1173:
1312:
947:
1030:
1428:
731:
485:
858:. The first attacks at the Battle of Monte Castello, from November to December, were costly defeats. The operation, planned by Castelo, had previously been criticized by Brayner and Kruel. Based on testimonies by German prisoners, the Information Section had warned about enemy fortifications, but Castelo managed to convince Mascarenhas to proceed. The plan used an estimate of the enemy reaction made by the Operations Section, not the Intelligence Section; Kruel attacked Castelo for going beyond his atributions, and Castelo responded that Kruel had failed to make the estimate.
1445:
more to run in elections in the contested state) prevented Kruel's candidacy. General
Joaquim Justino Alves Bastos, of the 3rd Army, had the same frustration and participated in the plan. An emissary arrested at the Uruguayan border in 1966 was found with documents linking both to Uruguayan asylum seekers. The planned revolt would depend on the strength of both for a possible armed conflict. There was a plan to restore general Zerbini to command. The objectives of the "countercoup" would be direct elections, restitution of closed political parties and the abolition of the
1210:
suspected Kruel would betray them. Weeks before the coup, military exercises simulated an action by the 1st Army against São Paulo. Newspapers published rumors of Kruel's transfer from the 2nd Army. On 28 March, meeting with 42 officers, Kruel declared that he would not hand over command. Some wanted him to start the revolt right then and there, but he replied that "the time has to be exact". The remaining conspirators were unsure of Kruel's loyalty. That same day, Olímpio Mourão Filho, conspirator and commander of the 4th
Military Region/Infantry Division, in
1160:
Osvino. In the presence of trade union representatives, peasants, students and politicians, sub-lieutenant Jelcy
Rodrigues Corrêa spoke: "we will take our work tools and carry out the reforms together with the people, and let the reactionary gentlemen remember that the military's work tool is the rifle". As Minister of War, Kruel considered such politicization of the soldiers as an attack on discipline, calling it "sergeantism". He ordered the arrest of those involved and received the support of 51 officers, both anti-Goulart and 1961 loyalists.
911:
July one of the prosecutors, Amador
Cisneiros de Amaral, protested that prisoners were being held into solitary confinement for longer than the legal maximum period of three days. Kruel called Amaral a communist and ordered his arrest, a decision reversed by judge Adalberto Barreto. Some of the prisoners were FEB veterans, and their prestige could have strengthened the "nationalist" side. Many of the officers were acquitted in July, but their careers were ruined and the internationalists of the "Democratic Crusade" gained dominance of the army.
1240:
1236:
from the 2nd Army command. The 2nd Army was brought to readiness at 14:30, but its position was anyone's guess. Some subordinates were already preparing their regiments. Kruel did not believe in the success of the revolt started in Minas Gerais by Olímpio Mourão Filho. There was telephone contact with Rio de
Janeiro, including with president Goulart, who tried several times to contact Kruel, only succeeding at 17:00. They had three conversations for the rest of the day. The president invited Kruel to Rio de Janeiro, but he declined.
1181:
and
Cordeiro de Farias. They suggested that he refuse to hand over the Ministry of War, but he refused to conspire against the president. Kruel was promoted to army general in November. Since his resignation from the Ministry of War, he spent months without talking to Goulart, displeased, until he was surprised in December when the president called him to command the 2nd Army, in São Paulo. Kruel's name was suggested by his friend Assis Brasil, head of the Military Cabinet.
824:
1113:
1367:
Kruel arrived at 18:00, Ancora acknowledged the military defeat of the 1st Army. His troops were withdrawn without engaging in combat. The tone was not very friendly. Kruel stated: "you just came to say good night! You're no longer a minister and don't think about resisting!" An important point of the meeting was the recognition of Costa e Silva's tenure at the
Ministry of War, blocking the occupation of the position by Castelo Branco.
1460:
measure by asking to go to the reserve. With that, he was automatically promoted to marshal. On 11 August, Kruel launched a manifesto against the dictatorship, calling the recent impeachments "an instrument to elect candidates of the personal liking of the head of the
Executive branch". Riograndino Kruel tried to intercede for his brother with the president, and failing that, he resigned as head of the Federal Police Department.
1281:, from the Civilian Cabinet. However, Goulart estimated that he would become a mere decorative president. To the second phone call, Goulart replied: "I am a political man", who could not break with his allies in the parties and trade unions. Their principles conflicted. In the last phone call, with the conversation seeming like an ultimatum, Goulart's tone became ceremonious, declaring, according to the sources:
963:. Contacts between Brazilian soldiers and Americans in the police area had existed since the Second World War, and there was a convergence of ambitions (maintenance of order, combating communism and modernization) of part of the Brazilian elite with the providers of American assistance. To secure American support, Kruel insisted he was anti-Communist. Assistance began to be implemented after his administration.
33:
918:" and was responsible for delivering it to the Minister of War. The document criticized the administration of Getúlio Vargas, the lack of resources for the army, the living conditions in which the soldiers were left in, and the 100% increase in the minimum wage proposed by Minister of Labor João Goulart. The minister fell. However, shortly afterwards Kruel and Goulart became friends in
383:
1359:, and obtained free passage for the 2nd Army. A battle of the loyalists against the 2nd Army and AMAN soldiers seemed inevitable. Kruel suggested to Médici that he make a defense with the regular forces available in the area, but instead Médici positioned the Cadets Corps on the road, blocking the advance of the School Units Group's soldiers. They made contact near
959:, with some cooperation with the state police forces in political repression. Kruel tried to centralize his power with a National Police Conference in 1958, but the more powerful states did not accept federal interference in their police forces. To gain a trump card over the states, Kruel requested equipment and technical assistance from the United States through
1008:(UDN) and former foe and Chief of Police in 1955, attacked Kruel's administration and the journalist Mário Morel denounced the corruption of Kruel and the DFSP high command: the same scheme of extortion of businessmen denounced in the previous administration of Batista Teixeira. Nei Kruel, a member of his father's cabinet, was one of the beneficiaries.
1476:, winning an alternate seat as federal deputy for Guanabara. In this position, held from 1966 to 1971, he was an effective member of the Security Commission and defended the creation of a state-owned company for nuclear technology. At the end of his term, Kruel withdrew from public life, dedicating himself to his farm in Linhares and business work.
1132:, described these events as part of a maneuver for Lacerda to react violently to the demonstrators, justifying federal intervention in Guanabara and the neutralization of its governor. At the same time, this would allow Kruel to attack general Osvino (commander of the 1st Army, based in Guanabara), the General Workers Command (CGT) and
1273:
wanted to participate in the coup after verifying the obedience of the troops and the governors of São Paulo and Minas Gerais having issued their manifestos. If he did not comply, some of his subordinates planned to arrest him and hand over command to colonel Carlos
Alberto Cabral Ribeiro, of the 4th Infantry Regiment.
1252:. Morais and Mendes considered the beginning of the coup in Minas Gerais to be isolated and precocious. At 16:00 or 17:00 Kruel called an evening meeting with his generals—these three and Lindolfo Ferraz Filho, from the Divisional Artillery of the 2nd DI, and Carlos Buick Júnior, from the Military Garrison of
854:: Aguinaldo José Sena Campos to the 1st Section (personnel), Kruel to the 2nd (information), Castelo Branco in the 3rd (operations) and Thales Ribeiro da Costa in the 4th (logistics). The head of EM was colonel Floriano de Lima Brayner. Landing in Italy in 1944, Kruel took part in the offensive against the
1536:. Castelo's mockery, discrediting Kruel's arguments, was: "general, I've known Kruel since I was a boy. No wonder his nickname in the Military School: "German". In the Kruel family, at home, everyone spoke the same language as Hitler. Even their dog was a Germanophile. They raised a German Shepherd..."
1395:
With
Goulart's fall, Kruel traveled to Rio de Janeiro on 3 April. His position at the time was that the military should not be in power. However, when the succession of a military officer to the presidency of Brazil became clear, Kruel was considered as a possible candidate, although the favorite one
1276:
However, unlike the other participants in the coup, Kruel still wanted to leave the president an alternative. His priority was not to unseat him, but to impose a turn to the right in the government. In his second call, at 22:00, and in the last, around midnight, in the presence of the generals, Kruel
1184:
The timing of Kruel's joining the conspiracy against Goulart is controversial, with many authors considering it as last minute. He probably actually supported Goulart until at least April 1963, switching to the opposition in his last months in the Ministry of War and conspiring against the government
861:
The war ended his thirty-year friendship with Castelo. Kruel was further offended when the Operations Section overstepped his authority to send a telegram to Brazil, lying about tranquility at the front. Much to his frustration, Castelo became Mascarenhas' right-hand man. According to Flávio Tavares,
1452:
Under increasing pressure from the federal government, Ademar de Barros ended up giving in without resistance, being removed from office for corruption in 1966. Castelo Branco summoned Kruel and informed him of his intention to depose Ademar. Kruel, whose loyalty the government already doubted, made
1435:
Politically, Kruel was one of the "independent officers" with no clear faction. In 1966, he supported the Minister of War Costa e Silva in his dispute with Castelo Branco. Since 1964 he had some involvement in conspiracies against Castelo Branco, allied with Ademar de Barros, whose deposition by the
1366:
Kruel's change of sides was one of the reasons for Goulart's departure from Rio de Janeiro at 12:45. The military apparatus in the 1st Army began to crumble. In the afternoon, general Ancora, who responded temporarily for the Ministry of War, agreed with Kruel a conference at AMAN to negotiate. When
1180:
The conflict in the government's support base was viewed favorably by the military opposition, which tried to take advantage of it. When Kruel traveled to Rio de Janeiro, where he had been transferred to the War Material sector, he was received by a crowd of generals, including Mascarenhas de Morais
1163:
Goulart could not stand the pressure, and Kruel's downfall was increasingly likely. In June 1963 the three military ministers were replaced. Kruel's departure was possibly "the moment when Goulart began to lose control of the military situation". Kruel's successor, Jair Dantas Ribeiro, represented a
1159:
to declare their ineligibility. The sergeants attacked Kruel's administration, and deputy sergeant Antônio Garcia Filho called him on Rádio Mayrink Veiga the "greatest protector of pimping here, smuggler and corrupt". In May there was a ceremony for sergeants and warrant officers in honor of general
1065:
in two periods, from 9 to 19 September 1961 and 12 June to 18 September 1962, and Minister of War from 14 September 1962 to 15 June 1963. While not arousing mistrust among the military right, Kruel was a friend of the president, making him one of the most influential officials, possibly more so than
1444:
In addition to his alliance with Ademar, Kruel worked against Castelo Branco due to the frustration of his plan to run for governor of São Paulo. The Ineligibility Law (applied to all ministers under Goulart from 1963) and the Electoral Domicile Law (requiring an electoral domicile of four years or
1319:
According to what he had heard from Goulart, Kruel was already putting the troops out on the streets. Shortly before midnight, he opened the door of his office and to an antechamber of colonels and majors, he said: "here is my order. I have already determined the displacement of the 2nd Army to Rio
1209:
The 2nd Army would be the "scale tipper" in the overthrow of the president Goulart, whatever its position; for Castelo Branco, the joining or not of São Paulo to the conspiracy was the difference between a calculated risk and an adventure. In March 1964, the government's military leadership already
1143:
Osvino made public statements of political support for the president, displeasing Kruel. Discontent arose and the name of Jair Dantas Ribeiro was discussed as the next minister of war. Goulart called Kruel and Osvino to a meeting in Brasília to cool the tensions, but the conflict continued to grow.
910:
accused Kruel to be one of the officers who abused their positions in the election of the Military Club's directorate in 1952, persecuting supporters of the Yellow ticket. Kruel supported the Blue ticket, from the military right (the "Democratic Crusade"), against the self-styled "nationalists". In
646:
with various disgruntled sectors, including the Communist Party, for a "countercoup" against Castelo Branco, but it was unsuccessful. Ademar was removed without resisting in 1966 and Kruel went into reserve when the government wanted to transfer him from command. In his last years in public life he
1344:, and the advance of the forces from São Paulo towards Guanabara through the Paraíba valley. At dawn the valley regiments, until then held back by general Zerbini, began to accept Kruel's authority. In Guanabara, general Ancora's 1st Army sent the School Unit Group to face the São Paulo offensive.
1189:
report pointed out that Kruel would have participated in a conspiracy meeting in Rio de Janeiro in March 1963, but this is probably from an unreliable source and does not match what is known about the other participants cited. Riograndino Kruel claimed to have suggested to his brother, when he was
1053:
to assume command of the 3rd Army if its commander, general José Machado Lopes, did not accept Goulart's inauguration. Machado Lopes switched to Brizola on 28 August. Kruel participated in a meeting of generals in Rio de Janeiro, demanding that Minister of War Odílio Denys accept whatever solution
1015:
was created to investigate the DFSP. On 26 June, Menezes Côrtes went to Kruel's office, where they exchanged reciprocal aggression. The press reported that Kruel had punched the deputy, leading to his resignation letter to president Juscelino Kubitschek. The inquiry into this incident was dropped,
966:
Kruel took office promising to moralize the institution and repress the growing violent attacks against property in Rio de Janeiro, with the order to shoot the assailants who resisted. The plan was to recreate five Surveillance Subsections in areas little covered by the Surveillance Police Station
1235:
left the city. At the same time, another phone call from Riograndino, informed by Castelo Branco, confirmed the start of the coup. In the morning, an emissary was sent to the 5th and 6th Infantry Regiments (RIs) in the Paraíba valley to convey the information and instruct them to only obey orders
1440:
was possible. According to a report that reached the Guanabara Security Secretariat in 1965, a colonel visited João Goulart in exile in Uruguay claiming to represent Kruel. He allegedly said that "we are in a position to overthrow the Caestelo (sic) government, as long as the former president no
1197:
Upon assuming command of the 2nd Army, Kruel was already in advanced contact with conspirators. In São Paulo there were already well-developed civilian and military conspiracies, and Kruel developed an alliance with the governor and conspirator Ademar de Barros. According to civilian conspirator
1120:
At the head of the Ministry of War, Kruel was the target of criticism and invitations to conspire against Goulart, and also tried to push the government to the right. He was an arm to the right of the president's support base, matched on the left by Brizola, general Osvino Ferreira Alves and the
1272:
to prevent the participation of the regiments from the Paraíba Valley in the coup. At 21:00, Artur da Costa e Silva got in touch with Kruel, who said he was willing to join the coup, but faced the reluctance of generals Morais and Mendes. Costa e Silva would then have convinced both. Kruel only
1459:
with the act of removal, keeping the 2nd Army in readiness. The general also fell under the radar, being informed of his irrevocable transfer to the General Staff of the Army, in Rio de Janeiro. It was the same maneuver previously used by Goulart against Castelo Branco. Kruel deviated from the
986:, in 1958 led to the decline and dismantling of SDE/TVRAMA. Kruel is pointed out by several authors, with some inconsistencies, as the creator of the phenomenon of the "Death Squad", having TVRAMA as one of its manifestations. The name has been used for several different groups, including the
1320:
de Janeiro". He issued a proclamation talking about "saving the homeland in danger, freeing it from the red yoke", without, however, mentioning the president, still trying to wall him up without deposing him. Word spread across the country and reached Congress. Mourão Filho, who was leading
862:
Kruel was also offended when Castelo associated him with the enemy for descending from German immigrants. Lira Neto cited such association as made privately between Castelo and Mascarenhas. With the end of the campaign in 1945, Kruel was praised by Mascarenhas de Morais and decorated by
1104:, Kruel had offered to close Congress during Tancredo's term; impatient with parliamentarism, he would defend a self-coup, but Goulart did not accept it. With the fall of Minister of War Nélson de Melo in October, Kruel took his place. Presidentialism was then restored in January 1963.
1324:
from Minas Gerais, felt relieved that he was no longer isolated. Military testimonies considered Kruel indispensable for the success of the coup. Due to being respected among a large part of the officers, many waited for his position before joining the coup, such as the commanders of
1463:
At that time Kruel criticized political repression, indirect elections and the regime's direction. For the Brazilianist Maud Chirio, Kruel acted out of "frustrated ambitions, a feeling of illegitimacy of power and real liberal concerns". The manifesto had so much repercussion that
1396:
was Castelo Branco. Ademar de Barros endorsed his name, as it was customary for governors to propose the generals of their states, before supporting Castelo Branco. Kruel was considered a centrist general. Costa e Silva was in favor of the anti-Castelo candidacy. Sectors of the
1214:, went to Rio de Janeiro, where he obtained a guarantee from Riograndino that he would not have São Paulo against him. On the 29th Kruel gave his "OK" to Castelo Branco. On 30 March, general Ulhoa Cintra reported that Kruel felt no obligation to obey the president.
1073:. Kruel simply suggested closing Congress, restoring the lost presidential powers to parliamentarism negotiated by congressmen, and passing the base reforms proposed by Goulart via decree. Goulart did not accept this proposal. Kruel accompanied the president on his
1259:
Around 18:00, according to the testimony of the then pharmaceutical major Erimá Pinheiro Moreira, Kruel was at the General Military Hospital of São Paulo. In Moreira's laboratory, Kruel had a secret meeting with Raphael de Souza Noschese, president of the
1441:
longer thinks about three things: CGT, communism and Brizola". Ademar intensified his articulations in the first half of 1966, uniting discontent from leftist groups such as the Communist Party to former coup supporters in a "countercoup" project.
1382:. According to Cordeiro de Farias, he had a personal reckoning to do with Leonel Brizola, using the forces sent by Paraná. They stayed in Curitiba and then returned, as Goulart left Rio Grande do Sul and there was no more loyalist resistance.
576:. His anti-crime measures led to the first iteration of what would be called the "Death Squad". He had some diplomatic assignments in his career, almost being an ambassador in 1961. Kruel also owned land and worked in the business sector.
713:, where he planted cacao. In 2014, his heirs compensated a worker held in conditions analogous to slavery on the farm from 1949 to 1963, when the lawsuit was filed. The lawsuit dragged on for 50 years. Kruel would also have two farms in
607:, Kruel was already in contact with the conspirators against the president. Even so, after the outbreak of the coup in 1964, he offered his support to Goulart if the president broke with the left. With the refusal, Kruel sent troops to
4137:
1247:
Three of Kruel's generals were part of the ruling military apparatus: Armando Bandeira de Morais, from the 2nd Military Region, Aloísio de Miranda Mendes, from the 2nd Infantry Division, and Euryale de Jesus Zerbini, from the
1016:
and the witness who incriminated Kruel was prosecuted for perjury; the witness was linked to Cecil Borer, an influential deputy at the disposal of the Chief Constable's office. None of Menezes Côrtes' speeches attacked Borer.
893:
until his promotion to colonel in 1947. The position of attaché was a prestigious one and offered a more cosmopolitan life, isolated from barracks and bureaucracy. In diplomacy, Kruel was also Brazil's military advisor at the
1400:(PTB), Goulart's party, defended Kruel's candidacy as a way, albeit ineffective, to bring together what was left of the military left, and a few politicians saw it as a way to preserve the power of the PTB alliance with the
1277:
offered his support if Goulart closed down the CGT and other popular organizations, intervened in the trade unions and removed the auxiliaries most associated with radicalism, such as Abelardo Jurema, Minister of Labor, and
996:
magazine named Kruel as its creator. He did not deny it, pointing out that the result was that "many dangerous criminals were handed over to prison" and added that at his suggestion an equivalent organization was founded in
905:
In January 1949 he was responsible for the 2nd Section of the 1st Deputy Chief of Staff of the Army, when he took a special information course and was in charge of an inquiry into communist activities in the Brazilian Army.
678:, ending his career heading the Federal Police Department in 1964–1966. Vinícius Kruel was a major in 1964, serving at the 2nd Army HQ, and a brigadier general in 1981, when he accepted to lead the investigation into the
1194:(Oral History of the Army), there is unanimity that Kruel did not believe in Goulart's political positions. Thus, Kruel faced an ethical dilemma due to personal loyalty, making him indecisive, but his image is positive.
1267:
The generals' meeting began at 20:00, with Lindolfo and Zerbini absent. The former would only return from vacation three days later, upsetting Kruel, while the latter avoided the meeting and went to his headquarters in
1404:(PSD). On the other hand, precisely because of his association with Goulart, Kruel's candidacy was frowned upon by many officers, who also did not accept him for having a troop command post. Kruel's supporters offered
1074:
555:
and fought in the FEB as head of the 2nd Section (information) of its General Staff. He broke his friendship with Castelo Branco (also an officer of the General Staff) at the end of 1944 due to disagreements in the
4161:
1128:, declaring himself to be more anti-Communist than Lacerda; Kruel announced that the army was ready to "carbonize the centers of unrest". Jacob Gorender and Moniz Bandeira, the latter based on accusations made in
1296:
General, I don't abandon my friends. If those are your conditions, I don't examine them. I prefer to stay with my origins. You, sir, stick with your convictions. Put the troops in the streets and openly betray
1415:, the immediate arrest of leftist leaders, especially of the CGT, starting on 1 April. He ordered the purge of military personnel considered leftist and identified by the General Staff of the Second Army. The
1066:
the Minister of War. Kruel maintained Goulart's mandate in the army, devising a defense scheme, isolating the conspirators who subverted the government and ensuring the obedience of various military currents.
744:
Kruel studied at the Military School of Porto Alegre beginning when he was around 11–12 years old. Amaury and Riograndino were among Humberto Castelo Branco's best friends at the school, where they also met
954:
In 1957, Kruel was appointed by president Juscelino Kubitschek as Chief of Police of the Federal Department of Public Security. In practice, the position was responsible only for the police forces in the
599:
to prevent a coup and apply political pressure. He was a right-wing figure in the government and conflicts with the left led to his fall from office. In his next command, the 2nd Army, responsible for
1004:
The "Death Squad" case was not responsible for Kruel's dismissal. There was an atmosphere of dissatisfaction: violence increased despite the measures. Geraldo de Menezes Côrtes, a deputy of the
1206:, brought Kruel and Castelo Branco, now one of the main conspirators, closer together after decades of rupture. Riograndino was the main intermediary between his brother and Castelo Branco.
979:" (TVRAMA), consisting of seven police officers from the Special Diligence Section (SDE), led by detective Eurípedes Malta, directly under his command. SDE is more widely known than TVRAMA.
4129:
791:, condemning the fifth consecutive re-election of Borges de Medeiros. During the Revolution of 1930 he was still a lieutenant, serving as aide-de-camp to the deputy chief of staff of the
761:, where they booed government supporters and applauded the opposition. In the streets, they joined the protests of workers and students, in one of which Kruel was shot in the leg by the
3641:
1256:. At 17:00, Kruel transferred his HQ to the headquarters of the 2nd DI, to facilitate the convincing of generals Morais and Mendes, returning to the HQ of the 2nd Army in the evening.
926:. Kruel had become the youngest brigadier general in March, commanding the Divisional Artillery of the 1st DI, the 1st Cavalry Division and, after July 1955, the Chief of Staff of the
1185:
after his dismissal. It is possible that he already had contact with conspirators while in office, but there is no proof that he conspired against the government in that position. A
638:
won by Castelo Branco, representing a tendency towards the center, associated with the deposed government. He was responsible for political repression under his authority during the
772:, in Rio de Janeiro, in 1918, and Kruel remained Castelo's best friend. They were in the same class as other officers of great relevance in Brazil in the following decades, such as
879:
3622:
1584:" (TVERAMA), "Suicide Battalion”, "Suicide Platoon", "Suicide Patrol" and "Suicide Squad". Here, in summary, are the rudiments of a genealogy of the phenomenon "Death Squad".
685:
Amaury Kruel married Cândida Cezimbra Kruel, with whom he had a son (Nei Kruel); he later married Maria Helena Kruel. When Jango (João Goulart) was president, he got a job at
982:
The group created by Kruel had carte blanche to repress crime, being accused of torture and summary executions of criminals. The death of Edgar Farias Oliveira, a driver for
1370:
On 2 April, the 3rd Army remained, to where Goulart went to, where there were still loyalists in Rio Grande do Sul. The 5th Military Region/Infantry Division, in Paraná and
1088:
Military policy also had an offensive use. In June–July 1962, Kruel engineered military pressure on Congress in the interval between the end of the parliamentary cabinet of
1058:
might have for the crisis. For Emílio Neme, deputy chief of the Military House of Brizola, Kruel only disembarked clandestinely in September, even so at Brizola's disposal.
4079:
4153:
659:, Kruel was the son of farmer José Carlos Kruel and Ana Weber Kruel. His brother Riograndino (1898–1989) and nephew Vinícius were also generals. Riograndino Kruel led the
1576:
In any case, the phenomenon did not begin with the "Death Squad". Before the expression was consolidated, the group of Malta was known as "Suicidal", "Suicidal Group", "
1049:
in Rio Grande do Sul to guarantee Goulart's inauguration. At that time, Kruel had no command of troops. According to journalist Jorge Otero, Kruel went clandestinely to
1261:
1124:
In April, a rally of the Popular Mobilization Front was planned in Guanabara, which was governed by the oppositionist Carlos Lacerda; the president gave speeches in
907:
596:
4022:
3794:
4280:
3744:
1190:
still minister of war, that he stage a coup, but Amaury replied that he preferred to change the course of the government from within. In the testimonies in
560:. In the early 1950s, he supported the right in the political dispute at the Military Club and in 1954 he contributed to the downfall of João Goulart, then
1172:
914:
In February 1954, when commanding the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiment (Independence Dragoons) in Rio de Janeiro, Kruel was the first of 82 signatories of the "
1140:. However, Bandeira considered Goulart would be afraid of also attacking the left. General Osvino denounced the rally, dismantling the planned operation.
4295:
960:
1419:
named Kruel as one of those responsible for "managing structures and carrying out procedures aimed at committing serious violations of human rights".
835:
in 1942 and began preparing the Brazilian Expeditionary Force. Kruel was one of eleven Brazilian officers sent in 1943 to a three-month internship at
1524:
does not clarify whether the coffee farm was Piraquê, but the worker's lawsuit refers to conditions that began years before the Goulart government.
1495:
1401:
806:
330:
990:. The term already existed in the press at Kruel's time. In 1968, when executions carried out by the Death Squad were discussed in the press,
1264:(Fiesp), receiving six suitcases of money with a total of U$ 1.2 million. For witnessing the bribery, Moreira was later removed from office.
3935:
1408:, another alternative candidate for Castelo, to join forces, but he declined. Kruel abandoned his candidacy in the name of military unity.
930:. It was during this period that he met Goulart. In October, the person responsible for forging the "Brandi letter", with which journalist
3766:
660:
616:
4290:
4285:
1148:. Muricy received the solidarity of many officers, and Brizola demanded his resignation from the president, but Kruel did not accept it.
850:, commander of the 1st Expeditionary Infantry Division (1st DIE), designated the members of his General Staff (EM) to participate in the
839:, in the United States. While abroad, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel. Brazilians learned to replace French doctrine with American
753:, a student association that promoted soirées and a moralizing political tendency, contrary to the corrupt practices associated with the
3957:
956:
568:, but in the following year they became personal friends. From 1957 to 1959, he was put in charge of the police forces in the capital (
561:
1121:
sergeants movement. In 1963, with presidentialism restored and the military opposition isolated, the support base came into conflict.
1012:
758:
1412:
1097:
4075:
3600:
1374:, already participated in the coup and was transferred from the 3rd to the 2nd Army. Tactical Group 4 was sent from São Paulo to
1249:
1069:
According to deputy Wilson Fadul, a week after taking office in September, he accompanied Goulart and Kruel on a fishing trip to
3838:
1290:
during my government. I just had difficulties. If now, in this crucial hour, I get rid of those around me, it amounts to suicide
1045:
João Goulart from taking office, igniting a crisis. Kruel refused the position and supported the Legality Campaign, started by
934:
accused Goulart of smuggling weapons, confessed his responsibility to Kruel in Rio Grande do Sul. The general was godfather to
682:
on the condition that he would not accept pressure. The investigation did not stay with him and his career ended in that rank.
529:
435:
2838:
1311:
1232:
827:
General Staff of the FEB. Kruel is second from right to left, between Brayner (on the right) and Castelo Branco (on the left)
762:
1093:
795:
in Rio de Janeiro. In this position, he participated in the coup that brought Getúlio Vargas to power. He later joined the
635:
180:
1469:
1397:
1152:
967:
and build a new prison to remedy the shortage of prisons. The fourth station became known in the following decade as the
4054:
3681:
1352:
1005:
927:
548:
628:
1144:
Brizola began to attack Kruel, and in May he entered into conflict with general Antônio Carlos Muricy, commander in
946:
3993:
Guardiões da nação: formação profissional, experiências compartilhadas e engajamento político dos generais de 1964
3746:
O emprego das forças armadas em ações conjuntas com a segurança pública dos Estados como um remédio constitucional
1757:
525:
470:
3991:
1614:
Joint Chiefs of Staff, Cable, Military attaché Vernon Walters Report on Coup Preparations, Secret, March 30, 1964
1228:
851:
730:
639:
463:
3710:
1336:
On 1 April, the 2nd Army ordered internal control in São Paulo, the march of the 16th Battalion of Hunters from
3857:
1198:
Abreu Sodré, there was a plan to arrest both of them if they obstructed the movement. The American ambassador,
1029:
667:
276:
1547:
504:(11 April 1901 – 23 August 1996) was a Brazilian military officer and politician who served as officer of the
4221:
4194:
3891:
3624:
Origens, conflitos e mudanças: a participação da Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras no golpe militar de 1964
1741:
1645:, p. 408. The source is Jaime Portela de Melo, who usually attributes decisive actions to Costa e Silva.
1604:, p. 105, there was no "Service" or "Group", only "Section". It emerged before the Kruel administration.
1473:
1356:
1062:
588:
509:
304:
110:
3913:
1041:
in 1961, but before taking office, Jânio resigned on 25 August and the military ministers wanted to prevent
3533:. Retratos do Brasil. Vol. 108. Translated by Carlos Nayfield. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
1497:
Fazer-se elite em Santa Maria - RS: os imigrantes alemães entre estratégias políticas e sociais - 1830/1891
1455:
1437:
1355:(AMAN) in the municipality of Resende. After 02:00 in the morning, Kruel telephoned its commander, general
792:
552:
537:
453:
207:
3657:
3539:
4300:
4042:
3818:
Uma História do "Esquadrão da Morte": Mitos, símbolos, indícios e violência no Rio de Janeiro (1957-1969)
1427:
1243:
Military situation on the Rio-São Paulo axis on the night of 31 March, with Zerbini in the Paraíba valley
1186:
1101:
1055:
769:
326:
1227:
At 07:00 on the morning of 31 March, Kruel received a call from general Lindolfo Ferraz, on vacation in
675:
3816:
4214:
4204:
3405:
157:
3796:"Esquadrão da morte": Genealogia de uma categoria da violência urbana no Rio de Janeiro (1957 – 1987)
1845:
1843:
1613:
1416:
1321:
773:
4244:
1348:
1042:
867:
620:
557:
517:
513:
47:
1840:
3937:
A revolta que não houve: Adhemar de Barros e a articulação contra o golpe civil-militar (1964-66)
3893:
General Olympio Mourão Filho: Carreira Político-Militar e Participação nos Acontecimentos de 1964
2765:
1330:
624:
950:
Kruel (on the left) in the inauguration of Leonel Brizola as governor of Rio Grande do Sul, 1959
1379:
1371:
1287:
1137:
899:
818:
746:
488:
484:
1690:
1411:
Kruel was one of the supporters of the "cleaning operation", articulating, together with the
1363:
in the afternoon. The most advanced echelon of the 2nd Army stayed further back, in Resende.
1156:
1078:
847:
788:
784:
4096:
935:
4275:
4270:
3840:
Praças em pé de guerra: o movimento político dos subalternos militares no Brasil, 1961-1964
2261:
1100:, and Kruel was one of only two military names preserved by the new ministry. According to
573:
3858:"O golpe de 1964 e a instauração da ditadura civil-militar no Pará: apoios e resistências"
1253:
600:
8:
3242:
1405:
1164:
more left-wing military policy and did not have as much control over the Brazilian Army.
1145:
809:. In 1936–1937, already as a major, he commanded the Municipal Police of Rio de Janeiro.
580:
3571:
3441:. Rio de Janeiro: Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil.
3428:
A política nos quartéis: revoltas e protestos de oficiais na ditadura militar brasileira
3661:
1446:
805:
who defended the reforms instituted by the revolution. In 1931–1933 Kruel attended the
754:
671:
551:
since he was a teenager at the Military School of Porto Alegre, he participated in the
4109:
1825:
3665:
3642:"Resistência e derrota do Presidente João Goulart, em abril de 1964, em Porto Alegre"
3541:
Ditaduras não são eternas: memórias da resistência ao golpe de 1964 no Espírito Santo
3508:
1239:
1203:
923:
777:
679:
656:
643:
584:
541:
228:
3874:
3727:
1763:
702:
612:
565:
3969:
3869:
3722:
3653:
3528:
3458:
3447:
3395:
840:
836:
686:
533:
505:
386:
20:
4154:"Fiesp subornou general para trair Jango, diz coronel à Comissão da Verdade de SP"
1616:. Cintra reported to Vernon Walters, through whom the information reached the CIA.
1038:
1326:
992:
717:. He worked in the business sector, as part of the company Eletrônica Kruel S.A.
4023:"Comissão Municipal da Verdade ouve coronel do Exército sobre suborno a militar"
843:, and Kruel also participated in debates with American agents on police reform.
521:
68:
4187:
1199:
1089:
1070:
1046:
931:
895:
694:
592:
569:
430:
363:
293:
145:
133:
3974:
4264:
3958:"The Official Story: The Violent Censorship of Brazilian Veterans, 1945-1954"
1654:
Testimony of Ladário Pereira Teles, heard from João Goulart in Porto Alegre.
1278:
1133:
863:
3690:
3419:
A Guerra das Estrelas (1964/1984): Os bastidores das sucessões presidenciais
1970:
532:, from 1963 to 1966. He reached the rank of army general, being promoted to
3486:
1211:
1050:
832:
698:
458:
1096:. The new cabinet was more suited to Goulart's goal, to bring forward the
998:
919:
787:, he participated with other soldiers in demonstrations in support of the
3538:
Pereira, Valter Pires; Marvilla, Miguel (orgs.) (2005). "Segunda parte".
1360:
883:
855:
780:, ranking 18th among his peers. He left as an officer candidate in 1921.
690:
604:
524:, Kruel later switched sides and was one of the main participants in the
1269:
608:
710:
1875:
1873:
1422:
1167:
1125:
823:
783:
In 1923, when he was first lieutenant in the 7th Cavalry Regiment, in
3305:
1112:
983:
801:
3513:. História Oral do Exército. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército.
3218:
1941:
1939:
1337:
4073:
3436:
2228:
1924:
1870:
1555:
1375:
1082:
706:
701:, Jango also managed to obtain public funding for a coffee farm in
4152:
4055:"Processo que durou mais de 50 anos é encerrado no Espírito Santo"
3353:
3133:
3131:
1849:
1341:
975:
to Kruel, but it had earlier local roots. Kruel also created the "
591:
and the Ministry of War, he was the president's strong man in the
4020:
3341:
2771:
2247:
1951:
1936:
1897:
734:
Castelo Branco and Kruel at the Military School of Porto Alegre,
3915:
República dos assassinos: o esquadrão da morte carioca no cinema
3206:
3089:
2957:
2909:
3128:
2969:
2696:
890:
353:
32:
3493:. As Ilusões Armadas (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca.
3397:
O Governo João Goulart: As Lutas Sociais no Brasil (1961-1964)
2844:
2740:
2738:
2182:
2180:
1468:
announced Kruel's arrest, which did not happen. He ran in the
1286:
I never had the support of either the political forces or the
878:
3767:"Pena de Morte e o Esquadrão da Morte nas páginas na Revista
3065:
1582:
Turma Volante Especial de Repressão aos Assaltos à Mão Armada
714:
3602:
A batalha pela memória : os militares e o golpe de 1964
3053:
3041:
2672:
1813:
3510:
1964-31 de março: O movimento revolucionário e sua história
3498:
Markun, Paulo Sérgio; Urchoeguia, Marilda Hamilton (2017).
3101:
2856:
2735:
2612:
2564:
2333:
2273:
2216:
2177:
2081:
2021:
1985:
1914:
1912:
1858:
1116:
The Duke of Caxias Palace, then seat of the Ministry of War
382:
4130:"Veja a lista dos 377 responsáveis por crimes na ditadura"
3711:"Modernizando a repressão: a Usaid e a polícia brasileira"
3293:
3005:
2945:
2875:
2873:
2871:
2780:
2648:
2588:
2516:
2504:
1885:
749:. Castelo and the Kruel brothers were on the board of the
642:. He participated in the conspiracy of São Paulo governor
3077:
2981:
2933:
2417:
2357:
2309:
2117:
1971:"Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas"
4128:
3530:
1964: O Papel dos Estados Unidos no Golpe de 31 de Março
3329:
3248:
3179:
3167:
2897:
2885:
2792:
2660:
2600:
2477:
2465:
2393:
2381:
2369:
2297:
2069:
2057:
1909:
1453:
no objection and personally handed over the copy of the
4053:
3230:
3017:
2921:
2868:
2755:
2753:
2713:
2711:
2624:
2494:
2492:
2441:
2345:
2204:
2192:
2153:
2009:
1997:
1831:
1600:
uses "Special Due Diligence Service", but according to
1037:
Kruel was appointed ambassador to Bolivia by president
898:
in 1960. In 1958 he was awarded the Grand Cross of the
757:
government. On breaks, Amaury and Castelo attended the
3365:
3281:
3257:
3196:
3194:
3143:
2528:
2270:, pp. 188–189, 188–189, 200–201, 222-223 and 244.
2165:
2105:
2093:
1778:
1629:, p. 351, places what happened around 16:00, and
1385:
4107:
3683:
João Goulart e os militares na crise dos anos de 1960
3481:(4 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
3470:
Unrest in Brazil: Political-Military Crises 1955-1964
3400:(4 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira.
3269:
3155:
3029:
2993:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1797:
1795:
1793:
1769:
889:
After the war, Kruel served as a military attaché in
520:
in 1962–1963. Despite initially supporting president
4095:
Ryff, Luiz Antônio; Magalhães, Mário (21 May 2000).
4040:
3547:. Vitória: Assembleia Legislativa do Espírito Santo.
3438:
Dicionário histórico-biográfico brasileiro, pós-1930
3430:. Translated by André Telles. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar.
3347:
3317:
2816:
2804:
2750:
2723:
2708:
2684:
2636:
2540:
2489:
2453:
2429:
2405:
2321:
2285:
2045:
1578:
Turma Volante de Repressão aos Assaltos à Mão-Armada
1155:
was a legal controversy, and Kruel was pressing the
1024:
977:
Turma Volante de Repressão aos Assaltos à Mão-Armada
3191:
3118:
3116:
2141:
1168:
The 2nd Army and relationship with the conspirators
2576:
2552:
2129:
2033:
1790:
1262:Federation of Industries of the State of São Paulo
1063:Military Cabinet of the Presidency of the Republic
3500:1961 - o Brasil entre a ditadura e a guerra civil
3457:Duarte, Eurilo (1964). "32 mais 32, igual a 64".
634:After the coup, Kruel was a pre-candidate in the
418:Divisional Artillery of the 1st Infantry Division
4262:
3497:
3113:
2234:
1033:João Goulart's presidential inauguration in 1961
579:In 1961, he supported Goulart's inauguration as
421:Divisional Infantry of the 1st Infantry Division
3658:10.23927/issn.2526-1347.RIHGB.2020(483):303-332
3537:
1819:
664:revolt in the 10th Independent Cavalry Regiment
3815:Oliveira, Frederico Cícero Pereira de (2016).
3689:(Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ. Archived from
941:
4094:
3412:(2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Jorge Zahar Ed.
3299:
1098:plebiscite to restore his presidential powers
971:. Some newspapers attributed the creation of
627:marked the end of loyalist resistance in the
123:9 September 1961 – 19 September 1961
4281:Brazilian military personnel of World War II
3855:
3507:Motta, Aricildes de Morais (coord.) (2003).
3445:
3095:
3059:
2963:
2915:
2862:
2744:
2702:
2654:
2618:
2594:
2570:
1019:
693:for Kruel's son. According to statements by
220:12 September 1967 – 1 February 1971
3463:(2ª ed.). Rio de Janeiro: José Álvaro.
765:, leaving a scar for the rest of his life.
4296:People from Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul
4076:"Série revela ação dos EUA no golpe de 64"
3778:Anais do 30° Simpósio Nacional de História
3764:
3742:
3452:(2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: José Álvaro.
2171:
1918:
1747:
31:
3973:
3934:Ruiz, Carlos Henrique dos Santos (2018).
3873:
3837:Parucker, Paulo Eduardo Castello (2006).
3726:
3434:
2834:
1753:
1737:
1682:
1680:
1423:"Countercoup" and final years in politics
1151:The candidacy of sergeants to run in the
1107:
759:Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul
697:and general Rubens Restell to journalist
650:
170:12 July 1962 – 18 September 1962
60:14 September 1962 – 15 June 1963
4021:Albuquerque, Flávia (25 February 2014).
3989:
3955:
3836:
3814:
3621:Almeida, Jorge Luis Gregorio de (2018).
3569:
3476:
3404:
3393:
3185:
2891:
2879:
2630:
2447:
2423:
2363:
2339:
2315:
2279:
2222:
2210:
2198:
2186:
2159:
2123:
2087:
2015:
2003:
1991:
1957:
1891:
1864:
1784:
1733:
1731:
1729:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1719:
1601:
1585:
1548:"Galeria de Antigos Comandantes da AD/1"
1493:
1426:
1413:Department of Political and Social Order
1310:
1238:
1171:
1111:
1077:in April 1962, and was impressed by the
1028:
945:
877:
822:
729:
4097:"Espiões vigiavam presidente no exílio"
4041:Ribeiro, Antônio Sérgio (6 June 2011).
3620:
3598:
3551:
3485:
3236:
3107:
3023:
2927:
2522:
1807:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1711:
1709:
1707:
1705:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1686:
1521:
4263:
3652:(483). Rio de Janeiro: IHGB: 303–332.
3585:(1 ed.). São Paulo: Globo Livros.
3526:
3467:
3456:
3425:
3416:
3371:
3275:
3263:
3224:
3173:
3161:
3149:
2903:
2678:
2411:
2291:
1677:
1630:
1306:
409:1st Mechanized Reconnaissance Regiment
4082:from the original on 10 November 2016
3912:Rocha, Eduardo Marcelo Silva (2021).
3911:
3889:
3708:
3679:
3580:
3576:(7 ed.). São Paulo: Paz e Terra.
3560:
3506:
3421:(2 ed.). Porto Alegre: L&PM.
3137:
3083:
3071:
3047:
3035:
3011:
2999:
2987:
2975:
2951:
2939:
2850:
2822:
2810:
2798:
2786:
2759:
2729:
2717:
2690:
2666:
2642:
2606:
2546:
2534:
2510:
2498:
2483:
2471:
2459:
2435:
2399:
2387:
2375:
2351:
2327:
2303:
2267:
2147:
2111:
2063:
2051:
2027:
1973:. Presidência da República Portuguesa
1655:
1642:
1626:
1378:. Kruel issued a proclamation to the
1315:2nd Army tanks being rail transported
4043:"1966: A queda de Adhemar de Barros"
3933:
3856:Petit, Pere; Cuéllar, Jaime (2012).
3793:Neto, David Maciel De Mello (2014).
3792:
3517:
3472:. Austin: University of Texas Press.
3359:
3335:
3323:
3311:
3287:
3212:
3200:
2582:
2558:
2248:"Comandantes do Exército Brasileiro"
2135:
2099:
2075:
2039:
1945:
1930:
1903:
1879:
1696:
1597:
1533:
1061:Goulart appointed Kruel head of the
4108:Contreiras, Hélio (21 April 1999).
4047:Assembleia Legislativa de São Paulo
3962:Hispanic American Historical Review
3765:Nascimento, Aline de Jesus (2019).
3639:
3460:Os idos de março e a queda em abril
3449:Os Idos de Março e a Queda em Abril
3410:Forças Armadas e Política no Brasil
3122:
1545:From 28 April to 25 September. See
1390:
1386:Career in the military dictatorship
1217:
1013:Parliamentary Commission of Inquiry
938:, the son of Goulart born in 1956.
812:
13:
4291:Grand Crosses of the Order of Aviz
4286:Brazilian people of German descent
3520:Castello: a marcha para a ditadura
1353:Military Academy of Agulhas Negras
705:. Kruel owned the Piraquê farm in
647:was an opposition federal deputy.
549:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco
406:Mechanized Reconnaissance Regiment
14:
4312:
3990:Svartman, Eduardo Munhoz (2006).
3743:Nascimento, Cássio Souza (2017).
1250:Divisional Infantry of the 2nd DI
1025:Military ally and Minister of War
514:Federal Office of Public Security
208:Member of the Chamber of Deputies
4140:from the original on 4 July 2018
3890:Pinto, Daniel Cerqueira (2015).
3709:Motta, Rodrigo Patto Sá (2010).
1648:
1494:Nicoloso, Fabricio Rigo (2013).
572:) through the DFSP by president
512:(FEB) in 1944–1945, head of the
483:
381:
4164:from the original on 2021-03-31
3875:10.1590/S0103-21862012000100011
3868:(49). Rio de Janeiro: 169–189.
3728:10.1590/S0102-01882010000100012
3680:Faria, Fabiano Godinho (2013).
3381:
3314:, p. 74, 96-97, 103 e 105.
2828:
2240:
1963:
1636:
1619:
1607:
1591:
1570:
1539:
1527:
1515:
1233:Military Police of Minas Gerais
1202:, through the military attaché
536:when he retired. He was then a
324:Military School of Porto Alegre
4074:Tosta, Wilson (4 April 2011).
3824:(Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ
3802:(Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ
3715:Revista Brasileira de História
2839:RIBEIRO, Carlos Alberto Cabral
1486:
1333:and the 3rd Cavalry Division.
873:
725:
619:. His conference with general
277:Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul
1:
3999:(Thesis). Porto Alegre: UFRGS
3599:Atassio, Aline Prado (2007).
3581:Villa, Marco Antonio (2014).
3573:Brasil: de Getúlio a Castello
1665:
1474:Brazilian Democratic Movement
1380:military of Rio Grande do Sul
1340:to Brasília, passing through
1092:and the beginning of that of
735:
587:. Until 1963, as head of the
510:Brazilian Expeditionary Force
4222:Head of the Military Cabinet
4195:Head of the Military Cabinet
3921:(Thesis). São Cristóvão: UFS
3899:(Thesis). Juiz de Fora: UFJF
3608:(Thesis). São Carlos: UFSCar
3583:Jango: um perfil (1945-1964)
3227:, p. 335-336 e 343-344.
2235:Markun & Urchoeguia 2017
1670:
1303:And then hung up the phone.
866:, commander of the American
340:Military officer; politician
111:Head of the Military Cabinet
7:
3956:Smallman, Shawn C. (1998).
3627:(Thesis). Niterói: Universo
3593:Articles and academic works
3563:1964: Golpe ou Contragolpe?
3527:Parker, Phyllis R. (1977).
3479:João Goulart: uma biografia
3468:Dulles, John W. F. (2014).
1820:Pereira & Marvilla 2005
1503:(Thesis). Santa Maria: UFSM
1222:
942:Public security (1957–1959)
770:Military School of Realengo
412:1st Guards Cavalry Regiment
327:Military School of Realengo
10:
4317:
3140:, p. 120-121, Tomo 8.
2978:, p. 158-159, Tomo 8.
816:
751:Sociedade Cívica Literária
471:1964 Brazilian coup d'état
4251:
4242:
4236:
4228:
4219:
4211:
4201:
4192:
4184:
4179:
4110:"A escolha de Figueiredo"
3975:10.1215/00182168-78.2.229
3570:Skidmore, Thomas (1982).
3565:. Porto Alegre: L&PM.
3556:. Porto Alegre: L&PM.
3348:Alesp, 6 de junho de 2011
3300:Ryff & Magalhães 2000
2775:, 25 de fevereiro de 2014
1853:, 18 de fevereiro de 2014
1472:for the opposition party
1417:National Truth Commission
1192:História Oral do Exército
1075:trip to the United States
1020:João Goulart's government
1006:National Democratic Union
793:General Staff of the Army
776:. Cadet Kruel joined the
720:
495:
479:
446:
392:
377:
369:
359:
349:
344:
336:
320:
310:
300:
283:
263:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
224:
213:
206:
196:
186:
174:
163:
151:
139:
127:
116:
109:
105:
98:
94:
84:
74:
64:
53:
46:
42:
30:
18:
4078:. O Estado de S. Paulo.
3943:(Thesis). Marília: Unesp
3552:Tavares, Flávio (2014).
3477:Ferreira, Jorge (2011).
3406:Carvalho, José Murilo de
3394:Bandeira, Moniz (1978).
3252:, 10 de dezembro de 2014
3074:, p. 37-41, Tomo 1.
2964:Petit & Cuéllar 2012
2853:, p. 196 e 342-343.
1960:, p. 159-160 e 163.
1633:, p. 142, at 17:00.
1479:
1357:Emílio Garrastazu Médici
1176:Soldiers of the 2nd Army
676:São Paulo Revolt of 1924
621:Armando de Moraes Ancora
558:Battle of Monte Castello
516:(DFSP) in 1957–1959 and
4215:Aurélio de Lira Tavares
4205:Aurélio de Lira Tavares
3491:A Ditadura Envergonhada
3446:Dines, Alberto (1964).
3417:Chagas, Carlos (1985).
3050:, p. 121, Tomo 14.
1625:Zerbini's testimony in
1456:Diário Oficial da União
1402:Social Democratic Party
1331:Amazon Military Command
192:Aurélio de Lira Tavares
158:Aurélio de Lira Tavares
3843:(Thesis). Niterói: UFF
3522:. São Paulo: Contexto.
2789:, p. 51, Tomo 11.
1933:, “A cobra vai fumar”.
1882:, “Pólvora nas veias”.
1835:, 19 de agosto de 2014
1432:
1316:
1301:
1244:
1177:
1138:governor of Pernambuco
1117:
1108:Crisis in the ministry
1034:
951:
928:Southern Military Zone
916:Manifesto dos Coronéis
900:Military Order of Aviz
886:
882:Kruel as commander of
828:
819:Brazil in World War II
747:Artur da Costa e Silva
741:
709:, on the banks of the
651:Family and possessions
489:Military Order of Aviz
314:Cândida Cezimbra Kruel
3561:Silva, Hélio (2014).
3502:. São Paulo: Benvirá.
3426:Chirio, Maud (2012).
3014:, p. 36, Tomo 1.
2954:, p. 43, Tomo 3.
2681:, p. 27-28 e 32.
1773:, 21 de abril de 1999
1430:
1398:Brazilian Labor Party
1314:
1283:
1242:
1175:
1157:Supreme Federal Court
1115:
1079:Strategic Air Command
1032:
949:
881:
848:Mascarenhas de Morais
826:
817:Further information:
799:, an organization of
789:Federalist Revolution
785:Santana do Livramento
733:
674:, at the time of the
640:military dictatorship
424:Armored Division Core
370:Years of service
100:Further offices held
4160:. 18 February 2014.
4136:. 10 December 2014.
3752:(Thesis). Macaé: UFF
3640:Axt, Gunter (2020).
3362:, “Pau neles, tio!”.
2513:, p. 196 e 244.
1948:, “O Anjo da Morte”.
1906:, “Cabeça-de-papel”.
1231:, Minas Gerais. The
908:Nelson Werneck Sodré
807:General Staff School
774:Olímpio Mourão Filho
768:Both went on to the
574:Juscelino Kubitschek
415:1st Cavalry Division
90:Jair Dantas Ribeiro
4254:Jair Dantas Ribeiro
3696:on 10 November 2021
3518:Neto, Lira (2004).
2078:, p. 77 e 150.
1558:on 12 December 2018
1406:Eurico Gaspar Dutra
1307:Military operations
1146:Rio Grande do Norte
988:Invernada de Olaria
969:Invernada de Olaria
581:president of Brazil
544:from 1967 to 1971.
528:at the head of the
4301:Marshals of Brazil
4180:Political offices
3862:Estudos Históricos
3435:CPDOC FGV (2001).
3338:, p. 119-123.
3215:, “Temos o homem”.
3110:, p. 150-151.
3098:, p. 150-152.
3086:, p. 432-433.
2990:, p. 347-350.
2966:, p. 171-172.
2942:, p. 339-340.
2918:, p. 117-118.
2801:, p. 351-353.
2705:, p. 143-144.
2669:, p. 344-345.
2609:, p. 314-315.
2525:, p. 101-103.
2486:, p. 243-244.
2474:, p. 182-183.
2402:, p. 240-242.
2390:, p. 234-239.
2378:, p. 229-233.
2342:, p. 272-273.
2306:, p. 207-208.
2282:, p. 268-269.
2225:, p. 249-250.
2189:, p. 100-103.
2102:, pp. 25, 61.
2090:, p. 131-134.
2066:, p. 241-244.
1994:, p. 195-201.
1867:, p. 230-231.
1758:KRUEL, Riograndino
1466:Diário de S. Paulo
1447:Institutional Acts
1438:federal government
1433:
1317:
1245:
1178:
1118:
1035:
952:
887:
829:
797:Clube 3 de Outubro
755:Borges de Medeiros
742:
672:Mato Grosso do Sul
617:the Paraíba Valley
597:military apparatus
454:Revolution of 1930
316:Maria Helena Kruel
4259:
4258:
4252:Succeeded by
4229:Succeeded by
4202:Succeeded by
4101:Folha de S. Paulo
3096:Dines et al. 1964
3060:Dines et al. 1964
2916:Dines et al. 1964
2863:Dines et al. 1964
2745:Dines et al. 1964
2703:Dines et al. 1964
2655:Dines et al. 1964
2619:Dines et al. 1964
2595:Dines et al. 1964
2571:Dines et al. 1964
2354:, p. 239-40.
1894:, p. 99-100.
1094:Brochado da Rocha
1056:National Congress
924:Rio Grande do Sul
680:Riocentro bombing
657:German immigrants
636:indirect election
585:Legality Campaign
562:Minister of Labor
499:
498:
234:
233:
181:Brochado da Rocha
4308:
4237:Preceded by
4212:Preceded by
4185:Preceded by
4177:
4176:
4172:
4170:
4169:
4149:
4147:
4145:
4125:
4123:
4121:
4104:
4091:
4089:
4087:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4061:. 19 August 2014
4050:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4008:
4006:
4004:
3998:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3977:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3942:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3920:
3908:
3906:
3904:
3898:
3886:
3884:
3882:
3877:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3833:
3831:
3829:
3823:
3811:
3809:
3807:
3801:
3789:
3787:
3785:
3775:
3761:
3759:
3757:
3751:
3739:
3737:
3735:
3730:
3705:
3703:
3701:
3695:
3688:
3676:
3674:
3672:
3636:
3634:
3632:
3617:
3615:
3613:
3607:
3586:
3577:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3546:
3534:
3523:
3514:
3503:
3494:
3482:
3473:
3464:
3453:
3442:
3431:
3422:
3413:
3401:
3375:
3369:
3363:
3357:
3351:
3345:
3339:
3333:
3327:
3321:
3315:
3309:
3303:
3297:
3291:
3290:, p. 91-92.
3285:
3279:
3273:
3267:
3261:
3255:
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3222:
3216:
3210:
3204:
3198:
3189:
3183:
3177:
3176:, p. 67-68.
3171:
3165:
3159:
3153:
3147:
3141:
3135:
3126:
3120:
3111:
3105:
3099:
3093:
3087:
3081:
3075:
3069:
3063:
3057:
3051:
3045:
3039:
3033:
3027:
3021:
3015:
3009:
3003:
2997:
2991:
2985:
2979:
2973:
2967:
2961:
2955:
2949:
2943:
2937:
2931:
2925:
2919:
2913:
2907:
2906:, p. 34-35.
2901:
2895:
2889:
2883:
2877:
2866:
2860:
2854:
2848:
2842:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2802:
2796:
2790:
2784:
2778:
2769:
2763:
2757:
2748:
2742:
2733:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2706:
2700:
2694:
2688:
2682:
2676:
2670:
2664:
2658:
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2604:
2598:
2592:
2586:
2580:
2574:
2568:
2562:
2556:
2550:
2544:
2538:
2537:, p. 93-94.
2532:
2526:
2520:
2514:
2508:
2502:
2496:
2487:
2481:
2475:
2469:
2463:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2426:, p. 50-52.
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2397:
2391:
2385:
2379:
2373:
2367:
2366:, p. 95-96.
2361:
2355:
2349:
2343:
2337:
2331:
2325:
2319:
2318:, p. 59-62.
2313:
2307:
2301:
2295:
2289:
2283:
2277:
2271:
2265:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2244:
2238:
2232:
2226:
2220:
2214:
2208:
2202:
2196:
2190:
2184:
2175:
2169:
2163:
2157:
2151:
2145:
2139:
2133:
2127:
2126:, p. 25-42.
2121:
2115:
2114:, p. 70-71.
2109:
2103:
2097:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2049:
2043:
2037:
2031:
2025:
2019:
2013:
2007:
2001:
1995:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1934:
1928:
1922:
1916:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1868:
1862:
1856:
1847:
1838:
1829:
1823:
1817:
1811:
1805:
1788:
1782:
1776:
1767:
1761:
1751:
1745:
1735:
1694:
1684:
1659:
1652:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1623:
1617:
1611:
1605:
1595:
1589:
1574:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1554:. Archived from
1543:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1512:
1510:
1508:
1502:
1490:
1431:Ademar de Barros
1391:Post-coup d'état
1322:Operation Popeye
1218:1964 coup d'état
957:Federal District
885:
852:Italian campaign
841:maneuver warfare
837:Fort Leavenworth
813:Second World War
763:Military Brigade
740:
739: 1912–1917
737:
687:Lloyd Brasileiro
655:A descendant of
644:Ademar de Barros
589:Military Cabinet
526:1964 coup d'état
487:
464:Italian campaign
427:Armored Division
385:
345:Military service
290:
273:
271:
259:Personal details
218:
199:
189:
177:
168:
154:
142:
130:
121:
96:
95:
87:
77:
58:
35:
16:
15:
4316:
4315:
4311:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4261:
4260:
4255:
4248:
4245:Minister of War
4240:
4232:
4225:
4217:
4207:
4198:
4190:
4175:
4167:
4165:
4143:
4141:
4119:
4117:
4116:. No. 1541
4085:
4083:
4064:
4062:
4031:
4029:
4011:
4002:
4000:
3996:
3980:
3978:
3946:
3944:
3940:
3924:
3922:
3918:
3902:
3900:
3896:
3880:
3878:
3846:
3844:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3805:
3803:
3799:
3783:
3781:
3773:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3733:
3731:
3721:(59): 237–266.
3699:
3697:
3693:
3686:
3670:
3668:
3630:
3628:
3611:
3609:
3605:
3589:
3544:
3384:
3379:
3378:
3370:
3366:
3358:
3354:
3346:
3342:
3334:
3330:
3322:
3318:
3310:
3306:
3298:
3294:
3286:
3282:
3274:
3270:
3262:
3258:
3247:
3243:
3235:
3231:
3223:
3219:
3211:
3207:
3199:
3192:
3184:
3180:
3172:
3168:
3160:
3156:
3148:
3144:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3114:
3106:
3102:
3094:
3090:
3082:
3078:
3070:
3066:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3034:
3030:
3022:
3018:
3010:
3006:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2982:
2974:
2970:
2962:
2958:
2950:
2946:
2938:
2934:
2926:
2922:
2914:
2910:
2902:
2898:
2890:
2886:
2878:
2869:
2861:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2809:
2805:
2797:
2793:
2785:
2781:
2770:
2766:
2758:
2751:
2743:
2736:
2728:
2724:
2716:
2709:
2701:
2697:
2689:
2685:
2677:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2653:
2649:
2641:
2637:
2629:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2605:
2601:
2593:
2589:
2581:
2577:
2569:
2565:
2557:
2553:
2545:
2541:
2533:
2529:
2521:
2517:
2509:
2505:
2497:
2490:
2482:
2478:
2470:
2466:
2458:
2454:
2446:
2442:
2434:
2430:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2398:
2394:
2386:
2382:
2374:
2370:
2362:
2358:
2350:
2346:
2338:
2334:
2326:
2322:
2314:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2290:
2286:
2278:
2274:
2266:
2262:
2252:
2250:
2246:
2245:
2241:
2233:
2229:
2221:
2217:
2209:
2205:
2197:
2193:
2185:
2178:
2172:Nascimento 2019
2170:
2166:
2158:
2154:
2146:
2142:
2134:
2130:
2122:
2118:
2110:
2106:
2098:
2094:
2086:
2082:
2074:
2070:
2062:
2058:
2050:
2046:
2038:
2034:
2026:
2022:
2014:
2010:
2002:
1998:
1990:
1986:
1976:
1974:
1969:
1968:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1937:
1929:
1925:
1919:Nascimento 2017
1917:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
1871:
1863:
1859:
1848:
1841:
1830:
1826:
1818:
1814:
1806:
1791:
1783:
1779:
1768:
1764:
1752:
1748:
1736:
1697:
1685:
1678:
1673:
1668:
1663:
1662:
1653:
1649:
1641:
1637:
1624:
1620:
1612:
1608:
1596:
1592:
1575:
1571:
1561:
1559:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1491:
1487:
1482:
1425:
1393:
1388:
1327:Fort Copacabana
1309:
1294:
1293:
1225:
1220:
1170:
1110:
1027:
1022:
944:
876:
831:Brazil entered
821:
815:
738:
728:
723:
653:
595:, setting up a
553:1930 Revolution
518:Minister of War
475:
442:
401:
400:
329:
325:
315:
301:Political party
292:
288:
275:
269:
267:
219:
214:
197:
187:
175:
169:
164:
152:
140:
128:
122:
117:
101:
85:
75:
59:
54:
48:Minister of War
38:
26:
23:
12:
11:
5:
4314:
4304:
4303:
4298:
4293:
4288:
4283:
4278:
4273:
4257:
4256:
4253:
4250:
4241:
4239:Nélson de Melo
4238:
4234:
4233:
4230:
4227:
4218:
4213:
4209:
4208:
4203:
4200:
4191:
4188:Ernesto Geisel
4186:
4182:
4181:
4174:
4173:
4158:Último Segundo
4150:
4126:
4105:
4092:
4071:
4051:
4038:
4017:
4016:
4015:
4010:
4009:
3987:
3968:(2): 229–259.
3953:
3931:
3909:
3887:
3853:
3834:
3812:
3790:
3780:. ANPUH-Brasil
3762:
3740:
3706:
3677:
3637:
3618:
3595:
3594:
3590:
3588:
3587:
3578:
3567:
3558:
3549:
3535:
3524:
3515:
3504:
3495:
3483:
3474:
3465:
3454:
3443:
3432:
3423:
3414:
3402:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3377:
3376:
3374:, p. 116.
3364:
3352:
3340:
3328:
3326:, p. 114.
3316:
3304:
3292:
3280:
3268:
3266:, p. 117.
3256:
3241:
3239:, p. 118.
3229:
3217:
3205:
3190:
3188:, p. 371.
3178:
3166:
3154:
3152:, p. 330.
3142:
3127:
3112:
3100:
3088:
3076:
3064:
3062:, p. 150.
3052:
3040:
3038:, p. 418.
3028:
3026:, p. 147.
3016:
3004:
3002:, p. 353.
2992:
2980:
2968:
2956:
2944:
2932:
2930:, p. 103.
2920:
2908:
2896:
2894:, p. 485.
2884:
2882:, p. 180.
2867:
2865:, p. 144.
2855:
2843:
2835:CPDOC FGV 2001
2827:
2825:, p. 343.
2815:
2813:, p. 375.
2803:
2791:
2779:
2764:
2762:, p. 348.
2749:
2747:, p. 142.
2734:
2732:, p. 338.
2722:
2720:, p. 345.
2707:
2695:
2693:, p. 378.
2683:
2671:
2659:
2647:
2645:, p. 115.
2635:
2633:, p. 362.
2623:
2621:, p. 138.
2611:
2599:
2587:
2575:
2573:, p. 149.
2563:
2551:
2549:, p. 337.
2539:
2527:
2515:
2503:
2501:, p. 261.
2488:
2476:
2464:
2462:, p. 244.
2452:
2450:, p. 306.
2440:
2438:, p. 242.
2428:
2416:
2404:
2392:
2380:
2368:
2356:
2344:
2332:
2330:, p. 222.
2320:
2308:
2296:
2284:
2272:
2260:
2239:
2227:
2215:
2213:, p. 239.
2203:
2201:, p. 230.
2191:
2176:
2164:
2162:, p. 107.
2152:
2140:
2128:
2116:
2104:
2092:
2080:
2068:
2056:
2054:, p. 241.
2044:
2032:
2020:
2018:, p. 159.
2008:
2006:, p. 256.
1996:
1984:
1962:
1950:
1935:
1923:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1869:
1857:
1851:Último Segundo
1839:
1824:
1812:
1789:
1787:, p. 101.
1777:
1762:
1754:CPDOC FGV 2001
1746:
1738:CPDOC FGV 2001
1695:
1675:
1674:
1672:
1669:
1667:
1664:
1661:
1660:
1658:, p. 354.
1647:
1635:
1618:
1606:
1590:
1588:, p. 127.
1569:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1484:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1470:1966 elections
1424:
1421:
1392:
1389:
1387:
1384:
1372:Santa Catarina
1308:
1305:
1224:
1221:
1219:
1216:
1204:Vernon Walters
1200:Lincoln Gordon
1169:
1166:
1153:1962 elections
1136:, the leftist
1109:
1106:
1102:Moniz Bandeira
1090:Tancredo Neves
1071:Bananal Island
1047:Leonel Brizola
1043:vice president
1026:
1023:
1021:
1018:
943:
940:
932:Carlos Lacerda
896:United Nations
875:
872:
814:
811:
778:cavalry branch
727:
724:
722:
719:
703:Espírito Santo
695:Ernesto Geisel
670:, present-day
652:
649:
593:Brazilian Army
570:Rio de Janeiro
566:Getúlio Vargas
538:federal deputy
497:
496:
493:
492:
481:
477:
476:
474:
473:
468:
467:
466:
456:
450:
448:
444:
443:
441:
440:
439:
438:
433:
431:Brazilian Army
428:
425:
422:
419:
416:
413:
410:
407:
398:
397:
396:
394:
390:
389:
379:
375:
374:
371:
367:
366:
364:Brazilian Army
361:
360:Branch/service
357:
356:
351:
347:
346:
342:
341:
338:
334:
333:
322:
318:
317:
312:
308:
307:
302:
298:
297:
294:Rio de Janeiro
291:(aged 95)
287:23 August 1996
285:
281:
280:
265:
261:
260:
256:
255:
252:
251:
248:
247:
244:
243:
240:
239:
236:
235:
232:
231:
226:
222:
221:
211:
210:
204:
203:
200:
194:
193:
190:
184:
183:
178:
176:Prime Minister
172:
171:
161:
160:
155:
149:
148:
146:Ernesto Geisel
143:
137:
136:
134:Tancredo Neves
131:
129:Prime Minister
125:
124:
114:
113:
107:
106:
103:
102:
99:
92:
91:
88:
82:
81:
80:Nélson de Melo
78:
72:
71:
66:
62:
61:
51:
50:
44:
43:
40:
39:
36:
28:
27:
24:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4313:
4302:
4299:
4297:
4294:
4292:
4289:
4287:
4284:
4282:
4279:
4277:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4268:
4266:
4247:
4246:
4235:
4224:
4223:
4216:
4210:
4206:
4197:
4196:
4189:
4183:
4178:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4139:
4135:
4131:
4127:
4115:
4111:
4106:
4102:
4098:
4093:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4060:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4044:
4039:
4028:
4027:AgênciaBrasil
4024:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4012:
3995:
3994:
3988:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3959:
3954:
3939:
3938:
3932:
3917:
3916:
3910:
3895:
3894:
3888:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3854:
3842:
3841:
3835:
3820:
3819:
3813:
3798:
3797:
3791:
3779:
3772:
3770:
3763:
3748:
3747:
3741:
3729:
3724:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3707:
3692:
3685:
3684:
3678:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3638:
3626:
3625:
3619:
3604:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3592:
3591:
3584:
3579:
3575:
3574:
3568:
3564:
3559:
3555:
3554:1964: O Golpe
3550:
3543:
3542:
3536:
3532:
3531:
3525:
3521:
3516:
3512:
3511:
3505:
3501:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3487:Gaspari, Elio
3484:
3480:
3475:
3471:
3466:
3462:
3461:
3455:
3451:
3450:
3444:
3440:
3439:
3433:
3429:
3424:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3398:
3392:
3391:
3387:
3386:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3356:
3349:
3344:
3337:
3332:
3325:
3320:
3313:
3308:
3301:
3296:
3289:
3284:
3278:, p. 98.
3277:
3272:
3265:
3260:
3253:
3251:
3245:
3238:
3233:
3226:
3221:
3214:
3209:
3203:, p. 96.
3202:
3197:
3195:
3187:
3186:Skidmore 1982
3182:
3175:
3170:
3164:, p. 45.
3163:
3158:
3151:
3146:
3139:
3134:
3132:
3124:
3119:
3117:
3109:
3104:
3097:
3092:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3068:
3061:
3056:
3049:
3044:
3037:
3032:
3025:
3020:
3013:
3008:
3001:
2996:
2989:
2984:
2977:
2972:
2965:
2960:
2953:
2948:
2941:
2936:
2929:
2924:
2917:
2912:
2905:
2900:
2893:
2892:Ferreira 2011
2888:
2881:
2880:Bandeira 1978
2876:
2874:
2872:
2864:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2840:
2836:
2831:
2824:
2819:
2812:
2807:
2800:
2795:
2788:
2783:
2776:
2774:
2773:AgênciaBrasil
2768:
2761:
2756:
2754:
2746:
2741:
2739:
2731:
2726:
2719:
2714:
2712:
2704:
2699:
2692:
2687:
2680:
2675:
2668:
2663:
2657:, p. 99.
2656:
2651:
2644:
2639:
2632:
2631:Skidmore 1982
2627:
2620:
2615:
2608:
2603:
2597:, p. 93.
2596:
2591:
2585:, p. 50.
2584:
2579:
2572:
2567:
2561:, p. 97.
2560:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2536:
2531:
2524:
2519:
2512:
2507:
2500:
2495:
2493:
2485:
2480:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2449:
2448:Skidmore 1982
2444:
2437:
2432:
2425:
2424:Parucker 2006
2420:
2414:, p. 37.
2413:
2408:
2401:
2396:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2365:
2364:Bandeira 1978
2360:
2353:
2348:
2341:
2340:Skidmore 1982
2336:
2329:
2324:
2317:
2316:Bandeira 1978
2312:
2305:
2300:
2294:, p. 40.
2293:
2288:
2281:
2280:Ferreira 2011
2276:
2269:
2264:
2249:
2243:
2236:
2231:
2224:
2223:Ferreira 2011
2219:
2212:
2211:Ferreira 2011
2207:
2200:
2199:Ferreira 2011
2195:
2188:
2187:Oliveira 2016
2183:
2181:
2173:
2168:
2161:
2160:Oliveira 2016
2156:
2150:, p. 71.
2149:
2144:
2138:, p. 25.
2137:
2132:
2125:
2124:Oliveira 2016
2120:
2113:
2108:
2101:
2096:
2089:
2088:Oliveira 2016
2084:
2077:
2072:
2065:
2060:
2053:
2048:
2042:, p. 77.
2041:
2036:
2030:, “O ungido”.
2029:
2024:
2017:
2016:Ferreira 2011
2012:
2005:
2004:Smallman 1998
2000:
1993:
1992:Svartman 2006
1988:
1972:
1966:
1959:
1958:Svartman 2006
1954:
1947:
1942:
1940:
1932:
1927:
1921:, p. 23.
1920:
1915:
1913:
1905:
1900:
1893:
1892:Svartman 2006
1888:
1881:
1876:
1874:
1866:
1865:Svartman 2006
1861:
1854:
1852:
1846:
1844:
1836:
1834:
1828:
1822:, p. 96.
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1798:
1796:
1794:
1786:
1785:Oliveira 2016
1781:
1774:
1772:
1766:
1759:
1755:
1750:
1743:
1742:KRUEL, Amauri
1739:
1734:
1732:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
1708:
1706:
1704:
1702:
1700:
1692:
1688:
1683:
1681:
1676:
1657:
1651:
1644:
1639:
1632:
1628:
1622:
1615:
1610:
1603:
1602:Oliveira 2016
1599:
1594:
1587:
1586:Oliveira 2016
1583:
1580:" (TVRAMA), "
1579:
1573:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1499:
1498:
1489:
1485:
1477:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1461:
1458:
1457:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1439:
1429:
1420:
1418:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1347:Halfway down
1345:
1343:
1339:
1334:
1332:
1328:
1323:
1313:
1304:
1300:
1298:
1291:
1289:
1282:
1280:
1279:Darcy Ribeiro
1274:
1271:
1265:
1263:
1257:
1255:
1251:
1241:
1237:
1234:
1230:
1215:
1213:
1207:
1205:
1201:
1195:
1193:
1188:
1182:
1174:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1149:
1147:
1141:
1139:
1135:
1134:Miguel Arraes
1131:
1127:
1122:
1114:
1105:
1103:
1099:
1095:
1091:
1086:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1064:
1059:
1057:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1040:
1039:Jânio Quadros
1031:
1017:
1014:
1009:
1007:
1002:
1000:
995:
994:
989:
985:
980:
978:
974:
970:
964:
962:
958:
948:
939:
937:
933:
929:
925:
921:
917:
912:
909:
903:
902:of Portugal.
901:
897:
892:
880:
871:
869:
865:
864:Mark W. Clark
859:
857:
853:
849:
844:
842:
838:
834:
825:
820:
810:
808:
804:
803:
798:
794:
790:
786:
781:
779:
775:
771:
766:
764:
760:
756:
752:
748:
732:
718:
716:
712:
708:
704:
700:
696:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
663:
658:
648:
645:
641:
637:
632:
630:
626:
622:
618:
614:
610:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
554:
550:
545:
543:
539:
535:
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
507:
506:General Staff
503:
494:
491:(Grand Cross)
490:
486:
482:
478:
472:
469:
465:
462:
461:
460:
457:
455:
452:
451:
449:
445:
437:
434:
432:
429:
426:
423:
420:
417:
414:
411:
408:
405:
404:
403:
402:
395:
391:
388:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:
362:
358:
355:
352:
348:
343:
339:
335:
332:
328:
323:
319:
313:
309:
306:
303:
299:
295:
286:
282:
278:
274:11 April 1901
266:
262:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
230:
227:
223:
217:
212:
209:
205:
201:
195:
191:
185:
182:
179:
173:
167:
162:
159:
156:
150:
147:
144:
138:
135:
132:
126:
120:
115:
112:
108:
104:
97:
93:
89:
83:
79:
73:
70:
67:
63:
57:
52:
49:
45:
41:
34:
29:
22:
17:
4243:
4231:Albino Silva
4220:
4193:
4166:. Retrieved
4157:
4142:. Retrieved
4133:
4118:. Retrieved
4113:
4100:
4084:. Retrieved
4063:. Retrieved
4058:
4046:
4030:. Retrieved
4026:
4001:. Retrieved
3992:
3979:. Retrieved
3965:
3961:
3945:. Retrieved
3936:
3923:. Retrieved
3914:
3901:. Retrieved
3892:
3879:. Retrieved
3865:
3861:
3845:. Retrieved
3839:
3826:. Retrieved
3817:
3804:. Retrieved
3795:
3782:. Retrieved
3777:
3768:
3754:. Retrieved
3745:
3732:. Retrieved
3718:
3714:
3698:. Retrieved
3691:the original
3682:
3669:. Retrieved
3649:
3646:Revista IHGB
3645:
3629:. Retrieved
3623:
3610:. Retrieved
3601:
3582:
3572:
3562:
3553:
3540:
3529:
3519:
3509:
3499:
3490:
3478:
3469:
3459:
3448:
3437:
3427:
3418:
3409:
3396:
3382:Bibliography
3367:
3355:
3343:
3331:
3319:
3307:
3295:
3283:
3271:
3259:
3249:
3244:
3237:Atassio 2007
3232:
3220:
3208:
3181:
3169:
3157:
3145:
3108:Almeida 2018
3103:
3091:
3079:
3067:
3055:
3043:
3031:
3024:Almeida 2018
3019:
3007:
2995:
2983:
2971:
2959:
2947:
2935:
2928:Atassio 2007
2923:
2911:
2899:
2887:
2858:
2846:
2830:
2818:
2806:
2794:
2782:
2772:
2767:
2725:
2698:
2686:
2674:
2662:
2650:
2638:
2626:
2614:
2602:
2590:
2578:
2566:
2554:
2542:
2530:
2523:Atassio 2007
2518:
2506:
2479:
2467:
2455:
2443:
2431:
2419:
2407:
2395:
2383:
2371:
2359:
2347:
2335:
2323:
2311:
2299:
2287:
2275:
2263:
2251:. Retrieved
2242:
2230:
2218:
2206:
2194:
2167:
2155:
2143:
2131:
2119:
2107:
2095:
2083:
2071:
2059:
2047:
2035:
2023:
2011:
1999:
1987:
1975:. Retrieved
1965:
1953:
1926:
1899:
1887:
1860:
1850:
1832:
1827:
1815:
1808:Gaspari 2014
1780:
1770:
1765:
1749:
1687:Tavares 2014
1650:
1638:
1621:
1609:
1593:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1560:. Retrieved
1556:the original
1552:Site da AD/1
1551:
1541:
1529:
1522:Gaspari 2014
1517:
1505:. Retrieved
1496:
1488:
1465:
1462:
1454:
1451:
1443:
1434:
1410:
1394:
1369:
1365:
1346:
1335:
1318:
1302:
1295:
1288:Armed Forces
1285:
1284:
1275:
1266:
1258:
1246:
1229:São Lourenço
1226:
1212:Minas Gerais
1208:
1196:
1191:
1183:
1179:
1162:
1150:
1142:
1129:
1123:
1119:
1087:
1068:
1060:
1051:Porto Alegre
1036:
1010:
1003:
991:
987:
981:
976:
972:
968:
965:
953:
936:João Vicente
915:
913:
904:
888:
860:
845:
833:World War II
830:
800:
796:
782:
767:
750:
743:
699:Elio Gaspari
684:
661:
654:
633:
578:
547:A friend of
546:
522:João Goulart
502:Amaury Kruel
501:
500:
459:World War II
447:Battles/wars
289:(1996-08-23)
225:Constituency
215:
202:Albino Silva
198:Succeeded by
165:
153:Succeeded by
118:
86:Succeeded by
69:João Goulart
55:
25:Amaury Kruel
4276:1996 deaths
4271:1901 births
3903:18 December
3881:19 December
3700:10 November
3612:21 December
3372:Chirio 2012
3276:Chagas 1985
3264:Chirio 2012
3225:Dulles 2014
3174:Chagas 1985
3162:Chagas 1985
3150:Dulles 2014
2904:Chagas 1985
2679:Chagas 1985
2412:Chirio 2012
2292:Parker 1977
1631:Duarte 1964
1361:Barra Mansa
1130:O Semanário
874:1940s–1950s
856:Gothic Line
726:1910s–1930s
691:New Orleans
605:Mato Grosso
188:Preceded by
141:Preceded by
76:Preceded by
37:Kruel, 1964
4265:Categories
4249:1962–1963
4168:2023-08-17
3138:Motta 2003
3084:Faria 2013
3072:Motta 2003
3048:Motta 2003
3036:Faria 2013
3012:Motta 2003
3000:Silva 2014
2988:Silva 2014
2976:Motta 2003
2952:Motta 2003
2940:Faria 2013
2851:Faria 2013
2823:Silva 2014
2811:Faria 2013
2799:Silva 2014
2787:Motta 2003
2760:Silva 2014
2730:Faria 2013
2718:Silva 2014
2691:Faria 2013
2667:Silva 2014
2643:Pinto 2015
2607:Faria 2013
2547:Faria 2013
2535:Pinto 2015
2511:Faria 2013
2499:Faria 2013
2484:Faria 2013
2472:Faria 2013
2460:Faria 2013
2436:Faria 2013
2400:Faria 2013
2388:Faria 2013
2376:Faria 2013
2352:Faria 2013
2328:Faria 2013
2304:Faria 2013
2268:Faria 2013
2237:, cap. 15.
2148:Rocha 2021
2112:Rocha 2021
2064:Motta 2010
2052:Motta 2010
2028:Villa 2014
1666:References
1656:Silva 2014
1643:Faria 2013
1627:Silva 2014
802:tenentists
711:Doce River
668:Bela Vista
350:Allegiance
337:Occupation
270:1901-04-11
4144:17 August
4086:17 August
3734:1 October
3666:225886189
3360:Neto 2004
3336:Ruiz 2018
3324:Ruiz 2018
3312:Ruiz 2018
3288:Ruiz 2018
3213:Neto 2004
3201:Ruiz 2018
2583:Ruiz 2018
2559:Ruiz 2018
2136:Neto 2014
2100:Neto 2014
2076:Neto 2014
2040:Neto 2014
1946:Neto 2004
1931:Neto 2004
1904:Neto 2004
1880:Neto 2004
1671:Citations
1598:Neto 2014
1534:Neto 2004
1492:See also
1349:Via Dutra
999:São Paulo
973:Invernada
920:São Borja
662:tenentist
601:São Paulo
542:Guanabara
373:1916–1966
321:Education
311:Spouse(s)
229:Guanabara
216:In office
166:In office
119:In office
65:President
56:In office
4162:Archived
4138:Archived
4080:Archived
4032:14 April
3981:12 April
3489:(2014).
3408:(2006).
3123:Axt 2020
2253:10 April
1562:10 April
1376:Curitiba
1351:was the
1270:Caçapava
1223:Decision
1083:Nebraska
1081:base in
868:5th Army
846:General
707:Linhares
629:1st Army
609:Brasília
530:2nd Army
436:2nd Army
393:Commands
296:, Brazil
279:, Brazil
4120:9 April
4065:9 April
4003:9 April
3947:20 June
3925:9 April
3847:1 April
3828:9 April
3806:9 April
3784:9 April
3771:(1968)"
3756:9 April
3671:6 March
1977:2 April
1507:9 April
1126:Marília
984:TV Tupi
625:Resende
583:in the
534:marshal
508:of the
387:Marshal
21:Marshal
4059:ConJur
3664:
3631:21 May
1833:ConJur
1691:VII/10
1338:Cuiabá
1329:, the
1254:Santos
891:London
721:Career
613:Paraná
564:under
480:Awards
354:Brazil
4226:1962
4199:1961
4134:Terra
4114:IstoÉ
3997:(PDF)
3941:(PDF)
3919:(PDF)
3897:(PDF)
3822:(PDF)
3800:(PDF)
3774:(PDF)
3750:(PDF)
3694:(PDF)
3687:(PDF)
3662:S2CID
3606:(PDF)
3545:(PDF)
3388:Books
3250:Terra
1771:IstoÉ
1501:(PDF)
1480:Notes
1342:Jataí
961:USAID
715:Bahia
4146:2023
4122:2022
4088:2023
4067:2022
4034:2022
4014:News
4005:2022
3983:2022
3949:2021
3927:2022
3905:2020
3883:2021
3849:2022
3830:2022
3808:2022
3786:2022
3769:Veja
3758:2022
3736:2022
3702:2021
3673:2021
3633:2021
3614:2020
2255:2021
1979:2016
1564:2021
1509:2022
1054:the
993:Veja
884:AD/1
615:and
603:and
540:for
399:List
378:Rank
284:Died
264:Born
3970:doi
3870:doi
3723:doi
3654:doi
3650:483
1187:CIA
689:in
666:in
623:in
331:EME
305:MDB
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