538: 11092: 10606: 10262: 10110: 9983: 9957: 9661: 9643: 9280: 9255: 8940: 8727: 8697: 8525: 8472: 8324: 8280: 8173: 8135: 8121: 8100: 7996: 7934: 7667: 7313: 7262: 6989: 6968: 6947: 6940: 6927: 6863: 6787: 6621: 6545: 6458: 6373: 6327: 6299: 6130: 6039: 5930: 5905: 5880: 5795: 5740: 5659: 5572: 5542: 5343: 5169: 5104: 4946: 4883: 4868: 4737: 4659: 4654: 4058: 4035: 3969: 3907: 3859: 3826: 3751: 3647:

The Syntax of American Sign Language: Functional Categories and Hierarchical Structures

3245: 3006: 2998: 2679: 2541: 1931: 1921: 1739:(OSV) sentences, the object is topicalized, marked by a forward head-tilt and a pause: 1583: 1579: 1563: 1318: 1251: 1233: 407: 8312: 6845: 4564: 4189: 2196: 1286:

Several additional candidates for written ASL have appeared over the years, including

268: 261: 15359: 15020: 10365: 10360: 10257: 10118: 10067: 10062: 10013: 10001: 9972: 9927: 9445: 9290: 8996: 8969: 8957: 8935: 8930: 8702: 8542: 8389: 8360: 8347: 8318: 8306: 8266: 8256: 8219: 8074: 8013: 8007: 7941: 7661: 7037: 7032: 6881: 6822: 6817: 6782: 6777: 6767: 6538: 6511: 6501: 6491: 6378: 6354: 6346: 6319: 6314: 6249: 6218: 6207: 6157: 6115: 6100: 6007: 5750: 5725: 5720: 5680: 5610: 5547: 5328: 5149: 5099: 4954: 4936: 4931: 4911: 4906: 4858: 4792: 4509: 4483: 4406: 4396: 4361: 4338: 4306: 4276: 4244: 4196: 4154: 4121: 4065: 4039: 4004: 3998: 3948: 3899: 3895: 3864: 3846: 3755: 3714: 3680: 3655: 3523: 3371: 3268: 3265:

I Can Hear You Whisper: An Intimate Journey through the Science of Sound and Language

3237: 3191: 3010: 2961: 2699: 2671: 2605: 2548: 1862: 1571: 1494: 1310: 1136: 1036: 329: 7379: 7374: 3911: 608:(MVSL), which was particularly important for the history of ASL, was used mainly in 15558: 15369: 15200: 15181: 10773: 10695: 10658: 10653: 10648: 10557: 10459: 10413: 10395: 10322: 10171: 10128: 10085: 10057: 10052: 9947: 9942: 9922: 9875: 9819: 9791: 9721: 9638: 9450: 9347: 9270: 9235: 9230: 9215: 9127: 9117: 9067: 9060: 9053: 9047: 8981: 8952: 8946: 8915: 8909: 8804: 8784: 8583: 8573: 8557: 8552: 8547: 8520: 8488: 8482: 8466: 8430: 8399: 8353: 8242: 8142: 8059: 7955: 7917: 7848: 7834: 7685: 7673: 7619: 7422: 7351: 7336: 7293: 7129: 7099: 7094: 7057: 7047: 7017: 6889: 6812: 6689: 6657: 6643: 6636: 6586: 6563: 6524: 6481: 6422: 6404: 6386: 6309: 6304: 6294: 6267: 6135: 6062: 6052: 6028: 6014: 5993: 5910: 5768: 5758: 5687: 5638: 5597: 5537: 5532: 5295: 5284: 5144: 5134: 5119: 5114: 5109: 5033: 5028: 5018: 4984: 4926: 4873: 4820: 4782: 4727: 4689: 4649: 4619: 4549: 4273:

What's your sign for pizza?: An introduction to variation in American Sign Language

4223: 4089:

Cross-linguistic perspectives in sign language research: selected papers from TISLR

4027: 3891: 3854: 3838: 3743: 3249: 3229: 2990: 2683: 2663: 1957: 1667: 1399: 1156: 661: 459: 372: 317: 309: 287: Areas where ASL or a dialect/derivative thereof is the national sign language 89: 15364: 4333:

Nyst, Victoria (2010), "Sign languages in West Africa", in Brentari, Diane (ed.),

3389: 15495: 15290: 15270: 15149: 10778: 10690: 10643: 10616: 10562: 10405: 10390: 10327: 10252: 10227: 10155: 10047: 10030: 9965: 9952: 9716: 9690: 9628: 9477: 9472: 9464: 9310: 9122: 9042: 9037: 9012: 9006: 8925: 8763: 8758: 8712: 8578: 8530: 8405: 8367: 8287: 8236: 8167: 8115: 8069: 7987: 7976: 7969: 7962: 7948: 7927: 7823: 7788: 7417: 7404: 7303: 7158: 7052: 7042: 6894: 6852: 6707: 6678: 6671: 6629: 6616: 6611: 6601: 6596: 6581: 6393: 6257: 6125: 6110: 6105: 6095: 5935: 5925: 5776: 5735: 5587: 5582: 5524: 5348: 5234: 5139: 5129: 5124: 5083: 4992: 4959: 4916: 4863: 4853: 4848: 4843: 4802: 4777: 4772: 4767: 4762: 4742: 4694: 4684: 4477: 2878: 2775: 2227: 1866: 1210: 1199: 1168: 881: 533: 493: 345: 333: 325: 182: 123: 111: 101: 10380: 9830: 9295: 5895: 4752: 2768: 2139:"Bill 213: An Act to recognize sign language as an official language in Ontario" 37:"Canadian Sign Language" redirects here. For French Canadian Sign Language, see 15404: 15389: 15280: 15265: 15035: 11430: 10828: 10496: 10370: 10236: 10176: 10035: 10018: 9991: 9932: 9305: 9245: 9210: 9073: 9001: 8975: 8963: 8920: 8477: 8446: 8418: 8231: 8225: 8162: 8128: 8064: 8002: 7841: 7804: 7797: 7679: 7408: 7346: 7308: 7153: 7109: 7104: 7089: 7084: 6961: 6899: 6871: 6837: 6702: 6697: 6591: 6516: 6275: 6262: 6120: 6057: 6047: 5986: 5958: 5875: 5763: 5701: 5694: 5602: 5472: 5333: 5073: 5023: 4997: 4896: 4757: 4699: 4184: 4117:

Australian Sign Language (Auslan): An introduction to sign language linguistics

3363: 2893:"Regional, Cultural, and Sociolinguistic Variation of ASL in the United States" 2458: 2235: 1732: 1649: 1597: 1500: 1243: 1109: 809: 694: 689: 637: 574: 399: 341: 165: 2925: 2667: 2459:"Universities That Accept ASL In Fulfillment Of Foreign Language Requirements" 1731:

of a sentence to be moved to sentence-initial position, a phenomenon known as

15574: 15374: 15275: 15260: 15255: 14892: 11470: 10718: 10491: 10427: 10190: 10040: 9735: 9676: 9653: 9578: 9240: 8768: 8440: 8155: 8087: 8080: 7828: 7114: 7027: 6932: 6772: 6722: 6576: 6143: 5965: 5900: 5800: 5624: 5552: 5462: 5338: 5063: 4669: 4664: 4410: 4310: 4290:

Mitchell, Ross; Young, Travas; Bachleda, Bellamie; Karchmer, Michael (2006).

4268: 3850: 3518:

Baker, Anne; van den Bogaerde, Beppie; Pfau, Roland; Schermer, Trude (2016).

3195: 3074: 2111: 1228: 1127:(TASL) is a variety of ASL used throughout the United States by and with the 1089: 877: 751: 645: 506: 474: 357: 349: 313: 75: 62: 4292:"How Many People Use ASL in the United States?: Why Estimates Need Updating" 2428: 1992:

and did not involve input from indigenous Native American sign systems. See

1325:). However, glossing is not used to write the language for speakers of ASL. 556: 15250: 15195: 10663: 10625: 8991: 8378: 7356: 7341: 7298: 7166: 6717: 6664: 5557: 5373: 5368: 5164: 5068: 4825: 4180: 3868: 3241: 2691: 2675: 2543:

Everyone Here Spoke Sign Language: Hereditary Deafness on Martha's Vineyard

1894: 1797: 1678: 1179: 1160: 1063: 774: 293: Areas where ASL is in significant use alongside another sign language 10140: 7730: 4969: 4425: 4390: 4228: 4211: 4031: 3903: 2994: 1527:

restrictions. There is ongoing research into whether ASL has an analog of

1069:

There is also a distinct variety of ASL used by the Black Deaf community.

245: 15384: 15154: 10638: 10570: 10006: 4810: 3825:

Thompson, Robin L.; Vinson, David P.; Vigliocco, Gabriella (March 2009).

2981:

Blau, Shane (2017). "Indexing Gay Identities in American Sign Language".

2589: 1937: 1654: 1524: 1239: 1194: 1124: 865: 778: 758: 739: 589: 497: 337: 186: 10145: 8850: 4534: 3002: 2782:. Buffalo: Dept. of Anthropology and Linguistics, University of Buffalo. 15500: 15139: 14482: 14291: 13700: 13174: 12115: 10789: 10511: 9996: 8641: 7473: 6476: 5358: 4901: 4264: 3747: 3567: 3079: 2116: 1559: 1291: 1128: 1055: 861: 790: 462:. ASL was influenced by its forerunners but distinct from all of them. 402:, although ASL grammar is unrelated to that of English. ASL has verbal 178: 148: 9529: 9400: 9163: 4574: 3118: 2220: 15025: 14994: 14850: 14286: 10700: 10675: 10575: 10273: 10133: 9698: 9666: 7427: 5492: 4815: 3842: 1952: 1882: 1878: 1589:, articulated by having two L-shaped hands "shooting" at each other. 1520: 1515:. As in spoken languages, those phonological units can be split into 1383: 1214: 1183: 1070: 869: 841: 710: 613: 566: 537: 455: 395: 391: 254: 238: 41:. For the sign language specific to Canada's Atlantic provinces, see 2165:"States that Recognize American Sign Language as a Foreign Language" 15205: 15164: 15015: 14769: 8885: 3831:

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition

2917: 1947: 1528: 1276: 1218: 873: 821: 813: 632:, the school was founded by the Yale graduate and divinity student 446:(ASD), founded by Thomas Gallaudet in 1817, which brought together 3233: 1054:

among those ASL varieties is high, and the variation is primarily

701:

in 1955 when that was still the dominant assumption. Aided by the

278: 14840: 10543: 9671: 4421:

Cultural and Sociolinguistic Features of the Black Deaf Community

3517: 2058: 1504: 1247: 853: 817: 798: 786: 685: 667: 470: 466: 383: 11439: 3376:

A dictionary of American sign languages on linguistic principles

2727: 2197:"D.C. Law 14-50. American Sign Language Recognition Act of 2001" 2014: 1662:

American Sign Language possesses a set of 26 signs known as the

671:

American Sign Language Convention of March 2008 in Austin, Texas

15469: 14554: 11826: 11814: 10223: 9460: 7488: 4529: 3354:

9.4 (2009): 389-397. Academic Search Premier. Web. 7 June 2012.

1727:

However, other word orders may also occur since ASL allows the

1223:

A Dictionary of American Sign Language on Linguistic Principles

1082: 529: 505:

are modality-specific reasons that sign languages tend towards

336:

are used in many countries around the world, including much of

79: 2163:

Education Policy Counsel at National Association of the Deaf.

1367: 1352: 540:

in sign languages in general as well as contact with English.

4540:

One-stop resource American Sign Language and video dictionary

4289: 3971:

Non-Manual Realization of Agreement in American Sign Language

2837: 2486:"Bill Passes Requiring Sign Language Students Receive Credit" 2061:, but other linguists have referred to them as phonemes. See 2045: 1545: 1317:, meaning "the dog is chasing the cat", uses NOW to mark ASL 857: 849: 837: 782: 770: 410:

marking and has a productive system of forming agglutinative

394:

plays a larger role in ASL than in spoken languages. English

4559: 4554: 4539: 15169: 15159: 4424:(Honors Thesis). Carnegie Mellon University. Archived from 3219: 1295: 1058:. For example, there are three different words for English 833: 802: 794: 387: 174: 10691:

Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut

10644:

Kangiqłniq / Aivilingmiutut / Aivilimmiutut / Aivillirmiut

4569: 734:, which is correlated with but not equivalent to signing. 581:

to communicate across vast national and linguistic lines.

2698:. New York: New York University Press. pp. 107–108. 1213:

specifically for ASL. It is alphabetic, with a letter or

1174:

Most children born to deaf parents are hearing. Known as

1167:

for children who are deaf. York University psychologist

3520:

The Linguistics of Sign Languages : An Introduction

3420:

Charles Butler, Center for Sutton Movement Writing, 2014

3344: 4560:

The American Sign Language Linguistics Research Project

3824: 3429: 3388:

Everson, Michael; Slevinski, Stephen; Sutton, Valerie.

332:. Besides North America, dialects of ASL and ASL-based 3711:

Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction

3677:

Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction

2958:

Linguistics of American Sign Language: An Introduction

1321:

and shows ASL verbal inflection for the third person (

15426:

Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada

4360:, New York: Oxford University Press, pp. 19–37, 4210:

Lane, Harlan; Pillard, Richard; French, Mary (2000).

4049:

Adverbial Morphemes in Tactile American Sign Language

3390:"Proposal for encoding Sutton SignWriting in the UCS" 4503: 3339: 1232:

The ASL phrase "American Sign Language", written in

1198:

The ASL phrase "American Sign Language", written in

911:

variants used by black signers are sometimes called

2588:. American School for the Deaf. n.d. Archived from 2520: 2136: 1503:proposed that such components are analogous to the 1028:

A Loss for Words: The Story of Deafness in a Family

500:language and the native village sign languages are 5264: 4188: 4057: 3387: 2918:Gallaudet Department of Linguistics (2017-09-16), 2540: 1613:the action occurred in the past (i.e., "walked"). 517:may have used an artificially constructed form of 9860: 5426:North-Central American / Upper Midwestern English 4530:Accessible American Sign Language vocabulary site 4209: 4003:. Edmonton, AB: The University of Alberta Press. 3940: 3639: 3637: 2780:Studies in linguistics: Occasional papers (No. 8) 2756: 2721: 2526: 2203:. Council of the District of Columbia. 2001-10-26 1997: 1178:("Children of Deaf Adults"), they are often more 15572: 5293: 4550:National Association of the Deaf ASL information 4508:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 151–172, 4443:"Toward Universal Design in Reading Instruction" 4337:, Cambridge University Press, pp. 405–432, 4263: 3704: 3702: 3700: 3698: 3696: 3042: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2943: 2941: 363:ASL originated in the early 19th century in the 15441:World Association of Sign Language Interpreters 4113: 3592:"What Is American Sign Language (ASL)? | NIDCD" 2416: 2001: 880:throughout the deaf world, widely learned as a 328:that is expressed by employing both manual and 4395:. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. 4275:. Washington, DC: Gallaudet University Press. 3634: 3381: 3311:, ASL Gloss as an Intermediary Writing System) 2960:. Washington, D.C.: Clerc Books. p. 169. 1163:(using ASL and English training) but also for 458:systems. ASL was created in that situation by 15656:Languages of the United States Virgin Islands 15651:Languages of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15431:International Center on Deafness and the Arts 11455: 10805: 10527: 10289: 9846: 9545: 9416: 9179: 8866: 8657: 7746: 5250: 4590: 4440: 4388: 3713:. Washington, D.C.: Clerc Books. p. 86. 3693: 3679:. Washington, D.C.: Clerc Books. p. 85. 3308: 3184:"How Sign Language Evolves as Our World Does" 2938: 2733: 1309:For English-speaking audiences, ASL is often 1131:. It is particularly common among those with 560:A sign language interpreter at a presentation 13489: 11505: 4179: 3924: 3733: 2833: 1566:: how the action of verbs flows in time—and 1012: 664:, a new language emerged, now known as ASL. 7760: 4017: 3996: 3378:. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet College Press 3294: 3030: 2831: 2829: 2827: 2825: 2823: 2821: 2819: 2817: 2815: 2813: 2547:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 2022:Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris 918: 642:Institut National de Jeunes Sourds de Paris 11462: 11448: 10812: 10798: 10534: 10520: 10296: 10282: 9853: 9839: 9552: 9538: 9423: 9409: 9186: 9172: 8873: 8859: 8664: 8650: 7753: 7739: 5257: 5243: 4597: 4583: 4545:National Institute of Deafness ASL section 4475: 4095:, Hamburg: Signum Verlag, pp. 31–46, 3542: 3112: 3110: 3108: 3059: 3057: 3055: 3053: 3051: 2516:The Sociolinguistics of the Deaf Community 2456: 2412: 2410: 2408: 2406: 1934:, of which ASL has been one attempted mode 1442:Unidirectional single contacting movement 1011:Varieties of ASL are found throughout the 745: 277: 30:"ASL" redirects here. For other uses, see 27:Sign language used predominately in the US 8880: 4243:, Gallaudet University, pp. xi–xix, 4227: 4150:The Handbook of Pidgin and Creole Studies 3947:, Gallaudet University, pp. xi–xix, 3858: 3769: 3767: 3765: 2752: 2750: 2748: 2746: 2744: 2742: 2532: 2374: 2372: 2370: 2368: 984:About – Atlantic Variation (Canadian ASL) 620:ASL is thought to have originated in the 15681:Languages attested from the 19th century 10819: 10541: 8671: 4114:Johnson, Trevor; Schembri, Adam (2007). 4055: 3773: 3650:. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. p. 3554: 3262: 3154: 3116: 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 2891:Rogelio, Contreras (November 15, 2002). 2810: 2793:"American Sign Language, ASL or Ameslan" 2366: 2364: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2356: 2354: 2352: 2350: 2348: 2336: 2334: 2332: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2324: 2322: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2314: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 1658:The American manual alphabet and numbers 1653: 1544: 1300: 1227: 1193: 1004:About – Ontario Variation (Canadian ASL) 666: 555: 425: 15236:Manually coded language in South Africa 9559: 9430: 9193: 5516: 4604: 4535:American Sign Language discussion forum 4417: 4236: 4085: 4046: 3881: 3875: 3812: 3800: 3788: 3432:"SignWriting Symposium Presentation 32" 3166: 3150: 3148: 3146: 3144: 3142: 3140: 3105: 3099: 3063: 3048: 2890: 2853: 2851: 2849: 2847: 2845: 2403: 2394: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2386: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2284: 2282: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2274: 2272: 1889:In the era of the influential linguist 1434:Tip of finger in contact with forehead 1418:Closed fist with index finger extended 648:, an assistant to the school's founder 14: 15573: 11117: 10664:Utkuhiksalingmiutitut (ᐅᑦᑯhᐃᒃᓴᓕᖕᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ) 10303: 4441:Supalla, Samuel; Cripps, Jody (2011). 4350: 3784: 3782: 3762: 3736:Natural Language and Linguistic Theory 3643: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3329: 3327: 3325: 3323: 3321: 3319: 3317: 3304: 3302: 3181: 2739: 2690: 2632:from the original on September 5, 2013 2580: 2578: 2576: 2574: 2429:"ASL as a Foreign Language Fact Sheet" 2378: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 1993: 1024: 575:Indigenous peoples of the Great Plains 13488: 11504: 11443: 10793: 10701:Nunatsiavummiutut / NunatuKavummiutut 10686:Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani 10634:Iglulingmiut / Qikiqtaaluk uannangani 10515: 10277: 9834: 9533: 9404: 9167: 8854: 8645: 7734: 5292: 5238: 4578: 4479:Linguistics of American Sign Language 4389:Shaw, Emily; Delaporte, Yves (2015). 3984:from the original on October 11, 2017 3967: 3708: 3674: 3617:"The Many Languages of Sign Language" 3548: 3522:. John Benjamins Publishing Company. 3290: 3288: 3286: 3284: 3177: 3175: 3160: 3036: 3017: 2955: 2899:from the original on January 21, 2018 2871:Healing Cambodia One Child at a Time, 2653: 2538: 2483: 2465:from the original on October 24, 2018 2345: 2340: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2062: 1031:. New York: HarperPerennial. p. 887: 584:In the 19th century, a "triangle" of 521:in instruction rather than true LSF. 414:. Many linguists believe ASL to be a 10752:Inuit Uukturausingit (ᐃᓄᐃᑦ ᐆᒃᑐᕋᐅᓯᖏᑦ) 4476:Valli, Clayton; Lucas, Ceil (2000). 4332: 4212:"Origins of the American Deaf-World" 4195:. Boston: Harvard University Press. 4146: 3997:Bailey, Carol; Dolby, Kathy (2002). 3137: 2980: 2857: 2842: 2398: 2383: 2269: 769:. Such signing systems are found in 15661:Sign languages of the United States 15547: 15538: 15516: 12273:Creole Hawaiʻi Sign Language (CHSL) 8992:Mesquakie (Fox, Kickapoo, and Sauk) 4167:from the original on March 19, 2023 4134:from the original on March 19, 2023 4051:. Union Institute & University. 3806: 3779: 3314: 3299: 2618: 2571: 1943:Legal recognition of sign languages 1475:Tip of finger in contact with chin 964:About – General sign (Canadian ASL) 938:Varieties of American Sign Language 492:It has been proposed that ASL is a 487:Clerc, 1852, from Woodward 1978:336 155:Varieties of American Sign Language 99:Native signers: 730,000 (2006) 24: 15646:Languages of Saint Kitts and Nevis 13586:Somalia, Somaliland & Djibouti 13200:Jamaican Country (KS/Konchri Sain) 11101: 9758:Pro-Tactile American Sign Language 3340:van der Hulst & Channon (2010) 3281: 3267:. US: Penguin Group. p. 293. 3172: 2078: 1189: 892: 344:. ASL is also widely learned as a 324:. ASL is a complete and organized 61: 25: 15702: 15591:Deaf culture in the United States 11469: 4570:American Sign Language Dictionary 4523: 4060:American Sign Language Dictionary 3125:from the original on May 19, 2013 2868:Benoit Duchateau-Arminjon, 2013, 2020:, founder of the Parisian school 1917:American Sign Language literature 1643: 1605:fundamental meaning or category. 1088:ASL is used internationally as a 945:Variants of ABOUT in Canadian ASL 442:ASL emerged as a language in the 421: 352:. ASL is most closely related to 320:in the United States and most of 15168: 14959:Sandy River Valley Sign Language 9512: 9511: 9383: 9382: 9146: 9145: 8833: 8832: 8624: 8623: 7534:Sandy River Valley Sign Language 5364:Inland Northern American English 3085: 2722:Lane, Pillard & French (2000 2527:Lane, Pillard & French (2000 2484:Burke, Sheila (April 26, 2017). 2457:Wilcox Phd, Sherman (May 2016). 2122: 1998:Lane, Pillard & French (2000 1986:Sandy River Valley Sign Language 1670:) has been used, it is not ASL. 1640:effectively taught and learned. 1558:ASL has a rich system of verbal 1366: 1351: 1335:American Sign Language phonology 991: 971: 951: 905: 846:Democratic Republic of the Congo 678:National Association of the Deaf 15549: 15540: 15518: 15486:U.S. Army hand and arm signals 14570:Far North Queensland Indigenous 13192:Keresan Pueblo (KPISL/Keresign) 7516:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 4463:from the original on 2022-10-09 4320:from the original on 2022-10-09 4102:from the original on 2022-10-09 3933: 3918: 3818: 3794: 3727: 3668: 3609: 3584: 3560: 3536: 3511: 3500:from the original on 2018-11-21 3482: 3471:from the original on 2015-09-10 3453: 3442:from the original on 2022-02-07 3430:Roberto Costa; Madson Barreto. 3423: 3414: 3402:from the original on 2022-10-09 3357: 3256: 3213: 3202:from the original on 2022-07-27 3093: 3068: 3043:Lucas, Bayley & Valli (2003 2974: 2921:Do sign languages have accents? 2911: 2884: 2862: 2795:. Handspeak.com. Archived from 2785: 2761: 2757:Armstrong & Karchmer (2002) 2714: 2644: 2508: 2477: 2450: 2439:from the original on 2018-09-27 2421: 2258:from the original on 2016-11-15 2177:from the original on 2022-10-09 2051: 2037: 2027: 2007: 1978:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 1592:ASL has a productive system of 1257:International Phonetic Alphabet 738:third-most used language among 628:, in 1817. Originally known as 606:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 379:and other hearing individuals. 312:that serves as the predominant 128:Martha's Vineyard Sign Language 15691:Languages of the United States 15307:Bilingual–bicultural education 14627:Western Torres Strait Islander 13701:Kata Kolok (Benkala, Balinese) 11678:Western Torres Strait Islander 5266:Languages of the United States 4482:. Gallaudet University Press. 4120:. Cambridge University Press. 4000:The Canadian dictionary of ASL 3461:"Test wikis of sign languages" 2240: 2214: 2189: 2156: 2130: 1970: 1912:American Sign Language grammar 1541:American Sign Language grammar 573:, there were reports that the 13: 1: 15671:Subject–verb–object languages 15586:American Sign Language family 14379:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq) 13527:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa) 13389:Adamorobe (AdaSL / Mumu kasa) 13138:Greenlandic (Ussersuataarneq) 12645:Taiwanese (TSL/Taiwan Shouyu) 9862:Languages of British Columbia 4240:The Study of Signed Languages 3944:The Study of Signed Languages 3182:Morris, Amanda (2022-07-26). 2417:Johnson & Schembri (2007) 2072: 1856:"The father loves the child." 1826:"The father loves the child." 1792:"The father loves the child." 1761:"The father loves the child." 1723:"The father loves the child." 1553: 720: 571:Francisco Vásquez de Coronado 56:Visual American Sign Language 12965:Providence Island (Provisle) 12615:North West Frontier Province 10199:American Sign Language (ASL) 9753:American Sign Language (ASL) 9494:American Sign Language (ASL) 9095:Black American Sign Language 7469:Black American Sign Language 7247:Creole Hawai'i Sign Language 5488:Western Pennsylvania English 5079:Labrador Inuit Pidgin French 3896:10.1016/0010-0277(87)90034-5 2221:About American Sign Language 2137:Province of Ontario (2007). 2002:Johnson & Schembri (2007 1872: 1673:Fingerspelling is a form of 1328: 1207:Roch-Ambroise Auguste Bébian 1165:early childhood intervention 931: 913:Black American Sign Language 697:, a linguist who arrived at 622:American School for the Deaf 444:American School for the Deaf 365:American School for the Deaf 7: 15596:French Sign Language family 14565:Akitiri (Eltye eltyarrenke) 10659:Nattiliŋmiutut (ᓇᑦᓯᓕᖕᒥᐅᑦᑐᑦ) 9699:Nunavimmiutitut (ᓄᓇᕕᒻᒥᐅᑎᑐᑦ) 9499:Hawaiʻi Sign Language (HSL) 8987:Mescalero-Chiricahua Apache 7263:Navajo Family Sign Language 5201:Plains Indian Sign Language 3490:"Request for ASL Knowledge" 2057:Stokoe himself termed them 1905: 1549:Two men and a woman signing 1075:racially segregated schools 398:are often borrowed through 382:ASL signs have a number of 10: 15707: 15436:Mimics and Gesture Theatre 14645:Hawaiʻan (Haoilona ʻŌlelo) 14575:Arrernte (Iltyeme iltyeme) 13361:Trinidad and Tobago (TTSL) 13215:Hausa (HSL/Magannar Hannu) 12635:Japanese (JSL/Nihon Shuwa) 12029:Estonian (Eesti viipekeel) 7773:indicate extinct languages 7479:Puerto Rican Sign Language 5052:Pidgins, creoles and mixed 3309:Supalla & Cripps (2011 2539:Groce, Nora Ellen (1985). 1647: 1538: 1534: 1493:There are also meaningful 1332: 1275:system among academics is 1115:constructed sign languages 935: 551: 513:. Additionally, Clerc and 36: 29: 15514: 15449: 15418: 15347: 15324: 15299: 15214: 15191: 15180: 15132: 15034: 14972: 14901: 14863: 14828: 14712: 14681:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL) 14544: 14254: 13939: 13630: 13495: 13481: 13422: 13120:Hawaiʻi (Hoailona ʻŌlelo) 12978: 12953: 12930:Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam) 12914: 12897: 12778: 12769: 12751: 12723: 12687: 12653: 12625: 12579: 12551: 12514: 12478: 12457: 12436: 12415: 12394: 12360: 12337:Kazakh-Russian (KSL/KRSL) 12319: 12310: 12280: 12263: 12246: 12207: 12183: 12101: 12090: 12014: 12005: 11976: 11963: 11954: 11919: 11877: 11832:Papua New Guinean (PNGSL) 11822: 11813: 11783: 11754: 11741: 11732: 11699: 11690: 11665: 11637: 11511: 11495: 11487:List by number of signers 11477: 11424: 11408: 11376: 11355: 11334: 11309: 11273: 11240: 11215: 11164: 11144: 11063: 11056: 11031: 10978: 10957: 10935: 10917: 10899: 10861: 10845: 10827: 10764: 10744: 10726: 10717: 10674: 10624: 10615: 10597: 10586: 10550: 10487: 10480: 10458: 10435: 10426: 10404: 10351: 10340: 10318: 10311: 10245: 10222: 10189: 10164: 10109: 10076: 9982: 9913: 9895: 9884: 9868: 9812: 9790: 9780:Anishinaabe Sign Language 9771: 9743: 9734: 9707: 9689: 9667:Īyiyū Ayimūn / Īnū Ayimūn 9652: 9627: 9602: 9591: 9574: 9567: 9507: 9486: 9459: 9438: 9378: 9340: 9319: 9201: 9141: 9110: 9082: 8902: 8892: 8828: 8797: 8777: 8744: 8726: 8688: 8679: 8619: 8597: 8566: 8513: 8506: 8456: 8428: 8387: 8297: 8254: 8099: 7986: 7915: 7858: 7814: 7787: 7778: 7768: 7554: 7525: 7505: 7487: 7454: 7445: 7403: 7365: 7322: 7284: 7275: 7235: 7202:Anishinaabe Sign Language 7193: 7184: 7139: 7077: 7070: 7006: 6908: 6880: 6862: 6758: 6740: 6688: 6562: 6457: 6403: 6364: 6337: 6285: 6248: 6217: 6181: 6086: 6038: 5864: 5814: 5786: 5749: 5711: 5523: 5505: 5451:Southern American English 5431:Pacific Northwest English 5421:Northern American English 5302: 5283: 5272: 5216: 5178: 5092: 5051: 5011: 4983: 4945: 4882: 4834: 4801: 4713: 4640: 4633: 4612: 4056:Costello, Elaine (2008). 3925:Klima & Bellugi (1979 3568:"Sign language alphabets" 3295:Bishop & Hicks (2005) 3121:. Deaf Resource Library. 2767:Stokoe, William C. 1960. 2734:Shaw & Delaporte 2015 2668:10.1080/00016480510026287 1692: 1315:DOG NOW CHASE>IX=3 CAT 1146: 602:Sandy River Valley, Maine 276: 252: 236: 231: 222:Saskatchewan (provincial) 207: 199:Official language in 197: 192: 172:None are widely accepted 162: 142: 108: 95: 85: 71: 60: 55: 50: 15626:Sign languages of Canada 15246:Paget Gorman Sign System 14700:Samoa and American Samoa 13490:Sign languages by region 13275:Ottoman (Seraglio/Harem) 13001:Albarradas Sign Language 12991:Al-Sayyid Bedouin (ABSL) 12824:Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk 12676:Martha's Vineyard (MVSL) 12640:Korean (KSL/Hanguk Sueo) 11892:Finland-Swedish (FinSSL) 11506:Sign languages by family 9672:iyuw iyimuun (ᐃᔪᐤ ᐃᔨᒧᐅᓐ) 6229:San Felipe–Santo Domingo 5483:Western American English 5379:Midland American English 5354:General American English 5307:African-American English 5059:Algonquian–Basque pidgin 4418:Solomon, Andrea (2010). 4153:. Blackwell Publishing. 4047:Collins, Steven (2004). 3968:Bahan, Benjamin (1996). 3263:Denworth, Ldyia (2014). 3117:Nakamura, Karen (2008). 3031:Bailey & Dolby (2002 2586:"A Brief History of ASD" 2248:"American Sign Language" 2018:Charles-Michel de l'Épée 1963: 1789:FATHER LOVE CHILD FATHER 1664:American manual alphabet 1079:African American English 1025:Walker, Lou Ann (1987). 919:History and implications 876:. ASL is also used as a 830:Central African Republic 650:Charles-Michel de l'Épée 634:Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet 596:, Massachusetts; one in 515:Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet 448:Old French Sign Language 358:agglutinative morphology 15491:Monastic sign languages 15339:Television shows (list) 15312:Manually coded language 15145:Hamburg Notation System 12938:Shuswap (Secwepemcékst) 12184:Indonesian (Nusantaric) 11907:Finnish (Viittomakieli) 11844:Northern Ireland (NISL) 8947:Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe) 7762:Languages of California 7205:Blackfoot Sign Language 5416:New York Latino English 5319:American Indian English 4565:Video Dictionary of ASL 3709:Valli, Clayton (2005). 3675:Valli, Clayton (2005). 3543:Valli & Lucas (2000 3465:incubator.wikimedia.org 2956:Valli, Clayton (2005). 1848: 1843: 1838: 1818: 1813: 1808: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1753: 1748: 1743: 1715: 1710: 1705: 1685:from English 'on', and 1099:Malaysian Sign Language 1073:evolved as a result of 826:Cambodian Sign Language 750:ASL is used throughout 746:Geographic distribution 610:Chilmark, Massachusetts 598:Henniker, New Hampshire 519:manually coded language 377:children of deaf adults 104:signers: 130,000 (2006) 15581:American Sign Language 15462:CHCI chimpanzee center 15231:Manually coded English 14929:Henniker Sign Language 14595:Warumungu (Warramunga) 14580:Warlpiri (Rdaka rdaka) 13574:Hausa (Magannar Hannu) 11482:List of sign languages 10736:American Sign Language 10445:American Sign Language 9614:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 9327:American Sign Language 9090:American Sign Language 8607:American Sign Language 7541:Henniker Sign Language 7464:American Sign Language 7208:Cheyenne Sign Language 6073:Central Siberian Yupik 6068:Central Alaskan Yup'ik 5563:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 5473:Upper Michigan English 5446:Puerto Rican Englishes 5224:Canadian dictionaries 5207:Maritime Sign Language 5186:American Sign Language 4675:Malecite-Passamaquoddy 4555:American Sign Language 3644:Neidle, Carol (2000). 3075:Bolivian Sign Language 2838:Mitchell et al. (2006) 2656:Acta Oto-Laryngologica 2112:American Sign Language 1982:Henniker Sign Language 1659: 1562:, which involves both 1550: 1513:manner of articulation 1373:Phonemic handshape /3/ 1358:Phonemic handshape /2/ 1306: 1242:, proposed in 1974 by 1236: 1202: 1159:advocate not only for 1119:Manually Coded English 1094:Bolivian Sign Language 1052:Mutual intelligibility 1049: 767:Ghanaian Sign Language 763:Nigerian Sign Language 672: 586:village sign languages 561: 490: 452:village sign languages 439: 371:, from a situation of 302:American Sign Language 134:American Sign Language 66: 51:American Sign Language 43:Maritime Sign Language 18:American sign language 15666:Languages of Zimbabwe 15616:Languages of Botswana 15606:Languages of Barbados 15286:Signing Exact English 15226:Indian Signing System 14949:Plateau Sign Language 14323:Inuit (Atgangmuurniq) 13900:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda) 13430:Amami Shuwa languages 13103:Guatemalan (Lensegua) 13043:Tibetan (Bökyi lagda) 13022:Caucasian (Harsneren) 12970:Old Cayman (Guyanese) 12498:Norwegian (Tegnspråk) 12470:French Belgian (LSFB) 11902:Swedish (Teckenspråk) 10214:Plateau Sign Language 8213:Southern Sierra Miwok 8207:Northern Sierra Miwok 7243:Hawai'i Sign Language 7226:Ktunaxa Sign Language 7221:Plateau Sign Language 6983:Northern Sierra Miwok 6923:Southern Sierra Miwok 6232:Zia–Santa Ana Pueblos 5980:Kwalhioqua-Clatskanie 5468:Transatlantic English 5411:New York City English 5401:New Mexican Englishes 5384:New England Englishes 5220:Canadian style guides 4354:Deaf Around the World 4299:Sign Language Studies 4229:10.1353/sls.2000.0003 4216:Sign Language Studies 4191:The signs of language 4032:10.1353/sls.2005.0001 4020:Sign Language Studies 3977:. Boston University. 3368:Dorothy C. Casterline 3352:Sign Language Studies 2995:10.1353/sls.2017.0019 2983:Sign Language Studies 2232:Deaf Research Library 2046:Mitchell et al. (2006 1990:British Sign Language 1891:Ferdinand de Saussure 1657: 1582:, and are marked for 1548: 1426:Facing signer's body 1304: 1281:University of Hamburg 1271:The most widely used 1231: 1197: 1106:Pidgin Signed English 1017: 703:Civil Rights Movement 670: 626:Hartford, Connecticut 559: 526:British Sign Language 482:experienced teachers. 479: 437: 369:Hartford, Connecticut 216:through legislation: 65: 15631:Languages of Grenada 15621:Languages of Burundi 15534:French Sign Language 15241:Manually Coded Malay 15049:British (two-handed) 14985:Bimodal bilingualism 14615:Far North Queensland 13923:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd) 13445:Sri Lankan languages 13376:Venezuelan (LSV/VSL) 13280:Ban Khor (Pasa kidd) 12791:Chaticks si Chaticks 12771:Plains Sign Language 12689:Mayan (Meemul Tziij) 12191:Indonesian (Bisindo) 11869:South African (SASL) 11592:Far North Queensland 10821:Francosign languages 10450:Quebec Sign Language 10026:North Straits Salish 9763:Quebec Sign Language 8673:Languages of Montana 8201:Central Sierra Miwok 7691:Serbo-Croatian (0.3) 7559:in 2021 in millions) 7497:Samoan Sign Language 7214:Navajo Sign Language 7149:Afro-Seminole Creole 6918:Central Sierra Miwok 6497:North Straits Salish 5921:Mescalero-Chiricahua 5441:Philadelphia English 5191:Quebec Sign Language 4634:Indigenous languages 2610:: CS1 maint: year ( 1927:Bimodal bilingualism 1804:(VOS) construction: 1531:in spoken language. 1517:distinctive features 1343:Distinctive features 1261:phonemic orthography 709:, Stokoe argued for 699:Gallaudet University 658:French Sign Language 511:isolating morphology 496:in which LSF is the 354:French Sign Language 39:Quebec Sign Language 32:ASL (disambiguation) 15686:Languages of Canada 15636:Languages of Guyana 15611:Languages of Belize 13456:Tanzanian languages 13435:Ethiopian languages 13402:Nanabin (NanabinSL) 12493:Icelandic (Táknmál) 12208:Francophone African 12166:Puerto Rican (PRSL) 12024:Swiss-German (DSGS) 11955:Chilean-Paraguayan- 10871:Francophone African 10607:Dënesųłiné (ᑌᓀᓱᒼᕄᓀ) 10246:Immigrant languages 9813:Immigrant languages 9561:Languages of Quebec 9432:Languages of Hawaii 9195:Languages of Alaska 8538:Californian Spanish 7557:(number of speakers 7555:Immigrant languages 7253:Inuit Sign Language 5478:Utah Mormon English 5406:New Orleans English 5324:Appalachian English 5160:Pennsylvania German 4606:Languages of Canada 3222:Nature Neuroscience 2566:everyone here sign. 1832:object–verb–subject 1802:verb–object–subject 1737:object–subject–verb 1699:subject–verb–object 1452: 1411: 1279:, developed at the 1266:Wikimedia Incubator 732:prelingual deafness 416:subject–verb–object 209:Recognised minority 122:-based (possibly a 15676:1817 introductions 15641:Languages of Haiti 15601:Fusional languages 15457:Baby sign language 15355:Jabbar Baghtcheban 14836:International Sign 14739:Brazilian (Libras) 14653:New Zealand (NZSL) 14600:Mudbura (Mudburra) 14528:Sandy River Valley 14507:Keresan (Keresign) 14098:Yugoslav (Kosovar) 13469:International Sign 13450:Sudanese languages 13073:Navajo/Diné Family 12887:Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e 12725:Original Thai Sign 12503:Danish (Tegnsprog) 12046:Brazilian (Libras) 11859:New Zealand (NZSL) 10551:Official languages 10468:Inuk Sign Language 10312:Official languages 10305:Languages of Yukon 10124:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala 10096:Southern Tsimshian 9938:Babine-Witsuwitʼen 9800:Inuk Sign Language 9783:Cree Sign Language 9439:Official languages 9332:Inuk Sign Language 8526:California English 8457:Language isolates 8150:Tule–Kaweah Yokuts 8136:Kings River Yokuts 8122:Buena Vista Yokuts 7332:Pennsylvania Dutch 7211:Cree Sign Language 7023:Havasupai–Hualapai 6969:Kings River Yokuts 6948:Buena Vista Yokuts 6928:Tule-Kaweah Yokuts 5436:Pennsylvania Dutch 5359:High Tider English 5344:California English 5196:Inuk Sign Language 5155:Newfoundland Irish 5120:Tagalog (Filipino) 5093:Minority languages 4965:Heiltsuk-Oowekyala 4723:Babine-Witsuwitʼen 4613:Official languages 4267:; Bayley, Robert; 3748:10.1007/bf00134469 3494:meta.wikimedia.org 3364:Stokoe, William C. 3188:The New York Times 2877:2023-03-19 at the 2774:2013-12-02 at the 2736:, p. xii-xiv. 2514:Ceil Lucas, 1995, 2226:2013-05-19 at the 2201:code.dccouncil.gov 1932:Great ape language 1922:Baby sign language 1853:CHILD, LOVE FATHER 1758:CHILD, FATHER LOVE 1660: 1564:grammatical aspect 1551: 1450: 1409: 1319:progressive aspect 1307: 1252:International Sign 1237: 1234:Sutton SignWriting 1203: 888:Regional variation 673: 624:(ASD), founded in 562: 440: 330:nonmanual features 67: 15566: 15565: 15559:extinct languages 15481:Legal recognition 15360:Jeanette Berglind 15320: 15319: 15021:Nonmanual feature 14934:Martha's Vineyard 14859: 14858: 14513:Martha's Vineyard 14008:Faroese (Teknmál) 13730:Al-Sayyid Bedouin 13540:Bouakako (LaSiBo) 13477: 13476: 13462:Zimsign languages 13440:Laotian languages 13324:Rwandan (AKR/AMR) 13083:Ecuadorian (LSEC) 13028:Azerbaijani (AİD) 12949: 12948: 12547: 12546: 12390: 12389: 12306: 12305: 12296:Cypriot (ΚΝΓ/KNG) 12001: 12000: 11929:Chinese (CSL/ZGS) 11915: 11914: 11809: 11808: 11779: 11778: 11686: 11685: 11541:Eltye eltyarrenke 11521: 11520:multiple families 11437: 11436: 11431:extinct languages 11404: 11403: 11330: 11329: 11160: 11159: 11140: 11139: 11136: 11135: 11052: 11051: 10953: 10952: 10787: 10786: 10760: 10759: 10713: 10712: 10709: 10708: 10509: 10508: 10505: 10504: 10476: 10475: 10422: 10421: 10336: 10335: 10271: 10270: 10185: 10184: 9869:Official language 9828: 9827: 9808: 9807: 9730: 9729: 9685: 9684: 9639:Wôbanakiôdwawôgan 9629:Anishinaabemowin 9587: 9586: 9568:Official language 9527: 9526: 9398: 9397: 9368:Ninilchik dialect 9161: 9160: 8970:Hitchiti-Mikasuki 8848: 8847: 8793: 8792: 8778:Language isolates 8639: 8638: 8615: 8614: 8502: 8501: 8034:Southeastern Pomo 8021:Northeastern Pomo 7728: 7727: 7550: 7549: 7441: 7440: 7271: 7270: 7185:Manual Indigenous 7180: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7066: 7065: 6441:Northeastern Pomo 6428:Southeastern Pomo 6201:Northern Kalapuya 5501: 5500: 5329:Baltimore English 5232: 5231: 5150:Doukhobor Russian 5047: 5046: 4515:978-0-521-88370-2 4489:978-1-56368-097-7 4402:978-1-56368-622-1 4344:978-0-521-88370-2 4250:978-1-56368-123-3 4202:978-0-674-80796-9 3954:978-1-56368-123-3 3720:978-1-56368-283-4 3686:978-1-56368-283-4 3661:978-0-262-14067-6 3596:www.nidcd.nih.gov 3572:www.handspeak.com 3372:Carl G. Croneberg 3274:978-0-525-95379-1 3083:(25th ed., 2022) 2967:978-1-56368-283-4 2705:978-0-8147-9853-9 2554:978-0-674-27041-1 2120:(25th ed., 2022) 1823:LOVE CHILD FATHER 1720:FATHER LOVE CHILD 1572:continuous aspect 1495:nonmanual signals 1491: 1490: 1487: 1486: 1446: 1445: 1400:nonmanual markers 1137:nonmanual signing 1042:978-0-06-091425-7 999: 979: 959: 594:Martha's Vineyard 435: 322:Anglophone Canada 299: 298: 272: ASL proper 265: ASL family 16:(Redirected from 15698: 15553: 15544: 15522: 15410:Pierre Pélissier 15395:Thomas Gallaudet 15370:Thomas Braidwood 15201:Initialized sign 15189: 15188: 15172: 14657:Papua New Guinea 14560:Australian-Irish 14266:Plains Sign Talk 14146:Northern Ireland 14142:Northern Ireland 13665:Hong Kong (HKSL) 13486: 13485: 13265:Nicaraguan (ISN) 13180:Kenyan (KSL/LAK) 12996:Albanian (AlbSL) 12776: 12775: 12590:Bangalore-Madras 12571:Israeli (Shassi) 12539:Thai (TSL/MSTSL) 12449:Honduran (LESHO) 12317: 12316: 12175:Singapore (SgSL) 12111:Black ASL (BASL) 12099: 12098: 12039:Australian-Irish 12012: 12011: 11961: 11960: 11937:Hong Kong (HKSL) 11897:Portuguese (LGP) 11887:Eritrean (EriSL) 11820: 11819: 11739: 11738: 11697: 11696: 11635: 11634: 11519: 11502: 11501: 11464: 11457: 11450: 11441: 11440: 11416:Australian-Irish 11271: 11270: 11213: 11212: 11115: 11114: 11099: 11098: 11061: 11060: 10976: 10975: 10859: 10858: 10814: 10807: 10800: 10791: 10790: 10765:Settler-colonial 10724: 10723: 10719:Manual languages 10649:Kangiryuarmiutun 10622: 10621: 10595: 10594: 10588:Oral Indigenous 10536: 10529: 10522: 10513: 10512: 10485: 10484: 10433: 10432: 10428:Manual languages 10349: 10348: 10342:Oral Indigenous 10316: 10315: 10298: 10291: 10284: 10275: 10274: 10209:Plains Sign Talk 9893: 9892: 9855: 9848: 9841: 9832: 9831: 9773:Plains Sign Talk 9741: 9740: 9736:Manual languages 9625: 9624: 9600: 9599: 9593:Oral Indigenous 9572: 9571: 9554: 9547: 9540: 9531: 9530: 9515: 9514: 9465:Creole languages 9425: 9418: 9411: 9402: 9401: 9386: 9385: 9188: 9181: 9174: 9165: 9164: 9149: 9148: 9102:Plains Sign Talk 8875: 8868: 8861: 8852: 8851: 8836: 8835: 8805:American English 8686: 8685: 8666: 8659: 8652: 8643: 8642: 8627: 8626: 8521:American English 8511: 8510: 8494:Plains Sign Talk 8459:and unclassified 8274:New River Shasta 7785: 7784: 7755: 7748: 7741: 7732: 7731: 7452: 7451: 7423:Louisiana Creole 7282: 7281: 7191: 7190: 7075: 7074: 6366:Plateau Penutian 6194:Central Kalapuya 5521: 5520: 5514: 5513: 5296:American English 5290: 5289: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5236: 5235: 5145:Hutterite German 4638: 4637: 4599: 4592: 4585: 4576: 4575: 4518: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4462: 4450:Bilingual Basics 4447: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4428:on April 3, 2012 4414: 4385: 4384: 4382: 4376: 4370:, archived from 4359: 4347: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4319: 4296: 4286: 4260: 4259: 4257: 4233: 4231: 4206: 4194: 4181:Klima, Edward S. 4176: 4174: 4172: 4143: 4141: 4139: 4110: 4109: 4107: 4101: 4094: 4082: 4080: 4078: 4064:. Random House. 4063: 4052: 4043: 4014: 3993: 3991: 3989: 3983: 3976: 3964: 3963: 3961: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3915: 3879: 3873: 3872: 3862: 3843:10.1037/a0014547 3822: 3816: 3810: 3804: 3798: 3792: 3786: 3777: 3771: 3760: 3759: 3731: 3725: 3724: 3706: 3691: 3690: 3672: 3666: 3665: 3641: 3632: 3631: 3629: 3628: 3621:Little Passports 3613: 3607: 3606: 3604: 3603: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3579: 3578: 3564: 3558: 3552: 3546: 3540: 3534: 3533: 3515: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3505: 3486: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3476: 3457: 3451: 3450: 3448: 3447: 3427: 3421: 3418: 3412: 3411: 3409: 3407: 3401: 3394: 3385: 3379: 3361: 3355: 3348: 3342: 3337: 3312: 3306: 3297: 3292: 3279: 3278: 3260: 3254: 3253: 3217: 3211: 3210: 3208: 3207: 3179: 3170: 3164: 3158: 3152: 3135: 3134: 3132: 3130: 3114: 3103: 3102:, 7. Conclusion) 3097: 3091: 3090: 3089: 3072: 3066: 3061: 3046: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3015: 3014: 2978: 2972: 2971: 2953: 2936: 2935: 2934: 2933: 2924:, archived from 2915: 2909: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2888: 2882: 2866: 2860: 2855: 2840: 2835: 2808: 2807: 2805: 2804: 2789: 2783: 2765: 2759: 2754: 2737: 2731: 2725: 2718: 2712: 2709: 2692:Padden, Carol A. 2687: 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2622: 2616: 2615: 2609: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2592:on March 1, 2014 2582: 2569: 2568: 2563: 2561: 2546: 2536: 2530: 2524: 2518: 2512: 2506: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2492:. Archived from 2481: 2475: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2454: 2448: 2447: 2445: 2444: 2425: 2419: 2414: 2401: 2396: 2381: 2376: 2343: 2338: 2267: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2244: 2238: 2218: 2212: 2211: 2209: 2208: 2193: 2187: 2186: 2184: 2182: 2176: 2169: 2160: 2154: 2153: 2151: 2150: 2141:. Archived from 2134: 2128: 2127: 2126: 2109: 2066: 2055: 2049: 2041: 2035: 2031: 2025: 2011: 2005: 1974: 1958:ASL interpreting 1796:ASL also allows 1668:Rochester Method 1453: 1449: 1412: 1408: 1405: 1404: 1392:palm orientation 1370: 1355: 1248:Unicode Standard 1157:Beth S. Benedict 1133:Usher's syndrome 1085:into Black ASL. 1047: 1046: 1001: 1000: 981: 980: 961: 960: 662:language contact 644:, and convinced 488: 460:language contact 436: 373:language contact 318:Deaf communities 310:natural language 292: 286: 281: 271: 264: 248: 241: 218:Canada (federal) 211:language in 168: 114: 90:Northern America 48: 47: 21: 15706: 15705: 15701: 15700: 15699: 15697: 15696: 15695: 15571: 15570: 15567: 15562: 15510: 15496:Tactile signing 15445: 15414: 15343: 15316: 15295: 15271:Signed Japanese 15217: 15210: 15183: 15176: 15150:Stokoe notation 15128: 15030: 14990:Phonology (ASL) 14968: 14903: 14897: 14855: 14824: 14723:Argentine (LSA) 14708: 14540: 14363:New Costa Rican 14358:Old Costa Rican 14258: 14256: 14250: 14134:North Macedonia 13935: 13626: 13561:Bamako (LaSiMa) 13491: 13473: 13423:Other groupings 13418: 13270:Old Costa Rican 13245:Burkina (Mossi) 13225:Mauritian (MSL) 13098:Ghardaia (AJSL) 13011:Argentine (LSA) 12974: 12956: 12945: 12910: 12893: 12765: 12747: 12719: 12683: 12649: 12621: 12582: 12575: 12543: 12510: 12480:Danish (Tegnic) 12474: 12453: 12432: 12411: 12386: 12361:Yugoslavic Sign 12356: 12327:Bulgarian (БЖЕ) 12312: 12302: 12291:Greek (ΕΝΓ/ENG) 12276: 12266:Hoailona ʻŌlelo 12259: 12242: 12229:Bamako (LaSiMa) 12210:(Françafrosign) 12209: 12203: 12179: 12151:Malaysian (BIM) 12093: 12086: 12061:Valencian (LSV) 11997: 11988:Paraguay (LSPY) 11979: 11972: 11956: 11950: 11911: 11873: 11805: 11775: 11750: 11734: 11728: 11692:Arab (Ishaaric) 11682: 11661: 11633: 11546:Iltyeme iltyeme 11517: 11514: 11507: 11497: 11491: 11473: 11468: 11438: 11433: 11420: 11400: 11372: 11351: 11326: 11305: 11269: 11242: 11236: 11211: 11156: 11132: 11113: 11097: 11048: 11027: 10974: 10949: 10931: 10913: 10895: 10857: 10841: 10823: 10818: 10788: 10783: 10766: 10756: 10740: 10705: 10677: 10670: 10611: 10589: 10582: 10567:Inuit Language 10546: 10540: 10510: 10501: 10481:Trade languages 10472: 10454: 10418: 10400: 10343: 10332: 10307: 10302: 10272: 10267: 10241: 10218: 10181: 10160: 10105: 10101:Coast Tsimshian 10072: 9978: 9909: 9887: 9886:Oral Indigenous 9880: 9864: 9859: 9829: 9824: 9804: 9786: 9767: 9726: 9703: 9681: 9648: 9630: 9623: 9594: 9583: 9563: 9558: 9528: 9523: 9503: 9482: 9478:Pidgin Hawaiian 9473:Hawaiian Pidgin 9455: 9434: 9429: 9399: 9394: 9374: 9336: 9315: 9266:Upper Kuskokwim 9197: 9192: 9162: 9157: 9137: 9106: 9078: 8898: 8888: 8879: 8849: 8844: 8824: 8789: 8773: 8740: 8722: 8675: 8670: 8640: 8635: 8611: 8593: 8562: 8531:Chicano English 8498: 8492: 8458: 8452: 8424: 8412:Southern Patwin 8383: 8343:Northern Paiute 8332:Luiseño-Juaneño 8293: 8250: 8095: 7982: 7911: 7854: 7810: 7774: 7764: 7759: 7729: 7724: 7558: 7556: 7546: 7521: 7501: 7483: 7447: 7437: 7399: 7361: 7318: 7277: 7267: 7231: 7186: 7172: 7141: 7135: 7062: 7009: 7002: 6904: 6876: 6858: 6803:Northern Paiute 6754: 6750:Coast Tsimshian 6736: 6684: 6558: 6453: 6399: 6360: 6333: 6281: 6244: 6213: 6177: 6082: 6034: 5941:Upper Kuskokwim 5867: 5860: 5810: 5782: 5745: 5707: 5508: 5507:Oral Indigenous 5497: 5493:Yeshiva English 5349:Chicano English 5298: 5279: 5268: 5263: 5233: 5228: 5212: 5174: 5140:Canadian Gaelic 5088: 5043: 5039:Coast Tsimshian 5007: 4979: 4941: 4878: 4830: 4797: 4709: 4629: 4608: 4603: 4526: 4521: 4516: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4466: 4464: 4460: 4445: 4431: 4429: 4403: 4380: 4378: 4377:on June 3, 2011 4374: 4368: 4357: 4345: 4323: 4321: 4317: 4294: 4283: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4203: 4185:Bellugi, Ursula 4170: 4168: 4161: 4137: 4135: 4128: 4105: 4103: 4099: 4092: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4011: 3987: 3985: 3981: 3974: 3959: 3957: 3955: 3936: 3931: 3923: 3919: 3880: 3876: 3823: 3819: 3811: 3807: 3799: 3795: 3787: 3780: 3772: 3763: 3732: 3728: 3721: 3707: 3694: 3687: 3673: 3669: 3662: 3642: 3635: 3626: 3624: 3615: 3614: 3610: 3601: 3599: 3590: 3589: 3585: 3576: 3574: 3566: 3565: 3561: 3553: 3549: 3541: 3537: 3530: 3516: 3512: 3503: 3501: 3488: 3487: 3483: 3474: 3472: 3459: 3458: 3454: 3445: 3443: 3436:signwriting.org 3428: 3424: 3419: 3415: 3405: 3403: 3399: 3392: 3386: 3382: 3362: 3358: 3349: 3345: 3338: 3315: 3307: 3300: 3293: 3282: 3275: 3261: 3257: 3218: 3214: 3205: 3203: 3180: 3173: 3165: 3161: 3153: 3138: 3128: 3126: 3115: 3106: 3098: 3094: 3084: 3073: 3069: 3062: 3049: 3041: 3037: 3029: 3018: 2979: 2975: 2968: 2954: 2939: 2931: 2929: 2916: 2912: 2902: 2900: 2889: 2885: 2879:Wayback Machine 2867: 2863: 2856: 2843: 2836: 2811: 2802: 2800: 2791: 2790: 2786: 2776:Wayback Machine 2766: 2762: 2755: 2740: 2732: 2728: 2719: 2715: 2706: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2619: 2603: 2602: 2595: 2593: 2584: 2583: 2572: 2559: 2557: 2555: 2537: 2533: 2525: 2521: 2513: 2509: 2499: 2497: 2482: 2478: 2468: 2466: 2455: 2451: 2442: 2440: 2427: 2426: 2422: 2415: 2404: 2397: 2384: 2377: 2346: 2339: 2270: 2261: 2259: 2246: 2245: 2241: 2228:Wayback Machine 2219: 2215: 2206: 2204: 2195: 2194: 2190: 2180: 2178: 2174: 2167: 2161: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2135: 2131: 2121: 2110: 2079: 2075: 2070: 2069: 2056: 2052: 2042: 2038: 2032: 2028: 2012: 2008: 1976:In particular, 1975: 1971: 1966: 1908: 1875: 1867:free word order 1858: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1828: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1794: 1787: 1782: 1777: 1772: 1763: 1756: 1751: 1746: 1725: 1718: 1713: 1708: 1695: 1652: 1646: 1632:can be formed. 1609:of comparison. 1588: 1556: 1543: 1537: 1483:(as for THINK) 1467:(as for THINK) 1459:(as for THINK) 1379: 1378: 1377: 1376: 1375: 1374: 1371: 1362: 1361: 1360: 1359: 1356: 1347: 1346: 1337: 1331: 1211:Stokoe notation 1200:Stokoe notation 1192: 1190:Writing systems 1180:culturally Deaf 1169:Ellen Bialystok 1149: 1048: 1043: 1023: 1009: 1008: 1007: 1006: 1005: 1002: 992: 987: 986: 985: 982: 972: 967: 966: 965: 962: 952: 947: 946: 940: 934: 921: 908: 895: 893:Sign production 890: 882:second language 748: 723: 579:a sign language 554: 534:language family 489: 486: 426: 424: 348:, serving as a 346:second language 326:visual language 295: 294: 290: 288: 284: 267: 266: 260: 244: 237: 227: 225: 212: 210: 200: 193:Official status 183:Stokoe notation 173: 169: 164: 138: 115: 112:Language family 110: 100: 46: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 15704: 15694: 15693: 15688: 15683: 15678: 15673: 15668: 15663: 15658: 15653: 15648: 15643: 15638: 15633: 15628: 15623: 15618: 15613: 15608: 15603: 15598: 15593: 15588: 15583: 15564: 15563: 15515: 15512: 15511: 15509: 15508: 15503: 15498: 15493: 15488: 15483: 15478: 15473: 15459: 15453: 15451: 15447: 15446: 15444: 15443: 15438: 15433: 15428: 15422: 15420: 15416: 15415: 15413: 15412: 15407: 15405:William Stokoe 15402: 15397: 15392: 15390:Valerie Sutton 15387: 15382: 15380:Abbé de l'Épée 15377: 15372: 15367: 15362: 15357: 15351: 15349: 15345: 15344: 15342: 15341: 15336: 15330: 15328: 15322: 15321: 15318: 15317: 15315: 15314: 15309: 15303: 15301: 15297: 15296: 15294: 15293: 15291:Signed Swedish 15288: 15283: 15281:Signed Spanish 15278: 15273: 15268: 15266:Signed Italian 15263: 15258: 15253: 15248: 15243: 15238: 15233: 15228: 15222: 15220: 15212: 15211: 15209: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15192: 15186: 15178: 15177: 15175: 15174: 15162: 15157: 15152: 15147: 15142: 15136: 15134: 15130: 15129: 15127: 15126: 15121: 15116: 15111: 15109:Serbo-Croatian 15106: 15101: 15096: 15091: 15086: 15081: 15076: 15071: 15066: 15061: 15056: 15051: 15046: 15040: 15038: 15036:Fingerspelling 15032: 15031: 15029: 15028: 15023: 15018: 15013: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14976: 14974: 14970: 14969: 14967: 14966: 14961: 14956: 14951: 14946: 14941: 14936: 14931: 14926: 14921: 14916: 14911: 14907: 14905: 14899: 14898: 14896: 14895: 14890: 14885: 14880: 14875: 14869: 14867: 14861: 14860: 14857: 14856: 14854: 14853: 14848: 14843: 14838: 14832: 14830: 14826: 14825: 14823: 14822: 14817: 14814: 14809: 14806: 14801: 14796: 14791: 14788: 14783: 14780: 14775: 14772: 14767: 14762: 14759: 14754: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14733: 14728: 14725: 14720: 14716: 14714: 14710: 14709: 14707: 14706: 14701: 14698: 14693: 14688: 14683: 14678: 14673: 14668: 14663: 14658: 14655: 14650: 14647: 14642: 14639: 14634: 14629: 14624: 14622:Western Desert 14619: 14618: 14617: 14607: 14602: 14597: 14592: 14587: 14582: 14577: 14572: 14567: 14562: 14557: 14552: 14548: 14546: 14542: 14541: 14539: 14538: 14531: 14524: 14519: 14516: 14509: 14504: 14499: 14496: 14493: 14490: 14487: 14486: 14485: 14480: 14473:American (ASL) 14470: 14467: 14465:Old Salvadoran 14462: 14457: 14454: 14449: 14444: 14441: 14436: 14433: 14428: 14423: 14418: 14413: 14410: 14405: 14402: 14397: 14394: 14389: 14384: 14381: 14376: 14373: 14368: 14365: 14360: 14355: 14350: 14345: 14342: 14335: 14332: 14325: 14320: 14315: 14313:Maritime (MSL) 14310: 14305: 14302: 14299: 14296: 14295: 14294: 14289: 14282:American (ASL) 14279: 14276: 14271: 14268: 14262: 14260: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14248: 14243: 14240: 14235: 14230: 14228:Central Taurus 14225: 14222: 14217: 14214: 14209: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14188: 14183: 14180: 14175: 14172: 14167: 14164: 14159: 14156: 14151: 14148: 14143: 14140: 14135: 14132: 14127: 14124: 14119: 14116: 14111: 14108: 14103: 14100: 14095: 14092: 14087: 14084: 14079: 14076: 14071: 14068: 14063: 14060: 14055: 14052: 14047: 14044: 14039: 14034: 14029: 14026: 14021: 14018: 14013: 14010: 14005: 14000: 13997: 13992: 13989: 13984: 13983:United Kingdom 13981: 13979:French Belgian 13976: 13971: 13968: 13963: 13960: 13955: 13952: 13947: 13943: 13941: 13937: 13936: 13934: 13933: 13928: 13925: 13920: 13915: 13910: 13905: 13902: 13897: 13894: 13889: 13886: 13881: 13878: 13873: 13870: 13865: 13862: 13857: 13854: 13849: 13846: 13841: 13836: 13831: 13826: 13823: 13818: 13815: 13810: 13807: 13802: 13797: 13792: 13789: 13784: 13781: 13779:Kazakh-Russian 13776: 13773: 13768: 13765: 13760: 13755: 13750: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13724: 13719: 13714: 13711: 13706: 13703: 13698: 13693: 13690: 13685: 13683:Indo-Pakistani 13680: 13675: 13670: 13667: 13662: 13659: 13654: 13651: 13646: 13643: 13638: 13634: 13632: 13628: 13627: 13625: 13624: 13619: 13616: 13611: 13608: 13603: 13600: 13595: 13592: 13587: 13584: 13579: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13563: 13558: 13553: 13550: 13545: 13542: 13537: 13534: 13529: 13524: 13521: 13516: 13513: 13508: 13503: 13499: 13497: 13493: 13492: 13483: 13479: 13478: 13475: 13474: 13472: 13471: 13465: 13464: 13459: 13453: 13447: 13442: 13437: 13432: 13426: 13424: 13420: 13419: 13417: 13416: 13411: 13406: 13405: 13404: 13399: 13396: 13391: 13383: 13378: 13373: 13368: 13363: 13358: 13353: 13348: 13343: 13338: 13333: 13326: 13321: 13316: 13309: 13304: 13303: 13302: 13295:Peruvian (LSP) 13292: 13287: 13282: 13277: 13272: 13267: 13262: 13257: 13252: 13247: 13242: 13240:Miyakubo Shuwa 13237: 13232: 13227: 13222: 13217: 13212: 13207: 13202: 13197: 13194: 13189: 13188: 13187: 13177: 13172: 13167: 13162: 13157: 13152: 13147: 13142: 13141: 13140: 13135: 13127: 13126: 13125: 13117: 13110: 13105: 13100: 13095: 13090: 13085: 13080: 13078:Dogon/Douentza 13075: 13070: 13065: 13060: 13055: 13050: 13045: 13040: 13035: 13030: 13025: 13018: 13013: 13008: 13003: 12998: 12993: 12988: 12982: 12980: 12976: 12975: 12973: 12972: 12967: 12961: 12959: 12951: 12950: 12947: 12946: 12944: 12943: 12940: 12935: 12932: 12927: 12924: 12920: 12918: 12912: 12911: 12909: 12908: 12904: 12902: 12900:American (ASL) 12895: 12894: 12892: 12891: 12888: 12885: 12882: 12879: 12876: 12873: 12870: 12867: 12864: 12861: 12858: 12855: 12852: 12849: 12846: 12843: 12840: 12837: 12834: 12831: 12828: 12825: 12822: 12819: 12816: 12813: 12810: 12807: 12804: 12801: 12798: 12795: 12792: 12789: 12786: 12783: 12779: 12773: 12767: 12766: 12764: 12763: 12761:Namibian (NSL) 12757: 12755: 12749: 12748: 12746: 12745: 12740: 12735: 12729: 12727: 12721: 12720: 12718: 12717: 12716: 12715: 12712: 12709: 12706: 12703: 12697: 12693: 12691: 12685: 12684: 12682: 12681: 12680: 12679: 12667: 12659: 12657: 12651: 12650: 12648: 12647: 12642: 12637: 12631: 12629: 12623: 12622: 12620: 12619: 12616: 12613: 12608: 12605: 12602: 12599: 12594: 12591: 12587: 12585: 12581:Indo-Pakistani 12577: 12576: 12574: 12573: 12568: 12563: 12557: 12555: 12549: 12548: 12545: 12544: 12542: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12520: 12518: 12512: 12511: 12509: 12508: 12505: 12500: 12495: 12490: 12484: 12482: 12476: 12475: 12473: 12472: 12467: 12461: 12459: 12455: 12454: 12452: 12451: 12446: 12440: 12438: 12434: 12433: 12431: 12430: 12428:Tunisian (TSL) 12425: 12419: 12417: 12413: 12412: 12410: 12409: 12404: 12398: 12396: 12392: 12391: 12388: 12387: 12385: 12384: 12382:Yugoslav (YSL) 12379: 12376: 12373: 12370: 12368:Croatian (HZJ) 12364: 12362: 12358: 12357: 12355: 12354: 12349: 12344: 12339: 12334: 12329: 12323: 12321: 12314: 12308: 12307: 12304: 12303: 12301: 12300: 12299: 12298: 12287: 12285: 12278: 12277: 12275: 12274: 12270: 12268: 12261: 12260: 12258: 12257: 12253: 12251: 12244: 12243: 12241: 12240: 12239:Sierra Leonean 12237: 12234: 12231: 12226: 12223: 12220: 12217: 12213: 12211: 12205: 12204: 12202: 12201: 12200: 12199: 12196: 12187: 12185: 12181: 12180: 12178: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12164: 12162:Filipino (FSL) 12159: 12156: 12153: 12148: 12145: 12142: 12139: 12136: 12135: 12134: 12131: 12123: 12120: 12119: 12118: 12113: 12106:American (ASL) 12102: 12096: 12088: 12087: 12085: 12084: 12082:Romanian (LSR) 12079: 12078: 12077: 12065: 12064: 12063: 12053: 12048: 12043: 12042: 12041: 12031: 12026: 12021: 12019:Algerian (LSA) 12015: 12009: 12003: 12002: 11999: 11998: 11996: 11995: 11990: 11984: 11982: 11980:Uruguayan Sign 11974: 11973: 11971: 11970: 11968:Chilean (LSCh) 11964: 11958: 11957:Uruguayan Sign 11952: 11951: 11949: 11948: 11947: 11946: 11945: 11944: 11943: 11942: 11925: 11923: 11917: 11916: 11913: 11912: 11910: 11909: 11904: 11899: 11894: 11889: 11883: 11881: 11875: 11874: 11872: 11871: 11866: 11861: 11856: 11854:Maritime (MSL) 11851: 11848: 11847: 11846: 11836: 11835: 11834: 11823: 11817: 11811: 11810: 11807: 11806: 11804: 11803: 11798: 11793: 11787: 11785: 11781: 11780: 11777: 11776: 11774: 11773: 11770: 11767: 11764: 11760: 11758: 11752: 11751: 11749: 11748: 11742: 11736: 11730: 11729: 11727: 11726: 11721: 11719:Qatari Unified 11716: 11711: 11706: 11700: 11694: 11688: 11687: 11684: 11683: 11681: 11680: 11675: 11669: 11667: 11666:Zendath Kesign 11663: 11662: 11660: 11659: 11654: 11649: 11643: 11641: 11639:Western Desert 11632: 11631: 11626: 11621: 11618: 11616:Worora Kinship 11613: 11608: 11601: 11596: 11595: 11594: 11584: 11579: 11572: 11567: 11562: 11555: 11548: 11543: 11538: 11533: 11525: 11523: 11509: 11508: 11499: 11493: 11492: 11490: 11489: 11484: 11478: 11475: 11474: 11467: 11466: 11459: 11452: 11444: 11435: 11434: 11425: 11422: 11421: 11419: 11418: 11412: 11410: 11406: 11405: 11402: 11401: 11399: 11398: 11393: 11388: 11382: 11380: 11374: 11373: 11371: 11370: 11368:French Belgian 11365: 11359: 11357: 11353: 11352: 11350: 11349: 11344: 11338: 11336: 11332: 11331: 11328: 11327: 11325: 11324: 11319: 11313: 11311: 11307: 11306: 11304: 11303: 11298: 11293: 11288: 11283: 11277: 11275: 11268: 11267: 11262: 11257: 11252: 11246: 11244: 11238: 11237: 11235: 11234: 11233: 11232: 11221: 11219: 11210: 11209: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11179: 11174: 11168: 11166: 11162: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11155: 11154: 11148: 11146: 11142: 11141: 11138: 11137: 11134: 11133: 11131: 11130: 11127: 11123: 11121: 11112: 11111: 11105: 11103: 11096: 11095: 11090: 11085: 11080: 11075: 11069: 11067: 11058: 11054: 11053: 11050: 11049: 11047: 11046: 11041: 11035: 11033: 11029: 11028: 11026: 11025: 11020: 11015: 11010: 11005: 11000: 10995: 10990: 10984: 10982: 10973: 10972: 10967: 10961: 10959: 10955: 10954: 10951: 10950: 10948: 10947: 10941: 10939: 10933: 10932: 10930: 10929: 10923: 10921: 10915: 10914: 10912: 10911: 10905: 10903: 10897: 10896: 10894: 10893: 10891:Sierra Leonean 10888: 10883: 10878: 10873: 10867: 10865: 10856: 10855: 10849: 10847: 10843: 10842: 10840: 10839: 10833: 10831: 10825: 10824: 10817: 10816: 10809: 10802: 10794: 10785: 10784: 10782: 10781: 10776: 10770: 10768: 10762: 10761: 10758: 10757: 10755: 10754: 10748: 10746: 10742: 10741: 10739: 10738: 10732: 10730: 10721: 10715: 10714: 10711: 10710: 10707: 10706: 10704: 10703: 10698: 10696:Kivallirmiutut 10693: 10688: 10682: 10680: 10672: 10671: 10669: 10668: 10667: 10666: 10656: 10654:Kivallirmiutut 10651: 10646: 10641: 10636: 10630: 10628: 10619: 10613: 10612: 10610: 10609: 10603: 10601: 10599:Dené–Yeniseian 10592: 10584: 10583: 10581: 10580: 10579: 10578: 10573: 10565: 10560: 10554: 10552: 10548: 10547: 10539: 10538: 10531: 10524: 10516: 10507: 10506: 10503: 10502: 10500: 10499: 10497:Chinook Jargon 10494: 10488: 10482: 10478: 10477: 10474: 10473: 10471: 10470: 10464: 10462: 10456: 10455: 10453: 10452: 10447: 10441: 10439: 10430: 10424: 10423: 10420: 10419: 10417: 10416: 10410: 10408: 10402: 10401: 10399: 10398: 10393: 10388: 10383: 10378: 10373: 10368: 10363: 10357: 10355: 10353:Dené–Yeniseian 10346: 10338: 10337: 10334: 10333: 10331: 10330: 10325: 10319: 10313: 10309: 10308: 10301: 10300: 10293: 10286: 10278: 10269: 10268: 10266: 10265: 10260: 10255: 10249: 10247: 10243: 10242: 10240: 10239: 10237:Chinook Jargon 10233: 10231: 10220: 10219: 10217: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10201: 10195: 10193: 10191:Sign languages 10187: 10186: 10183: 10182: 10180: 10179: 10174: 10168: 10166: 10165:Other/isolates 10162: 10161: 10159: 10158: 10153: 10151:Nuu-chah-nulth 10148: 10143: 10138: 10137: 10136: 10131: 10121: 10115: 10113: 10107: 10106: 10104: 10103: 10098: 10093: 10088: 10082: 10080: 10074: 10073: 10071: 10070: 10065: 10060: 10055: 10050: 10045: 10044: 10043: 10038: 10033: 10023: 10022: 10021: 10011: 10010: 10009: 9999: 9994: 9988: 9986: 9980: 9979: 9977: 9976: 9969: 9961: 9960: 9955: 9950: 9945: 9940: 9935: 9930: 9925: 9919: 9917: 9915:Dené–Yeniseian 9911: 9910: 9908: 9907: 9901: 9899: 9890: 9882: 9881: 9879: 9878: 9872: 9870: 9866: 9865: 9858: 9857: 9850: 9843: 9835: 9826: 9825: 9823: 9822: 9816: 9814: 9810: 9809: 9806: 9805: 9803: 9802: 9796: 9794: 9788: 9787: 9785: 9784: 9781: 9777: 9775: 9769: 9768: 9766: 9765: 9760: 9755: 9749: 9747: 9738: 9732: 9731: 9728: 9727: 9725: 9724: 9719: 9713: 9711: 9705: 9704: 9702: 9701: 9695: 9693: 9687: 9686: 9683: 9682: 9680: 9679: 9674: 9669: 9664: 9658: 9656: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9646: 9644:Anicinâbemowin 9641: 9635: 9633: 9622: 9621: 9616: 9611: 9608: 9606: 9597: 9589: 9588: 9585: 9584: 9582: 9581: 9575: 9569: 9565: 9564: 9557: 9556: 9549: 9542: 9534: 9525: 9524: 9522: 9521: 9508: 9505: 9504: 9502: 9501: 9496: 9490: 9488: 9487:Sign languages 9484: 9483: 9481: 9480: 9475: 9469: 9467: 9457: 9456: 9454: 9453: 9448: 9442: 9440: 9436: 9435: 9428: 9427: 9420: 9413: 9405: 9396: 9395: 9393: 9392: 9379: 9376: 9375: 9373: 9372: 9371: 9370: 9360: 9355: 9350: 9344: 9342: 9341:Non-Indigenous 9338: 9337: 9335: 9334: 9329: 9323: 9321: 9320:Sign languages 9317: 9316: 9314: 9313: 9308: 9303: 9298: 9293: 9288: 9283: 9278: 9273: 9268: 9263: 9258: 9253: 9248: 9243: 9238: 9233: 9228: 9226:Siberian Yupik 9223: 9218: 9213: 9207: 9205: 9199: 9198: 9191: 9190: 9183: 9176: 9168: 9159: 9158: 9156: 9155: 9142: 9139: 9138: 9136: 9135: 9130: 9125: 9120: 9114: 9112: 9111:Non-Indigenous 9108: 9107: 9105: 9104: 9099: 9098: 9097: 9086: 9084: 9083:Sign languages 9080: 9079: 9077: 9076: 9071: 9064: 9057: 9050: 9045: 9040: 9035: 9028: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9004: 8999: 8994: 8989: 8984: 8979: 8972: 8967: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8943: 8938: 8933: 8928: 8923: 8918: 8913: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8899: 8893: 8890: 8889: 8878: 8877: 8870: 8863: 8855: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8842: 8829: 8826: 8825: 8823: 8822: 8817: 8812: 8807: 8801: 8799: 8795: 8794: 8791: 8790: 8788: 8787: 8781: 8779: 8775: 8774: 8772: 8771: 8766: 8761: 8756: 8750: 8748: 8746:Western Siouan 8742: 8741: 8739: 8738: 8736:Montana Salish 8732: 8730: 8724: 8723: 8721: 8720: 8715: 8710: 8705: 8700: 8694: 8692: 8683: 8677: 8676: 8669: 8668: 8661: 8654: 8646: 8637: 8636: 8634: 8633: 8620: 8617: 8616: 8613: 8612: 8610: 8609: 8603: 8601: 8595: 8594: 8592: 8591: 8586: 8581: 8576: 8570: 8568: 8564: 8563: 8561: 8560: 8555: 8550: 8545: 8540: 8535: 8534: 8533: 8528: 8517: 8515: 8508: 8507:Non-Indigenous 8504: 8503: 8500: 8499: 8497: 8496: 8462: 8460: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8450: 8436: 8434: 8426: 8425: 8423: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8403: 8395: 8393: 8385: 8384: 8382: 8381: 8376: 8371: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8328: 8321: 8316: 8309: 8303: 8301: 8295: 8294: 8292: 8291: 8284: 8277: 8270: 8262: 8260: 8252: 8251: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8246: 8239: 8234: 8229: 8217: 8216: 8215: 8210: 8203: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8177: 8165: 8160: 8159: 8158: 8153: 8146: 8139: 8132: 8129:Gashowu Yokuts 8125: 8113: 8105: 8103: 8097: 8096: 8094: 8093: 8092: 8091: 8077: 8072: 8067: 8062: 8057: 8050: 8043: 8036: 8031: 8024: 8017: 8010: 8005: 8000: 7992: 7990: 7984: 7983: 7981: 7980: 7973: 7966: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7938: 7931: 7923: 7921: 7913: 7912: 7910: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7888: 7881: 7874: 7866: 7864: 7856: 7855: 7853: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7831: 7826: 7820: 7818: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7801: 7793: 7791: 7782: 7776: 7775: 7769: 7766: 7765: 7758: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7735: 7726: 7725: 7723: 7722: 7716: 7710: 7704: 7698: 7692: 7689: 7683: 7677: 7671: 7665: 7659: 7653: 7647: 7644: 7638: 7632: 7626: 7623: 7617: 7611: 7605: 7599: 7593: 7587: 7581: 7575: 7569: 7562: 7560: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7547: 7545: 7544: 7537: 7529: 7527: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7511: 7509: 7503: 7502: 7500: 7499: 7493: 7491: 7485: 7484: 7482: 7481: 7476: 7471: 7466: 7460: 7458: 7449: 7446:Manual settler 7443: 7442: 7439: 7438: 7436: 7435: 7430: 7425: 7420: 7414: 7412: 7401: 7400: 7398: 7397: 7392: 7387: 7382: 7377: 7375:Caló (Chicano) 7371: 7369: 7363: 7362: 7360: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7328: 7326: 7320: 7319: 7317: 7316: 7311: 7306: 7301: 7296: 7290: 7288: 7279: 7273: 7272: 7269: 7268: 7266: 7265: 7260: 7258:Keresan Pueblo 7255: 7250: 7249: 7248: 7239: 7237: 7233: 7232: 7230: 7229: 7228: 7227: 7216: 7215: 7212: 7209: 7206: 7203: 7199: 7197: 7188: 7182: 7181: 7178: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7171: 7170: 7162: 7161: 7156: 7154:Chinook Jargon 7151: 7145: 7143: 7140:Mixed or trade 7137: 7136: 7134: 7133: 7126: 7118: 7117: 7112: 7107: 7102: 7097: 7092: 7087: 7081: 7079: 7072: 7068: 7067: 7064: 7063: 7061: 7060: 7055: 7050: 7045: 7040: 7035: 7030: 7025: 7020: 7014: 7012: 7004: 7003: 7001: 7000: 6993: 6986: 6979: 6972: 6965: 6962:Gashowu Yokuts 6958: 6951: 6944: 6936: 6935: 6930: 6925: 6920: 6914: 6912: 6906: 6905: 6903: 6902: 6897: 6892: 6886: 6884: 6878: 6877: 6875: 6874: 6868: 6866: 6860: 6859: 6857: 6856: 6849: 6841: 6840: 6835: 6833:Ute-Chemehuevi 6830: 6825: 6820: 6815: 6810: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6764: 6762: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6752: 6746: 6744: 6738: 6737: 6735: 6734: 6726: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6710: 6705: 6700: 6694: 6692: 6686: 6685: 6683: 6682: 6675: 6668: 6661: 6654: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6625: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6609: 6604: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6568: 6566: 6560: 6559: 6557: 6556: 6553:Upper Chehalis 6549: 6542: 6535: 6532:Lower Chehalis 6528: 6520: 6519: 6514: 6509: 6504: 6499: 6494: 6489: 6484: 6479: 6474: 6472:Columbia-Moses 6469: 6463: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6452: 6451: 6444: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6398: 6397: 6390: 6382: 6381: 6376: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6350: 6349: 6343: 6341: 6335: 6334: 6332: 6331: 6323: 6322: 6317: 6312: 6307: 6302: 6297: 6291: 6289: 6283: 6282: 6280: 6279: 6271: 6270: 6265: 6260: 6254: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6243: 6242: 6239: 6236: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6226:Cochiti Pueblo 6223: 6221: 6215: 6214: 6212: 6211: 6204: 6197: 6189: 6187: 6179: 6178: 6176: 6175: 6168: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6139: 6138: 6133: 6128: 6123: 6118: 6113: 6108: 6103: 6098: 6092: 6090: 6084: 6083: 6081: 6080: 6075: 6070: 6065: 6060: 6055: 6050: 6044: 6042: 6036: 6035: 6033: 6032: 6025: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5976: 5969: 5962: 5954: 5953: 5951:Western Apache 5948: 5943: 5938: 5933: 5928: 5923: 5918: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5898: 5893: 5888: 5883: 5878: 5872: 5870: 5862: 5861: 5859: 5858: 5851: 5844: 5837: 5830: 5822: 5820: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5808: 5803: 5798: 5792: 5790: 5784: 5783: 5781: 5780: 5772: 5771: 5766: 5761: 5755: 5753: 5747: 5746: 5744: 5743: 5738: 5733: 5728: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5709: 5708: 5706: 5705: 5698: 5691: 5684: 5677: 5670: 5663: 5656: 5653:Mohegan-Pequot 5649: 5646:Miami-Illinois 5642: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5606: 5605: 5600: 5595: 5590: 5585: 5580: 5575: 5570: 5565: 5560: 5555: 5550: 5545: 5540: 5535: 5529: 5527: 5518: 5511: 5503: 5502: 5499: 5498: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5485: 5480: 5475: 5470: 5465: 5460: 5459: 5458: 5448: 5443: 5438: 5433: 5428: 5423: 5418: 5413: 5408: 5403: 5398: 5397: 5396: 5391: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5366: 5361: 5356: 5351: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5334:Boston English 5331: 5326: 5321: 5316: 5315: 5314: 5303: 5300: 5299: 5287: 5281: 5280: 5273: 5270: 5269: 5262: 5261: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5230: 5229: 5217: 5214: 5213: 5211: 5210: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5182: 5180: 5179:Sign languages 5176: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5167: 5162: 5157: 5152: 5147: 5142: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5112: 5107: 5102: 5096: 5094: 5090: 5089: 5087: 5086: 5081: 5076: 5074:Chinook Jargon 5071: 5066: 5061: 5055: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5045: 5044: 5042: 5041: 5036: 5031: 5026: 5021: 5015: 5013: 5009: 5008: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4995: 4989: 4987: 4981: 4980: 4978: 4977: 4975:Nuu-chah-nulth 4972: 4967: 4962: 4957: 4951: 4949: 4943: 4942: 4940: 4939: 4934: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4904: 4899: 4894: 4888: 4886: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4866: 4861: 4856: 4851: 4846: 4840: 4838: 4832: 4831: 4829: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4807: 4805: 4799: 4798: 4796: 4795: 4790: 4785: 4780: 4775: 4770: 4765: 4760: 4755: 4750: 4745: 4740: 4735: 4730: 4725: 4719: 4717: 4711: 4710: 4708: 4707: 4702: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4667: 4662: 4657: 4652: 4646: 4644: 4635: 4631: 4630: 4628: 4627: 4622: 4616: 4614: 4610: 4609: 4602: 4601: 4594: 4587: 4579: 4573: 4572: 4567: 4562: 4557: 4552: 4547: 4542: 4537: 4532: 4525: 4524:External links 4522: 4520: 4519: 4514: 4506:Sign Languages 4501: 4488: 4473: 4438: 4415: 4401: 4386: 4367:978-0199732531 4366: 4348: 4343: 4335:Sign Languages 4330: 4287: 4282:978-1563681448 4281: 4269:Valli, Clayton 4261: 4249: 4234: 4207: 4201: 4177: 4160:978-0521540568 4159: 4144: 4127:978-0521540568 4126: 4111: 4083: 4071:978-0375426162 4070: 4053: 4044: 4026:(2): 188–230. 4015: 4010:978-0888643001 4009: 3994: 3965: 3953: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3929: 3917: 3874: 3837:(2): 550–557. 3817: 3805: 3793: 3778: 3774:Costello (2008 3761: 3726: 3719: 3692: 3685: 3667: 3660: 3633: 3608: 3583: 3559: 3555:Costello (2008 3547: 3535: 3528: 3510: 3481: 3452: 3422: 3413: 3380: 3356: 3343: 3313: 3298: 3280: 3273: 3255: 3212: 3171: 3159: 3155:Costello (2008 3136: 3104: 3092: 3067: 3064:Solomon (2010) 3047: 3035: 3016: 2973: 2966: 2937: 2910: 2883: 2861: 2841: 2809: 2784: 2760: 2738: 2726: 2713: 2711: 2710: 2704: 2688: 2643: 2617: 2570: 2553: 2531: 2519: 2507: 2476: 2449: 2420: 2402: 2382: 2344: 2268: 2254:. 2015-08-18. 2239: 2236:Karen Nakamura 2213: 2188: 2155: 2129: 2076: 2074: 2071: 2068: 2067: 2050: 2036: 2026: 2006: 1968: 1967: 1965: 1962: 1961: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1940: 1935: 1929: 1924: 1919: 1914: 1907: 1904: 1874: 1871: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1836: 1817: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1783: 1778: 1773: 1768: 1767: 1752: 1747: 1742: 1741: 1733:topicalization 1714: 1709: 1704: 1703: 1694: 1691: 1650:Fingerspelling 1648:Main article: 1645: 1644:Fingerspelling 1642: 1587: 1555: 1552: 1539:Main article: 1536: 1533: 1501:William Stokoe 1489: 1488: 1485: 1484: 1481: 1477: 1476: 1473: 1469: 1468: 1465: 1461: 1460: 1457: 1447: 1444: 1443: 1440: 1436: 1435: 1432: 1428: 1427: 1424: 1420: 1419: 1416: 1372: 1365: 1364: 1363: 1357: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1341: 1340: 1339: 1338: 1333:Main article: 1330: 1327: 1244:Valerie Sutton 1191: 1188: 1148: 1145: 1041: 1021: 1003: 990: 989: 988: 983: 970: 969: 968: 963: 950: 949: 948: 944: 943: 942: 941: 936:Main article: 933: 930: 920: 917: 907: 904: 894: 891: 889: 886: 810:first language 747: 744: 722: 719: 695:William Stokoe 690:Milan Congress 638:Alice Cogswell 553: 550: 484: 423: 422:Classification 420: 400:fingerspelling 342:Southeast Asia 297: 296: 289: 283: 282: 274: 273: 258: 250: 249: 242: 234: 233: 232:Language codes 229: 228: 215: 213: 208: 205: 204: 201: 198: 195: 194: 190: 189: 170: 166:Writing system 163: 160: 159: 158: 157: 151: 144: 140: 139: 137: 136: 118: 116: 109: 106: 105: 97: 93: 92: 87: 83: 82: 73: 72:Native to 69: 68: 58: 57: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 15703: 15692: 15689: 15687: 15684: 15682: 15679: 15677: 15674: 15672: 15669: 15667: 15664: 15662: 15659: 15657: 15654: 15652: 15649: 15647: 15644: 15642: 15639: 15637: 15634: 15632: 15629: 15627: 15624: 15622: 15619: 15617: 15614: 15612: 15609: 15607: 15604: 15602: 15599: 15597: 15594: 15592: 15589: 15587: 15584: 15582: 15579: 15578: 15576: 15569: 15560: 15556: 15552: 15551: 15546: 15543: 15542: 15535: 15531: 15527: 15521: 15520: 15513: 15507: 15504: 15502: 15499: 15497: 15494: 15492: 15489: 15487: 15484: 15482: 15479: 15477: 15474: 15471: 15467: 15463: 15460: 15458: 15455: 15454: 15452: 15450:Miscellaneous 15448: 15442: 15439: 15437: 15434: 15432: 15429: 15427: 15424: 15423: 15421: 15419:Organisations 15417: 15411: 15408: 15406: 15403: 15401: 15398: 15396: 15393: 15391: 15388: 15386: 15383: 15381: 15378: 15376: 15375:Laurent Clerc 15373: 15371: 15368: 15366: 15365:Pär Aron Borg 15363: 15361: 15358: 15356: 15353: 15352: 15350: 15346: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15331: 15329: 15327: 15323: 15313: 15310: 15308: 15305: 15304: 15302: 15298: 15292: 15289: 15287: 15284: 15282: 15279: 15277: 15276:Signed Polish 15274: 15272: 15269: 15267: 15264: 15262: 15261:Signed German 15259: 15257: 15256:Signed French 15254: 15252: 15249: 15247: 15244: 15242: 15239: 15237: 15234: 15232: 15229: 15227: 15224: 15223: 15221: 15219: 15213: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15193: 15190: 15187: 15185: 15179: 15171: 15166: 15163: 15161: 15158: 15156: 15153: 15151: 15148: 15146: 15143: 15141: 15138: 15137: 15135: 15131: 15125: 15122: 15120: 15117: 15115: 15112: 15110: 15107: 15105: 15102: 15100: 15097: 15095: 15092: 15090: 15087: 15085: 15082: 15080: 15077: 15075: 15072: 15070: 15067: 15065: 15062: 15060: 15057: 15055: 15052: 15050: 15047: 15045: 15042: 15041: 15039: 15037: 15033: 15027: 15024: 15022: 15019: 15017: 15014: 15012: 15008: 15004: 15000: 14996: 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14980:Grammar (ASL) 14978: 14977: 14975: 14971: 14965: 14962: 14960: 14957: 14955: 14952: 14950: 14947: 14945: 14942: 14940: 14937: 14935: 14932: 14930: 14927: 14925: 14922: 14920: 14917: 14915: 14912: 14909: 14908: 14906: 14900: 14894: 14891: 14889: 14886: 14884: 14881: 14879: 14876: 14874: 14871: 14870: 14868: 14866: 14862: 14852: 14849: 14847: 14844: 14842: 14839: 14837: 14834: 14833: 14831: 14829:International 14827: 14821: 14818: 14815: 14813: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14789: 14787: 14784: 14781: 14779: 14776: 14773: 14771: 14768: 14766: 14763: 14760: 14758: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14734: 14732: 14729: 14726: 14724: 14721: 14718: 14717: 14715: 14713:South America 14711: 14705: 14702: 14699: 14697: 14694: 14692: 14689: 14687: 14686:Rossel Island 14684: 14682: 14679: 14677: 14676:Mount Avejaha 14674: 14672: 14669: 14667: 14664: 14662: 14659: 14656: 14654: 14651: 14648: 14646: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14630: 14628: 14625: 14623: 14620: 14616: 14613: 14612: 14611: 14608: 14606: 14603: 14601: 14598: 14596: 14593: 14591: 14588: 14586: 14583: 14581: 14578: 14576: 14573: 14571: 14568: 14566: 14563: 14561: 14558: 14556: 14553: 14550: 14549: 14547: 14543: 14537: 14536: 14532: 14530: 14529: 14525: 14523: 14522:Navajo Family 14520: 14517: 14515: 14514: 14510: 14508: 14505: 14503: 14500: 14497: 14494: 14491: 14488: 14484: 14481: 14479: 14476: 14475: 14474: 14471: 14469:United States 14468: 14466: 14463: 14461: 14458: 14455: 14453: 14450: 14448: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14434: 14432: 14429: 14427: 14424: 14422: 14419: 14417: 14414: 14411: 14409: 14406: 14403: 14401: 14398: 14395: 14393: 14390: 14388: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14374: 14372: 14369: 14366: 14364: 14361: 14359: 14356: 14354: 14351: 14349: 14346: 14343: 14341: 14340: 14336: 14333: 14331: 14330: 14326: 14324: 14321: 14319: 14316: 14314: 14311: 14309: 14306: 14303: 14300: 14297: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14284: 14283: 14280: 14277: 14275: 14272: 14269: 14267: 14264: 14263: 14261: 14253: 14247: 14244: 14241: 14239: 14236: 14234: 14231: 14229: 14226: 14223: 14221: 14218: 14215: 14213: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14189: 14187: 14184: 14181: 14179: 14176: 14173: 14171: 14168: 14165: 14163: 14160: 14157: 14155: 14152: 14149: 14147: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14133: 14131: 14128: 14125: 14123: 14120: 14117: 14115: 14112: 14109: 14107: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14093: 14091: 14088: 14085: 14083: 14080: 14077: 14075: 14072: 14069: 14067: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14053: 14051: 14048: 14045: 14043: 14040: 14038: 14035: 14033: 14030: 14027: 14025: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14011: 14009: 14006: 14004: 14001: 13998: 13996: 13993: 13990: 13988: 13985: 13982: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13969: 13967: 13964: 13961: 13959: 13956: 13953: 13951: 13948: 13945: 13944: 13942: 13938: 13932: 13929: 13926: 13924: 13921: 13919: 13916: 13914: 13911: 13909: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13895: 13893: 13890: 13887: 13885: 13882: 13879: 13877: 13874: 13871: 13869: 13866: 13863: 13861: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13847: 13845: 13842: 13840: 13837: 13835: 13832: 13830: 13827: 13824: 13822: 13819: 13816: 13814: 13811: 13808: 13806: 13803: 13801: 13798: 13796: 13793: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13782: 13780: 13777: 13774: 13772: 13769: 13766: 13764: 13761: 13759: 13756: 13754: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13725: 13723: 13720: 13718: 13715: 13712: 13710: 13707: 13704: 13702: 13699: 13697: 13694: 13691: 13689: 13686: 13684: 13681: 13679: 13676: 13674: 13671: 13668: 13666: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13652: 13650: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13636: 13635: 13633: 13629: 13623: 13620: 13617: 13615: 13612: 13609: 13607: 13604: 13601: 13599: 13598:South African 13596: 13593: 13591: 13588: 13585: 13583: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13572: 13570: 13567: 13564: 13562: 13559: 13557: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13546: 13543: 13541: 13538: 13535: 13533: 13530: 13528: 13525: 13522: 13520: 13517: 13514: 13512: 13509: 13507: 13504: 13501: 13500: 13498: 13494: 13487: 13484: 13480: 13470: 13467: 13466: 13463: 13460: 13457: 13454: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13436: 13433: 13431: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13421: 13415: 13412: 13410: 13409:Yoruban (YSL) 13407: 13403: 13400: 13397: 13395: 13394:Bura (Burasl) 13392: 13390: 13387: 13386: 13385:West African 13384: 13382: 13379: 13377: 13374: 13372: 13371:Ugandan (USL) 13369: 13367: 13366:Turkish (TİD) 13364: 13362: 13359: 13357: 13354: 13352: 13351:Spanish (LSE) 13349: 13347: 13344: 13342: 13339: 13337: 13334: 13332: 13331: 13327: 13325: 13322: 13320: 13319:Rossel Island 13317: 13315: 13314: 13310: 13308: 13307:Qahveh Khaneh 13305: 13301: 13298: 13297: 13296: 13293: 13291: 13288: 13286: 13283: 13281: 13278: 13276: 13273: 13271: 13268: 13266: 13263: 13261: 13258: 13256: 13253: 13251: 13250:Mount Avejaha 13248: 13246: 13243: 13241: 13238: 13236: 13233: 13231: 13228: 13226: 13223: 13221: 13218: 13216: 13213: 13211: 13210:Maltese (LSM) 13208: 13206: 13203: 13201: 13198: 13195: 13193: 13190: 13186: 13183: 13182: 13181: 13178: 13176: 13173: 13171: 13168: 13166: 13163: 13161: 13158: 13156: 13153: 13151: 13148: 13146: 13143: 13139: 13136: 13134: 13133:Atgangmuurniq 13131: 13130: 13128: 13123: 13122: 13121: 13118: 13116: 13115: 13111: 13109: 13108:Guinea-Bissau 13106: 13104: 13101: 13099: 13096: 13094: 13091: 13089: 13086: 13084: 13081: 13079: 13076: 13074: 13071: 13069: 13066: 13064: 13061: 13059: 13056: 13054: 13051: 13049: 13046: 13044: 13041: 13039: 13036: 13034: 13031: 13029: 13026: 13024: 13023: 13019: 13017: 13014: 13012: 13009: 13007: 13004: 13002: 12999: 12997: 12994: 12992: 12989: 12987: 12984: 12983: 12981: 12977: 12971: 12968: 12966: 12963: 12962: 12960: 12958: 12952: 12941: 12939: 12936: 12933: 12931: 12928: 12925: 12922: 12921: 12919: 12917: 12913: 12906: 12905: 12903: 12901: 12896: 12889: 12886: 12883: 12880: 12877: 12874: 12871: 12868: 12865: 12862: 12859: 12856: 12853: 12850: 12847: 12844: 12841: 12838: 12835: 12832: 12829: 12826: 12823: 12820: 12817: 12814: 12811: 12808: 12805: 12802: 12799: 12796: 12793: 12790: 12787: 12784: 12781: 12780: 12777: 12774: 12772: 12768: 12762: 12759: 12758: 12756: 12754: 12750: 12744: 12741: 12739: 12736: 12734: 12731: 12730: 12728: 12726: 12722: 12714:Cepeda Peraza 12713: 12710: 12707: 12704: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12696:Highland Maya 12695: 12694: 12692: 12690: 12686: 12678: 12677: 12673: 12672: 12671: 12668: 12666: 12665: 12661: 12660: 12658: 12656: 12652: 12646: 12643: 12641: 12638: 12636: 12633: 12632: 12630: 12628: 12627:Japanese Sign 12624: 12617: 12614: 12612: 12609: 12606: 12603: 12600: 12598: 12595: 12592: 12589: 12588: 12586: 12584: 12578: 12572: 12569: 12567: 12564: 12562: 12559: 12558: 12556: 12554: 12550: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12521: 12519: 12517: 12513: 12506: 12504: 12501: 12499: 12496: 12494: 12491: 12489: 12486: 12485: 12483: 12481: 12477: 12471: 12468: 12466: 12465:Flemish (VGT) 12463: 12462: 12460: 12456: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12444:Mexican (LSM) 12442: 12441: 12439: 12435: 12429: 12426: 12424: 12423:Italian (LIS) 12421: 12420: 12418: 12414: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12399: 12397: 12393: 12383: 12380: 12377: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12365: 12363: 12359: 12353: 12352:Russian (РЖЯ) 12350: 12348: 12345: 12343: 12342:Latvian (LSL) 12340: 12338: 12335: 12333: 12330: 12328: 12325: 12324: 12322: 12318: 12315: 12309: 12297: 12294: 12293: 12292: 12289: 12288: 12286: 12284: 12279: 12272: 12271: 12269: 12267: 12262: 12255: 12254: 12252: 12250: 12245: 12238: 12235: 12232: 12230: 12227: 12224: 12221: 12218: 12215: 12214: 12212: 12206: 12197: 12194: 12193: 12192: 12189: 12188: 12186: 12182: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12165: 12163: 12160: 12157: 12154: 12152: 12149: 12146: 12143: 12140: 12137: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12121: 12117: 12114: 12112: 12109: 12108: 12107: 12104: 12103: 12100: 12097: 12095: 12089: 12083: 12080: 12076: 12075: 12071: 12070: 12069: 12066: 12062: 12059: 12058: 12057: 12056:Catalan (LSC) 12054: 12052: 12049: 12047: 12044: 12040: 12037: 12036: 12035: 12032: 12030: 12027: 12025: 12022: 12020: 12017: 12016: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12004: 11994: 11993:Uruguay (LSU) 11991: 11989: 11986: 11985: 11983: 11981: 11975: 11969: 11966: 11965: 11962: 11959: 11953: 11940: 11939: 11938: 11935: 11934: 11932: 11931: 11930: 11927: 11926: 11924: 11922: 11918: 11908: 11905: 11903: 11900: 11898: 11895: 11893: 11890: 11888: 11885: 11884: 11882: 11880: 11876: 11870: 11867: 11865: 11862: 11860: 11857: 11855: 11852: 11849: 11845: 11842: 11841: 11840: 11839:British (BSL) 11837: 11833: 11830: 11829: 11828: 11825: 11824: 11821: 11818: 11816: 11812: 11802: 11799: 11797: 11794: 11792: 11789: 11788: 11786: 11782: 11771: 11768: 11765: 11762: 11761: 11759: 11757: 11753: 11747: 11744: 11743: 11740: 11737: 11731: 11725: 11722: 11720: 11717: 11715: 11712: 11710: 11707: 11705: 11702: 11701: 11698: 11695: 11693: 11689: 11679: 11676: 11674: 11671: 11670: 11668: 11664: 11658: 11657:Ngaatjatjarra 11655: 11653: 11650: 11648: 11645: 11644: 11642: 11640: 11636: 11630: 11627: 11625: 11622: 11619: 11617: 11614: 11612: 11609: 11607: 11606: 11602: 11600: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11589: 11588: 11585: 11583: 11580: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11571: 11568: 11566: 11563: 11561: 11560: 11556: 11554: 11553: 11549: 11547: 11544: 11542: 11539: 11537: 11534: 11532: 11531: 11527: 11526: 11524: 11516: 11510: 11503: 11500: 11494: 11488: 11485: 11483: 11480: 11479: 11476: 11472: 11471:Sign language 11465: 11460: 11458: 11453: 11451: 11446: 11445: 11442: 11432: 11428: 11423: 11417: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11407: 11397: 11394: 11392: 11389: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11381: 11379: 11375: 11369: 11366: 11364: 11361: 11360: 11358: 11354: 11348: 11345: 11343: 11340: 11339: 11337: 11333: 11323: 11320: 11318: 11315: 11314: 11312: 11308: 11302: 11299: 11297: 11294: 11292: 11289: 11287: 11284: 11282: 11279: 11278: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11263: 11261: 11258: 11256: 11253: 11251: 11248: 11247: 11245: 11239: 11231: 11228: 11227: 11226: 11223: 11222: 11220: 11218: 11214: 11208: 11205: 11203: 11200: 11198: 11195: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11183: 11180: 11178: 11175: 11173: 11170: 11169: 11167: 11163: 11153: 11150: 11149: 11147: 11143: 11128: 11125: 11124: 11122: 11120: 11116: 11110: 11107: 11106: 11104: 11100: 11094: 11091: 11089: 11086: 11084: 11081: 11079: 11076: 11074: 11071: 11070: 11068: 11066: 11062: 11059: 11055: 11045: 11042: 11040: 11037: 11036: 11034: 11030: 11024: 11021: 11019: 11016: 11014: 11011: 11009: 11006: 11004: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10994: 10991: 10989: 10986: 10985: 10983: 10981: 10977: 10971: 10968: 10966: 10963: 10962: 10960: 10956: 10946: 10943: 10942: 10940: 10938: 10934: 10928: 10925: 10924: 10922: 10920: 10916: 10910: 10907: 10906: 10904: 10902: 10898: 10892: 10889: 10887: 10884: 10882: 10879: 10877: 10874: 10872: 10869: 10868: 10866: 10864: 10860: 10854: 10851: 10850: 10848: 10844: 10838: 10835: 10834: 10832: 10830: 10826: 10822: 10815: 10810: 10808: 10803: 10801: 10796: 10795: 10792: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10769: 10763: 10753: 10750: 10749: 10747: 10743: 10737: 10734: 10733: 10731: 10729: 10725: 10722: 10720: 10716: 10702: 10699: 10697: 10694: 10692: 10689: 10687: 10684: 10683: 10681: 10679: 10673: 10665: 10662: 10661: 10660: 10657: 10655: 10652: 10650: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10627: 10623: 10620: 10618: 10614: 10608: 10605: 10604: 10602: 10600: 10596: 10593: 10591: 10585: 10577: 10574: 10572: 10569: 10568: 10566: 10564: 10561: 10559: 10556: 10555: 10553: 10549: 10545: 10542:Languages of 10537: 10532: 10530: 10525: 10523: 10518: 10517: 10514: 10498: 10495: 10493: 10492:Broken Slavey 10490: 10489: 10486: 10483: 10479: 10469: 10466: 10465: 10463: 10461: 10457: 10451: 10448: 10446: 10443: 10442: 10440: 10438: 10434: 10431: 10429: 10425: 10415: 10412: 10411: 10409: 10407: 10403: 10397: 10394: 10392: 10389: 10387: 10386:Neeʼaandeegnʼ 10384: 10382: 10379: 10377: 10374: 10372: 10369: 10367: 10364: 10362: 10359: 10358: 10356: 10354: 10350: 10347: 10345: 10339: 10329: 10326: 10324: 10321: 10320: 10317: 10314: 10310: 10306: 10299: 10294: 10292: 10287: 10285: 10280: 10279: 10276: 10264: 10261: 10259: 10256: 10254: 10251: 10250: 10248: 10244: 10238: 10235: 10234: 10232: 10229: 10225: 10221: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10207: 10205: 10202: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10192: 10188: 10178: 10175: 10173: 10170: 10169: 10167: 10163: 10157: 10154: 10152: 10149: 10147: 10144: 10142: 10139: 10135: 10132: 10130: 10127: 10126: 10125: 10122: 10120: 10117: 10116: 10114: 10112: 10108: 10102: 10099: 10097: 10094: 10092: 10089: 10087: 10084: 10083: 10081: 10079: 10075: 10069: 10066: 10064: 10061: 10059: 10056: 10054: 10051: 10049: 10046: 10042: 10039: 10037: 10034: 10032: 10029: 10028: 10027: 10024: 10020: 10017: 10016: 10015: 10012: 10008: 10005: 10004: 10003: 10000: 9998: 9995: 9993: 9990: 9989: 9987: 9985: 9981: 9975: 9974: 9970: 9968: 9967: 9963: 9962: 9959: 9956: 9954: 9951: 9949: 9946: 9944: 9941: 9939: 9936: 9934: 9931: 9929: 9926: 9924: 9921: 9920: 9918: 9916: 9912: 9906: 9903: 9902: 9900: 9898: 9894: 9891: 9889: 9883: 9877: 9874: 9873: 9871: 9867: 9863: 9856: 9851: 9849: 9844: 9842: 9837: 9836: 9833: 9821: 9818: 9817: 9815: 9811: 9801: 9798: 9797: 9795: 9793: 9789: 9782: 9779: 9778: 9776: 9774: 9770: 9764: 9761: 9759: 9756: 9754: 9751: 9750: 9748: 9746: 9742: 9739: 9737: 9733: 9723: 9720: 9718: 9715: 9714: 9712: 9710: 9706: 9700: 9697: 9696: 9694: 9692: 9688: 9678: 9675: 9673: 9670: 9668: 9665: 9663: 9660: 9659: 9657: 9655: 9651: 9645: 9642: 9640: 9637: 9636: 9634: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9617: 9615: 9612: 9610: 9609: 9607: 9605: 9601: 9598: 9596: 9590: 9580: 9577: 9576: 9573: 9570: 9566: 9562: 9555: 9550: 9548: 9543: 9541: 9536: 9535: 9532: 9520: 9519: 9510: 9509: 9506: 9500: 9497: 9495: 9492: 9491: 9489: 9485: 9479: 9476: 9474: 9471: 9470: 9468: 9466: 9462: 9458: 9452: 9449: 9447: 9444: 9443: 9441: 9437: 9433: 9426: 9421: 9419: 9414: 9412: 9407: 9406: 9403: 9391: 9390: 9381: 9380: 9377: 9369: 9366: 9365: 9364: 9361: 9359: 9356: 9354: 9351: 9349: 9346: 9345: 9343: 9339: 9333: 9330: 9328: 9325: 9324: 9322: 9318: 9312: 9309: 9307: 9304: 9302: 9299: 9297: 9294: 9292: 9289: 9287: 9284: 9282: 9279: 9277: 9274: 9272: 9269: 9267: 9264: 9262: 9259: 9257: 9254: 9252: 9249: 9247: 9244: 9242: 9239: 9237: 9234: 9232: 9229: 9227: 9224: 9222: 9221:Central Yupik 9219: 9217: 9214: 9212: 9209: 9208: 9206: 9204: 9200: 9196: 9189: 9184: 9182: 9177: 9175: 9170: 9169: 9166: 9154: 9153: 9144: 9143: 9140: 9134: 9131: 9129: 9126: 9124: 9121: 9119: 9116: 9115: 9113: 9109: 9103: 9100: 9096: 9093: 9092: 9091: 9088: 9087: 9085: 9081: 9075: 9072: 9070: 9069: 9065: 9063: 9062: 9058: 9056: 9055: 9051: 9049: 9046: 9044: 9041: 9039: 9036: 9034: 9033: 9029: 9027: 9024: 9022: 9021: 9020:Plains Apache 9017: 9015: 9014: 9010: 9008: 9005: 9003: 9000: 8998: 8995: 8993: 8990: 8988: 8985: 8983: 8980: 8978: 8977: 8973: 8971: 8968: 8966: 8965: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8948: 8944: 8942: 8939: 8937: 8934: 8932: 8929: 8927: 8924: 8922: 8919: 8917: 8914: 8911: 8908: 8907: 8905: 8901: 8896: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8876: 8871: 8869: 8864: 8862: 8857: 8856: 8853: 8841: 8840: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8821: 8818: 8816: 8813: 8811: 8808: 8806: 8803: 8802: 8800: 8796: 8786: 8783: 8782: 8780: 8776: 8770: 8767: 8765: 8762: 8760: 8757: 8755: 8752: 8751: 8749: 8747: 8743: 8737: 8734: 8733: 8731: 8729: 8725: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8709: 8706: 8704: 8701: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8693: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8682: 8678: 8674: 8667: 8662: 8660: 8655: 8653: 8648: 8647: 8644: 8632: 8631: 8622: 8621: 8618: 8608: 8605: 8604: 8602: 8600: 8599:Sign language 8596: 8590: 8587: 8585: 8582: 8580: 8577: 8575: 8572: 8571: 8569: 8565: 8559: 8556: 8554: 8551: 8549: 8546: 8544: 8541: 8539: 8536: 8532: 8529: 8527: 8524: 8523: 8522: 8519: 8518: 8516: 8514:Indo-European 8512: 8509: 8505: 8495: 8491: 8490: 8485: 8484: 8479: 8475: 8474: 8469: 8468: 8464: 8463: 8461: 8455: 8449: 8448: 8443: 8442: 8438: 8437: 8435: 8433: 8432: 8427: 8421: 8420: 8416: 8414: 8413: 8409: 8407: 8404: 8402: 8401: 8397: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8391: 8386: 8380: 8377: 8375: 8372: 8370: 8369: 8365: 8363: 8362: 8358: 8356: 8355: 8351: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8333: 8329: 8327: 8326: 8322: 8320: 8317: 8315: 8314: 8310: 8308: 8305: 8304: 8302: 8300: 8296: 8290: 8289: 8285: 8283: 8282: 8278: 8276: 8275: 8271: 8269: 8268: 8264: 8263: 8261: 8259: 8258: 8253: 8245: 8244: 8240: 8238: 8235: 8233: 8230: 8228: 8227: 8223: 8222: 8221: 8218: 8214: 8211: 8209: 8208: 8204: 8202: 8199: 8197: 8196: 8192: 8190: 8189: 8185: 8183: 8182: 8178: 8176: 8175: 8171: 8170: 8169: 8166: 8164: 8161: 8157: 8156:Valley Yokuts 8154: 8152: 8151: 8147: 8145: 8144: 8140: 8138: 8137: 8133: 8131: 8130: 8126: 8124: 8123: 8119: 8118: 8117: 8114: 8112: 8111: 8110:Klamath-Modoc 8107: 8106: 8104: 8102: 8098: 8090: 8089: 8085: 8084: 8083: 8082: 8078: 8076: 8073: 8071: 8068: 8066: 8063: 8061: 8058: 8056: 8055: 8054:Southern Pomo 8051: 8049: 8048: 8044: 8042: 8041: 8040:Northern Pomo 8037: 8035: 8032: 8030: 8029: 8025: 8023: 8022: 8018: 8016: 8015: 8011: 8009: 8006: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7998: 7994: 7993: 7991: 7989: 7985: 7979: 7978: 7974: 7972: 7971: 7967: 7965: 7964: 7960: 7958: 7957: 7953: 7951: 7950: 7946: 7944: 7943: 7939: 7937: 7936: 7932: 7930: 7929: 7925: 7924: 7922: 7920: 7919: 7914: 7908: 7907: 7903: 7901: 7900: 7896: 7894: 7893: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7882: 7880: 7879: 7875: 7873: 7872: 7868: 7867: 7865: 7863: 7862: 7857: 7851: 7850: 7846: 7844: 7843: 7839: 7837: 7836: 7832: 7830: 7827: 7825: 7822: 7821: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7806: 7802: 7800: 7799: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7790: 7786: 7783: 7781: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7751: 7749: 7744: 7742: 7737: 7736: 7733: 7720: 7717: 7714: 7711: 7708: 7705: 7702: 7699: 7696: 7693: 7690: 7687: 7684: 7681: 7678: 7675: 7672: 7669: 7666: 7663: 7660: 7657: 7654: 7651: 7648: 7645: 7642: 7639: 7636: 7633: 7630: 7627: 7624: 7621: 7618: 7615: 7612: 7609: 7606: 7603: 7600: 7597: 7594: 7591: 7588: 7585: 7582: 7579: 7576: 7573: 7570: 7567: 7564: 7563: 7561: 7553: 7543: 7542: 7538: 7536: 7535: 7531: 7530: 7528: 7524: 7518: 7517: 7513: 7512: 7510: 7508: 7504: 7498: 7495: 7494: 7492: 7490: 7486: 7480: 7477: 7475: 7472: 7470: 7467: 7465: 7462: 7461: 7459: 7457: 7453: 7450: 7444: 7434: 7431: 7429: 7426: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7415: 7413: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7396: 7393: 7391: 7388: 7386: 7383: 7381: 7378: 7376: 7373: 7372: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7329: 7327: 7325: 7321: 7315: 7312: 7310: 7307: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7295: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7287: 7283: 7280: 7274: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7246: 7245: 7244: 7241: 7240: 7238: 7234: 7225: 7224: 7223: 7222: 7218: 7217: 7213: 7210: 7207: 7204: 7201: 7200: 7198: 7196: 7192: 7189: 7183: 7169: 7168: 7164: 7163: 7160: 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7146: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7131: 7127: 7125: 7124: 7120: 7119: 7116: 7113: 7111: 7108: 7106: 7103: 7101: 7098: 7096: 7093: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7082: 7080: 7076: 7073: 7069: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7049: 7046: 7044: 7041: 7039: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7029: 7026: 7024: 7021: 7019: 7016: 7015: 7013: 7011: 7005: 6999: 6998: 6994: 6992: 6991: 6987: 6985: 6984: 6980: 6978: 6977: 6973: 6971: 6970: 6966: 6964: 6963: 6959: 6957: 6956: 6952: 6950: 6949: 6945: 6943: 6942: 6938: 6937: 6934: 6933:Valley Yokuts 6931: 6929: 6926: 6924: 6921: 6919: 6916: 6915: 6913: 6911: 6907: 6901: 6898: 6896: 6893: 6891: 6888: 6887: 6885: 6883: 6879: 6873: 6870: 6869: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6855: 6854: 6850: 6848: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6836: 6834: 6831: 6829: 6826: 6824: 6821: 6819: 6816: 6814: 6811: 6809: 6806: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6765: 6763: 6761: 6757: 6751: 6748: 6747: 6745: 6743: 6739: 6733: 6732: 6728: 6727: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6713:Southern Tiwa 6711: 6709: 6706: 6704: 6701: 6699: 6696: 6695: 6693: 6691: 6687: 6681: 6680: 6676: 6674: 6673: 6672:Tutelo-Saponi 6669: 6667: 6666: 6662: 6660: 6659: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6648: 6646: 6645: 6641: 6639: 6638: 6634: 6632: 6631: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6608: 6605: 6603: 6600: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6561: 6555: 6554: 6550: 6548: 6547: 6543: 6541: 6540: 6536: 6534: 6533: 6529: 6527: 6526: 6522: 6521: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6503: 6500: 6498: 6495: 6493: 6490: 6488: 6485: 6483: 6480: 6478: 6475: 6473: 6470: 6468: 6467:Coeur d'Alene 6465: 6464: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6450: 6449: 6448:Northern Pomo 6445: 6443: 6442: 6438: 6437: 6434: 6433:Southern Pomo 6431: 6429: 6426: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6391: 6389: 6388: 6384: 6383: 6380: 6377: 6375: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6352: 6351: 6348: 6345: 6344: 6342: 6340: 6336: 6330: 6329: 6325: 6324: 6321: 6318: 6316: 6313: 6311: 6308: 6306: 6303: 6301: 6298: 6296: 6293: 6292: 6290: 6288: 6284: 6278: 6277: 6273: 6272: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6261: 6259: 6256: 6255: 6253: 6251: 6247: 6241:Laguna Pueblo 6240: 6237: 6235:Western Keres 6234: 6231: 6228: 6225: 6224: 6222: 6220: 6216: 6210: 6209: 6205: 6203: 6202: 6198: 6196: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6188: 6186: 6185: 6180: 6174: 6173: 6169: 6167: 6166: 6165:Susquehannock 6162: 6160: 6159: 6155: 6153: 6152: 6151:Neutral Huron 6148: 6146: 6145: 6141: 6140: 6137: 6134: 6132: 6129: 6127: 6124: 6122: 6119: 6117: 6114: 6112: 6109: 6107: 6104: 6102: 6099: 6097: 6094: 6093: 6091: 6089: 6085: 6079: 6078:Chevak Cup’ik 6076: 6074: 6071: 6069: 6066: 6064: 6061: 6059: 6056: 6054: 6051: 6049: 6046: 6045: 6043: 6041: 6037: 6031: 6030: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6001:Plains Apache 5998: 5996: 5995: 5991: 5989: 5988: 5984: 5982: 5981: 5977: 5975: 5974: 5970: 5968: 5967: 5963: 5961: 5960: 5956: 5955: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5902: 5899: 5897: 5894: 5892: 5889: 5887: 5884: 5882: 5879: 5877: 5874: 5873: 5871: 5869: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5852: 5850: 5849: 5845: 5843: 5842: 5838: 5836: 5835: 5831: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5823: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5813: 5807: 5806:Upper Chinook 5804: 5802: 5799: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5791: 5789: 5785: 5779: 5778: 5774: 5773: 5770: 5767: 5765: 5762: 5760: 5757: 5756: 5754: 5752: 5748: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5710: 5704: 5703: 5699: 5697: 5696: 5692: 5690: 5689: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5678: 5676: 5675: 5671: 5669: 5668: 5664: 5662: 5661: 5657: 5655: 5654: 5650: 5648: 5647: 5643: 5641: 5640: 5636: 5634: 5633: 5632:Nawathinehena 5629: 5627: 5626: 5622: 5620: 5619: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5608: 5607: 5604: 5601: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5591: 5589: 5586: 5584: 5581: 5579: 5576: 5574: 5571: 5569: 5566: 5564: 5561: 5559: 5556: 5554: 5551: 5549: 5546: 5544: 5541: 5539: 5536: 5534: 5531: 5530: 5528: 5526: 5522: 5519: 5515: 5512: 5510: 5504: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5463:Texan English 5461: 5457: 5454: 5453: 5452: 5449: 5447: 5444: 5442: 5439: 5437: 5434: 5432: 5429: 5427: 5424: 5422: 5419: 5417: 5414: 5412: 5409: 5407: 5404: 5402: 5399: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5386: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5375: 5374:Maine English 5372: 5370: 5369:Miami English 5367: 5365: 5362: 5360: 5357: 5355: 5352: 5350: 5347: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5339:Cajun English 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5313: 5310: 5309: 5308: 5305: 5304: 5301: 5297: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5282: 5277: 5274:Languages in 5271: 5267: 5260: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5246: 5241: 5240: 5237: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5215: 5209: 5208: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5183: 5181: 5177: 5171: 5168: 5166: 5163: 5161: 5158: 5156: 5153: 5151: 5148: 5146: 5143: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5118: 5116: 5113: 5111: 5108: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5095: 5091: 5085: 5082: 5080: 5077: 5075: 5072: 5070: 5067: 5065: 5064:Broken Slavey 5062: 5060: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5050: 5040: 5037: 5035: 5032: 5030: 5027: 5025: 5022: 5020: 5017: 5016: 5014: 5010: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4991: 4990: 4988: 4986: 4982: 4976: 4973: 4971: 4968: 4966: 4963: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4948: 4944: 4938: 4935: 4933: 4930: 4928: 4925: 4923: 4920: 4918: 4915: 4913: 4910: 4908: 4905: 4903: 4900: 4898: 4895: 4893: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4870: 4867: 4865: 4862: 4860: 4857: 4855: 4852: 4850: 4847: 4845: 4842: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4833: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4808: 4806: 4804: 4800: 4794: 4791: 4789: 4786: 4784: 4781: 4779: 4776: 4774: 4771: 4769: 4766: 4764: 4761: 4759: 4756: 4754: 4751: 4749: 4746: 4744: 4741: 4739: 4736: 4734: 4731: 4729: 4726: 4724: 4721: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4712: 4706: 4703: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4681: 4678: 4676: 4673: 4671: 4668: 4666: 4663: 4661: 4658: 4656: 4653: 4651: 4648: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4617: 4615: 4611: 4607: 4600: 4595: 4593: 4588: 4586: 4581: 4580: 4577: 4571: 4568: 4566: 4563: 4561: 4558: 4556: 4553: 4551: 4548: 4546: 4543: 4541: 4538: 4536: 4533: 4531: 4528: 4527: 4517: 4511: 4507: 4502: 4491: 4485: 4481: 4480: 4474: 4459: 4455: 4451: 4444: 4439: 4427: 4423: 4422: 4416: 4412: 4408: 4404: 4398: 4394: 4393: 4387: 4373: 4369: 4363: 4356: 4355: 4349: 4346: 4340: 4336: 4331: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4293: 4288: 4284: 4278: 4274: 4270: 4266: 4262: 4252: 4246: 4242: 4241: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4208: 4204: 4198: 4193: 4192: 4186: 4182: 4178: 4166: 4162: 4156: 4152: 4151: 4145: 4133: 4129: 4123: 4119: 4118: 4112: 4098: 4091: 4090: 4084: 4073: 4067: 4062: 4061: 4054: 4050: 4045: 4041: 4037: 4033: 4029: 4025: 4021: 4016: 4012: 4006: 4002: 4001: 3995: 3980: 3973: 3972: 3966: 3956: 3950: 3946: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3926: 3921: 3913: 3909: 3905: 3901: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3885: 3878: 3870: 3866: 3861: 3856: 3852: 3848: 3844: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3821: 3814: 3813:Liddell (2002 3809: 3802: 3801:Liddell (2002 3797: 3790: 3789:Liddell (2002 3785: 3783: 3775: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3757: 3753: 3749: 3745: 3741: 3737: 3730: 3722: 3716: 3712: 3705: 3703: 3701: 3699: 3697: 3688: 3682: 3678: 3671: 3663: 3657: 3653: 3649: 3648: 3640: 3638: 3622: 3618: 3612: 3597: 3593: 3587: 3573: 3569: 3563: 3556: 3551: 3544: 3539: 3531: 3529:9789027212306 3525: 3521: 3514: 3499: 3495: 3491: 3485: 3470: 3466: 3462: 3456: 3441: 3437: 3433: 3426: 3417: 3398: 3391: 3384: 3377: 3373: 3369: 3365: 3360: 3353: 3347: 3341: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3330: 3328: 3326: 3324: 3322: 3320: 3318: 3310: 3305: 3303: 3296: 3291: 3289: 3287: 3285: 3276: 3270: 3266: 3259: 3251: 3247: 3243: 3239: 3235: 3234:10.1038/nn775 3231: 3227: 3223: 3216: 3201: 3197: 3193: 3189: 3185: 3178: 3176: 3168: 3167:Collins (2004 3163: 3156: 3151: 3149: 3147: 3145: 3143: 3141: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3111: 3109: 3101: 3100:Hurlbut (2003 3096: 3088: 3082: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3065: 3060: 3058: 3056: 3054: 3052: 3044: 3039: 3032: 3027: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3012: 3008: 3004: 3000: 2996: 2992: 2988: 2984: 2977: 2969: 2963: 2959: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2944: 2942: 2928:on 2021-10-30 2927: 2923: 2922: 2914: 2898: 2894: 2887: 2880: 2876: 2873: 2872: 2865: 2859: 2854: 2852: 2850: 2848: 2846: 2839: 2834: 2832: 2830: 2828: 2826: 2824: 2822: 2820: 2818: 2816: 2814: 2799:on 2013-06-05 2798: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2764: 2758: 2753: 2751: 2749: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2735: 2730: 2723: 2717: 2707: 2701: 2697: 2693: 2689: 2685: 2681: 2677: 2673: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2657: 2652: 2651: 2647: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2613: 2607: 2591: 2587: 2581: 2579: 2577: 2575: 2567: 2556: 2550: 2545: 2544: 2535: 2528: 2523: 2517: 2511: 2496:on 2017-10-11 2495: 2491: 2487: 2480: 2464: 2460: 2453: 2438: 2434: 2430: 2424: 2418: 2413: 2411: 2409: 2407: 2400: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2389: 2387: 2380: 2379:Padden (2010) 2375: 2373: 2371: 2369: 2367: 2365: 2363: 2361: 2359: 2357: 2355: 2353: 2351: 2349: 2342: 2337: 2335: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2243: 2237: 2233: 2229: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2202: 2198: 2192: 2173: 2166: 2159: 2145:on 2018-12-24 2144: 2140: 2133: 2125: 2119: 2118: 2113: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2100: 2098: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2077: 2064: 2060: 2054: 2047: 2040: 2030: 2023: 2019: 2016: 2010: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1991: 1987: 1983: 1979: 1973: 1969: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1939: 1936: 1933: 1930: 1928: 1925: 1923: 1920: 1918: 1915: 1913: 1910: 1909: 1903: 1899: 1896: 1892: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1870: 1868: 1864: 1863:topic–comment 1857: 1854: 1850: 1845: 1840: 1835: 1833: 1827: 1824: 1820: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1790: 1786: 1781: 1776: 1771: 1766: 1762: 1759: 1755: 1750: 1745: 1740: 1738: 1734: 1730: 1724: 1721: 1717: 1712: 1707: 1702: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1684: 1680: 1676: 1671: 1669: 1665: 1656: 1651: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1595: 1590: 1585: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1547: 1542: 1532: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1502: 1498: 1496: 1482: 1479: 1478: 1474: 1471: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1451:DISAPPOINTED 1448: 1441: 1438: 1437: 1433: 1430: 1429: 1425: 1422: 1421: 1417: 1414: 1413: 1407: 1406: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1385: 1369: 1354: 1344: 1336: 1326: 1324: 1320: 1316: 1312: 1303: 1299: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1278: 1274: 1273:transcription 1269: 1267: 1262: 1258: 1253: 1249: 1245: 1241: 1235: 1230: 1226: 1224: 1220: 1216: 1212: 1208: 1201: 1196: 1187: 1185: 1181: 1177: 1172: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1144: 1140: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1120: 1116: 1111: 1107: 1102: 1100: 1095: 1091: 1090:lingua franca 1086: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1067: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1044: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1029: 1020: 1016: 1014: 939: 929: 925: 916: 914: 906:Sign variants 903: 899: 885: 883: 879: 878:lingua franca 875: 871: 867: 863: 859: 855: 851: 847: 843: 839: 835: 831: 827: 823: 819: 815: 811: 806: 804: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 772: 768: 764: 760: 755: 753: 752:Anglo-America 743: 741: 735: 733: 727: 718: 716: 715:transcription 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 691: 687: 682: 679: 669: 665: 663: 659: 653: 651: 647: 646:Laurent Clerc 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 618: 615: 611: 607: 603: 600:, and one in 599: 595: 591: 588:developed in 587: 582: 580: 577:widely spoke 576: 572: 568: 558: 549: 545: 541: 539: 535: 531: 527: 522: 520: 516: 512: 508: 507:agglutination 503: 499: 495: 483: 478: 476: 475:Laurent Clerc 472: 468: 463: 461: 457: 453: 449: 445: 419: 417: 413: 409: 405: 401: 397: 393: 389: 385: 380: 378: 374: 370: 366: 361: 359: 355: 351: 350:lingua franca 347: 343: 340:and parts of 339: 335: 331: 327: 323: 319: 315: 314:sign language 311: 307: 303: 280: 275: 270: 263: 259: 257: 256: 251: 247: 243: 240: 235: 230: 223: 219: 214: 206: 202: 196: 191: 188: 184: 180: 176: 171: 167: 161: 156: 152: 150: 147: 146: 145: 141: 135: 132: 131: 129: 125: 121: 117: 113: 107: 103: 98: 94: 91: 88: 84: 81: 77: 76:United States 74: 70: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 40: 33: 19: 15568: 15554: 15548: 15539: 15537: 15525: 15517: 15334:Films (list) 15251:Signed Dutch 15196:Contact sign 14864: 14641:Hawaii (USA) 14534: 14527: 14512: 14472: 14337: 14328: 14281: 14220:Swiss-German 13856:Saudi Arabia 13594:South Africa 13328: 13311: 13185:Somali (SSL) 13112: 13020: 12955:Providencia– 12934:Nesilextcl'n 12907:Oneida (OSL) 12899: 12869:Tickanwa•tic 12857:Schitsu'umsh 12839:Nųmą́khų́·ki 12753:Paget Gorman 12674: 12669: 12662: 12654: 12618:Punjab-Sindh 12566:Polish (PJM) 12561:German (DGS) 12437:Mexican Sign 12416:Italian Sign 12320:Russian Sign 12283:French (LSF) 12256:Oneida (OSL) 12170:Quebec (LSQ) 12155:Oneida (OSL) 12105: 12072: 12068:French (LSF) 11921:Chinese Sign 11879:Swedish Sign 11603: 11574: 11557: 11550: 11528: 11426: 11207:Swiss-German 11073:Kuala Lumpur 11018:Puerto Rican 10987: 10735: 10626:Inuvialuktun 10444: 10198: 9971: 9964: 9752: 9516: 9493: 9387: 9326: 9286:Upper Tanana 9276:Lower Tanana 9150: 9089: 9066: 9059: 9052: 9030: 9018: 9011: 8974: 8962: 8945: 8894: 8837: 8628: 8606: 8487: 8481: 8471: 8465: 8445: 8439: 8429: 8417: 8410: 8398: 8388: 8366: 8359: 8352: 8330: 8323: 8311: 8286: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8255: 8241: 8224: 8205: 8195:Plains Miwok 8193: 8186: 8179: 8172: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8127: 8120: 8108: 8086: 8079: 8052: 8047:Central Pomo 8045: 8038: 8028:Eastern Pomo 8026: 8019: 8012: 7995: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7933: 7926: 7916: 7904: 7897: 7890: 7883: 7876: 7869: 7859: 7847: 7840: 7833: 7803: 7796: 7770: 7539: 7532: 7514: 7506: 7463: 7395:Sabine River 7390:Puerto Rican 7342:Plautdietsch 7276:Oral settler 7219: 7167:Mohawk Dutch 7165: 7128: 7121: 6997:Plains Miwok 6995: 6988: 6981: 6974: 6967: 6960: 6953: 6946: 6939: 6851: 6844: 6729: 6677: 6670: 6663: 6656: 6649: 6642: 6635: 6628: 6551: 6544: 6537: 6530: 6523: 6446: 6439: 6418:Eastern Pomo 6413:Central Pomo 6392: 6385: 6353: 6326: 6274: 6238:Acoma Pueblo 6206: 6199: 6192: 6182: 6170: 6163: 6156: 6149: 6142: 6027: 6022:Upper Umpqua 6020: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5992: 5985: 5978: 5971: 5964: 5957: 5946:Upper Tanana 5916:Lower Tanana 5853: 5846: 5839: 5832: 5825: 5815: 5775: 5713:Austronesian 5700: 5693: 5686: 5679: 5672: 5667:Narragansett 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5637: 5630: 5623: 5616: 5609: 5568:Massachusett 5294:Dialects of 5278:are extinct. 5275: 5218: 5205: 5185: 5165:Plautdietsch 4826:Inuvialuktun 4505: 4493:. Retrieved 4478: 4465:. Retrieved 4453: 4449: 4430:. Retrieved 4426:the original 4420: 4391: 4381:November 25, 4379:, retrieved 4372:the original 4353: 4334: 4324:November 27, 4322:. Retrieved 4302: 4298: 4272: 4256:November 26, 4254:, retrieved 4239: 4222:(1): 17–44. 4219: 4215: 4190: 4171:November 27, 4169:. Retrieved 4149: 4138:November 27, 4136:. Retrieved 4116: 4104:, retrieved 4088: 4077:November 26, 4075:. Retrieved 4059: 4048: 4023: 4019: 3999: 3988:November 25, 3986:. Retrieved 3970: 3960:November 25, 3958:, retrieved 3943: 3934:Bibliography 3920: 3887: 3883: 3877: 3834: 3830: 3820: 3808: 3796: 3739: 3735: 3729: 3710: 3676: 3670: 3646: 3625:. Retrieved 3623:. 2021-09-23 3620: 3611: 3600:. Retrieved 3598:. 2021-10-29 3595: 3586: 3575:. Retrieved 3571: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3519: 3513: 3502:. Retrieved 3493: 3484: 3473:. Retrieved 3464: 3455: 3444:. Retrieved 3435: 3425: 3416: 3404:. Retrieved 3383: 3375: 3359: 3351: 3346: 3264: 3258: 3228:(1): 76–80. 3225: 3221: 3215: 3204:. Retrieved 3187: 3162: 3127:. Retrieved 3095: 3078: 3070: 3038: 2986: 2982: 2976: 2957: 2930:, retrieved 2926:the original 2920: 2913: 2901:. Retrieved 2886: 2870: 2864: 2801:. Retrieved 2797:the original 2787: 2779: 2763: 2729: 2716: 2695: 2662:(5): 464–7. 2659: 2655: 2646: 2636:November 25, 2634:. Retrieved 2620: 2596:November 25, 2594:. Retrieved 2590:the original 2565: 2558:. Retrieved 2542: 2534: 2522: 2515: 2510: 2498:. Retrieved 2494:the original 2489: 2479: 2467:. Retrieved 2452: 2441:. Retrieved 2432: 2423: 2341:Bahan (1996) 2260:. Retrieved 2251: 2242: 2231: 2216: 2205:. Retrieved 2200: 2191: 2179:. Retrieved 2158: 2147:. Retrieved 2143:the original 2132: 2115: 2053: 2039: 2029: 2009: 1994:Padden (2010 1972: 1900: 1895:onomatopoeia 1888: 1876: 1859: 1855: 1852: 1829: 1825: 1822: 1798:null subject 1795: 1791: 1788: 1764: 1760: 1757: 1726: 1722: 1719: 1696: 1686: 1682: 1679:proper nouns 1672: 1661: 1638: 1636:vocabulary. 1634: 1630: 1626: 1623: 1621:morphemes). 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1591: 1557: 1499: 1492: 1464:Orientation 1423:Orientation 1380: 1322: 1314: 1308: 1285: 1270: 1238: 1222: 1204: 1173: 1161:bilingualism 1152: 1150: 1141: 1123: 1103: 1087: 1068: 1064:phonological 1059: 1050: 1027: 1018: 1010: 926: 922: 909: 900: 896: 807: 775:Burkina Faso 756: 749: 740:monolinguals 736: 728: 724: 683: 674: 654: 629: 619: 583: 563: 546: 542: 523: 491: 480: 464: 441: 381: 362: 305: 301: 300: 253: 177:(ASLwrite), 133: 15476:Open Outcry 15400:Abbé Sicard 15385:Roger Fouts 15216:Signed Oral 15155:SignWriting 15003:Orientation 14973:Linguistics 14954:Pitha Pitha 14649:New Zealand 14585:Manjiljarra 14456:El Salvador 14216:Switzerland 14126:Netherlands 13966:Azerbaijani 13908:Old Bangkok 13848:Philippines 13536:Ivory Coast 13330:Sandy River 13068:Cuban (LSC) 12957:Cayman Sign 12806:Hinono'eino 12797:Coahuilteco 12782:Anishinaabe 12743:Old Bangkok 12664:Old Kentish 12593:Beluchistan 12553:German Sign 12534:Ho Chi Minh 12458:Old Belgian 12402:Dutch (NGT) 12141:Costa Rican 12034:Irish (ISL) 11978:Paraguayan- 11769:Palestinian 11652:Manjiljarra 11647:Kartutjarra 11582:Rdaka rdaka 11576:Pitha Pitha 11356:Old Belgian 11088:Singaporean 10998:Costa Rican 10639:Inuinnaqtun 10571:Inuinnaqtun 10078:Tsimshianic 9905:Plains Cree 8754:Assiniboine 8718:Plains Cree 8708:Gros Ventre 8374:Tübatulabal 8299:Uto Aztecan 8181:Coast Miwok 7625:Hindi (0.9) 7433:Angloromani 7385:New Mexican 7314:New England 6955:Coast Miwok 6828:Tübatulabal 6760:Uto-Aztecan 6742:Tsimshianic 6731:Piro Pueblo 6651:Mitchigamea 6607:Omaha–Ponca 6572:Assiniboine 6487:Lushootseed 6339:Palaihnihan 6172:Wenrohronon 5868:Yeniseian?) 5731:Refaluwasch 5618:Gros Ventre 5003:Assiniboine 4892:Bella Coola 4811:Inuinnaqtun 4495:December 2, 4432:December 4, 4265:Lucas, Ceil 4106:December 3, 3890:(1): 1–52. 3129:December 3, 3119:"About ASL" 2989:(1): 5–40. 2858:Nyst (2010) 2433:www.unm.edu 2399:Kegl (2008) 2181:13 February 2063:Bahan (1996 1938:Inspirisles 1594:classifiers 1525:phonotactic 1240:SignWriting 1125:Tactile ASL 1117:, known as 866:Philippines 824:(alongside 779:Ivory Coast 759:West Africa 757:Throughout 590:New England 498:superstrate 412:classifiers 338:West Africa 187:SignWriting 120:French Sign 15575:Categories 15501:Protactile 15140:ASL-phabet 15124:Portuguese 15026:Sign names 15011:Expression 14939:Old French 14924:Kalkutungu 14893:Name signs 14883:Literature 14820:Venezuelan 14794:Inmaculada 14786:Paraguayan 14778:Ecuadorian 14632:Yir Yoront 14483:Protactile 14460:Salvadoran 14452:Panamanian 14439:Nicaraguan 14416:Albarradas 14387:Guatemalan 14344:Costa Rica 14339:Old Cayman 14292:Protactile 14170:Portuguese 14138:Macedonian 14114:Lithuanian 13962:Azerbaijan 13931:Vietnamese 13888:Tajikistan 13876:Sri Lankan 13775:Kazakhstan 13745:Kafr Qasem 13696:Indonesian 13398:Mofu-Gudur 13336:Salvadoran 13313:Rennellese 13300:Inmaculada 13255:Mozambican 13205:Macedonian 13175:Kata Kolok 13165:Kafr Qasim 13124:Creole HSL 12875:Tsuu T'ina 12836:Niitsítapi 12830:Ni Mii Puu 12821:Maagiadawa 12785:Apsáalooke 12711:Trascorral 12395:Dutch Sign 12198:Yogyakarta 12158:Panamanian 12116:Protactile 12074:Old French 12051:Lithuanian 12007:Francosign 11624:Yir Yoront 11611:Warramunga 11559:Kalkutungu 11515:Aboriginal 11513:Australian 11197:Lithuanian 11129:Yogyakarta 11083:Philippine 11013:Panamanian 10728:Francosign 10437:Francosign 10371:Dene Zágéʼ 10204:Francosign 9997:Halkomelem 9897:Algonquian 9745:Francosign 9677:Innu-aimun 9631:(ᐊᓂᔑᓈᐯᒧᐎᓐ) 9604:Algonquian 9261:Holikachuk 9203:Indigenous 9133:Vietnamese 9032:Potawatomi 8903:Indigenous 8690:Algonquian 8681:Indigenous 8589:Vietnamese 8188:Lake Miwok 7885:Purisimeño 7816:Athabaskan 7780:Indigenous 7646:Urdu (0.5) 7614:Portuguese 7584:Vietnamese 7474:Protactile 7456:Francosign 7123:Chitimacha 6976:Lake Miwok 6477:Halkomelem 5973:Holikachuk 5848:Purisimeño 5593:Potawatomi 5312:Vernacular 4902:Halkomelem 4715:Athabaskan 4705:Potawatomi 4642:Algonquian 4467:January 5, 3742:(4): 415. 3627:2024-02-21 3602:2024-02-21 3577:2024-02-21 3504:2015-11-02 3475:2015-11-02 3446:2014-07-25 3206:2022-07-28 3080:Ethnologue 2932:2018-04-27 2803:2012-05-21 2560:21 October 2443:2015-11-04 2262:2021-03-08 2207:2024-09-06 2149:2015-07-23 2117:Ethnologue 2073:References 2000::17), and 1560:inflection 1554:Morphology 1456:Handshape 1415:Handshape 1292:ASL-phabet 1217:for every 1129:deaf-blind 1110:relexified 862:Madagascar 791:Mauritania 721:Population 450:, various 396:loan words 179:ASL-phabet 149:Protactile 15557:indicate 15218:Languages 15119:Ukrainian 15079:Hungarian 15064:Esperanto 14995:Handshape 14964:Warluwara 14904:languages 14888:Profanity 14851:Signalong 14816:Venezuela 14812:Uruguayan 14765:Colombian 14719:Argentina 14590:Warlmanpa 14551:Australia 14489:Blackfeet 14478:Black ASL 14435:Nicaragua 14383:Guatemala 14375:Greenland 14298:Blackfoot 14287:Black ASL 14255:North and 14246:Ukrainian 14204:Valencian 14186:Slovenian 14154:Norwegian 14110:Lithuania 14074:Icelandic 14066:Hungarian 13913:Chiangmai 13884:Taiwanese 13872:Sri Lanka 13868:Singapore 13864:Singapore 13821:Mongolian 13795:Malaysian 13692:Indonesia 13661:Hong Kong 13649:Cambodian 13606:Tanzanian 13482:By region 13038:Bhutanese 12833:Niimíipuu 12815:Karankawa 12738:Hai Phong 12733:Chiangmai 12524:Hai Phong 12516:Viet-Thai 12378:Slovenian 12347:Mongolian 12313:Hungarian 12249:Hand Talk 12216:Ethiopian 12144:Dominican 12138:Cambodian 11933:Shanghai 11763:Jordanian 11756:Levantine 11735:Levantine 11620:Yan-nhaŋu 11605:Warluwara 11599:Warlmanpa 11565:Miriwoong 11429:indicate 11396:Norwegian 11391:Icelandic 11347:Valencian 11301:Ukrainian 11281:Bulgarian 11260:Hungarian 11243:Hungarian 11152:Mongolian 11003:Dominican 10837:Proto-LSF 10767:languages 10676:Inuktitut 10590:languages 10576:Inuktitut 10381:Häł gołan 10344:languages 10263:Ukrainian 10230:and mixed 10141:Kwakʼwala 10134:Oowekyala 9958:Chilcotin 9888:languages 9709:Iroquoian 9662:Atikamekw 9595:languages 9311:Tsimshian 9281:Tanacross 9256:Deg Xinag 8941:Chickasaw 8882:Languages 8798:Immigrant 8698:Blackfoot 8473:Chimariko 8325:Kitanemuk 8281:Okwanuchu 8174:Bay Miwok 8143:Palewyami 7997:Chimariko 7942:Ramaytush 7935:Chochenyo 7906:Ventureño 7899:Barbareño 7861:Chumashan 7448:languages 7428:Spanglish 7411:languages 7337:Hutterite 7294:Louisiana 7278:languages 7195:Hand Talk 7187:languages 7142:Languages 6990:Palewyami 6941:Bay Miwok 6910:Yuk-Utian 6788:Kitanemuk 6622:Winnebago 6546:Tillamook 6374:Nez Perce 6328:Apalachee 6300:Chickasaw 6287:Muskogean 6184:Kalapuyan 6131:Tuscarora 6088:Iroquoian 5931:Tanacross 5906:Jicarilla 5881:Deg Xinag 5855:Ventureño 5827:Barbareño 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8014:Atsugewi 8008:Achomawi 7871:Obispeño 7695:Armenian 7668:Gujarati 7662:Japanese 7526:Isolates 7352:Alsatian 7304:Missouri 7236:Isolates 7078:Isolates 7038:Maricopa 7033:Kumeyaay 6864:Wakashan 6823:Timbisha 6818:Shoshoni 6783:Kawaiisu 6778:Ivilyuat 6768:Comanche 6539:Quinault 6512:Thompson 6502:Okanagan 6492:Nooksack 6459:Salishan 6379:Sahaptin 6355:Atsugewi 6347:Achumawi 6320:Muscogee 6315:Mikasuki 6208:Yoncalla 6158:Nottoway 6116:Onondaga 6101:Cherokee 6040:Eskaleut 6008:Tsetsaut 5891:Gwich’in 5886:Dena'ina 5841:Obispeño 5726:Hawaiian 5721:Chamorro 5681:Powhatan 5611:Etchemin 5548:Cheyenne 5517:Families 5100:Mandarin 4955:Ditidaht 4947:Wakashan 4937:Thompson 4932:Squamish 4922:shíshálh 4912:Okanagan 4907:Lillooet 4884:Salishan 4859:Onondaga 4793:Tutchone 4748:Gwichʼin 4458:Archived 4315:Archived 4271:(2003). 4187:(1979). 4165:Archived 4132:Archived 4097:archived 3979:Archived 3912:31570908 3869:19271866 3498:Archived 3469:Archived 3440:Archived 3397:Archived 3374:. 1965. 3242:11753419 3200:Archived 3123:Archived 3003:26478210 2897:Archived 2875:Archived 2772:Archived 2694:(2001). 2676:16092534 2630:Archived 2628:. 1893. 2606:cite web 2463:Archived 2437:Archived 2256:Archived 2224:Archived 2172:Archived 2059:cheremes 1948:Pointing 1906:See also 1578:and the 1505:phonemes 1396:location 1388:movement 1323:>IX=3 1288:SignFont 1277:HamNoSys 1219:phonemic 1022:— 874:Zimbabwe 822:Cambodia 814:Barbados 485:— 471:dialects 384:phonemic 269:amer1248 262:asli1244 143:Dialects 15555:Italics 15506:Tic-tac 15348:Persons 15184:contact 15133:Writing 15114:Spanish 15104:Russian 15059:Chilean 15054:Catalan 14919:Jaralde 14902:Extinct 14873:Grammar 14841:Makaton 14808:Uruguay 14774:Ecuador 14757:Chilean 14749:Ka'apor 14727:Bolivia 14545:Oceania 14431:Mexican 14421:Chatino 14400:Haitian 14329:Plateau 14259:America 14257:Central 14242:Ukraine 14238:Turkish 14212:Swedish 14199:Spanish 14194:Catalan 14178:Russian 14122:Russian 14118:Moldova 14106:Latvian 14090:Italian 14078:Ireland 14070:Iceland 14062:Hungary 14046:Germany 14024:Finnish 14020:Finland 14012:Estonia 13999:Denmark 13991:Croatia 13987:British 13974:Flemish 13970:Belgium 13954:Austria 13946:Armenia 13927:Vietnam 13892:Russian 13834:Jhankot 13787:Laotian 13740:Israeli 13722:Kurdish 13709:Persian 13678:Bengali 13657:Chinese 13641:Bengali 13622:Zambian 13614:Ugandan 13578:Senegal 13565:Nigeria 13532:Nanabin 13502:Algeria 13414:Zambian 13290:Persian 13196:Kisindo 13155:Ka'apor 13145:Jhankot 13063:Chatino 12916:Plateau 12898:Mixed, 12890:Wyandot 12884:Wichita 12872:Tháumgá 12854:Ppáⁿkka 12842:Nʉmʉnʉʉ 12818:Liksiyu 12809:Hiraacá 12788:Arikara 12655:Kentish 12597:Bengali 12507:Teknmál 12407:Gambian 12375:Serbian 12372:Kosovar 12311:Austro- 12281:Mixed, 12264:Mixed, 12247:Mixed, 12225:Guinean 12219:Chadian 12195:Jakarta 12126:Burmese 12094:(ASLic) 11791:Emirati 11709:Kuwaiti 11552:Jaralde 11427:Italics 11409:Oceania 11363:Flemish 11342:Catalan 11335:Catalan 11296:Russian 11274:Russian 11241:Austro- 11230:Cypriot 11192:Latvian 11187:Italian 11145:Russian 11126:Jakarta 11119:BISINDO 11078:Burmese 11039:Mexican 11032:Mexican 10970:Chilean 10937:Italian 10927:Gambian 10774:English 10558:English 10544:Nunavut 10460:Isolate 10414:Iñupiaq 10396:Tlingit 10391:Tā̀gish 10366:Dän kʼí 10361:Dän kʼè 10323:English 10258:Russian 10228:creoles 10224:Pidgins 10172:Kutenai 10091:Nisga'a 10086:Gitxsan 10058:Sechelt 10053:Shuswap 10031:Saanich 9948:Tlingit 9943:Tahltan 9923:Carrier 9876:English 9820:English 9792:Isolate 9722:Wyandot 9461:Pidgins 9451:English 9363:Russian 9358:Tagalog 9353:Spanish 9348:English 9271:Koyukon 9236:Tlingit 9231:Inupiaq 9216:Alutiiq 9128:Spanish 9118:English 9068:Wyandot 9061:Wichita 9054:Tonkawa 9048:Shawnee 8982:Koasati 8953:Choctaw 8916:Arapaho 8910:Alabama 8895:Italics 8810:Spanish 8785:Kutenai 8584:Tagalog 8574:Chinese 8558:Russian 8553:Punjabi 8548:Persian 8489:Takelma 8483:Salinan 8467:Esselen 8400:Nomlaki 8390:Wintuan 8354:Serrano 8257:Shastan 8243:Nisenan 8220:Maiduan 8060:Kashaya 7956:Awaswas 7892:Ineseño 7878:Cruzeño 7849:Wailaki 7835:Mattole 7771:Italics 7686:Punjabi 7674:Bengali 7650:Persian 7641:Italian 7620:Haitian 7608:Russian 7578:Tagalog 7572:Chinese 7566:Spanish 7507:Kentish 7367:Spanish 7347:Bernese 7309:Muskrat 7130:Tonkawa 7100:Siuslaw 7095:Kutenai 7058:Yavapai 7048:Quechan 7018:Cocopah 7010:Cochimí 6890:Nomlaki 6882:Wintuan 6813:Serrano 6808:O'odham 6793:Luiseño 6708:Picuris 6658:Moneton 6644:Chiwere 6637:Catawba 6587:Hidatsa 6525:Cowlitz 6482:Klallam 6423:Kashaya 6387:Klamath 6310:Koasati 6305:Choctaw 6295:Alabama 6268:Nisenan 6250:Maiduan 6219:Keresan 6136:Wyandot 6063:Alutiiq 6053:Inupiat 6029:Wailaki 6015:Tututni 5994:Mattole 5911:Koyukon 5834:Cruzeño 5769:Wichita 5759:Arikara 5751:Caddoan 5688:Quiripi 5674:Pamlico 5639:Mahican 5598:Shawnee 5578:Mi'kmaq 5538:Arapaho 5533:Abenaki 5394:Western 5389:Eastern 5285:English 5276:italics 5135:Italian 5115:Spanish 5110:Punjabi 5034:Tlingit 5029:Kutenai 5019:Beothuk 4927:Shuswap 4917:Saanich 4874:Wyandot 4821:Inupiaq 4783:Tahltan 4728:Carrier 4690:Naskapi 4680:Miꞌkmaq 4650:Abenaki 4620:English 3904:3691016 3860:3667647 3776::xxiii) 3406:1 April 3250:2745545 2881:p. 180. 2684:1704351 2500:May 24, 2490:US News 2469:May 24, 1834:(OVS). 1576:subject 1535:Grammar 1311:glossed 1083:calqued 1056:lexical 854:Jamaica 844:), the 828:), the 818:Bolivia 799:Nigeria 787:Liberia 705:of the 686:oralism 552:History 467:cognate 334:creoles 308:) is a 96:Signers 15470:Loulis 15466:Washoe 15300:Others 15099:Polish 15094:Korean 15074:German 15069:French 14914:Diyari 14878:Idioms 14735:Brazil 14704:Samoan 14666:Kailge 14610:Umpila 14555:Auslan 14518:Navajo 14502:Oneida 14498:Ojibwa 14443:Panama 14412:Mexico 14353:Brunca 14348:Bribri 14334:Cayman 14318:Quebec 14308:Oneida 14304:Ojibwa 14278:Canada 14270:Belize 14233:Mardin 14224:Turkey 14208:Sweden 14174:Russia 14162:Polish 14158:Poland 14150:Norway 14102:Latvia 14094:Kosovo 14054:Greece 14050:German 14037:French 14028:France 14003:Danish 13940:Europe 13880:Taiwan 13800:Penang 13771:Korean 13758:Koniya 13726:Israel 13673:Alipur 13637:Bengal 13618:Zambia 13610:Uganda 13590:Somali 13548:Kenyan 13519:Maroua 13496:Africa 13452:(~150) 13285:Penang 13230:M'bour 13220:Mardin 13170:Kailge 13160:Kajana 13129:Inuit 13053:Brunca 13048:Bribri 13006:Alipur 12986:Afghan 12942:Sqeliz 12827:Nakota 12705:Nohkop 12702:Chicán 12611:Nepali 12601:Bombay 12130:Yangon 11864:Samoan 11850:Fijian 11827:Auslan 11815:BANZSL 11772:Syrian 11733:Iraqi– 11724:Yemeni 11714:Libyan 11673:Meriam 11587:Umpila 11530:Diyari 11386:Danish 11378:Danish 11265:Slovak 11177:French 11165:Europe 11023:Quebec 10965:Libras 10901:Danish 10846:Africa 10779:French 10563:French 10328:French 10253:French 10156:Haisla 10048:Nuxalk 10036:Samish 10019:Sinixt 9966:Nicola 9953:Sekani 9717:Mohawk 9619:Míkmaq 9579:French 9123:German 9043:Seneca 9038:Quapaw 9013:Pawnee 9007:Ottawa 8926:Cayuga 8820:French 8815:German 8764:Lakota 8759:Stoney 8713:Ojibwe 8579:Korean 8431:Yukian 8406:Patwin 8368:Tongva 8313:Cupeño 8288:Shasta 8237:Konkow 8116:Yokuts 8070:Mojave 7977:Chalon 7970:Rumsen 7963:Mutsun 7949:Tamyen 7928:Karkin 7918:Ohlone 7824:Tolowa 7713:Hebrew 7656:Telugu 7635:Polish 7629:German 7602:Korean 7596:French 7590:Arabic 7568:(41.3) 7489:BANZSL 7418:Gullah 7405:Creole 7380:Isleño 7324:German 7286:French 7159:Michif 7071:Others 7053:Tiipai 7043:Mojave 7008:Yuman– 6895:Patwin 6853:Tongva 6846:Cupeño 6690:Tanoan 6679:Woccon 6630:Biloxi 6617:Stoney 6612:Quapaw 6602:Mandan 6597:Lakota 6582:Dakota 6564:Siouan 6507:Salish 6405:Pomoan 6394:Molala 6258:Konkow 6126:Seneca 6111:Oneida 6106:Mohawk 6096:Cayuga 5936:Tolowa 5926:Navajo 5866:Dené(– 5801:Tsinúk 5777:Kitsai 5736:Samoan 5588:Ojibwe 5583:Munsee 5130:German 5125:Arabic 5084:Michif 5069:Bungee 4993:Stoney 4985:Siouan 4960:Haisla 4864:Seneca 4854:Oneida 4849:Mohawk 4844:Cayuga 4778:Tagish 4773:Slavey 4768:Sekani 4763:Nicola 4743:Dogrib 4700:Ottawa 4695:Ojibwe 4685:Munsee 4625:French 4512: 4486: 4409: 4399: 4364: 4341: 4309: 4279: 4247: 4199: 4157: 4124: 4068: 4038: 4007: 3951: 3910: 3902: 3867: 3857: 3849: 3754: 3717: 3683: 3658: 3557::xxiv) 3526: 3271: 3248: 3240: 3194: 3009: 3001: 2964: 2702: 2682: 2674: 2551: 1996::11), 1984:, and 1849:FATHER 1839:CHILD, 1819:FATHER 1785:FATHER 1770:FATHER 1749:FATHER 1744:CHILD, 1706:FATHER 1693:Syntax 1584:number 1580:object 1410:THINK 1345:in ASL 1294:, and 1147:Stigma 1039: 872:, and 864:, the 801:, and 684:While 530:Auslan 494:creole 454:, and 291: 285: 124:creole 86:Region 80:Canada 15326:Media 15084:Irish 14804:Sivia 14753:Chile 14696:Wanib 14671:Mehek 14637:Yolŋu 14605:Ngada 14426:Mayan 14396:Haiti 14392:Mayan 14371:Cuban 14190:Spain 14130:Dutch 14086:Italy 14082:Irish 14058:Greek 14042:Lyons 13896:Tibet 13860:Saudi 13839:Jumla 13825:Nepal 13767:Korea 13749:Japan 13717:Iraqi 13669:India 13653:China 13582:Mbour 13556:Tebul 13544:Kenya 13523:Ghana 13381:Wanib 13356:Tebul 13346:Sivia 13235:Mehek 13150:Jumla 12863:Sioux 12848:Palus 12845:Omaha 12708:Nohya 12607:Delhi 12529:Hanoi 11941:Macau 11801:Omani 11796:Saudi 11746:Iraqi 11629:Yolŋu 11255:Czech 11225:Greek 11217:ASLic 11182:Irish 11172:Dutch 11065:ASLic 10980:ASLic 10919:Dutch 10863:ASLic 10829:Proto 10745:Inuit 10617:Inuit 10406:Inuit 10177:Haida 10041:Lummi 9992:Comox 9933:Kaska 9691:Inuit 9306:Haida 9246:Ahtna 9211:Aleut 9074:Yuchi 9026:Ponca 9002:Osage 8976:Kansa 8921:Caddo 8567:Asian 8478:Karuk 8447:Wappo 8419:Wintu 8232:Maidu 8226:Chico 8168:Miwok 8163:Wintu 8065:Washo 8003:Karuk 7988:Hokan 7842:Cahto 7805:Yurok 7798:Wiyot 7789:Algic 7721:(0.2) 7719:Khmer 7715:(0.2) 7709:(0.2) 7707:Hmong 7703:(0.3) 7701:Greek 7697:(0.3) 7688:(0.3) 7682:(0.3) 7680:Tamil 7676:(0.4) 7670:(0.4) 7664:(0.5) 7658:(0.5) 7652:(0.5) 7643:(0.5) 7637:(0.5) 7631:(0.9) 7622:(0.9) 7616:(0.9) 7610:(1.0) 7604:(1.1) 7598:(1.2) 7592:(1.4) 7586:(1.5) 7580:(1.7) 7574:(3.4) 7409:mixed 7357:Texas 7299:Métis 7110:Yuchi 7105:Washo 7090:Karuk 7085:Haida 6900:Wintu 6872:Makah 6838:Yaqui 6703:Kiowa 6698:Jemez 6592:Kansa 6517:Twana 6276:Chico 6263:Maidu 6121:Osage 6058:Aleut 6048:Inuit 5987:Lipan 5959:Cahto 5876:Ahtna 5764:Caddo 5702:Wiyot 5695:Unami 5603:Yurok 5525:Algic 5456:Older 5024:Haida 5012:other 4998:Sioux 4897:Comox 4803:Inuit 4758:Kaska 4461:(PDF) 4456:(2). 4446:(PDF) 4375:(PDF) 4358:(PDF) 4318:(PDF) 4305:(3). 4295:(PDF) 4100:(PDF) 4093:(PDF) 4036:S2CID 3982:(PDF) 3975:(PDF) 3908:S2CID 3752:S2CID 3400:(PDF) 3393:(PDF) 3246:S2CID 3157::xxv) 3033::1–2) 3007:S2CID 2999:JSTOR 2724::39). 2680:S2CID 2650:See: 2252:NIDCD 2175:(PDF) 2168:(PDF) 2065::11). 2004::68). 1964:Notes 1814:CHILD 1780:CHILD 1735:. 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