1964 Brazilian coup d'état

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testimonies emphasize the action of the unions, considering them as infiltrated by the communists and increasingly capable of putting pressure on the government. For Edmundo Campos Coelho, this reflected the fear of losing their own influence over the government, in addition to an organic conception of society, in which the gains of a specific group harm society in general. Communists did have influence in important trade unions, and Goulart was tolerant towards unionists, allowed the rise of PTB and PCB in the unions and used them as a political tool. However, he was harmed by them when their pressure made the Triennial Plan unfeasible. The president tried to regain control and weaken the same unionists he had previously supported, but without success, and at the end of his government he tried to rebuild labor support.

3458: 3278: 1201: 1163: 3191:. The governor had reason to be in a hurry — in April Guedes would be replaced and Goulart would hold a rally in the capital of Minas Gerais. Furthermore, it is possible that he precipitated the movement to reverse his precarious situation in the UDN, where Lacerda predominated. He tried to take electoral advantage of the coup for his 1965 presidential candidacy. For Mourão there was also a reason for haste — his imminent compulsory retirement. But between these three there were conflicts of interest. Guedes was under the influence of IPES, which sought to restrict Mourão and had a different project from Magalhães, while a dispute arose between Mourão and Magalhães over the leadership of the movement. Guedes and Mourão's accounts contradict each other, each exalting himself. 3743: 3398:

Forces, offered himself as a mediator if the president were willing "to prohibit the general strike announced by the workers, to intervene in the unions, to govern with the parties and not with the CGT, relying on the Armed forces". Juscelino Kubitschek suggested "the replacement of the cabinet by another one that is markedly conservative, the launch of a manifesto repudiating communism, the punishment of sailors and other initiatives of the same content". Amaury Kruel offered the Second Army in exchange for "the closure of the CGT, the UNE and other popular organizations, intervention in the unions and the removal of assistants to the President of the Republic who were identified as communists". Jair Dantas Ribeiro made a proposal similar to Kruel's on the 1st.

2961: 1413: 810: 1467:, by Júlio de Mesquita Filho. It envisaged five stages of communist advancement. After psychological action in the first, the second would be the formation of a network of local organizations and the infiltration of the state apparatus. Ongoing social unrest was seen as proof of this step. The first two, although bloodless, were considered the most critical and difficult to fight. The third stage would consist of guerrilla warfare and terrorism, followed by liberated zones beyond the Army's reach on the fourth, and in the fifth, the violent seizure of power by a revolutionary army. According to the Doctrine's theorists, claims by enlisted personnel that they'd react with their weapons against a coup and the organization of Peasant Leagues and 1364: 1280: 3032:(1981). The book focuses on the entrepreneurs linked to international capital who emerged in the 1950s and, during Goulart's government, concluded that in order to materialize their interests it would be necessary to "conquer the State". They had a state project — "to restrict the organization of the working classes; to consolidate economic growth in a model of late capitalism, dependent, with a high degree of industrial concentration integrated to the banking system and to promote the development of multinational and associated interests in the formation of a techno-entrepreneurial regime". To accomplish this, IPES and IBAD worked to destabilize the president. Their activities are well documented. After the coup, Ipesians such as 4039: 3052:

role in the economy was recognized as part of the project. Attention has also been drawn to the failure of many of IPES' efforts, which Dreifuss acknowledged, but this failure may have been precisely the reason for the coup. Military writings treat the coup as the work of a military conspiracy supported by economic groups and not the other way around, as appears in the political-sociological literature. For Carlos Fico, the book does not distinguish between destabilization and conspiracy against the Goulart government. Destabilization, like IPES propaganda, had a more civil character and would not necessarily lead to the overthrow of the government, and could, for example, only change the game in elections.

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hospitalized. The appointment policy had many errors, leaving conspiratorial officers with commands. Information was not used properly, and the ideological indoctrination by the conspirators was ignored: the Revolutionary War Doctrine was disseminated through official channels in publications, courses and lectures, as the Army General Staff and military schools were used as an "archive" for right-wing officers. ESG ideas were being spread among officers, anti-communist sentiment was commonplace and leftist radicalization had a unifying effect. Revolts in the lower ranks convinced even reformist officers that the military institution, with the president's encouragement, was disintegrating.

3111: 999:. Inflation rose from 30.5% in 1960 to 79.9% in 1963 and 92.1% in 1964. Brazil's GDP grew by 8.6% in 1961 and only 0.6% in 1963. Wage erosion concerned both the middle and working classes. The failure to overcome the economic crisis was due in part to pressure from domestic (workers and business) and external interest groups. Increasing costs of living boosted the organization and activity of trade unionism. There were 430 strikes in the period from 1961 to 1963, compared to only 180 from 1958 to 1960. The General Workers' Command (CGT), which emerged outside union legislation, organized the "first strikes of an explicitly political nature in Brazilian history". 3892:), Goiás by Mauro Borges (PSD) and Mato Grosso by Fernando Correia da Costa (UDN). Of these six, at least Ademar, Lacerda, and Magalhães were conspirators. Ademar was politically erratic, unwilling to risk military defeat, and refused to start the coup in his state, citing the example of the Constitutionalist Revolution. His accession came on the night of the 31st. Francisco Lacerda de Aguiar (PSD), from Espírito Santo, arranged his participation with Minas Gerais in March and confirmed it at 9:00 am on the 31st. Ney Braga was a conspirator, as was Ildo Meneghetti (PSD), from Rio Grande do Sul, and Luís de Sousa Cavalcanti (UDN), from Alagoas. 3848:

of War and Brizola as Minister of Justice. Goulart could watch from São Borja. However, the generals were pessimistic, and Ladário himself admitted the gravity of the situation: "my soldier's mentality is that as long as you have a handful of men, you resist, until you hope that victory will be won by a miracle". The Armed Forces converged to a civil war in Rio Grande do Sul. The 5th RM/DI headed to the Rio Grande do Sul border and was reinforced by Tactical Group 4, from São Paulo. The divisions in Rio Grande do Sul, as well as the state government, were preparing to attack Porto Alegre. The national Navy and Air Force would act in their support.

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population of an imminent communist revolution. They also used the communist label for the entire radical left—the military right had an elastic definition of who was a communist. Smaller groups in the left, and not the PCB, were the advocates of an immediate socialist revolution. The PCB believed in several phases of revolution, of which the first would be peaceful, bourgeois-democratic and in alliance with the "national bourgeoisie". The military saw this through the lens of its Revolutionary War Doctrine, taking pacifism for deception and a tactic of psychological manipulation, which would be the first stage in the communist seizure of power.

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known from this meeting is that Mourão was waiting for a manifesto from Magalhães to act. He needed to mobilize his troops before launching the manifesto, which would provide him with a civilian leader's legitimacy. This manifesto would have to emphatically demand the president's ouster. He felt betrayed when Magalhães disclosed the manifesto on the 30th, before he mobilized, and disregarded his requirements on the wording. When he received emissaries from the governor with a copy of the manifesto, at dawn on the 31st, and had his disappointment reaffirmed, he initiated the coup himself.

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non-military population. Since at least 1976, several authors have called the event a "political-military", "business-military" or "civil-military" "movement" or "coup". "Civil-military" is used because civilians not only supported, but also carried out the coup. The relative importance of the military was greater in the final stages and in the realization of the coup. It could only begin with the deployment of troops. Firepower, available armaments, vehicles employed, and troop size were important and purely military considerations, even though there was no combat.

987: 1454: 925:. Jânio and Jango were on opposing tickets, since in the electoral system at the time the president and vice-president were voted on separately. Once in power, Jânio isolated himself and, after a short time in office, he resigned in August 1961, probably in a political maneuver to have his resignation refused and to return strengthened to office. He counted on the strong rejection to his vice-president, who was on a trip to China, among the military. Jânio was popular among the military, and Jango, an old foe. In 1954, when Goulart was Vargas' 3431: 1300:

a state of emergency in late 1963, many officers became suspicious of the president's intentions and joined the conspiracy with a "defensive" intent. The PSD's passage to the opposition on March 10, 1964, was considered a signal by civilian and military conspirators. Throughout the month, radicalization fueled the assumption that the president was seeking a self-coup. Parliamentarians came to agree with the conspirators. In military memory, the month's events led to the accession of the undecided and formed the trigger for the coup.

3292:"The speed of events was so astounding that the federal government's defense forces seemed to not even exist." Though the movement may be characterized as a bluff, since the coup's leaders did not have a supremacy of military force at first, most officers with a loyalist or professional profile ended up joining the coup or not resisting. The president fell through "chain defections, a mass adhesion of mid-ranking officers and the renunciation of resistance on the part of minority officers and recalcitrant enlisted personnel". 4047:

resignation, and vacancy if the president left the country, none of which had occurred. Goulart was on a flight from Brasília to Porto Alegre, and Congress was informed of his presence on Brazil's territory in a letter read out in session. At 03:45 Ranieri Mazzilli, president of the Chamber of Deputies and next in line of succession, was sworn in as president of Brazil. If Goulart were to reinstall his administration in Porto Alegre, there would be a dual government in the country, but he arrived in exile on April 4.

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negotiate with Kruel at AMAN. At 15:00 the First Army ordered an end to resistance. Cunha Melo negotiated with the Tiradentes Detachment to allow it to pass without resistance. In Resende, at 18:00 Âncora met Kruel and acknowledged the First Army's defeat. Âncora was the acting Minister of War, but while he was at AMAN, at 17:00 Costa e Silva entered the Duque de Caxias Palace and proclaimed himself minister. Coupists also took control of the Navy and Air Force. The Tiradentes Detachment entered Guanabara on the 2nd.

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Paulo. The outbreak could also start with a password, which would be the arrest of Castelo Branco; his dismissal was imminent and he would refuse to leave office. Leaders in São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro did not intend to give leadership of the movement to Minas Gerais, knowing its military weakness, but the Minas Gerais leaders deliberately brought forward the coup's beginning date at their own will, which was possible thanks to the decentralization of the conspiracy, even though the state groups were connected.

3269:, where officers of the 6th Military Region and rural civil forces would support his resistance against loyalist advances to the Northeast. Magalhães Pinto expected 10 days, but Minas Gerais prepared for up to three months of fighting, distributing weapons and uniforms to volunteers, organizing doctors and nurses, and raising food stocks. In São Paulo there were also preparations such as the enlistment of volunteers and collection of medication. In Guanabara, the population, anticipating civil war, bought food. 4067:

out in the first years of the dictatorship, mostly in 1964. Its targets were "subversion and corruption", but the eradication of corruption seemed impossible to the government. 70% of unions with more than 1,000 members were intervened. The lists and inquiries reached politicians, especially those linked to the ousted president, 1,530 civil servants, and 1,228 military personnel, including 24 of the 91 generals. To ensure the cohesion of the Armed Forces, the "purification" also reached the lower echelons.

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base reforms necessary, either urgently or moderately. This support was focused on reforms for specific sectors, and not so much those with a general effect: in the capitals the average support for land reform was 70%, with support even from the middle and upper classes, and voting rights for enlisted military ranks was also accepted, but voting rights for the illiterate were rejected. In the 1965 election, 19% preferred candidates from the left (Miguel Arraes and Leonel Brizola), 45% from the center (

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to extending the right to vote illiterates and enlisted ranks of the Armed Forces", legalizing the Communist Party, maintaining an Independent Foreign Policy, and achieving "control of foreign capital and a state monopoly of strategic sectors of the economy". Both the left and Goulart sought an alliance to achieve said reforms while simultaneously seeing themselves as autonomous actors. The left distrusted Goulart, heavily criticizing his efforts to conciliate with political forces to his right.

3797:, Santa Catarina, which was reached by a company of the Litoral detachment at 14:45 the next day. On the 1st general Silvino tried to give orders from Porto Alegre, but they were refused. Ladário organized three tactical groups in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul to march with the 5th RM/DI under the command of Silvino, but that too was refused — at 10:00 am general Mário Poppe de Figueiredo, of the 3rd DI, had joined the coup, as the 2nd and 3rd Cavalry Divisions (DCs), respectively from 3723:. The target was governor Miguel Arraes, surrounded in the Palace of the Princesses by the local garrison. The Military Police guard was sent away, and after 3:00 pm the governor was arrested. Colonel Hangho Trench, commander of the Pernambuco Military Police and loyal to Arraes, wanted to entrench his headquarters in the Derby barracks but was arrested by the Army. Inland, there were reactions by the Peasant Leagues, as in Vitória do Santo Antão and Caruaru. Seixas Dória, governor of 3289:, published shortly after the coup, the Minas Gerais front had everything in place for a civil war, and "the opposing troops physically confronted each other, loaded their weapons and were ready to fire the first shot", but there was no combat. Only during the takeover of the Coast Artillery HQ, in Rio de Janeiro, was there a brief exchange of fire and a fight between soldiers, with one wounded on each side, and that was the most striking episode of intermilitary violence in the city. 3552: 265: 4316: 2786:. At that moment, the left also denounced a coup by the president. In March 1964, the president's proposals were received with great suspicion: the right to vote for the illiterate, a plebiscite for reforms, the delegation of legislative powers to the Executive and a revision of the electoral law which would open a loophole for competition from blood relatives and the like, such as Brizola (the president's brother-in-law), and would even allow re-election. 4302: 2997:, president of the Chamber of Deputies) and one with a conflict in Brazil. In the event of a conflict, logistical support would be provided to the opposition, but not before the formation of an alternative provisional government and international recognition of a state of belligerence. Afonso Arinos later already confessed to having been appointed by Magalhães Pinto, governor of Minas Gerais, to seek recognition of a state of belligerence abroad. 1346:

together with the people, and may the reactionary gentlemen remember that the soldier's work tool is the rifle" — caused a serious crisis among officers. Leftists envisioned the lower ranks fighting on their defense, even though this section of the military had not sufficiently organized itself to play this role. Furthermore, the president sought the support of enlisted ranks, and his tolerant attitude towards the Sailors Revolt and speech at the

1141:'s government was allied with the Soviets at the international level but supported armed struggle as the instrument of revolution. The socialist bloc was also relevant as a hypothetical alternative to the United States as a source of credit and economic support, although it would not be able to replace the Americans in the event of a rupture. The bloc had intelligence activities on the continent, including in Brazil, through Czechoslovakia's 3315:, Minas Gerais; for Latin American standards, the number was low, but for Brazil, it was intermediate. The torture of Pernambuco communist leader Gregório Bezerra on April 2 was notorious, and the new regime had torture from the beginning. Thousands were arrested in the weeks after the coup; plans for immediate arrests were executed, as in São Paulo and in "Operation Cage" in Minas Gerais. In Guanabara, the violence was conducted by the 1525: 2981:

opinion of several historians. On the other hand, in the 1960s and 1970s Marxist scholars placed a lot of emphasis on the American factor. At a given moment, the U.S. decided to favor Goulart's deposition, but the chronology and reasons are controversial. The moment can be situated from 1962 to the end of 1963, and the attitudes at the beginning of the term, as ways of putting pressure, not overthrowing, the Brazilian president.

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Anti-communists did not believe Goulart was a Marxist but feared that his alliance would pave the way for the Communists to advance. Testimonies in the Oral History of the Army are unanimous in claiming that communists were infiltrated in the government, but not in associating Jango with communism. Olímpio Mourão Filho thought that Goulart was not a communist, but he and Brizola would be killed by the communists and

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poorly organized until the eve of the coup. Civilian efforts to weaken the government, on the other hand, were better articulated, and their prior destabilization was crucial to the success of the military intervention. The military conspirators ran into the "inertial legalism" of most officers who did not want to risk their careers, and on the eve of the coup the majority of the military had not taken sides.

755:, which defeated an attempted military coup to prevent his inauguration. During his government, the economic crisis and social conflicts deepened. Social movements political, labor, peasant, student, and low-ranking military milieus advocated for a set of "base reforms" proposed by the president. He met growing opposition among the elite, the urban middle class, a large portion of the officer corps, the 2798:, then head of the Military Cabinet. Moniz Bandeira said to have heard from Jango himself that Brizola proposed a coup d'état on several occasions, but he refused. Lincoln Gordon claimed in 1966 to have "far more solid evidence than accusations in the anti-government Brazilian press" of dictatorial intentions, but in 2005 he said he had no more evidence for this than the rumors in the press. 3660:. General Fico swore allegiance, but his forces were minimal, and many of his officers already rejected the authority of the president. After 16:00 the Third Army was informed of Goulart's decision to proceed to Porto Alegre, where he still hoped to have support. Due to the fear of the presidential plane being intercepted by the Brazilian Air Force, the trip was planned in a 3020:. The ships would arrive at the Brazilian coast from April 10, but with the cancellation, they returned to their ports. No troop landing would take place, although a land operation had been discussed years earlier in Washington. Although its role was to deliver fuel and ammunition for the opposition, the naval task force would also ultimately have an intimidating effect. 1395:(1993), possibilities to carry out reforms within the institutions were impeded by radicalism on both sides, and thus, the coup's losers were partly responsible for their own defeat. Argelina is criticized for taking "the focus of her explanation away from the civil and military right, IPES, the U.S. Embassy, etc." and for her understanding of an undemocratic left. For 3075:

transform Brazil into a capitalist power". Influenced by, but not imported from, the United States, it conceived an alliance with strong states, total war in which national defense would involve the entire population, and a fight against an internal enemy. The ESG wanted to build competent civilian and military elites to lead society through the demands of total war.

3497:. Had he decided to remain faithful to Jango, some of his subordinates were already ready to depose his command and arrest him. Another subordinate, the loyalist general Euryale de Jesus Zerbini, held back the São Paulo regiments in the Paraíba valley, obstructing the offensive. The federal government promised to reinforce Zerbini with the School-Unit Group (GUEs). 843:

revolution defines legal norms without being limited in this by the normativity prior to its victory". The seizure of power also occurs in a revolution, but in its modern sense this is followed by "profound changes in the political, social and economic system". What happened in Brazil was defined as the defense of the established order against disorder. The term

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no paramilitary character. According to one of his aides, there were plans to use them under the command of sergeants, participating in the occupation of barracks and arrest of officers. However, they did not react during the coup, as they still had no concrete organization. The press had published many actions attributed to them, but they were mostly imagined.

3454:, commander of the First Army, had the order to arrest Castelo. However, the hours passed, loyalist reinforcements left, coup leaders left the building unbothered and only at 18:00 Âncora gave the order, with the office already empty. The government thus missed the opportunity to arrest Castelo Branco and Costa e Silva, who hid in safehouses through the city. 3856:", unifying the various divisions that had joined the coup. Ladário agreed to hand over his position; for Castelo Branco, the last pocket of military resistance was coming to an end. The first arrests in Porto Alegre were made that same day. On April 3, Governor Meneghetti and general Poppe converged their forces on Porto Alegre, where they assumed control. 1209:

Legislative branches increased as the right opposed the reforms, and the left demanded their immediate implementation. PSD support was lost throughout 1963. The percentage of bills passed dropped to 7% in 1963 from 13 to 15% in 1959–1962. Nonetheless, Goulart still managed to pass some important measures throughout his term. Meanwhile, in the economy, the

1039:(UNE). The PCB was well organized and successful in the unions in cooperation with the PTB. Leonel Brizola stood out within the political class, attracted fame with the expropriation of American companies and had many followers. He unified groups in favour of the base reforms into the Popular Mobilization Front and mobilized his political base into the 2828:

IPES participated in organizing the March in order to mobilize the middle class to its ends. However, it was not passively used as an instrument and had its own motives, fearing what it could lose in a radical redistribution. Furthermore, some anti-government activities followed a decentralized logic as the work of local groups with distinct demands.

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pinned down by the admiralty and the remaining loyal forces, the Army Police and the Guard Battalion, would not be able to face the rest of the garrison. The presidential plane took off at 12:45 pm. Loyal officers were not informed. The departure was seen as an escape and precipitated the dissolution of the military apparatus in Rio de Janeiro.

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openness to international capital. Subsequently, there was a cooling of bilateral relations throughout the dictatorship, reaching a period of crisis during the Geisel government. Castelo Branco's relationship with the U.S. was criticized by hard-line officials, among whom there was a certain amount of anti-Americanism. With the socialist bloc,

3060:, Olímpio Mourão Filho, Amaury Kruel and Joaquim Justino Alves Bastos. They did not have the state project of the "modernizers" and were opposed to the government for more reactive reasons. The "traditionalists" had more military commands and therefore initiated the coup, but power passed to the "modernizers" due to their stronger social base. 2985:

distancing of the radical left in the trade unions. In a telegram of March 28, 1964, Gordon mentioned how "secret operations of pro-democracy street demonstrations ... and encouragement democratic and anti-Communist sentiment in Congress, the Armed Forces, student groups and pro-American workers, church, and business" were ongoing in Brazil.

914:(PSD). The PTB represented Vargas' labor legacy, the PSD was born out of Vargas' political machine, and the UDN came from Vargas' opposition. Increasing urbanization gradually expanded the PTB's votes. The PTB and PSD were allies for most of the period. The UDN represented the right, the PTB leaned to the left and the PSD was in the center. 3195:

to lead the march, and there is an interpretation that Guedes and Magalhães were already in rebellion. It was in this context that Guedes famously stated that "30 is the last day of the full moon, and I don't take any initiative on the wane; if we don't leave under the full moon, I will wait for the new moon, and then it will be too late".

4203:(1979–1985) was at ECEME and provided the officers used in the takeover of the Coast Artillery HQ. All five declared themselves heirs to the "Revolution of 1964". Many other officers wrote memoirs extolling their own role in the coup, even those who only joined when the outcome was already clear or acted reactively rather than actively. 3102:, which would overthrow civil governments and install new ones. This idea of a moderating pattern is similar to that defended by Robert W. Dean, adviser to the section of the U.S. embassy in Brasília, back in 1964. Stepan's theses, especially the moderating power, are well known and have already been criticized by other authors. 2844:), pastors and rabbis participated in the marches. However, the Catholic Church was divided; conservatives were probably in the majority. In Brazilian Protestantism, the most visible participation was that of the Presbyterian Church, but the coup was also accepted in Baptist, Methodist, Assemblies of God and other publications. 3345:

received any relevant support from other commanders and would not have been able to resist first-rate units from Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo. Even the delivery of arms, ammunition, and fuel by the Americans to the rebels would take days to occur, and the Minas Gerais rebellion could have been defeated in its first 24 hours.

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military apparatus but also to radicalize, mobilizing sergeants and trade unionists and attacking Congress and the governors of Guanabara, Minas Gerais and São Paulo. Nonetheless, he believes attributing the defeat to Goulart was a "historiographical agreement between winners and losers", as his allies also acted passively.

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categorically opposed to the reforms. Landowners and other groups strongly rejected the proposals, but some anti-communist sectors considered them an instrument to ward off communism, and this was precisely a precept of the Alliance for Progress. Land reform was not a taboo, and even the IBAD held a symposium on it in 1961.

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Superior Military Court, where he had no political relevance. In São Paulo, Ademar de Barros and Kruel, allied with Justino, participated in a failed counter-coup plan against Castelo Branco. Carlos Lacerda joined his former enemies, JK and Goulart, in a Broad Front against the dictatorship and was eventually impeached.

3056:"right-wing extremists" and "traditionalists". The former, also known as the hard-liners, were especially linked to São Paulo businessmen and included Air Force brigadier João Paulo Moreira Burnier. The latter represented the less dynamic elites, party groups, governors and officers without ESG training, such as 4587:"The state progressively becomes the main focus of opposition to the Goulart government, which, in turn, will treat Guanabara as a threat to be neutralized. The confrontation, sometimes even physical, between government supporters and oppositionists, takes place not in isolated Brasília, but in Guanabara" ( 4227:, the DSN's ideal of Brazil as a great power, the pre-coup debate between structuralist and liberal economists, and the political needs of the moment— "legitimacy by effectiveness". The great expansion of the public sector in the period was considered a betrayal of the ideals of 1964 by some businessmen. 4007:

In Porto Alegre, Brizola's second Legality Campaign found popular support and a crowd attended a rally by mayor Sereno Chaise. However, Brizola did not have the broad social base of the first Campaign nor its institutional support; on April 3 it came to an end and its leaders went into exile. As part

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Goulart arrived in Brasília at 15:00 or 16:30 in the afternoon. His allies debated whether he should remain in the capital and mount resistance or continue on to Rio Grande do Sul. Brasília had the unique advantage of offering the legitimacy of the seat of power, but it left Goulart was isolated, far

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The platoon of tanks responsible for defending the Laranjeiras Palace was divided: one part went to the Guanabara Palace and another to ECEME. General Âncora was informed by Assis Brasil that Jango did not want a military clash. When he received a call from Costa e Silva at 1:30 pm, he agreed to

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At 2:00 am on the 1st, general Âncora ordered Aragão not to attack Lacerda. Nevertheless, the governor had several more false alarms of an invasion throughout the day and challenged the admiral over the radio. In the Paraíba valley, São Paulo's regiments rejected Zerbini's authority and accepted

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A 2018 literature review defined the American role in Goulart's term as one of increasing the chances of a rebellion occurring and succeeding, but found the dynamics of the crisis were still fundamentally Brazilian. A Brazilian crisis with American influence weighing in favor of the opposition is the

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The PCB had influence in organized labor, the intelligentsia and the government, but it was exaggerated by its enemies, and after the coup, there was surprise at the fragility of the communists. Well-informed anti-communists were thinking of a presidential coup with communist support but spoke to the

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The failure of the proposals is attributed to Goulart's lack of negotiation skills (an existing and also contested assessment), or, among authors with conjunctural explanations of the coup, to the "decision-making paralysis" of the political system, as described by Wanderley Guilherme dos Santos, and

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In addition to suffering a coup attempt in his own inauguration, Goulart was the target of preparations for another coup attempt from the beginning of his term. By the end of 1961, there were already some conspiratorial groups, albeit isolated in society. The military conspiracy was decentralized and

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and Uruguay. Coupists controlled most of the country by the end of April 1, and Rio Grande do Sul on the 2nd. Congress declared Goulart's position vacant while he was still in Brazil's territory, at dawn on the 2nd. Movements to defend his term, such as a call for a general strike, were insufficient.

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The new regime was marked by the military's nationalism, including nationalism as defined by the ESG and DSN. The ESG's economic and geopolitical thinking was contrary to that of the self-styled nationalist military faction during the Fourth Republic; these officers, in turn, labeled the ESG faction

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In the days after the coup, thousands of arrests were made, affecting the leaders of important unions, the CGT, the Peasant Leagues and Popular Action. UNE had its headquarters occupied and then set on fire. There was intervention in universities. AI-1 then defined the guidelines for a purge carried

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Goulart arrived in Porto Alegre at 03:58 on April 2. At 08:00, he conferenced with Brizola, Ladário and his generals. Ladário and Brizola wanted to fight by arming five thousand volunteers, mobilizing national public opinion and reconstituting the government in Porto Alegre, with Ladário as Minister

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Although the success obtained was a surprise, defections were part of the strategy. In response to the offensive from São Paulo and Minas Gerais, the loyalist high command moved troop commanders to the interior of Rio de Janeiro, where they were further from its influence. On the Minas Gerais front,

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the possibility of a military coup in Brazil. The CIA had been monitoring military conspiracies for over two years before the coup and in 1963 looked for a military group to back. The December 1963 contingency plan mentions secret contacts with the Brazilian conspirators and, out of four hypotheses,

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In the polls after the coup there is a change of opinion about Goulart, with 54% of São Paulo's citizens in May considering his overthrow beneficial. 55% agreed with coupist views that he would close Congress or lead Brazil to communism. In Guanabara there was support for the purges and rejection of

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This legality could be "linked to a moral, traditional and Christian law" or even to "a revolutionary legality linked to the popular will". From this respective, illegality would be the CGT's actions, the breakdown of hierarchy in the Armed Forces, the generalized chaos and disorder, the approval of

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In the Armed Forces, the political mobilization of enlisted personnel was rejected by officers as an attack on military hierarchy and discipline, even though officers were politically engaged. In 1963, sub-lieutenant Gelcy Rodrigues Côrrea's speech — "we will take our work tools and make the reforms

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There were efforts to distance the president from the left, and opposition funding of the 1962 elections would not make sense if the coup had already been decided. The conspiracy gained strength after the restoration of presidentialism in January 1963. After the Sergeants' Revolt and the request for

1224:

sergeants launched an armed revolt in Brasília but were quickly defeated, with some fighting, by the army garrison. The sergeants' movement received sympathy from the left, but politically it was badly damaged. The press became very critical of the president. The following month, Carlos Lacerda gave

1149:, Goulart had asked them asked to moderate their confrontations with the right, as he had met with the Soviet ambassador and been warned against any "less than institutional" measures, because supporting Cuba was already too expensive for the USSR, and supporting Brazil as well would be impossible. 4054:

gave its approval for the appearance of the president of the STF at the inauguration. The press favorable to the coup, ignoring the circumstances of the vacancy, praised the constitutionality of the line of succession: the inauguration of Mazzilli followed by the indirect election of a president to

3438:

In Juiz de Fora, at 5:00 am on March 31, Mourão Filho made several phone calls announcing the rebellion. Emissaries from Minas achieved the defection of the garrison in Espírito Santo. Castelo Branco thought the move was premature and wanted the Minas Gerais leadership to back down, but it was

3389:

that an alternative opposition government would be recognized abroad. Furthermore, both he and his allies probably calculated that there would soon be a new civilian government, as with previous military interventions in 1945, 1954, 1955 and 1961, and did not imagine a prolonged dictatorship. Thus,

3227:

The American Embassy and the CIA tracked the imminence of the coup. On March 27 Lincoln Gordon reported that the Castelo Branco group was waiting for some movement by the president or a general strike to act and suggested that his supporters in São Paulo receive logistical support. On March 30, the

3223:

colonel Domingos Ventura of the military preparations in Minas Gerais. Ventura telephoned his contacts in Minas and the rumors were denied. Also that day, the Deputy Chief of the War Minister's Office passed through Belo Horizonte and the HQ in Juiz de Fora and the conspirators were worried, but he

3194:

According to the reports of Guedes and Rubens Bayma Denys, the marshal's son, Mourão was indecisive, and, for Bayma, he was only impelled to act on March 30, when the governor released a manifesto and Guedes began military mobilization in Belo Horizonte to create a fait accompli. IPES wanted Guedes

3178:

On March 29, the coup's start was scheduled by the Castelo Branco group for April 2, coinciding with a large march along the lines of the March of the Family in Rio de Janeiro. The CGT denounced that a coup would take place on that date. Another date cited was the night of April 10, starting in São

2937:

As for communism, in São Paulo in February, 44% considered it a growing danger; in March, 68% considered it a danger and 80% were against legalizing the Communist Party. In 1963, 63% of Rio de Janeiro's residents agreed with the prohibition of the Congress of Solidarity with Cuba. However, in March

2827:

The opposition front included "bankers, businessmen, industrialists, landowners, merchants, politicians, judges and the middle class" — especially the urban middle class of liberal professionals, small businessmen and housewives. The middle class predominated, but blue-collar workers also attended.

1490:

were associated with communism and revolutionary warfare, generating fear among conservatives. They existed by the thousands and were formed as the future "embryo of a revolutionary party", with the function of resisting a coup. According to Brizola, their function would be legalistic, and they had

1179:

in which the system of government would be submitted to popular consultation. The anti-parliamentary coalition was broad, as even the president's enemies wanted a return to presidentialism. Through strong labor, military and political pressure, in September 1962 Congress brought forward the popular

1030:

The period witnessed an intense popular mobilization. Unionists and members of the Leagues joined other members of the left. They were heterogeneous but united in their defense of banking, fiscal, administrative, urban, land and university reforms, collectively known as "base reforms", "in addition

4259:

had been controversial among the military since at least the 1950s. As late as 1962, Lincoln Gordon noted the Brazilian military as favorable to the U.S. Castelo Branco aligned the country with Washington and was reciprocated with considerable American support. During his government there was also

3595:

that he would continue to Brasília. In addition to the impact of the defection of the Sampaio Regiment and Second Army and San Tiago Dantas' warning about the United States, he would be arrested if he remained in the city. General Âncora had advised his departure: admiral Aragão's marines had been

3363:

In Porto Alegre, on April 2, with resistance still possible but already doomed to defeat, Goulart vetoed any bloodshed in defense of his mandate and left the city. His inaction in ordering the offensive was fundamental to his downfall. For Elio Gaspari, the president would need not only to use the

3202:

discovered what they were doing, it could crush Minas Gerais, and if Mourão betrayed Guedes and Magalhães, he could crush them himself for raising their heads first. According to his account, at the meeting on the 28th he wanted to act on that same night, but the governor wanted more time. What is

3140:

in São Paulo respectively, joined the conspiracy. Benjamim Galhardo, from the Third Army, had not joined, but the conspiracy reached as far as his HQ. In Minas Gerais, the conspiracy was articulated between Mourão Filho, general Carlos Luís Guedes, his subordinate, and governor Magalhães Pinto. As

3082:

and a point of contact between civilians and the military, in the early 1960s its theoretical body was not systematically disseminated among the officer corps. The most widespread theoretical innovation was the French-influenced Revolutionary War Doctrine, which was distinct from the DSN, although

3055:

The conspiracy of the "IPES/IBAD complex" and the Superior School of War (ESG), the "Sorbonne", included generals Castelo Branco, Golbery do Couto e Silva, Antônio Carlos Muricy and Osvaldo Cordeiro de Farias, known as the "modernizers". Their movement wasn't the only one; Dreifuss also identified

3051:

This interpretation is criticized for diminishing the importance of the military in the coup and ignoring its statist tradition, which was later implanted in the dictatorship, contradicting the economic liberalism of IPES and thus the success of its project. Against this, it is argued, the state's

1383:

A contrary view does not consider the reforms as the central motive, as they were not entirely rejected and Goulart even had support among conservatives at the beginning of his term. Some authors consider that there was room for negotiation throughout the term. Opposition parliamentarians were not

1354:

Historiography agrees that there were disciplinary problems in the lower ranks of the Armed Forces in the 1960s, although specifically in the Army (and not in the Navy or Air Force) the evidence indicates that sergeants remained loyal. Many authors and a large part of the left consider the Sailors

1341:

The constant strikes "are interpreted as positive signs of the advance of workers' political awareness", but they also wore down the government, bothered the population during the suspension of services and alarmed businessmen. The right affirmed the imminence of a "syndicalist republic". Military

1183:

In October, elections were held for Congress and eleven state governments. Depending on the analysis, "the correlation of forces in Congress has changed little" or "the result of the polls gave victory to the leftist, reformist and labor candidates". The IBAD, supported by multinational companies,

1170:

Jango took office in September 1961. In foreign policy, he continued the Independent Foreign Policy, expanding relations with the socialist bloc and opposing the sanctions proposed by the U.S. against Cuba. This foreign policy did not consider an alignment towards either superpower as requirement.

842:

Current historiography uses the term "coup" for the process. There was a capture of state bodies by military force, and the new owners of power were above the previous legal order. This can be seen in AI-1's preamble — "constitutional processes failed to remove the government", and the "victorious

764:

deteriorated and the American government allied with opposition forces and their efforts, supporting the coup. Goulart lost the support of the center, failed to approve the base reforms in Congress and in the final stage of his government relied on pressure from reformist movements to overcome the

3947:

The UNE defended the general strike, and some students were waiting for weapons. Among the wider student population, some sectors supported the coup, reflecting middle-class sentiment. The CGT also called for a general strike, but it was disrupted on the 30th by the arrest of union leaders Carlos

3702:

General Justino's Fourth Army published its pro-coup manifesto at 09:00 am on the 1st. In the general's words, "no one could oppose the weapons of the 4th Army". Before making his defection public, he had already banned demonstrations, occupied sensitive points and ordered displacements from

3579:

in the morning as a psychological barrier to the elite troops of the GUEs, who were coming from Guanabara under the loyalist general Anfrísio da Rocha Lima. From 11:30 to 13:00 units from São Paulo arrived and were welcomed in Resende, while loyalists took positions on the other side of the front

3401:

Jango considered that he would be even weaker than in the parliamentary system and refused. "Even if I gave in to Kruel's appeals and managed to remain in the presidency, I would be a man under the tutelage of generals, prevented from carrying out reforms and, more seriously, an accomplice in the

3344:

The president had several opportunities to confront rebel troops. His best chances were in the twelve hours between the outbreak of the movement in Minas Gerais and its open publicity from 17:00. During this period, the government's military apparatus was standing by inertia, Mourão Filho had not

3257:

Coup planning took into account the hypothesis of resistance and combat. Most conspirators expected resistance. According to general Muricy, he predicted the duration of a month, others, up to six months, and only general Golbery predicted that the government would fall like a house of cards. For

3211:

In the last days of March, the Minas Gerais leadership received information from conspirators in the Navy, and according to Bayma Denys, after the meeting on the 28th, emissaries left Minas Gerais to inform Castelo Branco, Costa e Silva (who was skeptical) and Justino of the movement's imminence.

2928:

polls at the time reveal a public with a good image of Goulart, eager for reforms and anti-communist without associating communism with the reforms or Goulart. In March 1964, in the city of São Paulo, the government was evaluated by 42% as excellent or good and 30% as fair, and 79% considered the

2793:

and Leandro Konder, for whom a coup d'état may be seen between the tight deadlines and lack of consensus in the re-election proposal. However, in 1962, 1963 and 1964 there is no firm empirical evidence of Goulart's coup intentions. There is also evidence that in 1962 he refused proposals to close

2732:

accused the president of threatening the legal order. In the military, legal justifications for the use of force circulated in documents from 1963 onwards, such as the reserved circular released by Castelo Branco on March 20, 1964. Castelo cultivated an image of a loyalist, which helped to obtain

1034:

In the Armed Forces, movements of low-ranking personnel such as sergeants and sailors clashed with officers over internal demands, such as the rights to run in elections and to marry, and also advocated for reforms. There were organized intellectuals, and some Catholics formed the Popular Action.

859:

The classification of the coup as "civil-military" is widespread and is not recent. One of the first authors to use it was René Armand Dreifuss, in 1981; however, the term was used in the sense of "business-military", referring to specific civilians, and not generically to civilians as the entire

4210:

Among the protagonists of the coup, not all had fruitful destinies. From the beginning, Minas Gerais coup leaders were sidelined by their counterparts in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo: Magalhães Pinto saw his ambition to become president in 1965 frustrated, while Mourão Filho was appointed to the

4062:

While the "division of military booty" was taking place, with confused disputes over command nominations, Castelo Branco emerged as the likely next president, although opposed by Costa e Silva. The Institutional Act of April 9 anticipated the elections. Castelo Branco, preferred among officials,

3851:

Jango did not want civil war. Possibly, in Rio de Janeiro he had already decided not to resist and passed through Brasília and Porto Alegre just to see his wife and Brizola. He did not resign, but that moment was effectively his resignation. At 11:30 he took off for São Borja, where he stayed on

2724:

democracy could be associated with the restriction of freedoms to fight dangerous ideologies or just mean free enterprise. The word was common in the name of anti-communist groups, where it could just be an empty label, although for many the authoritarian future that ensued was a disappointment.

1208:

Presidentialism won by a large margin in 1963 and Goulart had a "new beginning", with full powers. He intended to carry out the base reforms, but the proposed land reform was defeated in Congress and the possibility of voting on the other reforms was difficult. Friction between the Executive and

1174:

Internally, the priority was, from the beginning, to recover the full presidential powers subtracted by the implantation of parliamentarism. To do so, Goulart would need to pressure Congress to overthrow the parliamentary Additional Act, possibly with a constituent assembly, or bring forward the

4206:

There was no precise state project among the coup leaders, with the exception of the ESG-trained vanguard and their civilian allies. From the beginning, fissures appeared in the coalition that ousted Jango. Its participants ranged from opposition to the authoritarianism of the new regime to the

3465:

Mourão Filho delegated command of his forces on the Rio de Janeiro front, the Tiradentes Detachment, to general Muricy. It was a mixed Army and PMMG formation with 2,714 men, more than half poorly trained recruits, and few hours worth of ammunition. The strong legalist reaction was delegated to

3384:

Goulart's rejection of bloodshed has been interpreted as cowardice or prudence. The president had some considerations. He understood the strength of the coup and the broad internal coalition attacking him, and he knew that he would have the United States as an enemy, one that could even provide

3004:

was briefed on the ongoing coup in 1964 and greenlit measures "to take every step" to support the opposition if needed. The American logistical operation had one of Castelo Branco's trusted men, General José Pinheiro de Ulhoa Cintra, as an intermediary in Brazil. During the coup, it was Castelo

2972:

due to his past connections in organized labor. However, the deterioration of bilateral relations was gradual. The factors were many, such as the Profit Remittance Act directed at foreign companies, disagreements over Cuba, a threat to break with the U.S. and seek Soviet credit in 1962, Lincoln

2823:

Conspirators took public opinion into account when deciding to launch the coup. In military memory, the March of the Family, the middle class, women and the press demanded and legitimized an intervention. The Marches, a phenomenon that started in São Paulo and multiplied to many other Brazilian

1435:

The problem would not be Goulart as a person, but the pressure he would receive from the communists. Jango was responsible for transforming the PTB from a dam holding back communism to an ally of the PCB, and the attempt to prevent his inauguration in 1961 already had anti-communist motivation.

1423:

is considered a fundamental element of the coup both in studies and among the military. The 1961-1964 period was a high point of anti-communist sentiment in Brazil. It was associated with the Cold War and Brazilian anti-communists were mostly pro-American and considered communism as the work of

4218:

from 1968 to 1973 and the serious economic crisis in the 1980s. In agrarian policy, measures were proposed that were heavily criticized by large landowners, but what was consolidated was the maintenance of land concentration. Economic policy reflected the predominance of IPES associates in the

3508:, a few blocks from Guanabara. Numerous volunteers flocked to the palace to defend Lacerda and the roads were blocked with garbage trucks, but the defenders would have been at an overwhelming disadvantage against a marine offensive. Aragão wanted to attack but had no orders from the president. 3397:

Negotiation with the rebels in Minas Gerais was proposed by San Tiago Dantas in a telephone call to Afonso Arinos. However, Magalhães Pinto would only agree to talk to Jango if both resigned. The president received some political solutions. Peri Constant Bevilacqua, Chief of Staff of the Armed

2773:

Two moments opened the president to suspicions of coupist intent. In 1962, alongside other pressures on Congress, the commander of the Third Army declared himself incapable of maintaining order if lawmakers did not bring forward the plebiscite on parliamentarism. The following year, during the

1375:

that the target was not him, but the reforms, and he could stay if he abandoned them. Several authors agree that the objective was to prevent the reforms, as they benefited and harmed certain sectors of society, were associated with the radical left and even branded as revolutionary proposals,

3074:

The ESG developed the National Security Doctrine (DSN), considered the "doctrinal and ideological content for conquest and maintenance of power from 1964". Centered on security and development, "it aimed to subject all national activities to a security policy, destined to reject communism and

2984:

In addition to financing candidates in the 1962 elections and directing resources to opposition governors, the negotiation of American credits, crucial for the Brazilian economy and easily granted to Jânio, was difficult for Jango, as the credits were conditioned to economic stabilization and

2831:

The marches expressed an anti-populist (against "demagogy, disorder and corruption") and anti-communist (against atheism and totalitarianism) ideology, rallying against perceived threats to individual freedoms and Christian values. Employers' unions, civil and class organizations, and women's

1325:

and historians Caio Navarro de Toledo, Lucilia de Almeida Neves Delgado and Jacob Gorender interpreted the coup as a reactive and preventive measure against a "growing and autonomous organization of civil society". While several authors consider a victory for the left to have been impossible,

1291:

In March 1964 the radical left denounced the coup's imminence, but it came as a great surprise. The president and his circle were aware of the conspiratorial activity, although they were unable to identify its centers. The Federal Information and Counterinformation Service (SFICI) intercepted

1259:

who refused the order to appear at their posts until their arrested leaders were released and their demands met. The left supported the sailors, and the government granted them amnesty, drawing the indignation of officials in general and attacks in the press. The military crisis was deep, and

2723:

Neither side of the political spectrum declared itself anti-democratic, but the conceptions of democracy were different: for the left, it was synonymous with reforms, and for the right, with legal formalism. An anti-democratic character of the left is a controversial thesis. Among the right,

796:

Historians, political scientists and sociologists have given numerous interpretations to the event, which was both the implantation of the military dictatorship and the last of several political crises of the Fourth Brazilian Republic with similar opponents, as in 1954, 1955 and 1961. In the

759:

and the press, who accused him of threatening the legal order and of colluding with communism, social chaos and the breakdown of military hierarchy. Throughout his tenure, Goulart had come under numerous efforts to pressure and destabilize his government and plots to overthrow him. Brazil's

4154:, although it also covered its authoritarian character. There was also condemnation; in Italy, the view of Goulart as a center-left reformist overthrown with the help of the United States circulated. In France, the positioning of the newspapers bothered Itamaraty: for the correspondents of 4046:

In the early hours of April 2, in a brief session of Congress, Senate president Auro de Moura Andrade declared Goulart's position vacant. This vacancy was not voted on, but only communicated. This gesture had no constitutional support. The legal ways to remove a president were impeachment,

3118:

The main objective of the coup leaders was Rio de Janeiro. Although Brasília was the new capital, "Rio continued to be the political capital and, in fact, the great sounding board for all important national events." The city housed generals Castelo Branco and Costa e Silva. Castelo Branco,

3367:

Among loyalist officers, unifying factors made military cohesion more important than loyalty to the president. The government's military apparatus was caught in a moment of weakness: Minister of War Jair Dantas Ribeiro, whose respect among officers could have made the coup difficult, was

3488:

in the Rio de Janeiro town of Monte Serrat. Since at least 18:00, the 1st BC, led by lieutenant colonel Kerensky Túlio Motta, occupied positions in front of the Minas Gerais troops. Kerensky was a loyalist, but two of his platoons joined the rebels around midnight and he had to retreat.

1474:

In the countryside, the Peasant Leagues attracted fears. The right saw revolutionary potential in the Brazilian countryman, which served to justify the coup as a defense of legality. Part of the left thought the same, and some members of the Leagues even formed a guerrilla movement, the

1440:

would take power. The distinction continues to be made in some military writings in the 21st century. A similar opinion outside the military is that of Lincoln Gordon, for whom Goulart would stage a non-communist coup but then, due to his incompetence, fall victim to a communist coup.

772:, jointly led by the military and some governors. Military loyalists and rebels prepared for combat, but Goulart did not want a civil war. The loyalists initially had the upper hand, but mass defections deteriorated the president's military situation and he successively traveled from 4927:"Entreguismo" was a term created by nationalists to ridicule the ones who wanted an alliance with the United States. Nationalists claims the "entreguista" individuals aimed to "deliver" or "give" the best resources in the country to the exploration of the foreign capital. Skidmore, 1292:

messages from the conspirators, but little was done, as it was not directly subordinated to the president but to Argemiro de Assis Brasil, head of the Military Cabinet from 1963 to 1964, who had an overly confident attitude. The government's coup-proofing policy was known as the

4646:"What if the phone call failed? Anything could happen. In this case, the Governor of Minas, assisted by the weird general Guedes, would be triggering a revolution, while the Command in Chief would be in the most complete ignorance of what was happening in the State capital" ( 3492:

The Second Army remained undecided. General Kruel, a personal friend of Goulart, prioritized forcing the government to turn to the right rather than overthrowing the president. When his demands were refused, he joined the coup at midnight and ordered an offensive through the

4275:

for power. However, the causality isn't pure, as the idea of armed struggle was already discussed before the coup, as demonstrated by the guerrilla project linked to the Peasant Leagues, and it is possible that some movement would have emerged even without the dictatorship.

4198:

The dictatorship's five presidents all had some participation in the coup. In addition to the roles of Castelo Branco (1964–1967), Costa e Silva (1967–1969) and Médici (1969–1974), Ernesto Geisel (1974–1979) was together with Castelo Branco at EME and later at his HQ, while

3360:) jets ready for an attack, which could have interrupted the offensive. However, he received no orders. General Luís Tavares da Cunha Melo, sent against the Minas Gerais column with superior forces, was willing to advance to Juiz de Fora but received only defensive orders. 2727:

Coup-mongers took for themselves the banner of legality, using defensive language as they conducted their offensive. The defense of legality and the Constitution, not explicitly directed against the government, appeared in March 1964 in speeches at the PSD convention. The

3228:

CIA reported that the "revolution by anti-Goulart forces" would begin in Minas Gerais and São Paulo in the coming days and that "last minute negotiations" were underway involving the states under control of the democratic governors. On the same day, military attaché

847:

is used by some military officers and academics, with both positive and negative connotations. There is also the term "countercoup". Rejection of the term "coup" to place the event in a positive light, as may take place in present political discourse, is evaluated as

3670:, head of the Civilian Cabinet, remained in the city to maintain the government until the Third Army could act. The government counted on the cooperation of general Fico, who was supposed to leave Congress under police surveillance and not protect it with the army. 3098:(1971), another development was the perceived decadence and ineffectiveness of the political system. Coupled with the officers' feeling that they were empowered by the DSN, this allowed them to retain power in their hands after the coup, breaking their pattern of a 3686:. Congress assembled and declared the presidency of the Republic vacant at dawn. By the 2nd, the Armed Forces loyal to Costa e Silva were in full control. Colonel Meira Mattos arrived by air, and the Caicó Detachment, a mixed Army and PMMG force, arrived by road. 1097:

and was under domestic pressure to display a tough foreign policy. In practice, in Latin America even reformist but non-Marxist rulers, such as Goulart, could be targets of American pressure, which occurred through economic incentives or support for coups d'état.

3219:, and Mourão was concerned about the government finding out about the meeting. A communist militant did in fact report the abnormality to the party's military sector, but the information was considered irrelevant. On the 30th, journalist David Nasser informed 1238:

At the end of 1963, after the failure of the last attempts to reconstitute a base in the center, the president reconnected with the left. At the end of February 1964, he definitely opted for a confrontational strategy, believing in the strength of the left. A

2832:

organizations such as the Women's Campaign for Democracy committed themselves. Female presence was important in the organization of events and in the evocation of family and religion. Anticommunism could have a religious character, predominantly Catholic but

3123:

and representative of the "modernizer" faction, had great prestige and thus served as the most important nexus of the conspiracy. Costa e Silva led a group of officers more closely linked to the troops. The city concentrated the numbers and firepower of the

3750:

At 21:55 on the 31st, general Ladário Pereira Telles, who was supposed to assume command of the Third Army, took off from Rio de Janeiro in the company of Silvino Castor da Nóbrega, commander of the 5th Military Region/Infantry Division (5th RM/DI), from

1355:

Revolt, in particular, as the work of agents provocateurs of the Navy or the CIA. More recent ones challenge both these accusations and the conservative view that military underlings were being subverted; instead, they are considered autonomous agents.

1271:, head of the 4th Military Region/Infantry Division (4th RM/DI), began an offensive from Minas Gerais to Rio de Janeiro to overthrow the president. With the rapid progress of the revolt and Goulart's retreats, by April 4 he was in exile in Uruguay. 3299:

Much of the deposition was decided over telephone calls. The absence of war and the reduced number of civilian deaths gave rise to the thesis that an aseptic "phone war" took place, following the tradition that national regime changes, such as the

894:

in 1955 and Jânio Quadros' resignation in 1961 — some military personnel and politicians from the liberal-conservative bloc attempted coups, creating serious crises that neared civil war, but they did not have enough support in society and in the

3069: 3952:(DOPS). In Guanabara, the police offensive continued the following day. At the IAPTEC building, the police raid against the leaders was interrupted by the protection granted by the Third Air Zone and marines. Ports, trams and the trains at the 4139:(Itamaraty) acted to achieve international recognition for the new Brazilian government. It was quickly achieved in most of Latin America, while European governments doubted the American version but considered that the problem was not theirs. 2737:

were strong themes at the March of the Family in São Paulo. Newspaper editorials during the coup presented the government as the one breaching legality. Congressmen justified removing the president as a way of defending the democratic regime.

885:

was marked by opposition between national-statists and liberal-conservatives, divided by their attitude towards foreign investment, alignment with the United States and state intervention in the economy and labor relations. In three moments —

994:

Both Jânio and Jango inherited from Juscelino Kubitschek (JK) a modernizing but unbalanced economy and were unable to overcome the Brazilian economic difficulties of the early 1960s, especially the growth of inflation and the deficit in the

1122:, in 1963, were an international phenomenon, and the authoritarian governments installed were recognized by the U.S. It was through these coups that the goal of preventing new socialist and communist governments in the region was achieved. 3258:

him, the bloodiest process would be in Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. Conspirators in the Northeast expected local resistance. A source in Belo Horizonte informed the CIA that the movement would be bloody and would not end quickly.

1213:, proposed to face the crisis, required a social pact with workers and businessmen to limit wages, credit, prices and government spending. After a few months, the plan was abandoned for lack of political support and the crisis continued. 3224:

did not notice what was happening. To assemble its battalions, the PMMG made large transfers of personnel and equipment across the state until the 29th, which could have been noticed. There was thus a failure in government intelligence.

1479:. The organization received support from Cuba. Its discovery and dismantling in 1962 brought repercussion disproportionate to its size. However, the strong reaction that the coup leaders expected in the Northeast did not materialize. In 3852:

April 3 at his farm until he heard that the local regiment was looking for him. His fate, after April 4, was exile, where he would remain until his death in 1976. After 09:10 on the 2nd, general Poppe declared himself commander of the "

3836:, on the Santa Catarina border. Porto Alegre remained a loyalist stronghold, with civilian pro-government mobilization concentrated in the city hall. But it was not possible to repeat 1961: most of the Third Army obeyed Costa e Silva. 381: 4063:

governors and parties, took office on the 15th and the Supreme Command ended its activities. AI-1 clarified that the "revolution" could have dissolved Congress and abolished the Constitution, but chose to preserve them with caveats.

2933:

and JK) and 23% from the right (Carlos Lacerda and Ademar de Barros). 48.9% would vote for Jango if he could run for re-election. When presented with fewer candidates, there were 37% of voting intentions for JK and 25% for Lacerda.

1114:, was supposed to prevent a new Cuba by supporting democracy and reforms (such as land reform) and overcoming underdevelopment. U.S. policy towards the region did not materialize this ideal. Military coups, such as in Argentina and 3931:, also fell in this period. Miguel Arraes and Seixas Dória were targets since the beginning of the coup. Mauro Borges, despite his support for the coup, was removed in November 1964 through federal intervention by Castelo Branco. 2942:

amnesty. However, in São Paulo and Guanabara respondents wanted direct elections and a succession to a civilian government, and in 1965 there was high dissatisfaction with the Castelo Branco government and especially the economy.

2951: 3956:

and Leopoldina stations stopped. The paralysis of transport benefited the coup leaders, as it prevented the mobilization of pro-government workers from their homes to the city center. Goulart was against the general strike.

789:

While a part of society welcomed the self-styled "revolution", another was the target of strong repression. The political class expected a quick return to a civilian government, but in the following years an authoritarian,

4182:

Castelo Branco's government institutionalized the beginning of a prolonged dictatorship, which was unexpected by the Brazilian political class. A succession of military presidents continued until redemocratization and the

4633:"It wouldn't take many hours for the Government – if Magalhães' proclamation were effective enough to alert it – to drop paratroopers in Juiz de Fora and Belo Horizonte and send Armored Division units along the highway" ( 12802: 16300: 4797:

Historians cite this event as sabotage or as a malfunction of an old aircraft, already present in the United States. Manoel Leães, Jango's private pilot, spoke to the pilot and confirmed that it was not sabotage. See

3567:, but went ahead and joined the Tiradentes Detachment at 05:00 in the morning. Strengthened by this defection, Muricy advanced and at 11:00 sighted Cunha Melo's 2nd RI in defensive positions in front of Areal. At the 3128:

and was thus given priority by the government, which stationed the most loyal commanders there. With no commands in the city, the conspirators were left with an offensive from neighboring São Paulo and Minas Gerais.

13136:

Excerpts from John F. Kennedy's conversation regarding Brazil with U.S. Ambassador to Brazil Lincoln Gordon on Monday, October 7, 1963 (tape 114/A50, President's Office Files, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library,

3888:), governor of São Paulo, announced that six states were already rebelling against the federal government: São Paulo, Guanabara by Carlos Lacerda (UDN), Minas Gerais by Magalhães Pinto (UDN), Paraná by Ney Braga ( 1006:

there were food shortages, pushing inflation and drawing attention to the countryside. The country was more agrarian than at present: in the 1960 census, only 44.67% of the population lived in cities. In Brazil's

4020:, Bagé and Uruguaiana. There were also favorable demonstrations. The Marches of the Family continued until June, now with a celebratory tone. The Victory March held in Rio de Janeiro was the biggest of the year. 3988:

of São Paulo, the threat of a strike was suppressed. The trams in Porto Alegre were stopped, and in Santa Maria the union of railway workers went on strike, but had their leaders arrested. An early strike at the

1350:

gave the impression that he "spurred the crisis". For conservatives, the military was being subverted. Military testimonies list attacks on hierarchy and discipline as one of the main motivations for the coup.

3308:, are bloodless. On the other hand, many acts of arbitrariness occurred, such as arrests without a warrant, torture and violent interrogations. Organized labor was a preferential target of this repression. 971:

and staunch oppositionist, for the UDN. The PTB's best options would be Brizola or Goulart himself, but the law did not allow re-election or the candidacy of relatives (Brizola was Jango's brother-in-law).

899:. In 1964, the conflict was between the same blocs, but the coup found sufficient basis to succeed. Given previous coup attempts, what happened in 1964 was not solely a result of the immediate situation. 16944: 1109:

in 1962 made the balance of forces in the region lean towards the U.S. to the detriment of the USSR, allowing a tougher attitude towards Latin American governments. A new economic assistance program, the

16927: 16567: 3182:

In the midst of the Sailors' Revolt, on March 25, Magalhães Pinto sounded out Castelo Branco and Kruel about their participation and summoned Guedes, Mourão and marshal Odílio Denys to a meeting at the

1076: 3793:

General Dário Coelho took over the 5th RM/DI and at 07:00 announced his defection and organized the Beta, Lages and Litoral detachments to advance to Rio Grande do Sul. The farthest south they got was

679: 16922: 16562: 4271:

In the radical left, the implantation of the dictatorship was seen as a confirmation of their critique of the PCB's multiple-stage path to socialism. This was important for the beginning of a leftist

4207:"hard-liner" insistence that the purge should go deeper. The vanguard lost space with the inauguration of Costa e Silva and the rise of hard-line officers, but the ESG's objectives were not defeated. 3907:(PL), from Bahia, initially declared themselves in favor of the federal government and later turned back. Some overly eager officers wanted to overthrow Lomanto Júnior and Virgílio Távora (UDN), from 1746: 17279: 2977:

there was also concern about the Peasant Leagues and Cuban support for the guerrillas discovered in 1962. Lincoln Gordon feared a "major disaster" "which might make Brazil the China of the 1960s".

16594: 16572: 3450:. Castelo Branco went to work at the General Staff in the Duque de Caxias Palace, headquarters of the Ministry of War. Costa e Silva also attended. The loyalists surrounded the Palace and general 16584: 761: 4826:. p. 505: "Porto Alegre, at that time, was a labourist stronghold. Ladário Telles and Brizola dominated the capital. Governor Ildo Meneghetti (...) practically deposed from office by Brizola". 3824:, while colonel Jarbas Ferreira de Souza, considered a PCB sympathizer, took over in the capital. Ladário considered loyal (with reservations) only the 1st DC and the garrisons of the capital, 3774:

Ladário allied himself with Leonel Brizola (at this time a federal deputy) in his attempt to revive the Legality Campaign. Thus, he sent a letter requisitioning the state's police force, the

2779: 4008:

of the new Campaign, Brizola resorted to radio speeches in a new Legality Chain. The radio chain strategy was also used by his enemies, who broadcast the Liberty Chain, in Minas Gerais, and

388: 4097: 2973:

Gordon's interpretation that Goulart would stage a coup, the failure of stabilization by the Triennial Plan, the expropriations of American companies by Brizola and economic reasons. In

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so that the port of Vitória could be used to receive supplies (especially from the United States) during the conflict, with the corridor defended by the PMMG. Mourão was thinking of a

14601: 1330:

also described a pre-revolutionary situation, but one that could not lead to a rupture with existing institutions as in the Russian Revolution. According to authors such as Ianni and

1247:, which would coincide with a general strike, would pressure Congress to pass the reforms. The opposition's reaction was also confrontational. On the 15th, the governor of São Paulo, 17167: 16934: 4131:

The American government recognized Mazzilli's inauguration on the night of the 2nd, which was a reason for internal and international perplexity due to the precocity of the act. The

3923:, were in Guanabara during the coup and supported the president. In the post-coup period, they retracted their positions but were removed from power. Badger da Silveira (PTB), from 17183: 17020: 16838: 16777: 16666: 3348:

Commanders awaited the president's orders, but they never came, and the government's vulnerability became visible. Labor activists and sergeants were also waiting. Colonel-aviator

16881: 16725: 16640: 16599: 16546: 16520: 16490: 3009:", the operation launched during the coup consisted of loading oil tankers in the Caribbean and munitions at air bases and sending a naval task force led by the aircraft carrier 1089:

Latin America was in the United States' sphere of influence, but not considered very important in the 1950s. In the context of the Cold War, the U.S. government was fighting the

12401:"Los servicios secretos del Bloque Soviético y sus aliados en América Latina: el Partido Colorado y el Partido Nacional en los planes de la inteligencia checoslovaca en Uruguay" 4187:

of 1985. Military and civil sectors set up a new political system with an authoritarian character and its own legal framework, development ambition and systems of surveillance,

4095: 672: 16730: 835:, what happened was not a revolution, because a revolution is in favor of an ideal and the 1964 movement was just "against Goulart, against corruption and against subversion". 16772: 4232: 3232:, in contact with the Castelo Branco group, reported on his possible dismissal and flight to São Paulo, where the movement expected to begin that week would be concentrated. 1027:(PCB). They went into decline after 1963 due to the regularization of rural unionization by the government and the organization of unions by the Catholic Church and the PCB. 16965: 15936: 1137:

and the Cuban Revolution. Communist parties under Soviet influence, such as the PCB, were in crisis, as Cuba contradicted their belief in a peaceful step towards socialism.

3620:, the 4th Cavalry Division and the 9th Military Region, subordinated to the Second Army, joined on the 31st. Colonel Carlos de Meira Mattos, commander of the 16th BC, from 817:

After taking office, Castelo Branco defined the process that brought him to power as "not a coup d'état, but a revolution". The term "revolution" also appears in the first

17178: 17050: 17045: 4214:

The paradigm of base reforms gave way to that of "conservative modernization". There was a radical transformation in the economy, an increase in income concentration, the

1067:(IPES), which brought together the "cream of Brazilian business community". Beyond carrying out ideological propaganda, these organizations were a center of conspiracies. 3771:, was preparing to join the coup with general Galhardo, who promised to arrest Ladário when he arrived, but that was bravado and he handed over command at 02:50 at dawn. 16305: 4272: 4166:, what happened was a "reaction of the right against the social advances proposed by the left" and the communist label was being applied generically to the opponents. 665: 12931: 12780: 1751: 16939: 16272: 13109: 1760: 11414: 4402: 4191:

and political repression. The "new revolutionary outbreaks" or "reactivations of the revolution", with the imposition of new rules to the political game, as in the

936:

Jânio's maneuver failed, and his resignation was accepted. But rejection to Goulart did materialize when the three military ministers, among them Odílio Denys, the

10943: 3678:

who'd already broken his ties with the government, wanted exactly the opposite and feared the invasion of Congress by a militia assembled by Darcy Ribeiro at the

3544:(ECEME), rebelled since the morning of the 31st, spread the rebellion to neighboring schools. ECEME followed Castelo Branco's orders and had a coordinating role. 1293: 4096: 2766:, by pitting the people against the institutions. Lincoln Gordon believed in a Janguist dictatorship with a nationalist character, along the lines of Vargas and 2037: 4000:

According to Edmar Morel, the strike obstructed the loyalist movement in Rio de Janeiro while keeping São Paulo and Minas Gerais unharmed and was the work of a

1023:, concentrated in the Northeast, reached their peak and radicalized, calling for "land reform by law or by force" in place of the moderate path proposed by the 12027: 1243:

railway station, on the 13th, and the presidential message to Congress, on the 15th, marked the end of conciliation. A schedule of presidential rallies until

17015: 14787: 11754:"Dois pesos, duas medidas: os acordos financeiros de maio de 1961 entre Brasil e Estados Unidos durante os governos Jânio Quadros e João Goulart (1961-1962)" 3484:, went ahead as the first loyalist element. Mourão released his manifesto to the press at 5:00 pm. At that moment, the entire 10th RI was already on a 374: 14218: 4188: 2925: 952:, joined the cause of constitutional succession. Both leftists and conservatives formed a coalition opposing the military ministers. Conservatives devised 16452: 11366: 948:, began the "Legality Campaign" to overturn the veto. He received widespread support across the country, and general José Machado Lopes, commander of the 13026: 12542:

Reformas de base e desenvolvimento econômico : uma análise do papel da educação e das instituições no projeto nacional-desenvolvimentista de Goulart

3336: 3083:

the latter assimilated its concepts. It allowed a dramatic reading of the situation and the conclusion that liberal democracy, civil rights and even the

1773: 12865: 1019:

and was worked with outdated technologies. Social mobilization also reached the countryside, where land invasions and violent conflicts took place. The

505: 14266: 13231: 3439:

too late. The first deployment of the offensive was the 2nd Company of the 10th Infantry Regiment (RI), sent at 09-10:00 to occupy the bridge over the

1620: 3311:

Elio Gaspari accounted for 20 deaths in 1964, seven of them during the coup, all of them civilians: three in Rio de Janeiro, two in Recife and two in

13128: 2782:

was denounced. It was thus suspected that Goulart would intervene against the rightist governor of Guanabara and the leftist governor of Pernambuco,

1476: 1041: 646: 13218: 12695: 12078:"O declínio das Ligas Camponesas e a ascensão dos sindicatos: As organizações de trabalhadores rurais em Pernambuco na Segunda República, 1955-1963" 4604: 4004:. Several authors question its effective implementation. Although it was not sufficient to preserve the president's term, its scale was nationwide. 3145:(PMMG) was prepared for combat (although military resources were also minimal) and incorporated into their plans. The governor also negotiated with 15921: 15448: 14198: 4707:

The president had a similar attitude during the Legality Campaign, accepting parliamentarism and rejecting bloodshed and Brizola's offer to fight.

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was the only one that did not side with the coup. Its newsroom was vandalized during the coup, the opposite of 1954, when, after Vargas' suicide,

1056: 13765: 11818:"The Alliance for Progress and President João Goulart's Three-Year Plan: the deterioration of U.S.-Brazilian Relations in Cold War Brazil (1962)" 4029: 3132:

At the same time, there would be rebellion in the Northeast and South. Generals Amaury Kruel and Joaquim Justino Alves Bastos, commanders of the

1232: 911: 3541: 3212:

Mourão sent an emissary to Kruel, and even went to Rio de Janeiro to talk with his brother Riograndino Kruel; he did not intend to march alone.

16007: 13516: 13325: 13187: 11149:"A organização dos comunistas na região Sul Fluminense no período pré-golpe civil-militar (Barra Mansa, Volta Redonda, Barra do Piraí e Piraí)" 1081: 827:

which overthrew a government and claimed to reaffirm popular sovereignty, rather than by a radical break with the established order, as in the

724:

on April 2, the formation of a military junta (the Supreme Command of the Revolution) and the exile of the president on April 4. In his place,

13006:

Operação farroupilha: a transferência do governo estadual do Rio Grande do Sul para Passo Fundo durante os dias do golpe civil-militar de 1964

10914: 3782:

by a crowd of pro-Jango and Brizola demonstrators, this led to the departure of the governor from the capital in the early afternoon. Through

1105:, in 1959, brought Latin America to the center of attention and introduced the goal of avoiding its repetition in the rest of the region. The 16265: 12629: 3504:

passed by after 21-22:00. Carlos Lacerda and his supporters feared an invasion, but the marines only reinforced the president's guard at the

729: 12909: 12342:"E os trabalhadores pararam as máquinas: A greve geral em defesa de João Goulart na cidade-fábrica Rio Tinto (Paraíba, 01 de abril de 1964)" 569: 15997: 11664: 2596: 1003: 3425: 2824:

cities, demonstrated a mobilized and socially heterogeneous opposition. This social base represented a part and not the whole of society.

1461:

The Revolutionary War Doctrine was taught to officers and disseminated by civilians, such as the UDN deputy Bilac Pinto and the newspaper

422: 16975: 15971: 14858: 13197:"Entrevista: Lincoln Gordon. Castello perdeu a batalha: a presença da embaixada americana na deposição de João Goulart, em abril de 1964" 4224: 3816:, and the 6th DI, from Porto Alegre. General João de Deus Nunes Saraiva, of the 1st DC, obeyed Ladário's call to appear in Porto Alegre. 3790:, where it arrived on the night of the 1st. Meanwhile, the Military Brigade's requisition failed, and it remained loyal to the governor. 3694: 2938:

1964, only 16% of São Paulo's citizens considered the measures proposed by the president as a path to communism, and 10% as demagoguery.

2710: 2632: 2622: 921:

installed Jânio Quadros as president, supported by the UDN but positioning himself above the parties, and João Goulart, from the PTB, as

500: 13135: 10635: 4268:, re-established by Jango, continued. Despite American dominance, the dictatorship also cultivated economic relations with the Soviets. 4055:

end Goulart's term. However, the de facto power was in the Supreme Command of the Revolution composed of general Costa e Silva, admiral

3832:. The Air Force was in his favor. Vacaria's unit was a construction engineering battalion and maintained control of the bridge over the 2762:

and dictatorial tendencies, and by Afonso Arinos, for whom the president practiced both caudillism, which he inherited from Vargas, and

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the radicalization and mutual disrespect for democracy, according to Jorge Ferreira and Argelina Figueiredo. For Figueiredo, author of

926: 454: 3981: 2341: 1260:

officers refused to board ships. On the night of the 30th, the president did not back down and aggravated the crisis by attending the

17559: 16088: 16050: 2351: 1790: 1185: 212: 159: 16859: 16348: 16258: 16002: 14035: 4506: 4403:"A negociação e a violência: ambiguidades e contradições do repertório das Ligas Camponesas (1955-1964) na Paraíba e em Pernambuco" 3949: 3675: 2567: 2267: 1252: 1176: 1064: 717: 432: 17352: 16445: 13004: 12540: 10884:

Silva, Luiz Fernando da (2014b). "Crise do regime político no pré-1964, golpe civil-militar e consolidação do regime ditatorial".

495: 15438: 14082: 12739: 12455: 4948: 3644:(BGP) in the morning to defend the border between Goiás and Minas Gerais. In response, the 10th Battalion of the PMMG moved from 3316: 1338:

collapsed as workers began to act autonomously, while businessmen linked to international capital abandoned the populist system.

873: 17516: 11389: 544: 15931: 14203: 9938: 3394:

until his chance to return to politics. There is the thesis that his final attitudes in government were a "bloodless suicide".

3137: 3133: 514: 10828:

Rollemberg, Denise (2008). "Memória, Opinião e Cultura Política. A Ordem dos Advogados do Brasil sob a Ditadura (1964-1974)".

4329: 3869: 3664:, but the aircraft had a breakdown, the trip was delayed and took place with a smaller plane, which took off at around 23:30. 3652:, on the Minas Gerais side of the border. Upon hearing that the First Army was no longer resisting, the BGP company withdrew. 3608: 3516: 3376: 3245: 3005:

Branco who informed the Americans that logistical support was not necessary, and so the operation was deactivated. Codenamed "

2847:

The mainstream press paved the way for the president's deposition, called for it in editorials and celebrated its occurrence.

17439: 17414: 17409: 16118: 15926: 13861: 13548: 13526: 12673: 12520:

O longo bonapartismo brasileiro (1930-1964): autonomização relativa do Estado, populismo, historiografia e movimento operário

10749: 3775: 3641: 3457: 3305: 3277: 3142: 3045: 3040:

and Otávio Gouveia de Bulhões reached strategic positions in the state apparatus and conducted their economic reforms, while

2572: 2322: 2027: 1857: 636: 336: 16702: 16500: 14949: 12867:

Da crise política ao golpe de estado: conflitos entre o poder executivo e o poder legislativo durante o governo João Goulart

10771:

Ivo, Alex de Souza (2016). ""Acabou nosso carnaval": o Golpe de 1964 e a repressão aos trabalhadores do petróleo na Bahia".

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Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart government § Influence on the thinking of the Brazilian military

14768: 14693: 14353: 13953: 12940: 12697:

Empresários, trabalhadores e grupos de interesse: a política econômica nos governos Jânio Quadros e João Goulart, 1961-1964

12003: 11786:"João Goulart e a cúpula do movimento sindical brasileiro: o caso das Confederações Nacionais de Trabalhadores (1961-1964)" 10865: 4748: 4184: 4136: 3320: 2310: 1785: 1429: 1251:, demanded the president's impeachment and called the population to the streets; on the 20th, the opposition organized the 918: 744: 733: 17274: 13129:

White House, Transcript of Meeting between President Kennedy, Ambassador Lincoln Gordon and Richard Goodwin, July 30, 1962

3624:, advanced towards Brasília on the 31st and by the afternoon of the 1st, one of his columns had already been airlifted to 2517: 1669: 1235:, but he was heavily criticized by both the left and right, withdrew the request and was left with a weakened government. 1200: 15966: 14373: 13506: 11063: 3889: 3526: 3099: 2960: 2627: 1927: 1036: 903: 180: 17347: 16438: 13615: 13543: 4012:

Chain, in São Paulo. Throughout the country, the military dispersed several demonstrations against the coup, such as in

3679: 475: 16384: 16055: 15408: 14503: 13481: 13366: 13320: 13315: 13261: 12761: 12562: 4256: 3953: 3312: 3150: 1721: 949: 907: 737: 316: 16604: 2955: 953: 603: 17030: 16353: 15140: 14703: 13973: 13914: 13080:(Interview). Interviewed by Aspásia Alcântara de Camargo, Ignez Cordeiro de Farias e Lucia Hippolito. Rio de Janeiro. 12717: 11148: 4132: 3764: 3261:

Mourão Filho expected at least four months. If Minas Gerais failed to advance against Rio de Janeiro, he could apply

3125: 2582: 2512: 2487: 2282: 1890: 608: 17460: 17393: 17372: 17332: 17327: 17312: 17291: 17136: 17106: 17101: 17081: 17076: 17040: 17000: 16995: 16970: 16901: 16891: 16871: 16818: 16762: 16691: 16515: 16430: 13711: 13151:

CIA, Intelligence Information Cable on "Plans of Revolutionary Plotters in Minas Gerais," March 30, 1964 (IN 50 182)

12433: 12056: 3961: 1119: 583: 490: 17388: 14843: 14838: 14333: 14296: 14025: 13471: 12191: 11639: 11271:"A Marcha da Família com Deus pela liberdade em São Paulo: direitas, participação política e golpe no Brasil, 1964" 3471: 3157:'s forces, while Guedes wanted to advance to the border with Rio, wait for the reaction and decide on the advance. 2742:

base reforms by unconstitutional means and the president's intentions to prolong his rule and attempt a self-coup.

2617: 2227: 1551: 613: 559: 17253: 17205: 17111: 17091: 17025: 17010: 16990: 16866: 16833: 16782: 16737: 16676: 16480: 16201: 16179: 16171: 14521: 14383: 11615:"A preparação e institucionalização do golpe de 1964 por meio do Ato Institucional N. 1 e o apoio da grande mídia" 2207: 2185: 1162: 891: 882: 578: 17511: 16281: 15563: 14944: 14873: 14773: 14651: 14423: 14413: 14000: 13387: 13158:

Joint Chiefs of Staff, Cable, Military attaché Vernon Walters Report on Coup Preparations, Secret, March 30, 1964

12960: 11753: 11614: 3812:, a crucial railway junction in the interior of Rio Grande do Sul. The other two divisions were the 1st DC, from 3583: 2703: 2255: 2108: 1935: 1882: 1830: 1544: 1326:

Gorender concluded there was a pre-revolutionary situation in early 1964, and the coup was a counter-revolution.

1016: 809: 713: 106: 17495: 17317: 17263: 17243: 17190: 17146: 17141: 17121: 17116: 17096: 16896: 16767: 16747: 16671: 16625: 16609: 16589: 14338: 14225: 14213: 12366: 12309: 12039: 11951: 11687: 11495: 11332: 11238: 11116: 7525: 1115: 17035: 16757: 14994: 14763: 14343: 14245: 13978: 13422: 13417: 12157: 12098: 12077: 11894: 11589: 11298: 11200: 4876: 4574:

Operation documents with all ships involved, fuel loads and expected schedules are reproduced in Portuguese at

3809: 3560: 3440: 3110: 2557: 2492: 2190: 2165: 2032: 1867: 1850: 1642: 1363: 1279: 1184:

funded the campaigns of countless opposition candidates. The financing was controversial and investigated by a

17485: 17398: 17215: 16960: 16645: 16630: 14663: 14393: 13904: 13676: 4016:, in Rio de Janeiro, in Recife, and on W3 Sul Avenue, in Brasília. Brizola's followers occupied city halls in 3548:

joined at 07:00 am, and the neighboring Coast Artillery HQ was forcibly taken by 21 officers after noon.

1171:

Even so, negotiations with the U.S. were important due to foreign debt and the regulation of foreign capital.

573: 485: 16394: 16315: 16081: 15941: 14956: 14909: 14673: 14596: 14328: 12843: 4686: 3768: 3682:. General Fico took his side and, obeying Costa e Silva, the new Minister of War, positioned the Army on the 3530: 2662: 2657: 2637: 2607: 2592: 2562: 2452: 2371: 1825: 1603: 1244: 945: 14388: 14097: 14020: 13691: 12367:"Sentidos de "revolução" e "revolución" na imprensa escrita golpista do Brasil (1964) e da Argentina (1966)" 12259:"Histórias que os militares contam: do golpe de 1964 aos primeiros anos da ditadura civil-militar no Brasil" 11975: 4114:. Ball briefs Johnson on the status of military moves in Brazil to overthrow the government of João Goulart. 4106:

receiving a briefing on events in Brazil on March 31, 1964, on his Texas ranch with Undersecretary of State

4038: 1261: 17480: 17465: 17444: 17367: 17357: 17248: 17200: 16985: 16707: 16681: 16149: 14974: 14934: 14904: 14853: 14713: 14631: 14627: 14498: 14428: 14193: 14010: 13776: 13671: 13603: 12224:"A revolução cubana e o debate do movimento comunista internacional nos anos 1960: Europa e América Latina" 10772: 4245: 4220: 4033: 3821: 3817: 3199: 3120: 2734: 2729: 2497: 2160: 2155: 1872: 1820: 1412: 524: 135: 16980: 12982: 11869: 11012: 7110: 2993:

it has two improbable ones, one similar to what actually happened (the removal of Goulart and takeover by

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and discussed the possibility of a military coup against Goulart. Military ministers were outraged. Jango

1216:

In September, sergeant candidates in the previous year's election had their ineligibility reaffirmed by a

16327: 15946: 15418: 15413: 15130: 14808: 14536: 14281: 14240: 14184: 14087: 13968: 13926: 13831: 13356: 13310: 12288: 4616:

Not even the commander of the Belo Horizonte regiment was informed – he was in Juiz de Fora at the time (

4510: 4265: 3904: 3813: 2376: 2292: 1957: 1396: 1060: 721: 554: 258: 11443:"Em busca da Revolução Brasileira:um debate crítico sobre as teses históricas e a linha política do PCB" 10701:

1964: O golpe que derrubou um presidente, pôs fim ao regime democrático e instituiu a ditadura no Brasil

4174: 3500:

At the Guanabara Palace, there was much apprehension when a convoy of loyalist admiral Cândido Aragão's

3451: 2952:

Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart government § Involvement with the deposition

1296:, that is, naming loyal officers to key commands, in addition to expecting support from enlisted ranks. 1188:; the following year, the president closed the Institute. In 1977, former American ambassador to Brazil 1146: 509: 300: 295: 17432: 17342: 16525: 15783: 15004: 14989: 14979: 14833: 14433: 13921: 13724: 13491: 4914: 3916: 2696: 2612: 2577: 2389: 2170: 1942: 1795: 1508: 981: 12593:

Olhos verdes: o olhar de ex-dirigentes integralistas sobre o governo militar brasileiro de 1964 a 1970

11196: 4455:

Todo o leme a bombordo – marinheiros e ditadura civil-militar no Brasil: da rebelião de 1964 à Anistia

747:

vice president in 1960, Jango, as Goulart was known, assumed power after the resignation of president

17475: 17362: 17162: 16712: 16650: 16332: 16192: 16012: 15888: 15833: 15653: 14641: 14348: 13909: 13521: 13438: 13157: 12887: 11817: 11719: 11270: 11239:"A marcha, o terço e o livro: catolicismo conservador e ação política na conjuntura do golpe de 1964" 10807: 9382: 9298: 4620:, p. 381). As for the manifesto, "Goulart could even assume that it was a supporting document" ( 4490: 4261: 4017: 3657: 3637: 3421: 3353: 2220: 2123: 2073: 1897: 1684: 1268: 1024: 956:: Jango would take office, but under a new Parliamentary Republic, in which his powers were reduced. 756: 709: 412: 311: 17005: 13164: 12400: 10971: 4550: 2068: 2042: 618: 16742: 16409: 16368: 16140: 16074: 15638: 15205: 14468: 14358: 14112: 13656: 12651: 11176: 4520: 3885: 3878: 3568: 3041: 2754:, distinct from anti-communism but aggravated by it. Goulart was considered a potential or present 2020: 2007: 1020: 1012: 1008: 937: 922: 725: 184: 53: 17337: 15378: 1736: 564: 17427: 17296: 14868: 14813: 14798: 14738: 14546: 14526: 14286: 13963: 13568: 12911:

A revolta que não houve: Adhemar de Barros e a articulação contra o golpe civil-militar (1964-66)

12845:

General Olympio Mourão Filho: Carreira Político-Militar e Participação nos Acontecimentos de 1964

12192:"Os oficiais brasileiros da reserva e a defesa da memória institucional do "31 de março de 1964"" 11785: 3731: 3572: 3296:

general Muricy relied on the political fluidity of the moment to overcome his material weakness.

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Revolução ás margens do capitalismo: a aliança para o progresso no nordeste do Brasil, 1961-1964

11665:"As relações entre a ditadura militar brasileira e a França durante o governo de Castelo Branco" 3033: 2901: 16797: 16635: 16389: 15658: 15162: 14556: 14230: 13706: 13466: 13461: 13254: 5748: 4665:

Domingos, Charles Sidarta Machado; Beck, José Orestes; Quinsani, Rafael Hansen (orgs.) (2018).

3924: 3853: 3756: 3649: 3501: 3301: 3057: 2602: 2547: 2447: 2329: 2277: 2202: 1808: 1625: 896: 853: 849: 831:

of 1917. It remained in use among the military during and after the dictatorship. However, for

539: 437: 321: 192: 140: 16250: 15868: 13085: 12824: 11976:"O golpe de 1964 e o regime militar brasileiro: Apontamentos para uma revisão historiográfica" 11093: 8083: 4710: 3592: 2502: 2442: 2427: 2232: 1437: 1313: 801:

in Latin America and occurred at the same time as several other military coups in the region.

16854: 15893: 15177: 15172: 14939: 14828: 14783: 14743: 14678: 14622: 14541: 14323: 14137: 14015: 13933: 13841: 13806: 13716: 13661: 13558: 13399: 12499: 11640:"Oportunismo ideológico? As relações econômicas entre a União Soviética e a ditadura militar" 10842: 4752: 3783: 3671: 3006: 2770:. Some officers also feared the transformation of the Armed Forces into government militias. 2477: 2061: 1987: 1632: 1613: 1586: 1217: 1111: 844: 790: 641: 427: 417: 341: 12741:

Democracia sem democratas: uma análise da crise política no governo João Goulart (1961-1964)

4668:

Os ciclos da história contemporânea, volume 1: reflexões a partir da relação Cinema-História

4468:

Marinheiros contra a ditadura brasileira: AMFNB, prisão, guerrilha-nacionalismo e revolução?

3994: 2467: 1240: 765:

resistance of the Legislature, leading to the height of the political crisis in March 1964.

17286: 17220: 17131: 16792: 15433: 15200: 15055: 15009: 14924: 14919: 14718: 14617: 14566: 14561: 14453: 14408: 14363: 14301: 14132: 14107: 14057: 13985: 13899: 13749: 13351: 13330: 13196: 12826:

Praças em pé de guerra: o movimento político dos subalternos militares no Brasil, 1961-1964

11282: 10634:

Bandeira, Moniz (2014). "O golpe militar de 1964 como fenômeno de política internacional".

8093: 4666: 4514: 4367: 3661: 3563:, the 1st RI (Sampaio Regiment), Cunha Melo's vanguard, was supposed to entrench itself in 3281:

A military policeman hands down his weapon to loyalist Air Force soldiers in Rio de Janeiro

3220: 3184: 2527: 2197: 2178: 1463: 1106: 960: 529: 49: 40: 12158:"O golpe de 1964 e a instauração da ditadura civil-militar no Pará: apoios e resistências" 12141:(1). John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of the Society for Latin American Studies: 5–17. 12028:"Ipes e Ibad: A crise política da década de 60 e o advento do Golpe Civil-Militar de 1964" 11442: 4852:

O golpe civil-militar em Alagoas: o governo Luiz Cavalcante e as lutas sociais (1961-1964)

4195:, occurred several times and their possibility remained open until the end of the period. 3977: 3711:

to Pernambuco, cutting the state from north to south by occupying Vitória do Santo Antão,

3636:, was persuaded not to obstruct the passage. Meanwhile, general Nicolau Fico, head of the 3356:, made a reconnaissance flight over the Minas Gerais column on the 1st and left four F-8 ( 2472: 2103: 986: 251: 8: 15878: 15793: 15788: 15688: 15551: 15348: 15232: 15147: 15035: 14888: 14883: 14863: 14848: 14758: 14753: 14658: 14591: 14581: 14493: 14488: 14478: 14378: 14318: 14291: 14117: 14102: 14072: 14050: 13836: 13826: 13553: 13476: 13446: 13430: 12341: 7362: 4107: 4088: 4051: 3896: 2790: 2552: 2412: 1902: 1701: 1696: 1674: 1598: 1322: 1221: 996: 959:

The next presidential election was scheduled for 1965. The strongest pre-candidates were

697: 17055: 14733: 14646: 13057: 10894: 10674:. Rio de Janeiro: Centro de Pesquisa e Documentação de História Contemporânea do Brasil. 10650:

A política nos quartéis: revoltas e protestos de oficiais na ditadura militar brasileira

2482: 2437: 2422: 2407: 2361: 16551: 16310: 16032: 15828: 15813: 15738: 15718: 15713: 15698: 15545: 15293: 15045: 14929: 14683: 14586: 14571: 14483: 14473: 14448: 14443: 14208: 14162: 14077: 14062: 14005: 13821: 13744: 13620: 13511: 13501: 13165:

Teleconference Between the Department of State and the Embassy in Brazil, April 1, 1964

13150: 13143: 12804:

O poder das ideias: a construção e a demolição da imagem presidencial de Carlos Lacerda

10972:"Crise do direito e direito da crise: crise, revolução e planejamento em Afonso Arinos" 4192: 4150: 3505: 3084: 2522: 2507: 2402: 2366: 2272: 2113: 2083: 1780: 1679: 1659: 1046: 839:

praised what happened as "a 'white revolution', promoting political and social order".

828: 818: 534: 480: 45: 16404: 15728: 15557: 13077: 12962:

Um estudo sobre a participação da PMMG no movimento golpista de 1964 em Belo Horizonte

12933:

O impacto da revolução cubana sobre as organizações comunistas brasileiras (1959-1974)

11926: 11467: 7998: 4200: 3285:

The crisis was resolved by a potential but unfulfilled armed conflict. As reported in

2930: 2462: 366: 346: 17322: 16876: 16460: 16363: 16322: 16234: 16045: 15898: 15843: 15818: 15773: 15703: 15678: 15643: 15633: 15602: 15489: 15373: 15343: 15080: 15070: 14984: 14878: 14723: 14438: 14235: 14092: 14045: 13943: 13894: 13868: 13846: 13686: 13666: 13610: 13598: 13412: 13247: 13181: 12501:

Do outro lado da colina : a narrativa do exército sobre a ditadura civil-militar

10997:"Resistência e derrota do Presidente João Goulart, em abril de 1964, em Porto Alegre" 10861: 10797: 4892: 4517:, the peasants expected weaponry from the state government, but it was not provided. 4244:", implying they would give away national resources to international capital. In the 4215: 4103: 4056: 3759:. Both were loyalists. Silvino was on vacation and the plane was supposed to land in 3430: 3229: 3001: 2287: 2237: 2056: 1997: 1967: 1637: 1566: 1516: 1331: 1255:. In the Navy, the conflict between admirals and sailors peaked, on the 25th, in the 1248: 1227: 1134: 968: 785: 752: 588: 331: 246: 231: 16461: 16097: 16022: 15693: 12383: 12325: 12258: 12223: 12174: 11910: 11801: 11769: 11736: 11703: 11554: 11544: 11527: 11511: 11479: 11349: 11315: 11254: 11221: 11132: 11076: 11028: 3997:, in Paraíba, was paralyzed. In Bahia, there was a strike at the Mataripe refinery. 3752: 3494: 3146: 887: 241: 226: 17470: 17060: 16849: 16109: 15808: 15733: 15663: 15648: 15628: 15575: 15358: 15353: 15333: 15283: 15273: 15100: 15065: 15050: 14999: 14728: 14668: 14508: 14167: 14147: 13856: 13798: 13792: 13759: 13739: 13729: 13578: 13379: 13371: 12779:

Motta, Rodrigo Patto Sá (2000). "O segundo grande surto anticomunista: 1961/1964".

12610: 12477: 12378: 12321: 12266: 12238: 12203: 12169: 12142: 12114: 12110: 11906: 11829: 11797: 11765: 11731: 11699: 11569: 11539: 11507: 11475: 11344: 11310: 11278: 11250: 11216: 11156: 11128: 11071: 11043: 11008: 10786: 10689: 10658: 10624: 5709: 4888: 4334: 3969: 3447: 3386: 3349: 3198:

Mourão considered the manifesto and mobilization ineffective and dangerous. If the

2994: 2974: 2867: 2849: 2417: 1843: 1711: 1377: 1130: 1102: 929:, he was already considered very leftist and was dismissed from office due to the " 16066: 12518: 11895:"Marchando com a família, com Deus e pela liberdade: o "13 de Março" das direitas" 11833: 10904:

Spektor, Matias (2018). "The United States and the 1964 Brazilian Military Coup".

4453: 748: 16579: 16238: 16230: 16027: 15883: 15873: 15858: 15838: 15823: 15798: 15743: 15508: 15476: 15368: 15328: 15090: 15085: 15025: 14966: 14698: 14576: 14403: 14368: 14276: 14271: 13995: 13889: 13563: 13496: 13486: 13451: 13407: 13394: 13346: 13222: 13171: 12889:

Ditadura, memória e justiça: "revolução" e golpe de 1964 transitam no ciberespaço

12763:

A questão da legalidade no contexto das crises políticas de 1955 a 1964 no Brasil

11590:"Legitimidade e credibilidade: impasses da política econômica do governo Goulart" 11047: 10855: 4759:, p. 455), and the battalion of the 12th RI, from Belo Horizonte, at 22:00 ( 4551:«187. Telegram From the Ambassador to Brazil (Gordon) to the Department of State» 4321: 4144: 3877:

State governors were relevant for conferring civil legitimacy and commanding the

3779: 3683: 3545: 3474:. He was confident. As they departed in the late afternoon, the 1st Battalion of 2989: 2397: 1982: 1947: 1652: 1579: 1453: 836: 823: 651: 13990: 11573: 10732:

aos anos de chumbo. O governo dos Estados Unidos e a ditadura militar brasileira

3825: 1077:

Brazil–United States relations during the João Goulart government § Context

716:(1964–1985). The coup took the form of a military rebellion, the declaration of 705: 285: 99: 17195: 16414: 16399: 15853: 15778: 15768: 15763: 15623: 15363: 15152: 15075: 14803: 14708: 14458: 14398: 14030: 13948: 13851: 13811: 13781: 13681: 13636: 12653:

O udenismo e Minas Gerais: sujeitos, processos e culturas políticas (1943-1966)

12591: 12479:

Onde estão os grupos de onze?: os comandos nacionalistas na região Alto Uruguai

12242: 12099:"Nova direita? Guerras de memória em tempos de Comissão da Verdade (2012-2014)" 11160: 4926: 4834:. p. 53, defines Porto Alegre as having only become "revolutionary" on the 2nd. 4747:, p. 135); the source does not consider the gradual arrival of units. The 4239: 4111: 3973: 3385:

military support to his enemies. On the morning of April 1, he was informed by

3357: 3262: 3188: 3037: 2841: 2587: 2118: 2098: 2088: 1977: 1917: 1877: 1862: 1420: 1372: 1189: 964: 941: 832: 773: 290: 11333:"O governo João Goulart e o golpe de 1964: memória, história e historiografia" 5661: 1907: 1726: 17553: 16017: 15863: 15758: 15723: 15708: 15668: 15210: 15040: 14778: 14688: 14551: 14531: 14418: 14179: 14157: 14122: 13701: 13696: 13651: 13573: 13533: 13282: 12271: 11870:"Muito além da conspiração: uma reavaliação crítica da obra de René Dreifuss" 11688:"Reinventando a história: Lincoln Gordon e as suas múltiplas versões de 1964" 10751:

Brazil's minimum price policy and the agricultural sector of Northeast Brazil

4293: 3965: 3833: 3667: 3645: 3525:

Kruel's at dawn, starting their journey towards Rio de Janeiro, while at the

3216: 3091: 3010: 2783: 2686: 2242: 1972: 1425: 1327: 1210: 1085:

John F. Kennedy, president of the USA, and João Goulart speaking to the press

270: 16358: 12719:

O plebiscito de 1963: inflexão de forças na crise orgânica dos anos sessenta

12571: 12289:"A natureza político-jurídica do regime político brasileiro entre 1964-1978" 12207: 10802:. História Oral do Exército. Rio de Janeiro: Biblioteca do Exército Editora. 4830:

A Guerra das Estrelas (1964/1984): Os bastidores das sucessões presidenciais

4013: 3551: 3481: 2767: 2297: 17490: 15803: 15753: 15683: 15673: 15527: 15515: 15502: 15308: 15135: 14636: 13884: 13734: 13593: 13588: 13583: 13289: 10926:

A Verdade Sufocada: A história que a esquerda não quer que o Brasil conheça

7289: 7287: 4477: 4307: 4252:

were controversial terms in disputes within the dictatorship's power bloc.

4001: 3928: 3467: 3154: 2795: 2336: 2051: 1952: 1689: 1664: 1533: 1267:

This would be the last act of that republican period. On the 31st, general

1138: 1126: 1090: 781: 769: 519: 326: 236: 12984:

A Escola Superior de Guerra e a Doutrina de Segurança Nacional (1949-1966)

12612:

Por que João Goulart não reagiu? O dilema final do governo deposto em 1964

12057:"Os vencedores em 1964, entre o "contragolpe" e a aversão ao sindicalismo" 11720:"Autoritarismo no discurso da imprensa brasileira durante o golpe de 1964" 9295:, Tomo 3, p. 223-225 e 350-354, Tomo 10, p. 320-326 e Tomo 14, p. 227-231. 3794: 3564: 3476: 3391: 2002: 16843: 15848: 15453: 15423: 15278: 15268: 15167: 15030: 14823: 14312: 14142: 14127: 13938: 13786: 13754: 13641: 13456: 13361: 13300: 13134: 11468:"A revolução de 1964 e o movimento militar no Paraná: a visão da caserna" 8564: 7368: 3990: 3915:, sided with the coup under military pressure. Plínio Coelho (PTB), from 3787: 3617: 3576: 2969: 2789:

Some authors also discern coupist intentions in Jango's actions, such as

2763: 2759: 1992: 1962: 1815: 1706: 1556: 1145:, but was taken by surprise by the coup. According to socialist activist 1094: 10829: 7284: 6938: 4521:""Quase sem dar um tiro"?: a resistência ao Golpe de 1964 em Pernambuco" 4315: 2968:

Since his inauguration, Goulart had been the target of suspicion in the

777: 57: 17210: 16162: 15607: 15318: 15288: 15242: 15157: 15125: 15117: 15060: 14748: 14463: 14152: 14040: 13646: 12147: 12130: 11555:"Ditadura militar brasileira: aproximações teóricas e historiográficas" 10774:

Repressão, resistência e memória dos trabalhadores da cidade e do campo

8108: 5505: 5503: 5501: 5499: 5224: 5222: 5220: 5218: 4877:"O golpe de 1964 no Amazonas e a deposição do governador Plínio Coelho" 4123: 3985: 3798: 3485: 3466:

general Cunha Melo, with the 1st, 2nd and 3rd Infantry Regiments, from

3079: 2356: 2141: 2078: 1480: 1335: 1283:

Marines confront angry sailors at the Rio de Janeiro Metalworkers Union

168: 14261: 13144:

State Department, Top Secret Cable from Rio De Janeiro, March 27, 1964

13142: 12190:

Rodrigues, Fernando da Silva; Vasconcelos, Cláudio Beserra de (2014).

10473: 10471: 10458: 10456: 10251: 10249: 10247: 10245: 10243: 10241: 8462: 8004: 7868: 7866: 5497: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5489: 5487: 5485: 5483: 5481: 5479: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5210: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5158: 5156: 3984:, but the Army occupied the refinery on the night of the 31st. In the 3939: 3912: 3704: 3656:

from popular support and threatened by forces coming from outside the

3633: 3170: 940:, vetoed the vice-president's return to the country and inauguration. 17532: 17403: 16802: 16465: 15903: 15748: 15597: 15570: 15383: 15338: 15247: 15215: 15195: 15187: 14516: 14306: 13163: 11390:"As igrejas protestantes/evangélicas e o golpe civil-militar de 1964" 10944:"Uma segunda legalidade por Jango: Porto Alegre, 1º de abril de 1964" 4562: 4476:. The main target of the accusations is José Anselmo dos Santos, the 4162: 3250: 2836:, as it also existed among Protestants, Jews, spiritualists and even 2833: 2128: 1912: 10563: 10561: 7158: 7156: 7154: 7152: 7150: 7148: 6808: 6806: 4711:"A Legalidade Traída: os Dias Sombrios de Agosto e Setembro de 1961" 4493:, Política Operária and the Trotskyist Revolutionary Workers Party ( 4433:, p. 76, considers that the coup itself was only prepared from 1963. 3621: 3402:

repression of trade unions and the left (...) I would rather fall".

3323:

and paramilitaries and intensified after the president's departure.

16916: 16556: 15482: 15323: 15220: 15095: 14914: 14818: 13958: 13816: 13270: 13170: 11849: 10976:

Revista Eletrônica da Academia Brasileira de Direito Constitucional

10717:

Ferreira, Jorge; Delgado, Lucília de Almeida Neves (org.) (2019b).

10708:

Ferreira, Jorge; Delgado, Lucília de Almeida Neves (org.) (2019a).

10669: 10483: 10468: 10453: 10441: 10238: 9906: 9904: 9388: 9360: 9358: 9304: 9112: 9110: 8801: 8707: 8705: 8630: 8015: 8013: 7863: 7028: 6866: 5476: 5364: 5362: 5310: 5308: 5306: 5304: 5302: 5300: 5234: 5195: 5153: 4156: 3760: 3017: 2758:

by Carlos Lacerda, by several newspapers, pointing to opportunism,

2751: 2346: 2093: 1922: 1561: 1524: 798: 32: 14602:

Struggle against political abuse of psychiatry in the Soviet Union

12004:"Golpe civil-militar na Paraíba e repressão no imediato pós-golpe" 10285: 8120: 6982: 6980: 5699: 5697: 5009: 3908: 3900: 3629: 3625: 3446:

Around 09:00 Carlos Lacerda had the Military Police defending his

1483:, the outbreaks of peasant reaction that did appear were unarmed. 17268: 17236: 17172: 15428: 15313: 15303: 15252: 14793: 13538: 11094:"A contra revolução antes da revolução: o golpe de 1964 em Goiás" 10791:. Retratos do Brasil. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira S.A. 10558: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7145: 6803: 6683: 5258: 4357:

on the 2nd, when the coup still did not control the entire state.

3911:, but the Fourth Army did not allow it. Pedro Gondim (PSD), from 3829: 3820:, from the 6th DI, was dismissed but fled to one of his units in 3724: 3716: 3712: 3708: 3405: 2861: 2837: 1125:

Latin American communists were influenced by developments in the

598: 221: 173: 10719:

O Brasil republicano vol. 4: Ditadura militar e redemocratização

10519: 9968: 9901: 9703: 9421: 9355: 9131:, Tomo 15, p. 261-266, Tomo 5, p. 287-293, e Tomo 7, p. 213-217. 9107: 9095: 8999: 8933: 8885: 8873: 8825: 8789: 8741: 8702: 8618: 8498: 8450: 8168: 8132: 8025: 8010: 7654: 5982: 5804: 5802: 5359: 5297: 4605:

the revolution actually starts on March 30th and not on the 31st

4399:

The meaning of "land reform by law or by force" is discussed in

4042:

Ranieri Mazzilli passing the presidential sash to Castelo Branco

3920: 3802: 2774:

request for a state of emergency, troops took to the streets in

1471:

constituted the third stage of the revolutionary war in Brazil.

1055:

In the opposition, an important development was the rise of the

17231: 16280: 16131: 16101: 15496: 15298: 15237: 14172: 13107: 11177:"PSD, UDN e PTB, os três grande partidos da Terceira República" 11029:"O governo Ney Braga e o golpe civil-militar de 1964 no Paraná" 10710:

O Brasil republicano vol. 3: O tempo da experiência democrática

9771: 9769: 9616: 9532: 9508: 8402: 7914: 7016: 7004: 6977: 6581: 6579: 6566: 6564: 6326: 6239: 5754: 5694: 3720: 2775: 130: 81: 10766:. As Ilusões Armadas (2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Intrínseca. 10626:

O Governo João Goulart: As Lutas Sociais no Brasil (1961-1964)

9556: 7207: 6673: 6671: 6669: 6275: 6071: 6069: 3843:

Adherence to the coup among the garrisons in Rio Grande do Sul

3555:

Situation on the Minas Gerais and São Paulo fronts around noon

3215:

The Juiz de Fora airport was busy, especially as the 28th was

3206: 2988:

Also in July 1962, ambassador Gordon favorably discussed with

1428:, but the sentiment had local roots since the 1930s, when the 813:

In 1970, the press records the anniversary of the "revolution"

708:

by a military coup from March 31 to April 1, 1964, ending the

16719: 16696: 15981: 15937:

American espionage in the Soviet Union and Russian Federation

15443: 15226: 13305: 12782:

Em guarda contra o perigo vermelho: o anticomunismo no Brasil

12631:

O Brasil ditatorial nas páginas do New York Times (1964-1985)

11064:"1964: um golpe de classe? (Sobre um livro de René Dreifuss)" 10261: 9151: 9149: 8945: 7778: 7776: 7673: 7671: 7669: 7572: 7570: 7452: 7428: 5799: 5105: 4030:

1964 vacancy in the Presidency of Brazil § Legal aspects

3968:, management and the Army easily broke up the strike. In the 3763:

on the way, but coupists in the 5th RM/DI conspired with the

3266: 2875:

openly defended Goulart's deposition, most famously with the

593: 11496:"A estratégia do confronto: a Frente de Mobilização Popular" 11237:

Cordato, Adriano Nervo; Oliveira, Marcus Roberto de (2004).

10273: 10130: 10031: 9985: 9983: 9956: 9853: 9781: 9766: 9681: 9679: 9664: 9496: 9409: 9185: 9071: 9035: 8921: 8717: 8390: 8272: 8236: 8185: 8183: 8156: 8037: 7938: 7749: 7642: 7391: 7389: 7183: 6878: 6779: 6603: 6591: 6576: 6561: 6398: 6314: 4950:

Ditadura militar, esquerda armada e memória social no Brasil

3808:

The 3rd DI had considerable troops and was headquartered in

17421: 17225: 15521: 15403: 13295: 13239: 13127: 11868:

Melo, Demian Bezerra de; Hoeveler, Rejane Carolina (2014).

10799:

1964-31 de março: O movimento revolucionário e sua história

10548: 10546: 10417: 9520: 9397: 9059: 7824: 7812: 7464: 7335: 7293: 6719: 6666: 6656: 6654: 6263: 6229: 6227: 6066: 5910: 5763: 5670: 3537: 3536:

At dawn, Rio de Janeiro's garrison remained loyal. Only in

821:(AI-1). This concept of revolution is more inspired by the 13084: 10616:

Estados Unidos e América Latina: A construção da hegemonia

10393: 10019: 9995: 9720: 9718: 9544: 9433: 9250: 9240: 9238: 9236: 9146: 9134: 8962: 8960: 8897: 8777: 8690: 8591: 8366: 8335: 8284: 8212: 8099: 7986: 7974: 7773: 7725: 7713: 7666: 7606: 7567: 6854: 6731: 6615: 6419: 6417: 6415: 6413: 6202: 6200: 5934: 5724: 5275: 5273: 5093: 15976: 15956: 15951: 11528:"Versões e controvérsias sobre 1964 e a ditadura militar" 10309: 10226: 10154: 10072: 10070: 10043: 9980: 9676: 9445: 9318: 9316: 9047: 8849: 8765: 8729: 8678: 8552: 8540: 8530: 8528: 8515: 8513: 8426: 8414: 8311: 8301: 8299: 8202: 8200: 8198: 8180: 7962: 7950: 7926: 7902: 7836: 7800: 7737: 7688: 7686: 7418: 7416: 7401: 7386: 7052: 7040: 6537: 6501: 6489: 6429: 6362: 6350: 6292: 6290: 6212: 6081: 6054: 5994: 5970: 5736: 5437: 4565:: "Castello Branco states no need US logistical support." 3767:

to prevent the landing. In Porto Alegre Ildo Meneghetti,

1192:

admitted U.S. funding of the opposition in the election.

1142: 12131:"The US Role in the 1964 Coup in Brazil: A Reassessment" 11367:"A questão agrária, o governo Goulart e o golpe de 1964" 10543: 10214: 10166: 10106: 9333: 9331: 9011: 8977: 8975: 8581: 8579: 7853: 7851: 7582: 7555: 7173: 7171: 7076: 6914: 6707: 6651: 6525: 6224: 6185: 6161: 6151: 6149: 6147: 6042: 6006: 5922: 5886: 5874: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5563: 5561: 5246: 16:

Coup d'état in Brazil that ousted President João Goulart

13056:

Hershberg, James G.; Kornbluh, Peter (March 31, 2004).

13028:

Sargentos de 1964: como a disciplina superou a política

11952:"O golpe de 1964 e a ditadura nas pesquisas de opinião" 11415:"A História da História do fim do governo João Goulart" 11374:

Anais do XVI Encontro Regional de História da Anpuh-Rio

9865: 9742: 9715: 9652: 9604: 9592: 9568: 9457: 9233: 8957: 8486: 8378: 7500: 7133: 6755: 6695: 6627: 6410: 6251: 6197: 5958: 5898: 5838: 5826: 5603: 5454: 5452: 5427: 5425: 5325: 5323: 5270: 5185: 5183: 1399:, Jango fell precisely because he tried to conciliate. 1303: 396: 12457:

A batalha pela memória: os militares e o golpe de 1964

10906:

Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History

10531: 10507: 10405: 10357: 10178: 10142: 10118: 10067: 9944: 9841: 9829: 9805: 9793: 9730: 9628: 9580: 9469: 9370: 9313: 9209: 8987: 8909: 8861: 8837: 8753: 8666: 8642: 8525: 8510: 8474: 8356: 8354: 8352: 8350: 8296: 8260: 8248: 8195: 8061: 7788: 7761: 7703: 7701: 7683: 7618: 7488: 7413: 7374: 7352: 7350: 7323: 7311: 7299: 7248: 6992: 6967: 6965: 6950: 6890: 6842: 6830: 6818: 6477: 6374: 6287: 6132: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6104: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6096: 6030: 5814: 5775: 5524: 5522: 5520: 5518: 5464: 5410: 5081: 5069: 4843:

Marshal Denys mentions his "valuable contribution" in

12564:

João Goulart e os militares na crise dos anos de 1960

12346:

Revista Brasileira de História & Ciências Sociais

11147:

Carneiro, André Rocha; Assis, Lúcia Maria de (2019).

10780:. Rio de Janeiro e São Paulo: Arquivo Nacional e CUT. 10734:(2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 10703:(1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 10629:(4 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 10573: 10495: 10381: 10369: 10345: 10297: 10202: 10007: 9916: 9889: 9640: 9486: 9484: 9328: 9274: 9262: 9221: 9197: 9173: 9161: 9083: 9023: 8972: 8813: 8654: 8576: 8438: 8224: 7890: 7878: 7848: 7594: 7543: 7260: 7224: 7168: 7123: 7121: 7119: 6902: 6791: 6767: 6743: 6639: 6513: 6465: 6441: 6338: 6302: 6144: 6120: 6018: 5642: 5579: 5558: 5534: 5117: 5045: 4824:(4 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 3096:

The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil

3028:

A classic Marxist analysis of the coup is Dreifuss's

2956:

Operation Brother Sam § Developing the operation

1393:

Alternativas democráticas à crise política: 1961-1964

12189: 10671:

Dicionário histórico-biográfico brasileiro, pós-1930

10585: 10321: 9877: 8144: 7630: 7531: 7236: 7088: 6926: 6386: 5862: 5850: 5787: 5666:(Video) (in Brazilian Portuguese). December 3, 2014. 5620: 5618: 5591: 5449: 5422: 5374: 5320: 5180: 5168: 5057: 5015: 4985: 4664: 4553:. history.state.gov. Rio de Janeiro, March 28, 1964. 4283: 4178:

Parade for the first anniversary of the coup in 1965

3571:, general Médici entrenched his AMAN cadets between 2899:

were in the conspiracy. Among important newspapers,

16096: 13194: 13156: 13149: 11117:"Os discursos de celebração da 'Revolução de 1964'" 10886:

O Golpe de 1964 e a Ditadura Militar em Perspectiva

10190: 10055: 9817: 9754: 9691: 8347: 8323: 8049: 8031: 8019: 7698: 7476: 7347: 7272: 6962: 6549: 6453: 6093: 5715: 5515: 5398: 5347: 5285: 5141: 5033: 4997: 4509:recorded that the revolt of the Peasant Leagues in 3160: 2819:

awaits the release of the extra edition on the coup

881:The democratic period that began in 1946 after the 12760:Miranda, Mario Angelo Brandão de Oliveira (2018). 11927:"Dinâmica demográfica e desenvolvimento no Brasil" 10333: 9481: 7440: 7116: 6173: 5946: 5630: 5546: 5129: 5021: 4698:One of which was accidentally shot by a colleague. 4059:and brigadier Francisco de Assis Correia de Melo. 3993:was repressed by the Navy. The industrial zone of 3640:and 11th Military Region, sent a company from the 3240: 1367:Base reforms on posters during the Sailors' Revolt 1233:requested Congress to approve a state of emergency 13110:"Nossa história: Impeachment nas ruas há 51 anos" 13055: 12310:"1964: o golpe contra as reformas e a democracia" 11983:Contemporânea – Historia y problemas del siglo XX 11181:CSOnline - Revista Eletrônica de Ciências Sociais 10699:Ferreira, Jorge; Gomes, Angela de Castro (2014). 10429: 10082: 7218: 7195: 7064: 5615: 5386: 4603:, p. 116. For colonel Manoel Soriano Neto, " 3591:Around 9:00 am, Goulart communicated to the 3326: 17551: 16468:, and attempted coups in the Americas since 1900 15922:List of Eastern Bloc agents in the United States 13232:Political songs of the Brazilian military regime 13076:Muricy, Antônio Carlos da Silva (May 20, 1981). 13058:"Brazil Marks 40th Anniversary of Military Coup" 10841: 10716: 10707: 10489: 10477: 10462: 10447: 10255: 10094: 5682: 5509: 5240: 5228: 5162: 4050:Congress attitude legitimized the coup, and the 2780:operation by paratroopers against Carlos Lacerda 1358: 1264:with those same low-ranking military personnel. 797:international context, the coup was part of the 793:and pro-American dictatorship was consolidated. 515:1959–2000 assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 14359:North Yemen-South Yemen Border conflict of 1972 13766:On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences 13219:Image database of the Brazilian military regime 11619:Captura Críptica: Direito, política, atualidade 11236: 11013:10.23927/issn.2526-1347.RIHGB.2020(483):303-332 10916:1964: o golpe contra a democracia e as reformas 10757:. International Food Policy Research Institute. 7034: 7022: 7010: 6986: 5335: 3746:Operations on the Paraná-Rio Grande do Sul axis 3612:Soldiers in Brasilia in the first days of April 3063: 1308: 12570:(Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: UFRJ. Archived from 7369:JFK Presidential Library, 7 de outubro de 1963 4169: 3873:Military Police defending the Guanabara Palace 3406:Military operations and exile of the president 3187:on the 28th. Before that, Mourão also visited 3090:According to the American political scientist 2806: 555:1965–66 Indonesia, Transition to the New Order 16446: 16266: 16229:This template only covers disputes regarding 16082: 13255: 11146: 10698: 10025: 8138: 7660: 7162: 6812: 6689: 6245: 5988: 5703: 5368: 5314: 4070: 3934: 3533:joined the cause of Costa e Silva and Kruel. 2704: 1448: 1407: 990:Assembly during a strike in São Paulo in 1962 673: 382: 15998:Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War 13549:Incapacitation of the Allied Control Council 12155: 11867: 10806: 10796:Motta, Aricildes de Morais (coord.) (2003). 10687: 10678: 10136: 10037: 9974: 9910: 9859: 9787: 9775: 9670: 9427: 9415: 9364: 9191: 9116: 9101: 9077: 9041: 9005: 8939: 8927: 8891: 8879: 8831: 8795: 8747: 8723: 8711: 8624: 8504: 8396: 8278: 8242: 8174: 8162: 8126: 8114: 8043: 7944: 7648: 7517: 7515: 7470: 7395: 6570: 6281: 5769: 5663:1964: Entrevistas | Plínio de Arruda Sampaio 5111: 4870: 4760: 4756: 4744: 4647: 4634: 4621: 4617: 4513:was armed with scythes, hoes and sticks. In 3529:(AMAN), halfway between the cities, general 2745: 1152: 1004:International Food Policy Research Institute 877:Jânio Quadros campaigns in the 1960 election 14859:1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre 12939:(Thesis). Campinas: Unicamp. Archived from 12435:O adeus a Jango: Time magazine - percepções 12011:Anais do XXVI Simpósio Nacional de História 10643:(2 ed.). Campinas: Editora da Unicamp. 9352:, p. 181-182, Tomo 2, e p. 180-181, Tomo 6. 8005:Departamento de Estado, 27 de março de 1964 4110:and Assistant Secretary for Latin America, 3434:Military situation on the night of March 31 3371: 3272: 3207:Information about the imminence of the coup 3165: 3078:However, although the ESG was an important 704:) was the overthrow of Brazilian president 48:and two jeeps of the Brazilian Army in the 16453: 16439: 16273: 16259: 16089: 16075: 15962:United States involvement in regime change 13517:1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine 13262: 13248: 13186:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 13024: 12475: 12097:Pereira, Mateus Henrique de Faria (2015). 11973: 11685: 11413:Domingos, Charles Sidarta Machado (2010). 11331:Delgado, Lucilia de Almeida Neves (2010). 11026: 10827: 10743:(1 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: Editora FGV. 10694:(2 ed.). Rio de Janeiro: José Álvaro. 9871: 6701: 6621: 6597: 6423: 6138: 6048: 5470: 4563:Departamento de Estado, 1 de abril de 1964 3786:, the state government was transferred to 3778:. Added to the risk of an invasion of the 3727:, was deposed and imprisoned like Arraes. 3340:Loyalist soldiers in Areal, Rio de Janeiro 3105: 2913:had their newsrooms attacked. The smaller 2711: 2697: 1742:Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil 1457:Seized "subversive material" in April 1964 680: 666: 389: 375: 12908:Ruiz, Carlos Henrique dos Santos (2018). 12823:Parucker, Paulo Eduardo Castello (2006). 12382: 12270: 12173: 12146: 11815: 11783: 11735: 11612: 11543: 11348: 11314: 11220: 11075: 11061: 10721:. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 10712:. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira. 10667: 10513: 10267: 10232: 10160: 9934: 8608: 8606: 7521: 7512: 7458: 7434: 7407: 7106: 6024: 5573: 4755:, only arrived in Juiz de Fora at 18:00 ( 4464: 3927:, and José Augusto de Araújo (PTB), from 3884:At 2:00 am on the 1st, Ademar de Barros ( 3426:1964 Brazilian coup in the Paraíba Valley 1494: 16349:March of the Family with God for Liberty 12822: 12800: 12737: 12693: 12538: 12054: 12025: 11751: 11686:Green, James N.; Jones, Abigail (2009). 11493: 11412: 11364: 11268: 11195: 11174: 10970:Araújo, Eduardo Borges Espínula (2020). 10924:Ustra, Carlos Alberto Brilhante (2007). 10892: 10853: 10812:Memórias: A Verdade de um Revolucionário 10633: 10622: 10351: 10279: 10148: 9962: 9017: 8492: 8468: 8372: 7755: 7612: 7266: 7189: 7139: 7046: 6920: 6884: 6785: 6737: 6660: 6633: 6609: 6585: 6531: 6308: 6218: 6206: 6087: 6075: 6060: 6036: 6000: 5916: 5904: 5832: 5820: 5742: 5676: 5597: 5458: 5443: 5431: 5416: 5380: 5329: 5279: 5264: 5189: 4819: 4708: 4588: 4494: 4173: 4037: 3950:Department of Political and Social Order 3938: 3868: 3838: 3741: 3693: 3607: 3587:Meeting of forces on the São Paulo front 3582: 3550: 3515: 3456: 3429: 3390:like Vargas, Jango could have waited in 3375: 3335: 3276: 3244: 3169: 3109: 2959: 2810: 1499: 1452: 1411: 1362: 1312: 1278: 1253:March of the Family with God for Liberty 1199: 1161: 1080: 1065:Institute of Research and Social Studies 1057:Brazilian Institute of Democratic Action 985: 872: 808: 589:1979–1992 Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone 14088:Transition to the New Order (Indonesia) 12863: 12759: 12649: 12627: 12453: 12128: 12096: 12075: 11717: 11637: 11613:Forattini, Fernando Miramontes (2019). 11587: 11330: 11114: 10913:Toledo, Caio Navarro de (org.) (2014). 10903: 10761: 10660:1964 visto e comentado pela Casa Branca 10591: 10567: 10423: 10315: 9748: 9244: 8384: 7830: 7818: 7692: 7422: 7305: 7254: 7230: 7177: 7094: 6944: 6848: 6824: 6761: 6725: 6677: 6483: 6380: 6269: 6257: 6191: 6114: 6012: 5940: 5928: 5880: 5730: 5648: 5528: 5404: 5291: 5252: 5099: 5051: 5027: 4874: 4451: 3864: 3734:joined around 3:00 pm on April 1. 1317:Rally in favor of the president in 1963 740:, one of the main leaders of the coup. 17552: 15932:Russian espionage in the United States 14204:Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia 13108:Fonseca, Marcelo da (March 14, 2015). 13075: 12980: 12958: 12608: 12516: 12497: 12398: 12364: 12307: 12002:Nunes, Paulo Giovani Antonino (2011). 11924: 11893:Mendes, Ricardo Antonio Souza (2005). 11892: 11440: 11296: 11283:10.11606/issn.2316-9141.rh.2021.167214 11007:(483). Rio de Janeiro: IHGB: 303–332. 10969: 10912: 10883: 10874: 10837:. Rio de Janeiro: FGV. pp. 57–96. 10656: 10647: 10613: 10579: 10537: 10525: 10501: 10411: 10399: 10220: 10208: 10184: 10172: 10124: 10112: 10076: 10001: 9950: 9847: 9835: 9811: 9799: 9736: 9634: 9586: 9550: 9475: 9439: 9376: 9322: 9280: 9256: 9227: 9215: 9167: 9155: 9140: 8993: 8915: 8903: 8867: 8843: 8783: 8759: 8696: 8672: 8648: 8603: 8597: 8534: 8456: 8444: 8341: 8305: 8290: 8254: 8230: 8218: 8206: 8067: 7992: 7980: 7782: 7767: 7731: 7719: 7677: 7588: 7576: 7561: 7549: 7082: 6998: 6896: 6836: 6713: 6519: 6459: 6344: 6179: 6155: 5976: 5964: 5844: 5636: 5353: 5174: 5063: 5039: 5003: 4991: 4946: 4875:Queirós, César Augusto Bubolz (2019). 4844: 4827: 4799: 4782:(1 ed.). São Paulo: Globo Livros. 4764: 4575: 4518: 4447: 4400: 4387: 4148:welcomed the "revolution", as did the 3943:Strike at the Leopoldina train station 3689: 1334:, the populism that existed since the 1093:'s expansion of influence through the 1011:, this figure reached 57%, and in the 768:On March 31, a rebellion broke out in 16434: 16254: 16070: 15927:Soviet espionage in the United States 14083:Indonesian mass killings of 1965–1966 13862:Consolidation of the Cuban Revolution 13527:1948 Palestinian expulsion and flight 13243: 13002: 12929: 12885: 12864:Ribeiro, David Ricardo Sousa (2013). 12841: 12778: 12589: 12560: 12476:Baldissera, Marli de Almeida (2003). 12431: 12286: 12256: 12221: 12001: 11949: 11925:Morais, Ione Rodrigues Diniz (2000). 11850:"O golpe de 1964 como ação de classe" 11662: 11465: 11155:(20). Rio de Janeiro: UERJ: 224–247. 11092:Borba, Carlos Alberto Vieira (2012). 11091: 10941: 10923: 10899:(7 ed.). São Paulo: Paz e Terra. 10795: 10784: 10663:(1 ed.). Porto Alegre: L&PM. 10387: 10375: 10339: 10303: 10049: 10013: 9989: 9922: 9895: 9883: 9724: 9709: 9685: 9658: 9646: 9622: 9562: 9538: 9526: 9514: 9502: 9490: 9463: 9451: 9403: 9349: 9337: 9292: 9268: 9203: 9179: 9128: 9089: 9065: 9053: 9029: 8981: 8966: 8951: 8855: 8819: 8807: 8771: 8735: 8684: 8660: 8636: 8585: 8570: 8558: 8546: 8432: 8420: 8408: 8317: 8189: 8150: 8088:Formação do Brasil e unidade nacional 7968: 7956: 7932: 7920: 7908: 7896: 7884: 7872: 7857: 7842: 7806: 7743: 7636: 7600: 7537: 7506: 7127: 7058: 6932: 6908: 6872: 6797: 6773: 6749: 6645: 6555: 6543: 6507: 6495: 6471: 6447: 6435: 6404: 6392: 6368: 6356: 6332: 6320: 6233: 6167: 5892: 5868: 5856: 5793: 5781: 5624: 5392: 5147: 5087: 5075: 4942: 4848: 4832:(2 ed.). Porto Alegre: L&PM. 4815: 4803: 4777: 4600: 4443: 4383: 4330:Goulart family lawsuit against the US 3542:Army Command and General Staff School 3443:, on the border with Rio de Janeiro. 3235: 3087:would be incapable of overcoming it. 2945: 2733:defections. The Constitution and the 370: 16003:Soviet Union–United States relations 14354:1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China 12907: 12715: 12671: 12339: 12156:Petit, Pere; Cuéllar, Jaime (2012). 12026:Oliveira, Carlos Felippe de (2008). 11854:Re-vista - Verdade, Memória, Justiça 11847: 11672:XXVIII Simpósio Nacional de História 11552: 11525: 11387: 11175:Carvalho, Eder Aparecido de (2007). 11101:VII Simpósio Nacional Estado e Poder 10818: 10738: 10725: 10552: 10435: 10363: 10327: 10291: 10088: 9823: 9760: 9697: 8612: 8573:, p. 177-179 e 307-308, Tomo 3. 8519: 8480: 8329: 8266: 8055: 7794: 7624: 7494: 7482: 7446: 7380: 7356: 7341: 7329: 7317: 7278: 7242: 7201: 7070: 6971: 6956: 6860: 6296: 6126: 5952: 5808: 5688: 5609: 5585: 5552: 5540: 5135: 5123: 4785: 4519:Santos, Thayana de Oliveira (2015). 4430: 4023: 3461:Tank in front of the Ministry of War 3114:Military deployments during the coup 1304:Factors, reasons and interpretations 730:president of the Chamber of Deputies 15967:Soviet involvement in regime change 12886:Rocha, Luzimary dos Santos (2016). 12810:(Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: CPDOC FGV 12498:Chaves, Eduardo dos Santos (2011). 12287:Silva, Rogerio Liberato da (2017). 12135:Bulletin of Latin American Research 12055:Oliveira, Adriano Moura de (2016). 12038:(3). Dourados: UFGD. Archived from 11588:Fonseca, Paulo Cezar Dutra (2004). 10994: 10845:; Starling, Heloisa Murgel (2015). 10770: 10747: 10741:O golpe de 1964: momentos decisivos 10691:Os Idos de Março e a Queda em Abril 10196: 10100: 10061: 9610: 9598: 9574: 8360: 7707: 5341: 4452:Almeida, Anderson da Silva (2010). 4401:Genaro, Eduardo Guandalini (2020). 3919:, and Aurélio do Carmo (PSD), from 3287:Os idos de março e a queda em abril 3023: 1928:Declaration of majority of Pedro II 1274: 1015:, only 33.89%. The land had highly 105: • Beginning of the 13: 16385:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco 16008:Soviet Union–United States summits 13482:1947 Polish parliamentary election 13367:Guerrilla war in the Baltic states 13025:Zimmermann, Lausimar José (2013). 11816:Loureiro, Felipe Pereira (2017b). 11784:Loureiro, Felipe Pereira (2017a). 11269:Cordeiro, Janaína Martins (2021). 11062:Benevides, Maria Victoria (2003). 10849:. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras. 10821:Castello: a marcha para a ditadura 4089:LBJ receives a briefing on Brazil. 4077: 3527:Military Academy of Agulhas Negras 3141:the Army's presence was weak, the 1732:Spanish–Portuguese War (1776–1777) 1717:Spanish–Portuguese War (1735–1737) 738:Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco 14: 17571: 16354:March of the One Hundred Thousand 14769:Lord's Resistance Army insurgency 14704:United States invasion of Grenada 13974:Guinea-Bissau War of Independence 13915:Expulsion of Soviets from Albania 13212: 13195:Garcia, Roberto (March 9, 1977). 12959:Silva, André Gustavo da (2014c). 12801:Oliveira, André Lopes de (2018). 12766:(Thesis). Rio de Janeiro: PUC-Rio 12694:Loureiro, Felipe Pereira (2012). 12539:El Sayed, Adnan Abdallah (2013). 12517:Demier, Felipe Abranches (2012). 12257:Silva, Michel Goulart da (2010). 11752:Loureiro, Felipe Pereira (2013). 11625:(1). Florianópolis: UFSC: 149–172 11115:Cardoso, Lucileide Costa (2011). 10942:Abreu, Luciano Aronne de (2013). 4248:, nationalism and accusations of 3331: 2801: 2283:March of the One Hundred Thousand 1477:Tiradentes Revolutionary Movement 1402: 902:The three major parties were the 702:Golpe de estado no Brasil em 1964 545:1963 South Vietnamese coup d'état 361:7 pro-government civilians killed 14844:United States invasion of Panama 14694:1982 Ethiopian–Somali Border War 14334:1971 Turkish military memorandum 14297:Communist insurgency in Thailand 14267:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 14199:Communist insurgency in Malaysia 14026:Assassination of John F. Kennedy 13954:Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation 13472:Restatement of Policy on Germany 13095:. Rio de Janeiro. April 10, 1964 12968:(Thesis). São João del Rei: UFSJ 12842:Pinto, Daniel Cerqueira (2015). 12716:Melo, Demian Bezerra de (2009). 12590:Gomes, Rodrigo Oliveira (2011). 12504:(Thesis). São Leopoldo: UNISINOS 12365:Vitale, María Alejandra (2013). 12308:Toledo, Caio Navarro de (2004). 11950:Motta, Rodrigo Patto Sá (2014). 11848:Melo, Demian Bezerra de (2013). 11472:Revista de Sociologia e Política 9928: 9343: 9286: 9122: 8073: 7294:Casa Branca, 30 de julho de 1962 7100: 5016:Rodrigues & Vasconcelos 2014 4947:Angelo, Vitor Amorim de (2011). 4936: 4920: 4907: 4893:10.5433/1984-3356.2019v12n23p542 4863: 4837: 4809: 4791: 4770: 4737: 4701: 4692: 4679: 4653: 4640: 4627: 4610: 4594: 4581: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4500: 4483: 4314: 4300: 4286: 4257:relations with the United States 4122:Problems playing this file? See 4093: 3380:Amaury Kruel's Second Army tanks 3265:tactics and retreat to southern 3161:Bringing forward the coup's date 2920: 2794:Congress by Brizola and general 2680: 1523: 1380:project of capitalist progress. 1186:Parliamentary Inquiry Commission 1118:, in 1962, and in Guatemala and 1070: 975: 762:relations with the United States 652:2012–2017 Syria, Timber Sycamore 263: 129: 39: 16282:Military dictatorship in Brazil 15564:Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty 14945:Dissolution of the Soviet Union 14874:Fall of the inner German border 14774:1988 Black Sea bumping incident 14424:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 14414:Spanish transition to democracy 14374:1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency 14001:Communist insurgency in Sarawak 13507:Indo-Pakistani War of 1947–1948 13388:Occupation of the Baltic states 13086:"Edição Histórica da Revolução" 12981:Tibola, Ana Paula Lima (2007). 12628:Itagyba, Renata Fortes (2013). 12561:Faria, Fabiano Godinho (2013). 12384:10.1590/S2176-45732013000100016 12326:10.1590/S0102-01882004000100002 12175:10.1590/S0103-21862012000100011 12168:(49). Rio de Janeiro: 169–189. 12109:(57). Belo Horizonte: 863–902. 11911:10.1590/S0104-87752005000100012 11802:10.1590/1980-436920170000000003 11770:10.1590/S0104-06182013000200009 11737:10.11606/extraprensa2016.106867 11718:Kieling, Camila Garcia (2016). 11704:10.1590/S0102-01882009000100003 11638:Gerhard, Philipp R. L. (2015). 11545:10.1590/S0102-01882004000100003 11512:10.1590/S0102-01882004000100008 11480:10.1590/S0104-44782004000100014 11400:(15). Uberlândia: PUC-MG: 29–37 11350:10.1590/S1413-77042010000100006 11316:10.1590/S0103-40142014000100007 11255:10.1590/S0102-01882004000100011 11222:10.1590/S0103-40142014000100002 11133:10.1590/S0102-01882011000200008 11077:10.1590/S0102-64452003000100012 11027:Batistella, Alessandro (2014). 10888:. São Paulo: Cultura Acadêmica. 10601: 8090:(1980), de Luiz Toledo Machado. 6947:, p. 84-85, 125 e 130-131. 5654: 4849:Costa, Rodrigo José da (2013). 4465:Rodrigues, Flávio Luís (2017). 4436: 4424: 4393: 4376: 4266:relations with the Soviet Union 3980:, the Cubatão refinery and the 3520:Movements in the Paraíba Valley 3241:Expected duration and intensity 3044:, also an Ipesian, created the 714:Brazilian military dictatorship 712:(1946–1964) and initiating the 530:1961 Cuba, Bay of Pigs Invasion 14344:Four Power Agreement on Berlin 13979:Mozambican War of Independence 13418:Indonesian National Revolution 12930:Sales, Jean Rodrigues (2005). 12314:Revista Brasileira de História 12222:Sales, Jean Rodrigues (2011). 12115:10.1590/0104-87752015000300008 11931:Mneme - Revista de Humanidades 11692:Revista Brasileira de História 11532:Revista Brasileira de História 11500:Revista Brasileira de História 11243:Revista Brasileira de História 11121:Revista Brasileira de História 10637:1964: Visões críticas do golpe 10614:Ayerbe, Luís Fernando (2002). 4360: 4347: 3982:Companhia Siderúrgica Paulista 3972:, there was a stoppage of the 3962:Companhia Siderúrgica Nacional 3603: 3327:Reasons for the short duration 2352:1993 Constitutional referendum 2342:Impeachment of Fernando Collor 1791:Conquest of the Banda Oriental 1761:Invasion of the Banda Oriental 1371:During the coup, Goulart told 1262:meeting at the Automóvel Clube 1241:rally on the Central do Brasil 1180:consultation to January 1963. 804: 619:1990s Iraq, failed coup d'état 1: 15942:CIA and the Cultural Cold War 14957:Dissolution of Czechoslovakia 14910:Min Ping Yu No. 5540 incident 14632:1984 Summer Olympics boycotts 14597:Seven Days to the River Rhine 14329:Corrective Revolution (Egypt) 13616:March 1949 Syrian coup d'état 13544:1948 Czechoslovak coup d'état 13225: (archived May 18, 2004) 13062:The National Security Archive 13012:(Thesis). Porto Alegre: UFRGS 12747:(Thesis). Porto Alegre: UFRGS 12672:Lara, José Victor de (2019). 12609:Inácio, Evaldo Selau (2010). 12596:(Thesis). Porto Alegre: UFRGS 12548:(Thesis). Porto Alegre: UFRGS 12454:Atassio, Aline Prado (2007). 12432:Alves, Eduardo Silva (2008). 11834:10.1080/14682745.2016.1254620 11441:Duarte, Hugo Villaça (2010). 11343:(28). Niterói: UFF: 123–143. 11277:(180). São Paulo: USP: 1–19. 10896:Brasil: de Getúlio a Castello 10857:Cultura e politica: 1964-1969 10788:O golpe começou em Washington 7219:Hershberg & Kornbluh 2004 4973: 4778:Villa, Marco Antonio (2014). 4687:Brazilian War of Independence 4659:Testimony in the documentary 3769:governor of Rio Grande do Sul 2840:practitioners. Priests (like 2372:Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff 1604:Letter of Pero Vaz de Caminha 1592:Pedro Álvares Cabral's voyage 1376:although they were part of a 1359:Stalemate in the base reforms 1177:plebiscite scheduled for 1965 1002:According to a report by the 946:governor of Rio Grande do Sul 863: 535:1961 Cuba, Operation Mongoose 16119:Proclamation of the Republic 14935:Fall of communism in Albania 14905:Mongolian Revolution of 1990 14854:Polish Round Table Agreement 14194:1968 Polish political crisis 14011:Eritrean War of Independence 13777:Hungarian Revolution of 1956 13672:East German uprising of 1953 13604:Chinese Communist Revolution 13269: 13003:Zardo, Murilo Erpen (2010). 12851:(Thesis). Juiz de Fora: UFJF 12738:Mendonça, Daniel de (2006). 12463:(Thesis). São Carlos: UFSCar 12340:Vale, Eltem Campina (2009). 12129:Pereira, Anthony W. (2018). 12076:Pereira, Anthony W. (2008). 11388:Dias, Zwinglio Mota (2014). 11048:10.4025/dialogos.v18supl.902 10928:(3 ed.). Brasília: Ser. 10728:O grande irmão: da Operação 10490:Ferreira & Delgado 2019b 10478:Ferreira & Delgado 2019b 10463:Ferreira & Delgado 2019b 10448:Ferreira & Delgado 2019b 10294:, p. 108-109 e 127-135. 10256:Ferreira & Delgado 2019b 8810:, p. 386-387 e 458-459. 8639:, p. 378-379 e 401-402. 8471:, p. 149-150 e 180-181. 7875:, p. 361-363 e 370-371. 6875:, p. 217-221 e 253-256. 5510:Schwarcz & Starling 2015 5241:Schwarcz & Starling 2015 5229:Ferreira & Delgado 2019a 5163:Ferreira & Delgado 2019a 4978: 4956:(Thesis). São Carlos: UFSCar 4780:Jango: um perfil (1945-1964) 4724:(3). Rio de Janeiro: 149–182 4353:Events in Rio Grande do Sul 4034:Presidency of Castelo Branco 3859: 3818:Adalberto Pereira dos Santos 3805:, had already done earlier. 3642:Presidential Guard Battalion 3410: 3306:Proclamation of the Republic 3143:Minas Gerais Military Police 3064:Changes in military thinking 3046:National Information Service 2735:Constitutionalist Revolution 2161:Constitutionalist Revolution 2028:Proclamation of the Republic 1873:Confederation of the Equator 1774:United Kingdom with Portugal 1416:Posters at the Central Rally 1321:Authors such as sociologist 1309:Reaction to social movements 1195: 1157: 868: 599:1981–1990 Nicaragua, Contras 501:1957–58 Indonesian rebellion 455:United States involvement in 7: 14809:Korean Air Lines Flight 007 14537:Korean Air Lines Flight 902 14282:Corrective Movement (Syria) 14246:New People's Army rebellion 14241:Sino-Soviet border conflict 13969:Angolan War of Independence 13832:Second Taiwan Strait Crisis 13712:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 13357:Jamaican political conflict 12441:(Thesis). São Paulo: PUC-SP 12237:(1). Maringá: UEM: 91–109. 11974:Napolitano, Marcos (2011). 11663:Gomes, Paulo César (2015). 11574:10.5965/2175180309202017005 11466:Dutra, José Carlos (2004). 11299:"A mídia e o golpe militar" 10919:. Florianópolis: Em Debate. 10877:1964: Golpe ou Contragolpe? 10860:(2 ed.). Paz e Terra. 10618:. São Paulo: Editora Unesp. 9712:, p. 69 e 76, Tomo 13. 7035:Cordato & Oliveira 2004 7023:Cordato & Oliveira 2004 7011:Cordato & Oliveira 2004 6987:Cordato & Oliveira 2004 4822:João Goulart: uma biografia 4818:, p. 52. According to 4279: 4170:Effects on the dictatorship 4137:Ministry of Foreign Affairs 4057:Augusto Rademaker Grünewald 3415: 3030:1964: A Conquista do Estado 2807:In demonstrations and press 1831:Recognition of Independence 1821:Declaration of Independence 1061:Central Intelligence Agency 1035:Students campaigned in the 892:Marshal Lott's counter-coup 584:1979 Salvadoran coup d'état 520:1959 Cambodia, Bangkok Plot 491:1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 10: 17576: 17560:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 17389:Trinidad and Tobago (1990) 15005:Sino-Indian border dispute 14834:First Nagorno-Karabakh War 14764:1987–1989 JVP insurrection 14522:1976 Argentine coup d'état 14434:Turkish invasion of Cyprus 14384:1973 Uruguayan coup d'état 14068:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 14036:Cyprus crisis of 1963–1964 13725:First Taiwan Strait Crisis 13492:Asian Relations Conference 12990:(Thesis). Passo Fundo: UPF 12485:(Thesis). Passo Fundo: UPF 12243:10.4025/dialogos.v15i1.422 11506:(47). São Paulo: 181–212. 11161:10.12957/revmar.2019.28317 10957:(1). Porto Alegre: 126–144 10854:Schwarcz, Roberto (2001). 10683:. São Cristóvão: Artenova. 10679:D'Aguiar, Hernani (1976). 10657:Corrêa, Marcos Sá (1977). 9625:, p. 119-120, Tomo 8. 9541:, p. 114-115, Tomo 8. 9517:, p. 116-117, Tomo 8. 4913:See article 79 § 2 of the 4354: 4071:International repercussion 4027: 3935:Strikes and demonstrations 3899:, Petrônio Portella, from 3895:Aluízio Alves (PSD), from 3511: 3419: 3121:Chief of Staff of the Army 3067: 2964:Kennedy and Lincoln Gordon 2949: 2750:There were accusations of 2263:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 2186:1937 Brazilian coup d'état 2171:Communist uprising of 1935 1943:Liberal rebellions of 1842 1796:Constituent Cortes of 1820 1449:Revolutionary War Doctrine 1408:Goulart and the communists 1204:Jango at the Central Rally 1074: 1037:National Union of Students 982:Economic history of Brazil 979: 694:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 579:1976 Argentine coup d'état 550:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 400:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 181:National Union of Students 26:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 17525: 17504: 17453: 17381: 17305: 17155: 17112:Dominican Republic (1963) 17069: 16953: 16811: 16659: 16618: 16534: 16473: 16377: 16341: 16333:National Truth Commission 16291: 16225: 16210:1964 military coup d'état 16202:Revolution of November 11 16193:Fourth Brazilian Republic 16191: 16180:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas 16161: 16139: 16130: 16108: 16041: 15990: 15912: 15889:William Appleman Williams 15834:Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. 15616: 15588: 15537: 15469: 15462: 15396: 15261: 15186: 15116: 15109: 15018: 14965: 14897: 14610: 14349:Bangladesh Liberation War 14339:1971 Sudanese coup d'état 14254: 14226:1969 Sudanese coup d'état 14214:1968 Peruvian coup d'état 13877: 13652:Arab Cold War (1952–1979) 13629: 13339: 13277: 13078:"Antônio Carlos Murici I" 12377:(1). São Paulo: 254–274. 11365:Dezemone, Marcus (2014). 11042:. Maringá: UEM: 203–242. 10893:Skidmore, Thomas (1982). 10879:. Porto Alegre: L&PM. 10831:Modernidades Alternativas 10814:. Porto Alegre: L&PM. 10026:Carneiro & Assis 2019 9565:, p. 59-61, Tomo 13. 8139:Ferreira & Gomes 2014 8117:, p. 108, 115 e 304. 7661:Ferreira & Gomes 2014 7163:Ferreira & Gomes 2014 6813:Ferreira & Gomes 2014 6690:Ferreira & Gomes 2014 6246:Ferreira & Gomes 2014 5989:Ferreira & Gomes 2014 5704:Ferreira & Gomes 2014 5369:Ferreira & Gomes 2014 5315:Ferreira & Gomes 2014 4887:(22). Londrina: 542–562. 4763:, p. 381). See also 4491:Communist Party of Brazil 4474:(Thesis). São Paulo: USP. 3638:Brasília Military Command 3422:Operation Popeye (Brazil) 3354:Santa Cruz Air Force Base 3253:in the Minas Gerais front 2746:Accusations of caudillism 2730:Brazilian Bar Association 2323:1988 Constituent Assembly 2268:Vacancy in the Presidency 2208:Ousting of Getúlio Vargas 2149:Second Brazilian Republic 2074:Coffee with milk politics 2008:Post–abolition of slavery 1858:1823 Constituent Assembly 1786:Conquest of French Guiana 1378:national-developmentalist 1220:(STF) decision. Navy and 1153:João Goulart's government 1025:Brazilian Communist Party 908:National Democratic Union 883:ousting of Getúlio Vargas 718:vacancy in the presidency 710:Fourth Brazilian Republic 565:1971 Bolivian coup d'état 560:1966 Ghanaian coup d'état 433:Vacancy in the Presidency 408: 360: 355: 276: 119: 64: 38: 30: 25: 16410:Golbery do Couto e Silva 16395:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 16369:Death of Vladimir Herzog 16141:First Brazilian Republic 14664:1980 Turkish coup d'état 14499:Cambodian–Vietnamese War 14469:1978 Somali coup attempt 14429:Second Iraqi–Kurdish War 14394:1973 Chilean coup d'état 14219:Revolutionary Government 14113:South African Border War 13905:1960 Turkish coup d'état 13822:Iraqi 14 July Revolution 13677:1953 Iranian coup d'état 13657:1952 Egyptian revolution 12917:(Thesis). Marília: Unesp 12873:(Thesis). São Paulo: USP 12703:(Thesis). São Paulo: USP 12637:(Thesis). São Paulo: USP 12320:(47). São Paulo: 13–28. 12272:10.4000/nuevomundo.60155 11764:(2). Campinas: 547–576. 11698:(57). São Paulo: 67–89. 11494:Ferreira, Jorge (2004). 11297:Dantas, Audálio (2014). 11197:Carvalho, José Murilo de 10652:. Rio de Janeiro: Zahar. 10623:Bandeira, Moniz (1978). 10570:, p. 12-39 e 94-95. 10528:, p. 102-103 e 116. 9428:Petit & Cuéllar 2012 8954:, p. 36-41, Tomo 1. 8459:, p. 75-76 e 92-93. 8411:, p. 346-350 e 360. 8032:JCS, 30 de março de 1964 8020:CIA, 30 de março de 1964 7923:, p. 115-116 e 121. 7471:Melo & Hoeveler 2014 7396:Melo & Hoeveler 2014 6335:, p. 286-288 e 302. 6282:Melo & Hoeveler 2014 5811:, p. 50-51 e 54-56. 5267:, p. 57-58 e 74-75. 5112:Melo & Hoeveler 2014 4945:, pp. 150–151, and 4871:Petit & Cuéllar 2012 4847:, p. 189. See also 4820:Ferreira, Jorge (2011). 4709:Ferreira, Jorge (1997). 4340: 3854:Revolutionary Third Army 3737: 3698:Operations in Pernambuco 3531:Emílio Garrastazu Médici 3452:Armando de Moraes Âncora 3372:President's calculations 3273:Actual level of violence 3166:Decision in Minas Gerais 3153:to enter Guanabara with 3042:Golbery do Couto e Silva 2233:Construction of Brasília 2228:Lott's preventative coup 1147:Plínio de Arruda Sampaio 954:a solution to the crisis 486:1953 Iranian coup d'état 259:Congressional opposition 102:'s government overthrown 72:March 31 – April 1, 1964 54:National Congress Palace 16301:List of the disappeared 16132:Republic (1889–present) 14869:Fall of the Berlin Wall 14814:People Power Revolution 14799:Central American crisis 14739:1986 Black Sea incident 14389:1973 Afghan coup d'état 14287:Western Sahara conflict 14098:1966 Syrian coup d'état 14021:1963 Syrian coup d'état 13964:Portuguese Colonial War 13927:First Iraqi–Kurdish War 13692:1954 Syrian coup d'état 13569:Annexation of Hyderabad 13512:1947–1949 Palestine war 13176:, Recife, April 2, 1964 12659:(Thesis). Franca: Unesp 12650:Lacerda, Vitor (2017). 12399:Zourek, Michal (2020). 12208:10.4013/htu.2014.183.05 11600:(3). São Paulo: 587–622 10982:(17). Curitiba: 512–533 10764:A Ditadura Envergonhada 10688:Dines, Alberto (1964). 8082:, 28 de março de 1965. 4858:(Thesis). Recife: UFPE. 4828:Chagas, Carlos (1985). 4461:(Thesis). Niterói: UFF. 4264:were soon severed, but 4142:In the American press, 3732:Amazon Military Command 3676:president of the Senate 3106:Geography of operations 1737:Minas Gerais Conspiracy 1390:Democracia ou reformas? 912:Social Democratic Party 594:1975–1992 Angola, UNITA 540:1961 Dominican Republic 476:1949 Syrian coup d'état 16390:Artur da Costa e Silva 15163:Neoclassical economics 14674:Gulf of Sidra incident 14231:1969 Libyan revolution 13922:Iraqi–Kurdish conflict 13707:1954 Geneva Conference 13467:Turkish straits crisis 13462:Corfu Channel incident 12829:(Thesis). Niterói: UFF 12725:(Thesis). Niterói: UFF 12681:(Thesis). Maringá: UEM 12526:(Thesis). Niterói: UFF 10951:Oficina do Historiador 10875:Silva, Hélio (2014a). 10843:Schwarcz, Lilia Moritz 10823:. São Paulo: Contexto. 10762:Gaspari, Elio (2014). 10748:Fox, Roger W. (1979). 10681:A Revolução por Dentro 9529:, p. 121, Tomo 8. 9406:, p. 176, Tomo 6. 6424:Green & Jones 2009 4511:Vitória de Santo Antão 4179: 4082: 4043: 3944: 3874: 3844: 3747: 3699: 3613: 3588: 3561:União e Indústria road 3556: 3521: 3462: 3435: 3381: 3341: 3302:Independence of Brazil 3282: 3254: 3175: 3115: 3058:Artur da Costa e Silva 2965: 2820: 2367:Car Wash investigation 2278:Araguaia Guerrilla War 1958:Eusébio de Queirós Law 1495:Legality and democracy 1458: 1417: 1368: 1318: 1284: 1205: 1167: 1086: 1059:(IBAD), linked to the 1017:concentrated ownership 991: 931:Manifesto dos coronéis 878: 814: 732:, took over until the 701: 525:1960 Congo coup d'état 438:Revolutionary 3rd Army 277:Commanders and leaders 16013:Russia–NATO relations 15894:Jonathan Reed Winkler 15178:Democratic capitalism 15173:Supply-side economics 15141:American conservatism 14940:Breakup of Yugoslavia 14829:Bougainville conflict 14744:South Yemen civil war 14679:Martial law in Poland 14542:Nicaraguan Revolution 14517:Dirty War (Argentina) 14324:1971 JVP insurrection 14138:Years of Lead (Italy) 14016:North Yemen civil war 13934:Berlin Crisis of 1961 13910:Albanian–Soviet split 13842:1959 Tibetan uprising 13807:Syrian Crisis of 1957 13662:Iraqi Intifada (1952) 13522:1948 Arab–Israeli War 11553:Fico, Carlos (2017). 11526:Fico, Carlos (2004). 10847:Brasil: uma biografia 10808:Mourão Filho, Olympio 10785:Morel, Edmar (1965). 10739:Fico, Carlos (2014). 10726:Fico, Carlos (2008). 10648:Chirio, Maud (2012). 9505:, p. 39 e 59-61. 8103:, 10 de abril de 1964 7344:, p. 94-95, 101. 6323:, p. 21-25 e 32. 5758:, 14 de março de 2015 4386:, pp. 35–36 and 4366:See the term used in 4221:Ministries of Finance 4177: 4081: 4041: 4028:Further information: 3942: 3872: 3842: 3784:Operation Farroupilha 3745: 3697: 3672:Auro de Moura Andrade 3611: 3586: 3554: 3519: 3460: 3433: 3379: 3339: 3280: 3248: 3173: 3113: 3068:Further information: 2963: 2950:Further information: 2917:did not join either. 2814: 2256:Military dictatorship 2062:Federalist Revolution 2038:Republic of the Sword 1988:Revolt of the Muckers 1883:Abdication of Pedro I 1675:Quilombo dos Palmares 1587:Treaty of Tordesillas 1500:As a part of rhetoric 1464:O Estado de São Paulo 1456: 1415: 1366: 1316: 1282: 1218:Supreme Federal Court 1203: 1165: 1112:Alliance for Progress 1095:policy of containment 1084: 989: 904:Brazilian Labor Party 876: 812: 428:Operation Farroupilha 418:Operation Brother Sam 356:Casualties and losses 342:Auro de Moura Andrade 301:Ladário Pereira Teles 107:military dictatorship 16420:Antônio Delfim Netto 15434:Non-Aligned Movement 15056:Peaceful coexistence 15010:North Borneo dispute 14925:German reunification 14920:Min Ping Yu No. 5202 14618:Salvadoran Civil War 14567:Grand Mosque seizure 14562:Yemenite War of 1979 14454:Mozambican Civil War 14409:Carnation Revolution 14364:Yemenite War of 1972 14302:1970 Polish protests 14133:1967 Hong Kong riots 14108:Argentine Revolution 14058:Guatemalan Civil War 13986:Cuban Missile Crisis 13900:Bay of Pigs Invasion 13772:1956 Poznań protests 13750:Geneva Summit (1955) 13352:Hukbalahap Rebellion 13331:Non-Aligned Movement 13173:Diario de Pernambuco 12577:on November 10, 2021 12293:Convergência Crítica 12042:on November 24, 2020 12032:História em Reflexão 11758:Economia e Sociedade 10995:Axt, Gunter (2020). 9392:, 2 de abril de 1964 9390:Diario de Pernambuco 9308:, 2 de abril de 1964 9306:Diario de Pernambuco 9068:, p. 436 e 441. 8615:, "Na boca do lobo". 8129:, p. 147 e 153. 8080:O Estado de S. Paulo 6863:, p. 9-11 e 16. 5719:, 9 de março de 1977 4743:Displaced at 12:30 ( 4650:, pp. 374–375). 4525:Convergência Crítica 4446:, pp. 461–462, 4410:12º Encontro da ABCP 3865:Governors' positions 3684:Ministries Esplanade 3632:. The 10th BC, from 3313:Governador Valadares 3185:Juiz de Fora airport 3174:General Mourão Filho 2873:O Estado de S. Paulo 2377:Coronavirus pandemic 2198:Integralist Uprising 2003:Abolition of Slavery 1747:Opening of the ports 1269:Olímpio Mourão Filho 1225:an interview to the 1166:João Goulart in 1963 1107:Cuban Missile Crisis 961:Juscelino Kubitschek 734:election by Congress 496:1956–57 Syria crisis 312:Olímpio Mourão Filho 136:Brazilian Government 50:Ministries Esplanade 16945:Paraguay (Sep 1949) 15879:Alex von Tunzelmann 15869:Vladimir Tismăneanu 15794:Thomas J. McCormick 15789:Jack F. Matlock Jr. 15689:Robert Hugh Ferrell 15552:Crusade for Freedom 15349:Illiberal democracy 15233:Ho Chi Minh Thought 15036:Eisenhower Doctrine 14889:Peaceful Revolution 14884:Romanian Revolution 14864:Revolutions of 1989 14849:1988 Polish strikes 14759:Operation INFEKTION 14754:1987 Lieyu massacre 14659:Eritrean Civil Wars 14642:Peruvian Revolution 14592:1979 Herat uprising 14582:Sino-Vietnamese War 14547:Uganda–Tanzania War 14527:Egyptian–Libyan War 14494:Third Indochina War 14489:Sino-Albanian split 14479:Ethiopian Civil War 14379:Eritrean Civil Wars 14319:Ping-pong diplomacy 14292:Cambodian Civil War 14118:Korean DMZ Conflict 14103:Cultural Revolution 14073:Dominican Civil War 14051:Tlatelolco massacre 13837:1959 Mosul uprising 13827:1958 Lebanon crisis 13554:Al-Wathbah uprising 13477:First Indochina War 13447:Iran crisis of 1946 11724:Revista Extraprensa 11275:Revista de História 10819:Neto, Lira (2004). 4674:. Porto Alegre: Fi. 4390:, pp. 117–119. 4262:relations with Cuba 3897:Rio Grande do Norte 3690:North and Northeast 3680:Teatro Experimental 3352:, commander of the 2911:Tribuna da Imprensa 2897:Tribuna da Imprensa 2791:Marco Antonio Villa 2493:Rio Grande do Norte 1903:1834 Additional Act 1826:War of Independence 1702:War of the Emboabas 1438:Luís Carlos Prestes 1323:Florestan Fernandes 997:balance of payments 963:, for the PSD, and 890:' suicide in 1954, 751:, in 1961, and the 17292:El Salvador (1979) 17201:El Salvador (1972) 17082:El Salvador (1961) 17077:El Salvador (1960) 16907:El Salvador (1948) 16692:El Salvador (1931) 16311:Institutional Acts 16150:Revolution of 1930 16033:Russian Revolution 15829:Mary Elise Sarotte 15814:William B. Pickett 15739:Patrick J. Hearden 15719:Gabriel Gorodetsky 15714:Timothy Garton Ash 15699:Anneli Ute Gabanyi 15294:Ethnic nationalism 15046:Hallstein Doctrine 14930:Yemeni unification 14719:1985 Geneva Summit 14684:Casamance conflict 14587:New Jewel Movement 14572:Iranian Revolution 14557:Chadian–Libyan War 14504:Cambodian conflict 14484:Lebanese Civil War 14474:Western Sahara War 14449:June 1976 protests 14444:Cambodian genocide 14209:17 July Revolution 14163:Nigerian Civil War 14078:Rhodesian Bush War 14063:Colombian conflict 14006:Ramadan Revolution 13745:Bandung Conference 13621:Operation Valuable 13502:Partition of India 12946:on August 16, 2021 12615:(Thesis). Brasília 12408:Revista Izquierdas 12162:Estudos Históricos 12148:10.1111/blar.12518 11594:Estudos Econômicos 10668:CPDOC FGV (2001). 10555:, p. 277-279. 10426:, p. 111-112. 10402:, p. 111-113. 10282:, p. 185-181. 10270:, p. 152-157. 10052:, p. 408-409. 10004:, p. 358-359. 9992:, p. 103-105. 9977:, p. 237-240. 9965:, p. 362-364. 9913:, p. 173-176. 9688:, p. 455-456. 9613:, p. 319-320. 9601:, p. 316-317. 9577:, p. 317-318. 9553:, p. 395-396. 9454:, p. 198-199. 9442:, p. 392-393. 9430:, p. 171-172. 9367:, p. 173-174. 9259:, p. 376-380. 9158:, p. 378-379. 9143:, p. 189-192. 9119:, p. 171-172. 9104:, p. 146-147. 9056:, p. 433-436. 9008:, p. 161-164. 8942:, p. 140-141. 8906:, p. 203-205. 8894:, p. 156-161. 8882:, p. 144-148. 8858:, p. 416-417. 8834:, p. 181-184. 8798:, p. 176-179. 8786:, p. 352-353. 8774:, p. 406-407. 8750:, p. 144-145. 8738:, p. 342-343. 8714:, p. 136-137. 8699:, p. 546-547. 8687:, p. 394-395. 8627:, p. 143-148. 8600:, p. 527-534. 8561:, p. 374-379. 8549:, p. 116-117. 8507:, p. 115-116. 8435:, p. 277-278. 8423:, p. 351-355. 8344:, p. 365-367. 8320:, p. 387-388. 8293:, p. 175-176. 8221:, p. 35 e 91. 8192:, p. 358-359. 8177:, p. 159-160. 7995:, p. 173-174. 7983:, p. 333-334. 7971:, p. 368-369. 7959:, p. 363-364. 7935:, p. 364-367. 7911:, p. 361-362. 7845:, p. 106-108. 7833:, p. 105-106. 7821:, p. 108-110. 7809:, p. 359-361. 7785:, p. 227-228. 7758:, p. 361-362. 7746:, p. 327-328. 7734:, p. 180-181. 7722:, p. 115-126. 7680:, p. 275-276. 7579:, p. 114-115. 7461:, p. 257-259. 7437:, p. 260-261. 7192:, p. 571-572. 7061:, p. 303-305. 7037:, p. 273-274. 6887:, p. 318-320. 6788:, p. 409-410. 6728:, p. 116-118. 6680:, p. 180-182. 6612:, p. 389-370. 6588:, p. 199-200. 6546:, p. 127-147. 6510:, p. 145-147. 6498:, p. 152-153. 6438:, p. 339-341. 6371:, p. 337-338. 6359:, p. 289-290. 6272:, p. 137-139. 6236:, p. 335-337. 6170:, p. 335-337. 6078:, p. 190-191. 5979:, p. 274-280. 5943:, p. 131-134. 5919:, p. 320-321. 5895:, p. 335-336. 5733:, p. 148-149. 5679:, p. 250-257. 5612:, p. 6 e 185. 5102:, p. 870-874. 4929:Politics in Brazil 4802:, p. 380 and 4193:Institutional Acts 4180: 4135:and the Brazilian 4083: 4044: 3945: 3875: 3845: 3748: 3700: 3628:, in the south of 3614: 3589: 3557: 3522: 3506:Laranjeiras Palace 3463: 3436: 3382: 3342: 3283: 3255: 3236:Possible civil war 3200:federal government 3176: 3151:surprise operation 3136:in Recife and the 3116: 3085:Geneva Conventions 2966: 2946:American influence 2889:Estado de S. Paulo 2821: 2453:Mato Grosso do Sul 2390:By federative unit 2273:Institutional Acts 2156:Revolution of 1930 2129:Lieutenant revolts 2114:Revolt of the Lash 2094:Annexation of Acre 2084:Amazon rubber boom 1680:France Equinoxiale 1660:France Antarctique 1599:European discovery 1552:Indigenous Peoples 1459: 1430:Communist Uprising 1426:Soviet imperialism 1418: 1369: 1319: 1294:military apparatus 1285: 1206: 1168: 1087: 992: 879: 829:Russian Revolution 815: 784:, the interior of 98: • 17547: 17546: 17358:Panama (Mar 1988) 16605:Costa Rica (1917) 16428: 16427: 16364:Riocentro bombing 16328:Political opening 16286: 16248: 16247: 16235:history of Brazil 16221: 16220: 16064: 16063: 16051:List of conflicts 15899:Rudolph Winnacker 15844:Giles Scott-Smith 15819:Ronald E. Powaski 15774:Melvyn P. Leffler 15704:John Lewis Gaddis 15679:Robert D. English 15644:Warren H. Carroll 15634:Michael Beschloss 15603:Nuclear arms race 15584: 15583: 15490:Neues Deutschland 15392: 15391: 15374:White nationalism 15344:Liberal democracy 15081:Ulbricht Doctrine 15071:Brezhnev Doctrine 14879:Velvet Revolution 14623:Soviet–Afghan War 14439:Angolan Civil War 14236:Goulash Communism 14093:ASEAN Declaration 14046:Mexican Dirty War 13944:Annexation of Goa 13895:1960 U-2 incident 13869:Sino-Soviet split 13847:Laotian Civil War 13687:Bricker Amendment 13667:Mau Mau rebellion 13611:Malayan Emergency 13599:Chinese Civil War 13559:Tito–Stalin split 13413:Division of Korea 12196:História Unisinos 11874:Tempos Históricos 11562:Tempo e Argumento 11303:Estudos avançados 11209:Estudos avançados 11205:no golpe de 1964" 11153:Revista Maracanan 10038:Dines et al. 1964 9975:Dines et al. 1964 9860:Dines et al. 1964 9788:Dines et al. 1964 9102:Dines et al. 1964 9078:Dines et al. 1964 9042:Mourão Filho 2011 8928:Dines et al. 1964 8832:Dines et al. 1964 8796:Dines et al. 1964 8748:Dines et al. 1964 8505:Dines et al. 1964 8397:Dines et al. 1964 8279:Dines et al. 1964 8163:Dines et al. 1964 8127:Dines et al. 1964 8115:Dines et al. 1964 8044:Dines et al. 1964 7945:Mourão Filho 2011 5770:Dines et al. 1964 4915:1946 Constitution 4761:Mourão Filho 2011 4757:Mourão Filho 2011 4648:Mourão Filho 2011 4635:Mourão Filho 2011 4622:Mourão Filho 2011 4618:Mourão Filho 2011 4246:Geisel government 4104:Lyndon B. Johnson 4098: 4024:Regime transition 3002:Lyndon B. Johnson 2868:Folha de S. Paulo 2815:Agglomeration at 2721: 2720: 2687:Brazil portal 2608:Jewish Brazilians 2498:Rio Grande do Sul 2330:1988 Constitution 2293:Redemocratization 2288:Brazilian Miracle 2238:Legality Campaign 2221:Populist Republic 2191:1937 Constitution 2166:1934 Constitution 2104:Taubaté Agreement 2033:1891 Constitution 1998:Military Question 1936:Reign of Pedro II 1868:1824 Constitution 1781:Pernambuco Revolt 1567:Marajoara culture 1517:History of Brazil 1332:Francisco Weffort 1257:revolt of sailors 1228:Los Angeles Times 1135:Sino-Soviet split 927:Minister of Labor 845:counterrevolution 819:Institutional Act 786:Rio Grande do Sul 753:Legality Campaign 722:National Congress 690: 689: 481:1949–1953 Albania 446: 445: 365: 364: 337:Francisco de Melo 332:Augusto Rademaker 247:Rio Grande do Sul 115: 114: 17567: 17481:Venezuela (2002) 17440:Guatemala (1993) 17353:Haiti (Sep 1988) 17348:Haiti (Jun 1988) 17333:Guatemala (1983) 17328:Guatemala (1982) 17254:Argentina (1976) 17216:Chile (Sep 1973) 17211:Chile (Jun 1973) 17132:Argentina (1966) 17102:Guatemala (1963) 17092:Argentina (1962) 17041:Venezuela (1958) 17031:Guatemala (1957) 17006:Argentina (1955) 17001:Guatemala (1954) 16966:Argentina (1951) 16902:Venezuela (1948) 16892:Nicaragua (1947) 16872:Venezuela (1945) 16834:Argentina (1943) 16763:Nicaragua (1936) 16677:Argentina (1930) 16595:Haiti (Nov 1914) 16585:Haiti (Jan 1914) 16516:Venezuela (1908) 16455: 16448: 16441: 16432: 16431: 16323:Economic miracle 16296:1964 coup d'état 16284: 16275: 16268: 16261: 16252: 16251: 16243: 16214: 16206: 16184: 16176: 16172:Estado Novo coup 16154: 16137: 16136: 16123: 16110:Empire of Brazil 16091: 16084: 16077: 16068: 16067: 15809:David S. Painter 15734:John Earl Haynes 15664:Nicholas J. Cull 15649:Adrian Cioroianu 15629:Thomas A. Bailey 15576:Voice of America 15467: 15466: 15379:White separatism 15359:Social democracy 15354:Guided democracy 15334:Authoritarianism 15284:Ultranationalism 15274:Anti-imperialism 15201:Marxism–Leninism 15114: 15113: 15101:Kinmen Agreement 15066:Johnson Doctrine 15051:Kennedy Doctrine 14967:Frozen conflicts 14950:1991 August Coup 14839:Afghan Civil War 14734:Reykjavík Summit 14729:Somali Rebellion 14669:Ugandan Bush War 14647:Gdańsk Agreement 14168:Protests of 1968 14148:War of Attrition 13857:Cuban Revolution 13793:We will bury you 13760:Cyprus Emergency 13740:Kashmir Princess 13730:Jebel Akhdar War 13579:Western betrayal 13264: 13257: 13250: 13241: 13240: 13236: 13228: 13207: 13201: 13191: 13185: 13177: 13167: 13160: 13153: 13146: 13139: 13131: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13104: 13102: 13100: 13090: 13081: 13072: 13070: 13068: 13043: 13041: 13039: 13033: 13021: 13019: 13017: 13011: 12999: 12997: 12995: 12989: 12977: 12975: 12973: 12967: 12955: 12953: 12951: 12945: 12938: 12926: 12924: 12922: 12916: 12904: 12902: 12900: 12894: 12882: 12880: 12878: 12872: 12860: 12858: 12856: 12850: 12838: 12836: 12834: 12819: 12817: 12815: 12809: 12797: 12795: 12793: 12787: 12775: 12773: 12771: 12756: 12754: 12752: 12746: 12734: 12732: 12730: 12724: 12712: 12710: 12708: 12702: 12690: 12688: 12686: 12680: 12668: 12666: 12664: 12658: 12646: 12644: 12642: 12636: 12624: 12622: 12620: 12605: 12603: 12601: 12586: 12584: 12582: 12576: 12569: 12557: 12555: 12553: 12547: 12535: 12533: 12531: 12525: 12513: 12511: 12509: 12494: 12492: 12490: 12484: 12472: 12470: 12468: 12462: 12450: 12448: 12446: 12440: 12419: 12417: 12415: 12405: 12395: 12393: 12391: 12386: 12361: 12359: 12357: 12336: 12334: 12332: 12304: 12302: 12300: 12283: 12281: 12279: 12274: 12253: 12251: 12249: 12228: 12218: 12216: 12214: 12186: 12184: 12182: 12177: 12152: 12150: 12125: 12123: 12121: 12093: 12091: 12089: 12072: 12070: 12068: 12051: 12049: 12047: 12022: 12020: 12018: 12008: 11998: 11996: 11994: 11980: 11970: 11968: 11966: 11946: 11944: 11942: 11921: 11919: 11917: 11889: 11887: 11885: 11864: 11862: 11860: 11844: 11842: 11840: 11822:Cold War History 11812: 11810: 11808: 11780: 11778: 11776: 11748: 11746: 11744: 11739: 11714: 11712: 11710: 11682: 11680: 11678: 11669: 11659: 11657: 11655: 11644:Espaço Acadêmico 11634: 11632: 11630: 11609: 11607: 11605: 11584: 11582: 11580: 11559: 11549: 11547: 11522: 11520: 11518: 11490: 11488: 11486: 11462: 11460: 11458: 11437: 11435: 11433: 11419: 11409: 11407: 11405: 11384: 11382: 11380: 11371: 11361: 11359: 11357: 11352: 11327: 11325: 11323: 11318: 11293: 11291: 11289: 11265: 11263: 11261: 11233: 11231: 11229: 11224: 11192: 11190: 11188: 11171: 11169: 11167: 11143: 11141: 11139: 11111: 11109: 11107: 11098: 11088: 11086: 11084: 11079: 11058: 11056: 11054: 11033: 11023: 11021: 11019: 10991: 10989: 10987: 10966: 10964: 10962: 10948: 10929: 10920: 10909: 10900: 10889: 10880: 10871: 10867:978-85-2190393-2 10850: 10838: 10836: 10824: 10815: 10803: 10792: 10781: 10779: 10767: 10758: 10756: 10744: 10735: 10722: 10713: 10704: 10695: 10684: 10675: 10664: 10653: 10644: 10642: 10630: 10619: 10595: 10589: 10583: 10577: 10571: 10565: 10556: 10550: 10541: 10535: 10529: 10523: 10517: 10511: 10505: 10499: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10466: 10460: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10433: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10373: 10367: 10366:, p. 58-60. 10361: 10355: 10349: 10343: 10337: 10331: 10325: 10319: 10318:, p. 49-58. 10313: 10307: 10301: 10295: 10289: 10283: 10277: 10271: 10265: 10259: 10253: 10236: 10230: 10224: 10223:, p. 66-67. 10218: 10212: 10206: 10200: 10194: 10188: 10182: 10176: 10175:, p. 63-65. 10170: 10164: 10158: 10152: 10146: 10140: 10134: 10128: 10122: 10116: 10115:, p. 58-59. 10110: 10104: 10098: 10092: 10086: 10080: 10074: 10065: 10059: 10053: 10047: 10041: 10035: 10029: 10023: 10017: 10011: 10005: 9999: 9993: 9987: 9978: 9972: 9966: 9960: 9954: 9948: 9942: 9932: 9926: 9920: 9914: 9908: 9899: 9893: 9887: 9881: 9875: 9869: 9863: 9857: 9851: 9845: 9839: 9833: 9827: 9821: 9815: 9809: 9803: 9797: 9791: 9785: 9779: 9773: 9764: 9758: 9752: 9746: 9740: 9734: 9728: 9727:, p. 54-55. 9722: 9713: 9707: 9701: 9695: 9689: 9683: 9674: 9668: 9662: 9661:, p. 52-53. 9656: 9650: 9644: 9638: 9632: 9626: 9620: 9614: 9608: 9602: 9596: 9590: 9584: 9578: 9572: 9566: 9560: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9530: 9524: 9518: 9512: 9506: 9500: 9494: 9488: 9479: 9473: 9467: 9466:, p. 42-44. 9461: 9455: 9449: 9443: 9437: 9431: 9425: 9419: 9413: 9407: 9401: 9395: 9386: 9380: 9374: 9368: 9362: 9353: 9347: 9341: 9335: 9326: 9320: 9311: 9302: 9296: 9290: 9284: 9278: 9272: 9266: 9260: 9254: 9248: 9242: 9231: 9225: 9219: 9213: 9207: 9201: 9195: 9189: 9183: 9177: 9171: 9165: 9159: 9153: 9144: 9138: 9132: 9126: 9120: 9114: 9105: 9099: 9093: 9087: 9081: 9075: 9069: 9063: 9057: 9051: 9045: 9039: 9033: 9027: 9021: 9015: 9009: 9003: 8997: 8991: 8985: 8979: 8970: 8969:, p. 98-99. 8964: 8955: 8949: 8943: 8937: 8931: 8925: 8919: 8913: 8907: 8901: 8895: 8889: 8883: 8877: 8871: 8865: 8859: 8853: 8847: 8841: 8835: 8829: 8823: 8817: 8811: 8805: 8799: 8793: 8787: 8781: 8775: 8769: 8763: 8757: 8751: 8745: 8739: 8733: 8727: 8721: 8715: 8709: 8700: 8694: 8688: 8682: 8676: 8670: 8664: 8658: 8652: 8646: 8640: 8634: 8628: 8622: 8616: 8610: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8574: 8568: 8562: 8556: 8550: 8544: 8538: 8532: 8523: 8522:, p. 53-54. 8517: 8508: 8502: 8496: 8490: 8484: 8483:, p. 70-71. 8478: 8472: 8466: 8460: 8454: 8448: 8442: 8436: 8430: 8424: 8418: 8412: 8406: 8400: 8394: 8388: 8382: 8376: 8375:, p. 14-16. 8370: 8364: 8358: 8345: 8339: 8333: 8327: 8321: 8315: 8309: 8303: 8294: 8288: 8282: 8276: 8270: 8269:, p. 48-50. 8264: 8258: 8252: 8246: 8240: 8234: 8228: 8222: 8216: 8210: 8204: 8193: 8187: 8178: 8172: 8166: 8160: 8154: 8148: 8142: 8136: 8130: 8124: 8118: 8112: 8106: 8097: 8091: 8077: 8071: 8065: 8059: 8053: 8047: 8041: 8035: 8029: 8023: 8017: 8008: 8002: 7996: 7990: 7984: 7978: 7972: 7966: 7960: 7954: 7948: 7942: 7936: 7930: 7924: 7918: 7912: 7906: 7900: 7894: 7888: 7882: 7876: 7870: 7861: 7855: 7846: 7840: 7834: 7828: 7822: 7816: 7810: 7804: 7798: 7797:, p. 52-53. 7792: 7786: 7780: 7771: 7765: 7759: 7753: 7747: 7741: 7735: 7729: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7696: 7690: 7681: 7675: 7664: 7658: 7652: 7646: 7640: 7634: 7628: 7627:, p. 13-14. 7622: 7616: 7615:, p. 19-27. 7610: 7604: 7598: 7592: 7591:, p. 19-26. 7586: 7580: 7574: 7565: 7564:, p. 39-43. 7559: 7553: 7547: 7541: 7535: 7529: 7519: 7510: 7509:, p. 27-28. 7504: 7498: 7497:, p. 75-76. 7492: 7486: 7480: 7474: 7468: 7462: 7456: 7450: 7444: 7438: 7432: 7426: 7420: 7411: 7405: 7399: 7393: 7384: 7383:, p. 49-50. 7378: 7372: 7366: 7360: 7354: 7345: 7339: 7333: 7332:, p. 91-92. 7327: 7321: 7320:, p. 89-93. 7315: 7309: 7303: 7297: 7291: 7282: 7276: 7270: 7264: 7258: 7252: 7246: 7240: 7234: 7228: 7222: 7216: 7205: 7199: 7193: 7187: 7181: 7175: 7166: 7160: 7143: 7137: 7131: 7125: 7114: 7104: 7098: 7092: 7086: 7085:, p. 65-69. 7080: 7074: 7068: 7062: 7056: 7050: 7044: 7038: 7032: 7026: 7020: 7014: 7008: 7002: 6996: 6990: 6984: 6975: 6969: 6960: 6959:, p. 33-34. 6954: 6948: 6942: 6936: 6930: 6924: 6918: 6912: 6906: 6900: 6894: 6888: 6882: 6876: 6870: 6864: 6858: 6852: 6846: 6840: 6834: 6828: 6822: 6816: 6810: 6801: 6795: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6771: 6765: 6759: 6753: 6747: 6741: 6740:, p. 15-16. 6735: 6729: 6723: 6717: 6716:, p. 41-42. 6711: 6705: 6699: 6693: 6687: 6681: 6675: 6664: 6658: 6649: 6643: 6637: 6631: 6625: 6619: 6613: 6607: 6601: 6600:, p. 62-74. 6595: 6589: 6583: 6574: 6568: 6559: 6553: 6547: 6541: 6535: 6529: 6523: 6517: 6511: 6505: 6499: 6493: 6487: 6481: 6475: 6469: 6463: 6457: 6451: 6445: 6439: 6433: 6427: 6421: 6408: 6402: 6396: 6390: 6384: 6378: 6372: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6336: 6330: 6324: 6318: 6312: 6306: 6300: 6299:, p. 11-12. 6294: 6285: 6284:, p. 32-35. 6279: 6273: 6267: 6261: 6255: 6249: 6243: 6237: 6231: 6222: 6221:, p. 35-36. 6216: 6210: 6204: 6195: 6194:, p. 96-97. 6189: 6183: 6177: 6171: 6165: 6159: 6153: 6142: 6136: 6130: 6129:, p. 53-54. 6124: 6118: 6112: 6091: 6090:, p. 63-65. 6085: 6079: 6073: 6064: 6063:, p. 50-52. 6058: 6052: 6046: 6040: 6034: 6028: 6022: 6016: 6015:, p. 70-71. 6010: 6004: 6003:, p. 69-70. 5998: 5992: 5986: 5980: 5974: 5968: 5967:, p. 74-75. 5962: 5956: 5950: 5944: 5938: 5932: 5931:, p. 80-88. 5926: 5920: 5914: 5908: 5902: 5896: 5890: 5884: 5883:, p. 95-96. 5878: 5872: 5866: 5860: 5854: 5848: 5847:, p. 91-92. 5842: 5836: 5830: 5824: 5818: 5812: 5806: 5797: 5791: 5785: 5784:, p. 16-17. 5779: 5773: 5767: 5761: 5752: 5746: 5745:, p. 12-13. 5740: 5734: 5728: 5722: 5713: 5707: 5701: 5692: 5686: 5680: 5674: 5668: 5667: 5658: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5613: 5607: 5601: 5595: 5589: 5588:, p. 26-27. 5583: 5577: 5571: 5556: 5550: 5544: 5543:, p. 19-22. 5538: 5532: 5526: 5513: 5507: 5474: 5468: 5462: 5456: 5447: 5446:, p. 74-75. 5441: 5435: 5429: 5420: 5414: 5408: 5402: 5396: 5390: 5384: 5378: 5372: 5366: 5357: 5351: 5345: 5339: 5333: 5327: 5318: 5312: 5295: 5289: 5283: 5277: 5268: 5262: 5256: 5255:, p. 47-49. 5250: 5244: 5238: 5232: 5226: 5193: 5187: 5178: 5172: 5166: 5160: 5151: 5145: 5139: 5133: 5127: 5126:, p. 51-53. 5121: 5115: 5114:, p. 28-29. 5109: 5103: 5097: 5091: 5090:, p. 33-36. 5085: 5079: 5078:, p. 74-76. 5073: 5067: 5061: 5055: 5049: 5043: 5037: 5031: 5025: 5019: 5013: 5007: 5001: 4995: 4989: 4967: 4965: 4963: 4961: 4955: 4940: 4934: 4924: 4918: 4911: 4905: 4903: 4901: 4899: 4867: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4841: 4835: 4833: 4825: 4813: 4807: 4795: 4789: 4783: 4774: 4768: 4753:São João del-Rei 4741: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4715: 4705: 4699: 4696: 4690: 4683: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4657: 4651: 4644: 4638: 4631: 4625: 4614: 4608: 4598: 4592: 4585: 4579: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4540: 4538: 4536: 4504: 4498: 4487: 4481: 4475: 4473: 4462: 4460: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4416: 4407: 4397: 4391: 4380: 4374: 4369:Correio da Manhã 4364: 4358: 4351: 4335:Operation Condor 4324: 4319: 4318: 4310: 4305: 4304: 4303: 4296: 4291: 4290: 4289: 4243: 4216:economic miracle 4133:State Department 4100: 4099: 4080: 3976:and industry of 3970:Baixada Santista 3776:Military Brigade 3658:Federal District 3448:Guanabara Palace 3387:San Tiago Dantas 3350:Rui Moreira Lima 3100:moderating power 3024:The IPES project 2995:Ranieri Mazzilli 2856:Correio da Manhã 2850:Jornal do Brasil 2817:Correio da Manhã 2713: 2706: 2699: 2685: 2684: 2683: 2428:Federal District 2046: 1851:Reign of Pedro I 1844:Empire of Brazil 1755: 1722:Treaty of Madrid 1712:Vila Rica Revolt 1629: 1621:Brazilwood cycle 1527: 1504: 1503: 1275:The conspiracies 1249:Ademar de Barros 1131:de-Stalinization 1103:Cuban Revolution 1050: 726:Ranieri Mazzilli 682: 675: 668: 637:2001 Afghanistan 614:1989–1990 Panama 471:1948–1960s Italy 451: 450: 413:Operation Popeye 403: 401: 391: 384: 377: 368: 367: 269: 267: 266: 216: 163: 134: 133: 66: 65: 56:(background) in 43: 23: 22: 17575: 17574: 17570: 17569: 17568: 17566: 17565: 17564: 17550: 17549: 17548: 17543: 17529:successful coup 17521: 17500: 17496:Honduras (2009) 17466:Paraguay (2000) 17449: 17445:Paraguay (1996) 17394:Suriname (1990) 17377: 17373:Paraguay (1989) 17323:Dominica (1981) 17313:Suriname (1980) 17301: 17264:Honduras (1978) 17244:Honduras (1975) 17191:Honduras (1972) 17151: 17117:Honduras (1963) 17065: 17026:Colombia (1957) 17021:Honduras (1956) 16996:Paraguay (1954) 16991:Colombia (1953) 16949: 16935:Colombia (1949) 16912:Paraguay (1948) 16819:Paraguay (1940) 16807: 16788:Paraguay (1937) 16758:Paraguay (1936) 16655: 16614: 16542:Paraguay (1911) 16530: 16511:Paraguay (1908) 16506:Paraguay (1905) 16496:Paraguay (1904) 16486:Paraguay (1902) 16481:Colombia (1900) 16469: 16459: 16429: 16424: 16405:João Figueiredo 16373: 16337: 16287: 16279: 16249: 16244: 16239:sovereign state 16231:Executive power 16227: 16217: 16212: 16204: 16187: 16182: 16174: 16157: 16152: 16126: 16121: 16104: 16095: 16065: 16060: 16037: 16028:Second Cold War 15986: 15914: 15908: 15884:Odd Arne Westad 15874:Patrick Vaughan 15859:Athan Theoharis 15839:Ellen Schrecker 15824:Yakov M. Rabkin 15799:Timothy Naftali 15744:Tvrtko Jakovina 15729:Jussi Hanhimäki 15612: 15590: 15580: 15558:Paix et Liberté 15533: 15477:Active measures 15458: 15388: 15369:White supremacy 15329:Totalitarianism 15257: 15182: 15105: 15091:Reagan Doctrine 15086:Carter Doctrine 15026:Truman Doctrine 15014: 14961: 14893: 14788:Soviet reaction 14699:Ndogboyosoi War 14606: 14577:Saur Revolution 14404:1973 oil crisis 14369:Munich massacre 14277:Alcora Exercise 14272:Black September 14250: 13996:Sino-Indian War 13890:Simba rebellion 13873: 13717:Capture of the 13625: 13564:Berlin Blockade 13497:May 1947 crises 13487:Truman Doctrine 13452:Greek Civil War 13441:Blacklist Forty 13408:Gouzenko Affair 13395:Cursed soldiers 13347:Morgenthau Plan 13335: 13273: 13268: 13235:(in Portuguese) 13234: 13227:(in Portuguese) 13226: 13223:Wayback Machine 13215: 13210: 13199: 13179: 13178: 13118: 13116: 13114:Estado de Minas 13098: 13096: 13088: 13066: 13064: 13046: 13037: 13035: 13034:(Thesis). CPDOC 13031: 13015: 13013: 13009: 12993: 12991: 12987: 12971: 12969: 12965: 12949: 12947: 12943: 12936: 12920: 12918: 12914: 12898: 12896: 12892: 12876: 12874: 12870: 12854: 12852: 12848: 12832: 12830: 12813: 12811: 12807: 12791: 12789: 12785: 12769: 12767: 12750: 12748: 12744: 12728: 12726: 12722: 12706: 12704: 12700: 12684: 12682: 12678: 12662: 12660: 12656: 12640: 12638: 12634: 12618: 12616: 12599: 12597: 12580: 12578: 12574: 12567: 12551: 12549: 12545: 12529: 12527: 12523: 12507: 12505: 12488: 12486: 12482: 12466: 12464: 12460: 12444: 12442: 12438: 12422: 12413: 12411: 12410:(49): 4120–4139 12403: 12389: 12387: 12355: 12353: 12330: 12328: 12298: 12296: 12277: 12275: 12247: 12245: 12226: 12212: 12210: 12180: 12178: 12119: 12117: 12087: 12085: 12084:(26–2): 245–272 12066: 12064: 12045: 12043: 12016: 12014: 12006: 11992: 11990: 11978: 11964: 11962: 11940: 11938: 11915: 11913: 11905:(33): 234–249. 11883: 11881: 11858: 11856: 11838: 11836: 11806: 11804: 11774: 11772: 11742: 11740: 11708: 11706: 11676: 11674: 11667: 11653: 11651: 11628: 11626: 11603: 11601: 11578: 11576: 11557: 11516: 11514: 11484: 11482: 11474:(22): 195–208. 11456: 11454: 11431: 11429: 11417: 11403: 11401: 11378: 11376: 11369: 11355: 11353: 11321: 11319: 11287: 11285: 11259: 11257: 11249:(47): 271–302. 11227: 11225: 11186: 11184: 11165: 11163: 11137: 11135: 11127:(62): 117–140. 11105: 11103: 11096: 11082: 11080: 11070:(58): 255–261. 11052: 11050: 11031: 11017: 11015: 10985: 10983: 10960: 10958: 10946: 10932: 10868: 10834: 10777: 10754: 10640: 10604: 10599: 10598: 10590: 10586: 10578: 10574: 10566: 10559: 10551: 10544: 10536: 10532: 10524: 10520: 10512: 10508: 10500: 10496: 10488: 10484: 10476: 10469: 10461: 10454: 10446: 10442: 10434: 10430: 10422: 10418: 10410: 10406: 10398: 10394: 10386: 10382: 10374: 10370: 10362: 10358: 10350: 10346: 10338: 10334: 10326: 10322: 10314: 10310: 10302: 10298: 10290: 10286: 10278: 10274: 10266: 10262: 10254: 10239: 10231: 10227: 10219: 10215: 10207: 10203: 10195: 10191: 10183: 10179: 10171: 10167: 10159: 10155: 10147: 10143: 10135: 10131: 10123: 10119: 10111: 10107: 10099: 10095: 10087: 10083: 10075: 10068: 10060: 10056: 10048: 10044: 10036: 10032: 10024: 10020: 10012: 10008: 10000: 9996: 9988: 9981: 9973: 9969: 9961: 9957: 9949: 9945: 9933: 9929: 9921: 9917: 9909: 9902: 9894: 9890: 9882: 9878: 9872:Batistella 2014 9870: 9866: 9858: 9854: 9846: 9842: 9834: 9830: 9822: 9818: 9810: 9806: 9798: 9794: 9786: 9782: 9774: 9767: 9759: 9755: 9747: 9743: 9735: 9731: 9723: 9716: 9708: 9704: 9696: 9692: 9684: 9677: 9669: 9665: 9657: 9653: 9645: 9641: 9633: 9629: 9621: 9617: 9609: 9605: 9597: 9593: 9585: 9581: 9573: 9569: 9561: 9557: 9549: 9545: 9537: 9533: 9525: 9521: 9513: 9509: 9501: 9497: 9489: 9482: 9474: 9470: 9462: 9458: 9450: 9446: 9438: 9434: 9426: 9422: 9414: 9410: 9402: 9398: 9387: 9383: 9375: 9371: 9363: 9356: 9348: 9344: 9336: 9329: 9321: 9314: 9303: 9299: 9291: 9287: 9279: 9275: 9267: 9263: 9255: 9251: 9243: 9234: 9226: 9222: 9214: 9210: 9202: 9198: 9190: 9186: 9178: 9174: 9166: 9162: 9154: 9147: 9139: 9135: 9127: 9123: 9115: 9108: 9100: 9096: 9088: 9084: 9076: 9072: 9064: 9060: 9052: 9048: 9040: 9036: 9028: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9004: 9000: 8992: 8988: 8980: 8973: 8965: 8958: 8950: 8946: 8938: 8934: 8926: 8922: 8914: 8910: 8902: 8898: 8890: 8886: 8878: 8874: 8866: 8862: 8854: 8850: 8842: 8838: 8830: 8826: 8818: 8814: 8806: 8802: 8794: 8790: 8782: 8778: 8770: 8766: 8758: 8754: 8746: 8742: 8734: 8730: 8722: 8718: 8710: 8703: 8695: 8691: 8683: 8679: 8671: 8667: 8659: 8655: 8647: 8643: 8635: 8631: 8623: 8619: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8584: 8577: 8569: 8565: 8557: 8553: 8545: 8541: 8533: 8526: 8518: 8511: 8503: 8499: 8491: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8467: 8463: 8455: 8451: 8443: 8439: 8431: 8427: 8419: 8415: 8407: 8403: 8395: 8391: 8383: 8379: 8371: 8367: 8359: 8348: 8340: 8336: 8328: 8324: 8316: 8312: 8304: 8297: 8289: 8285: 8277: 8273: 8265: 8261: 8253: 8249: 8241: 8237: 8229: 8225: 8217: 8213: 8205: 8196: 8188: 8181: 8173: 8169: 8161: 8157: 8149: 8145: 8137: 8133: 8125: 8121: 8113: 8109: 8098: 8094: 8078: 8074: 8066: 8062: 8054: 8050: 8042: 8038: 8030: 8026: 8018: 8011: 8003: 7999: 7991: 7987: 7979: 7975: 7967: 7963: 7955: 7951: 7943: 7939: 7931: 7927: 7919: 7915: 7907: 7903: 7895: 7891: 7883: 7879: 7871: 7864: 7856: 7849: 7841: 7837: 7829: 7825: 7817: 7813: 7805: 7801: 7793: 7789: 7781: 7774: 7766: 7762: 7754: 7750: 7742: 7738: 7730: 7726: 7718: 7714: 7706: 7699: 7691: 7684: 7676: 7667: 7659: 7655: 7647: 7643: 7635: 7631: 7623: 7619: 7611: 7607: 7599: 7595: 7587: 7583: 7575: 7568: 7560: 7556: 7548: 7544: 7536: 7532: 7520: 7513: 7505: 7501: 7493: 7489: 7481: 7477: 7469: 7465: 7457: 7453: 7445: 7441: 7433: 7429: 7421: 7414: 7406: 7402: 7394: 7387: 7379: 7375: 7367: 7363: 7355: 7348: 7340: 7336: 7328: 7324: 7316: 7312: 7304: 7300: 7292: 7285: 7277: 7273: 7265: 7261: 7253: 7249: 7241: 7237: 7229: 7225: 7217: 7208: 7200: 7196: 7188: 7184: 7176: 7169: 7161: 7146: 7138: 7134: 7126: 7117: 7105: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7081: 7077: 7069: 7065: 7057: 7053: 7049:, p. 9-11. 7045: 7041: 7033: 7029: 7021: 7017: 7009: 7005: 6997: 6993: 6985: 6978: 6970: 6963: 6955: 6951: 6943: 6939: 6931: 6927: 6919: 6915: 6907: 6903: 6895: 6891: 6883: 6879: 6871: 6867: 6859: 6855: 6847: 6843: 6835: 6831: 6823: 6819: 6811: 6804: 6796: 6792: 6784: 6780: 6772: 6768: 6760: 6756: 6748: 6744: 6736: 6732: 6724: 6720: 6712: 6708: 6702:Rollemberg 2008 6700: 6696: 6688: 6684: 6676: 6667: 6659: 6652: 6644: 6640: 6632: 6628: 6622:Napolitano 2011 6620: 6616: 6608: 6604: 6598:Baldissera 2003 6596: 6592: 6584: 6577: 6569: 6562: 6554: 6550: 6542: 6538: 6530: 6526: 6518: 6514: 6506: 6502: 6494: 6490: 6482: 6478: 6470: 6466: 6458: 6454: 6446: 6442: 6434: 6430: 6422: 6411: 6403: 6399: 6391: 6387: 6379: 6375: 6367: 6363: 6355: 6351: 6343: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6319: 6315: 6307: 6303: 6295: 6288: 6280: 6276: 6268: 6264: 6256: 6252: 6244: 6240: 6232: 6225: 6217: 6213: 6205: 6198: 6190: 6186: 6178: 6174: 6166: 6162: 6154: 6145: 6139:Zimmermann 2013 6137: 6133: 6125: 6121: 6113: 6094: 6086: 6082: 6074: 6067: 6059: 6055: 6049:Zimmermann 2013 6047: 6043: 6035: 6031: 6023: 6019: 6011: 6007: 5999: 5995: 5987: 5983: 5975: 5971: 5963: 5959: 5951: 5947: 5939: 5935: 5927: 5923: 5915: 5911: 5903: 5899: 5891: 5887: 5879: 5875: 5867: 5863: 5855: 5851: 5843: 5839: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5815: 5807: 5800: 5792: 5788: 5780: 5776: 5768: 5764: 5756:Estado de Minas 5753: 5749: 5741: 5737: 5729: 5725: 5714: 5710: 5702: 5695: 5687: 5683: 5675: 5671: 5660: 5659: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5616: 5608: 5604: 5596: 5592: 5584: 5580: 5572: 5559: 5551: 5547: 5539: 5535: 5527: 5516: 5508: 5477: 5471:Baldissera 2003 5469: 5465: 5457: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5430: 5423: 5415: 5411: 5403: 5399: 5391: 5387: 5379: 5375: 5367: 5360: 5352: 5348: 5340: 5336: 5328: 5321: 5313: 5298: 5290: 5286: 5278: 5271: 5263: 5259: 5251: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5227: 5196: 5188: 5181: 5173: 5169: 5161: 5154: 5146: 5142: 5134: 5130: 5122: 5118: 5110: 5106: 5098: 5094: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5062: 5058: 5050: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5026: 5022: 5014: 5010: 5002: 4998: 4990: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4971: 4970: 4959: 4957: 4953: 4941: 4937: 4925: 4921: 4912: 4908: 4897: 4895: 4868: 4864: 4855: 4842: 4838: 4814: 4810: 4796: 4792: 4775: 4771: 4742: 4738: 4727: 4725: 4713: 4706: 4702: 4697: 4693: 4684: 4680: 4671: 4658: 4654: 4645: 4641: 4637:, p. 375). 4632: 4628: 4624:, p. 372). 4615: 4611: 4599: 4595: 4586: 4582: 4573: 4569: 4561: 4557: 4549: 4545: 4534: 4532: 4505: 4501: 4497:, p. 188). 4488: 4484: 4471: 4458: 4450:, p. 155, 4441: 4437: 4429: 4425: 4414: 4412: 4405: 4398: 4394: 4381: 4377: 4371:, April 1, 1970 4365: 4361: 4352: 4348: 4343: 4322:Politics portal 4320: 4313: 4306: 4301: 4299: 4292: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4237: 4201:João Figueiredo 4172: 4129: 4128: 4120: 4118: 4117: 4116: 4115: 4101: 4094: 4091: 4084: 4078: 4073: 4036: 4026: 4010:Verde e Amarela 3937: 3879:Military Police 3867: 3862: 3780:Piratini Palace 3740: 3692: 3606: 3593:Planalto Palace 3546:Fort Copacabana 3514: 3441:Paraibuna River 3428: 3420:Main articles: 3418: 3413: 3408: 3374: 3334: 3329: 3275: 3243: 3238: 3209: 3168: 3163: 3108: 3072: 3066: 3026: 2990:John F. Kennedy 2958: 2948: 2931:Magalhães Pinto 2923: 2809: 2804: 2748: 2717: 2681: 2679: 2674: 2673: 2672: 2668:Years in Brazil 2652: 2644: 2643: 2642: 2568:Catholic Church 2548:Afro-Brazilians 2542: 2534: 2533: 2532: 2392: 2382: 2381: 2313: 2303: 2302: 2258: 2248: 2247: 2223: 2213: 2212: 2175: 2144: 2134: 2133: 2109:Naval arms race 2040: 2023: 2013: 2012: 1983:Religious Issue 1968:Christie Affair 1948:Praieira revolt 1932: 1887: 1846: 1836: 1835: 1811: 1801: 1800: 1776: 1766: 1765: 1749: 1685:Dutch invasions 1670:Jesuit missions 1653:State of Brazil 1649: 1623: 1610: 1582: 1580:Colonial Brazil 1572: 1571: 1547: 1537: 1502: 1497: 1488:Grupos dos Onze 1469:Grupos dos Onze 1451: 1410: 1405: 1361: 1348:Automóvel Clube 1311: 1306: 1277: 1198: 1160: 1155: 1079: 1073: 1063:(CIA), and the 1044: 1042:Grupos dos Onze 1021:Peasant Leagues 984: 978: 938:Minister of War 871: 866: 837:Gilberto Freyre 824:pronunciamentos 807: 757:Catholic Church 743:Democratically 686: 657: 656: 632: 624: 623: 466: 456: 449: 448: 447: 442: 404: 399: 397: 395: 351: 347:Magalhães Pinto 305: 264: 262: 256: 218: 217: 213:State governors 211: 206: 200: 199: 198: 185:Peasant Leagues 178: 165: 164: 160:State governors 158: 153: 147: 146: 128: 111: 95:Coup successful 84: 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 17573: 17563: 17562: 17545: 17544: 17542: 17541: 17539:attempted coup 17535: 17530: 17526: 17523: 17522: 17520: 17519: 17517:Bolivia (2024) 17514: 17508: 17506: 17502: 17501: 17499: 17498: 17493: 17488: 17483: 17478: 17473: 17468: 17463: 17461:Ecuador (2000) 17457: 17455: 17451: 17450: 17448: 17447: 17442: 17437: 17436: 17435: 17430: 17419: 17418: 17417: 17412: 17401: 17396: 17391: 17385: 17383: 17379: 17378: 17376: 17375: 17370: 17365: 17360: 17355: 17350: 17345: 17343:Bolivia (1984) 17340: 17338:Grenada (1983) 17335: 17330: 17325: 17320: 17318:Bolivia (1980) 17315: 17309: 17307: 17303: 17302: 17300: 17299: 17297:Bolivia (1979) 17294: 17289: 17287:Grenada (1979) 17284: 17283: 17282: 17277: 17266: 17261: 17259:Ecuador (1976) 17256: 17251: 17249:Ecuador (1975) 17246: 17241: 17240: 17239: 17234: 17223: 17221:Bolivia (1974) 17218: 17213: 17208: 17206:Uruguay (1973) 17203: 17198: 17196:Ecuador (1972) 17193: 17188: 17187: 17186: 17181: 17170: 17168:Bolivia (1970) 17165: 17159: 17157: 17153: 17152: 17150: 17149: 17147:Bolivia (1969) 17144: 17139: 17134: 17129: 17124: 17122:Bolivia (1964) 17119: 17114: 17109: 17107:Ecuador (1963) 17104: 17099: 17094: 17089: 17087:Ecuador (1961) 17084: 17079: 17073: 17071: 17067: 17066: 17064: 17063: 17058: 17053: 17051:Bolivia (1959) 17048: 17046:Bolivia (1958) 17043: 17038: 17033: 17028: 17023: 17018: 17013: 17008: 17003: 16998: 16993: 16988: 16986:Bolivia (1952) 16983: 16978: 16976:Bolivia (1951) 16973: 16968: 16963: 16957: 16955: 16951: 16950: 16948: 16947: 16942: 16940:Bolivia (1949) 16937: 16932: 16931: 16930: 16925: 16914: 16909: 16904: 16899: 16894: 16889: 16887:Ecuador (1947) 16884: 16879: 16877:Bolivia (1946) 16874: 16869: 16864: 16863: 16862: 16857: 16852: 16841: 16839:Bolivia (1943) 16836: 16831: 16829:Uruguay (1942) 16826: 16821: 16815: 16813: 16809: 16808: 16806: 16805: 16800: 16795: 16790: 16785: 16780: 16778:Bolivia (1937) 16775: 16773:Ecuador (1936) 16770: 16768:Bolivia (1936) 16765: 16760: 16755: 16753:Ecuador (1935) 16750: 16748:Bolivia (1934) 16745: 16740: 16738:Uruguay (1933) 16735: 16734: 16733: 16728: 16717: 16716: 16715: 16710: 16705: 16694: 16689: 16684: 16679: 16674: 16669: 16667:Bolivia (1930) 16663: 16661: 16657: 16656: 16654: 16653: 16651:Ecuador (1925) 16648: 16643: 16638: 16633: 16628: 16626:Bolivia (1920) 16622: 16620: 16616: 16615: 16613: 16612: 16607: 16602: 16597: 16592: 16587: 16582: 16577: 16576: 16575: 16570: 16565: 16554: 16549: 16544: 16538: 16536: 16532: 16531: 16529: 16528: 16523: 16518: 16513: 16508: 16503: 16498: 16493: 16488: 16483: 16477: 16475: 16471: 16470: 16458: 16457: 16450: 16443: 16435: 16426: 16425: 16423: 16422: 16417: 16415:Roberto Campos 16412: 16407: 16402: 16400:Ernesto Geisel 16397: 16392: 16387: 16381: 16379: 16375: 16374: 16372: 16371: 16366: 16361: 16356: 16351: 16345: 16343: 16339: 16338: 16336: 16335: 16330: 16325: 16320: 16319: 16318: 16308: 16306:Armed struggle 16303: 16298: 16292: 16289: 16288: 16278: 16277: 16270: 16263: 16255: 16246: 16245: 16226: 16223: 16222: 16219: 16218: 16216: 16215: 16207: 16198: 16196: 16189: 16188: 16186: 16185: 16177: 16168: 16166: 16159: 16158: 16156: 16155: 16146: 16144: 16134: 16128: 16127: 16125: 16124: 16115: 16113: 16106: 16105: 16094: 16093: 16086: 16079: 16071: 16062: 16061: 16059: 16058: 16053: 16048: 16042: 16039: 16038: 16036: 16035: 16030: 16025: 16020: 16015: 16010: 16005: 16000: 15994: 15992: 15988: 15987: 15985: 15984: 15979: 15974: 15969: 15964: 15959: 15954: 15949: 15944: 15939: 15934: 15929: 15924: 15918: 15916: 15910: 15909: 15907: 15906: 15901: 15896: 15891: 15886: 15881: 15876: 15871: 15866: 15861: 15856: 15854:Timothy Snyder 15851: 15846: 15841: 15836: 15831: 15826: 15821: 15816: 15811: 15806: 15801: 15796: 15791: 15786: 15784:Vojtech Mastny 15781: 15779:Geir Lundestad 15776: 15771: 15769:Walter Laqueur 15766: 15764:Walter LaFeber 15761: 15756: 15751: 15746: 15741: 15736: 15731: 15726: 15721: 15716: 15711: 15706: 15701: 15696: 15694:André Fontaine 15691: 15686: 15681: 15676: 15671: 15666: 15661: 15656: 15651: 15646: 15641: 15636: 15631: 15626: 15624:Gar Alperovitz 15620: 15618: 15614: 15613: 15611: 15610: 15605: 15600: 15594: 15592: 15586: 15585: 15582: 15581: 15579: 15578: 15573: 15567: 15566: 15561: 15554: 15549: 15541: 15539: 15535: 15534: 15532: 15531: 15524: 15519: 15512: 15505: 15500: 15493: 15486: 15479: 15473: 15471: 15464: 15460: 15459: 15457: 15456: 15451: 15446: 15441: 15436: 15431: 15426: 15421: 15416: 15411: 15406: 15400: 15398: 15394: 15393: 15390: 15389: 15387: 15386: 15381: 15376: 15371: 15366: 15364:Third-Worldism 15361: 15356: 15351: 15346: 15341: 15336: 15331: 15326: 15321: 15316: 15311: 15306: 15301: 15296: 15291: 15286: 15281: 15276: 15271: 15265: 15263: 15259: 15258: 15256: 15255: 15250: 15245: 15240: 15235: 15230: 15223: 15218: 15213: 15208: 15203: 15198: 15192: 15190: 15184: 15183: 15181: 15180: 15175: 15170: 15165: 15160: 15155: 15153:Libertarianism 15150: 15145: 15144: 15143: 15133: 15131:Chicago school 15128: 15122: 15120: 15111: 15107: 15106: 15104: 15103: 15098: 15093: 15088: 15083: 15078: 15076:Nixon Doctrine 15073: 15068: 15063: 15058: 15053: 15048: 15043: 15038: 15033: 15028: 15022: 15020: 15019:Foreign policy 15016: 15015: 15013: 15012: 15007: 15002: 14997: 14992: 14987: 14982: 14977: 14971: 14969: 14963: 14962: 14960: 14959: 14954: 14953: 14952: 14942: 14937: 14932: 14927: 14922: 14917: 14912: 14907: 14901: 14899: 14895: 14894: 14892: 14891: 14886: 14881: 14876: 14871: 14866: 14861: 14856: 14851: 14846: 14841: 14836: 14831: 14826: 14821: 14816: 14811: 14806: 14804:Operation RYAN 14801: 14796: 14791: 14781: 14776: 14771: 14766: 14761: 14756: 14751: 14746: 14741: 14736: 14731: 14726: 14721: 14716: 14711: 14709:Able Archer 83 14706: 14701: 14696: 14691: 14686: 14681: 14676: 14671: 14666: 14661: 14656: 14655: 14654: 14644: 14639: 14634: 14625: 14620: 14614: 14612: 14608: 14607: 14605: 14604: 14599: 14594: 14589: 14584: 14579: 14574: 14569: 14564: 14559: 14554: 14549: 14544: 14539: 14534: 14529: 14524: 14519: 14514: 14506: 14501: 14496: 14491: 14486: 14481: 14476: 14471: 14466: 14461: 14459:Oromo conflict 14456: 14451: 14446: 14441: 14436: 14431: 14426: 14421: 14416: 14411: 14406: 14401: 14399:Yom Kippur War 14396: 14391: 14386: 14381: 14376: 14371: 14366: 14361: 14356: 14351: 14346: 14341: 14336: 14331: 14326: 14321: 14316: 14309: 14304: 14299: 14294: 14289: 14284: 14279: 14274: 14269: 14264: 14258: 14256: 14252: 14251: 14249: 14248: 14243: 14238: 14233: 14228: 14223: 14222: 14221: 14211: 14206: 14201: 14196: 14191: 14182: 14177: 14176: 14175: 14165: 14160: 14155: 14150: 14145: 14140: 14135: 14130: 14125: 14120: 14115: 14110: 14105: 14100: 14095: 14090: 14085: 14080: 14075: 14070: 14065: 14060: 14055: 14054: 14053: 14043: 14038: 14033: 14031:Aden Emergency 14028: 14023: 14018: 14013: 14008: 14003: 13998: 13993: 13988: 13983: 13982: 13981: 13976: 13971: 13961: 13956: 13951: 13949:Papua conflict 13946: 13941: 13936: 13931: 13930: 13929: 13919: 13918: 13917: 13907: 13902: 13897: 13892: 13887: 13881: 13879: 13875: 13874: 13872: 13871: 13866: 13865: 13864: 13854: 13852:Kitchen Debate 13849: 13844: 13839: 13834: 13829: 13824: 13819: 13814: 13812:Sputnik crisis 13809: 13804: 13796: 13789: 13784: 13782:Polish October 13779: 13774: 13769: 13762: 13757: 13752: 13747: 13742: 13737: 13732: 13727: 13722: 13714: 13709: 13704: 13699: 13694: 13689: 13684: 13682:Pact of Madrid 13679: 13674: 13669: 13664: 13659: 13654: 13649: 13644: 13639: 13637:Bamboo Curtain 13633: 13631: 13627: 13626: 13624: 13623: 13618: 13613: 13608: 13607: 13606: 13596: 13591: 13586: 13581: 13576: 13571: 13566: 13561: 13556: 13551: 13546: 13541: 13536: 13531: 13530: 13529: 13524: 13519: 13509: 13504: 13499: 13494: 13489: 13484: 13479: 13474: 13469: 13464: 13459: 13454: 13449: 13444: 13436: 13428: 13420: 13415: 13410: 13405: 13397: 13392: 13391: 13390: 13385: 13377: 13364: 13359: 13354: 13349: 13343: 13341: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13333: 13328: 13323: 13318: 13313: 13308: 13303: 13298: 13293: 13286: 13278: 13275: 13274: 13267: 13266: 13259: 13252: 13244: 13238: 13237: 13229: 13214: 13213:External links 13211: 13209: 13208: 13192: 13168: 13161: 13154: 13147: 13140: 13132: 13125: 13105: 13082: 13073: 13052: 13051: 13050: 13045: 13044: 13022: 13000: 12978: 12956: 12927: 12905: 12883: 12861: 12839: 12820: 12798: 12776: 12757: 12735: 12713: 12691: 12669: 12647: 12625: 12606: 12587: 12558: 12536: 12514: 12495: 12473: 12451: 12428: 12427: 12426: 12425:Academic works 12421: 12420: 12396: 12362: 12337: 12305: 12284: 12254: 12219: 12202:(3): 514–528. 12187: 12153: 12126: 12103:Varia Historia 12094: 12073: 12052: 12023: 11999: 11971: 11947: 11922: 11899:Varia Historia 11890: 11865: 11845: 11813: 11781: 11749: 11715: 11683: 11660: 11635: 11610: 11585: 11550: 11523: 11491: 11463: 11438: 11410: 11385: 11362: 11328: 11294: 11266: 11234: 11193: 11172: 11144: 11112: 11089: 11059: 11024: 10992: 10967: 10938: 10937: 10936: 10931: 10930: 10921: 10910: 10901: 10890: 10881: 10872: 10866: 10851: 10839: 10825: 10816: 10804: 10793: 10782: 10768: 10759: 10745: 10736: 10723: 10714: 10705: 10696: 10685: 10676: 10665: 10654: 10645: 10631: 10620: 10610: 10609: 10608: 10603: 10600: 10597: 10596: 10584: 10572: 10557: 10542: 10540:, p. 229. 10530: 10518: 10514:Benevides 2003 10506: 10494: 10482: 10467: 10452: 10440: 10428: 10416: 10414:, p. 227. 10404: 10392: 10390:, p. 462. 10380: 10378:, p. 269. 10368: 10356: 10344: 10332: 10330:, p. 131. 10320: 10308: 10306:, p. 191. 10296: 10284: 10272: 10268:Forattini 2019 10260: 10237: 10235:, p. 151. 10233:Forattini 2019 10225: 10213: 10201: 10199:, p. 325. 10189: 10187:, p. 386. 10177: 10165: 10163:, p. 150. 10161:Forattini 2019 10153: 10141: 10139:, p. 170. 10129: 10127:, p. 360. 10117: 10105: 10093: 10081: 10079:, p. 370. 10066: 10064:, p. 318. 10054: 10042: 10040:, p. 148. 10030: 10018: 10016:, p. 399. 10006: 9994: 9979: 9967: 9955: 9953:, p. 106. 9943: 9935:CPDOC FGV 2001 9927: 9925:, p. 7-8. 9915: 9900: 9898:, p. 365. 9888: 9876: 9864: 9862:, p. 107. 9852: 9850:, p. 180. 9840: 9838:, p. 343. 9828: 9816: 9814:, p. 221. 9804: 9802:, p. 274. 9792: 9790:, p. 146. 9780: 9778:, p. 140. 9765: 9753: 9751:, p. 106. 9741: 9739:, p. 133. 9729: 9714: 9702: 9690: 9675: 9673:, p. 180. 9663: 9651: 9649:, p. 131. 9639: 9637:, p. 398. 9627: 9615: 9603: 9591: 9589:, p. 396. 9579: 9567: 9555: 9543: 9531: 9519: 9507: 9495: 9480: 9478:, p. 394. 9468: 9456: 9444: 9432: 9420: 9418:, p. 176. 9408: 9396: 9381: 9379:, p. 369. 9369: 9354: 9342: 9340:, p. 379. 9327: 9325:, p. 368. 9312: 9297: 9285: 9273: 9271:, p. 452. 9261: 9249: 9247:, p. 205. 9232: 9220: 9218:, p. 380. 9208: 9206:, p. 450. 9196: 9194:, p. 169. 9184: 9182:, p. 437. 9172: 9160: 9145: 9133: 9121: 9106: 9094: 9092:, p. 124. 9082: 9080:, p. 122. 9070: 9058: 9046: 9044:, p. 386. 9034: 9032:, p. 432. 9022: 9020:, p. 364. 9010: 8998: 8996:, p. 207. 8986: 8984:, p. 429. 8971: 8956: 8944: 8932: 8930:, p. 150. 8920: 8918:, p. 549. 8908: 8896: 8884: 8872: 8870:, p. 205. 8860: 8848: 8846:, p. 353. 8836: 8824: 8822:, p. 387. 8812: 8800: 8788: 8776: 8764: 8762:, p. 200. 8752: 8740: 8728: 8726:, p. 142. 8716: 8701: 8689: 8677: 8675:, p. 188. 8665: 8663:, p. 119. 8653: 8651:, p. 177. 8641: 8629: 8617: 8602: 8590: 8588:, p. 118. 8575: 8563: 8551: 8539: 8537:, p. 206. 8524: 8509: 8497: 8485: 8473: 8461: 8449: 8437: 8425: 8413: 8401: 8399:, p. 119. 8389: 8387:, p. 100. 8377: 8365: 8363:, p. 324. 8346: 8334: 8322: 8310: 8308:, p. 201. 8295: 8283: 8281:, p. 147. 8271: 8259: 8257:, p. 204. 8247: 8245:, p. 146. 8235: 8223: 8211: 8209:, p. 229. 8194: 8179: 8167: 8165:, p. 118. 8155: 8143: 8131: 8119: 8107: 8092: 8072: 8070:, p. 542. 8060: 8048: 8046:, p. 304. 8036: 8024: 8009: 8007:, p. 6-9. 7997: 7985: 7973: 7961: 7949: 7947:, p. 363. 7937: 7925: 7913: 7901: 7899:, p. 116. 7889: 7887:, p. 121. 7877: 7862: 7860:, p. 115. 7847: 7835: 7823: 7811: 7799: 7787: 7772: 7770:, p. 339. 7760: 7748: 7736: 7724: 7712: 7710:, p. 315. 7697: 7682: 7665: 7653: 7651:, p. 129. 7641: 7629: 7617: 7605: 7603:, p. 148. 7593: 7581: 7566: 7554: 7542: 7530: 7522:CPDOC FGV 2001 7511: 7499: 7487: 7475: 7463: 7459:Benevides 2003 7451: 7439: 7435:Benevides 2003 7427: 7412: 7410:, p. 256. 7408:Benevides 2003 7400: 7385: 7373: 7371:, p. 7-8. 7361: 7346: 7334: 7322: 7310: 7298: 7283: 7271: 7259: 7247: 7245:, p. 100. 7235: 7223: 7206: 7194: 7182: 7167: 7144: 7132: 7115: 7107:CPDOC FGV 2001 7099: 7087: 7075: 7063: 7051: 7039: 7027: 7025:, p. 275. 7015: 7013:, p. 280. 7003: 7001:, p. 245. 6991: 6989:, p. 279. 6976: 6961: 6949: 6937: 6925: 6923:, p. 131. 6913: 6911:, p. 236. 6901: 6899:, p. 118. 6889: 6877: 6865: 6853: 6841: 6839:, p. 526. 6829: 6817: 6802: 6800:, p. 334. 6790: 6778: 6776:, p. 308. 6766: 6764:, p. 207. 6754: 6752:, p. 368. 6742: 6730: 6718: 6706: 6694: 6682: 6665: 6663:, p. 200. 6650: 6648:, p. 306. 6638: 6626: 6624:, p. 214. 6614: 6602: 6590: 6575: 6573:, p. 173. 6560: 6548: 6536: 6534:, p. 5-6. 6524: 6512: 6500: 6488: 6476: 6474:, p. 144. 6464: 6452: 6450:, p. 146. 6440: 6428: 6409: 6397: 6385: 6373: 6361: 6349: 6337: 6325: 6313: 6301: 6286: 6274: 6262: 6260:, p. 114. 6250: 6238: 6223: 6211: 6209:, p. 394. 6196: 6184: 6172: 6160: 6158:, p. 378. 6143: 6131: 6119: 6092: 6080: 6065: 6053: 6041: 6029: 6025:Loureiro 2017a 6017: 6005: 5993: 5981: 5969: 5957: 5945: 5933: 5921: 5909: 5907:, p. 409. 5897: 5885: 5873: 5871:, p. 358. 5861: 5859:, p. 353. 5849: 5837: 5835:, p. 240. 5825: 5813: 5798: 5796:, p. 336. 5786: 5774: 5772:, p. 103. 5762: 5747: 5735: 5723: 5708: 5693: 5681: 5669: 5653: 5641: 5629: 5614: 5602: 5590: 5578: 5574:Loureiro 2017b 5557: 5545: 5533: 5514: 5475: 5463: 5448: 5436: 5421: 5409: 5397: 5385: 5373: 5358: 5346: 5334: 5319: 5296: 5284: 5282:, p. 442. 5269: 5257: 5245: 5233: 5194: 5179: 5167: 5152: 5140: 5128: 5116: 5104: 5092: 5080: 5068: 5066:, p. 118. 5056: 5054:, p. 120. 5044: 5032: 5020: 5018:, p. 517. 5008: 4996: 4994:, p. 264. 4983: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4968: 4935: 4919: 4906: 4862: 4860:, pp. 147-148. 4836: 4808: 4806:, p. 437. 4790: 4788:, p. 105. 4769: 4767:, p. 545. 4736: 4700: 4691: 4678: 4652: 4639: 4626: 4609: 4593: 4591:, p. 57). 4580: 4567: 4555: 4543: 4499: 4482: 4435: 4423: 4392: 4375: 4359: 4345: 4344: 4342: 4339: 4338: 4337: 4332: 4326: 4325: 4311: 4297: 4281: 4278: 4273:armed struggle 4171: 4168: 4151:New York Times 4119: 4112:Thomas C. Mann 4102: 4092: 4087: 4086: 4085: 4076: 4075: 4074: 4072: 4069: 4025: 4022: 3991:port of Recife 3936: 3933: 3925:Rio de Janeiro 3905:Lomanto Júnior 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3765:Air Force Base 3757:Santa Catarina 3739: 3736: 3691: 3688: 3605: 3602: 3513: 3510: 3495:Paraíba valley 3417: 3414: 3412: 3409: 3407: 3404: 3373: 3370: 3358:Gloster Meteor 3333: 3332:Lack of action 3330: 3328: 3325: 3274: 3271: 3263:scorched earth 3242: 3239: 3237: 3234: 3230:Vernon Walters 3208: 3205: 3189:Belo Horizonte 3167: 3164: 3162: 3159: 3147:Espírito Santo 3107: 3104: 3065: 3062: 3038:Roberto Campos 3025: 3022: 2947: 2944: 2922: 2919: 2887:" editorials. 2842:Patrick Peyton 2808: 2805: 2803: 2802:Public opinion 2800: 2747: 2744: 2719: 2718: 2716: 2715: 2708: 2701: 2693: 2690: 2689: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2654: 2653: 2650: 2649: 2646: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2628:Rail transport 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2600: 2590: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2543: 2540: 2539: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2530: 2525: 2520: 2515: 2513:Santa Catarina 2510: 2505: 2500: 2495: 2490: 2488:Rio de Janeiro 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2433:Espírito Santo 2430: 2425: 2420: 2415: 2410: 2405: 2400: 2394: 2393: 2388: 2387: 2384: 2383: 2380: 2379: 2374: 2369: 2364: 2359: 2354: 2349: 2344: 2339: 2333: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2320: 2314: 2309: 2308: 2305: 2304: 2301: 2300: 2295: 2290: 2285: 2280: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2259: 2254: 2253: 2250: 2249: 2246: 2245: 2240: 2235: 2230: 2224: 2219: 2218: 2215: 2214: 2211: 2210: 2205: 2200: 2195: 2194: 2193: 2182: 2181: 2174: 2173: 2168: 2163: 2158: 2152: 2151: 2145: 2140: 2139: 2136: 2135: 2132: 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119:Contestado War 2116: 2111: 2106: 2101: 2099:Vaccine Revolt 2096: 2091: 2089:War of Canudos 2086: 2081: 2076: 2071: 2065: 2064: 2059: 2054: 2048: 2047: 2035: 2030: 2024: 2019: 2018: 2015: 2014: 2011: 2010: 2005: 2000: 1995: 1990: 1985: 1980: 1978:Paraguayan War 1975: 1970: 1965: 1960: 1955: 1950: 1945: 1939: 1938: 1931: 1930: 1925: 1920: 1918:Ragamuffin War 1915: 1910: 1905: 1900: 1894: 1893: 1891:Regency Period 1886: 1885: 1880: 1878:Cisplatine War 1875: 1870: 1865: 1863:Night of Agony 1860: 1854: 1853: 1847: 1842: 1841: 1838: 1837: 1834: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1818: 1812: 1807: 1806: 1803: 1802: 1799: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1783: 1777: 1772: 1771: 1768: 1767: 1764: 1763: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1739: 1734: 1729: 1724: 1719: 1714: 1709: 1704: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1692: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1667: 1662: 1656: 1655: 1648: 1647: 1646: 1645: 1635: 1630: 1617: 1616: 1609: 1608: 1607: 1606: 1595: 1594: 1589: 1583: 1578: 1577: 1574: 1573: 1570: 1569: 1564: 1559: 1554: 1548: 1543: 1542: 1539: 1538: 1530:Terra Brasilis 1528: 1520: 1519: 1513: 1512: 1501: 1498: 1496: 1493: 1450: 1447: 1421:Anti-communism 1409: 1406: 1404: 1403:Anti-communism 1401: 1397:Moniz Bandeira 1373:Tancredo Neves 1360: 1357: 1310: 1307: 1305: 1302: 1276: 1273: 1211:Triennial Plan 1197: 1194: 1190:Lincoln Gordon 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1127:socialist bloc 1072: 1069: 977: 974: 967:, governor of 965:Carlos Lacerda 942:Leonel Brizola 923:vice-president 910:(UDN) and the 888:Getúlio Vargas 870: 867: 865: 862: 833:Ernesto Geisel 806: 803: 774:Rio de Janeiro 688: 687: 685: 684: 677: 670: 662: 659: 658: 655: 654: 649: 644: 639: 633: 630: 629: 626: 625: 622: 621: 616: 611: 606: 601: 596: 591: 586: 581: 576: 567: 562: 557: 552: 547: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 467: 464: 463: 460: 459: 444: 443: 441: 440: 435: 430: 425: 423:Paraíba Valley 420: 415: 409: 406: 405: 394: 393: 386: 379: 371: 363: 362: 358: 357: 353: 352: 350: 349: 344: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 317:Castelo Branco 314: 308: 306: 304: 303: 298: 296:Armando Âncora 293: 291:Leonel Brizola 288: 282: 279: 278: 274: 273: 255: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 227:Espírito Santo 224: 210: 209: 208: 197: 196: 189: 187: 177: 176: 171: 157: 156: 155: 145: 144: 138: 125: 122: 121: 117: 116: 113: 112: 110: 109: 103: 96: 92: 90: 86: 85: 80: 78: 74: 73: 70: 62: 61: 36: 35: 28: 27: 21: 20: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 17572: 17561: 17558: 17557: 17555: 17540: 17536: 17534: 17531: 17528: 17527: 17524: 17518: 17515: 17513: 17510: 17509: 17507: 17503: 17497: 17494: 17492: 17489: 17487: 17484: 17482: 17479: 17477: 17474: 17472: 17469: 17467: 17464: 17462: 17459: 17458: 17456: 17452: 17446: 17443: 17441: 17438: 17434: 17431: 17429: 17426: 17425: 17423: 17420: 17416: 17413: 17411: 17408: 17407: 17405: 17402: 17400: 17397: 17395: 17392: 17390: 17387: 17386: 17384: 17380: 17374: 17371: 17369: 17368:Panama (1989) 17366: 17364: 17361: 17359: 17356: 17354: 17351: 17349: 17346: 17344: 17341: 17339: 17336: 17334: 17331: 17329: 17326: 17324: 17321: 17319: 17316: 17314: 17311: 17310: 17308: 17304: 17298: 17295: 17293: 17290: 17288: 17285: 17281: 17278: 17276: 17273: 17272: 17270: 17267: 17265: 17262: 17260: 17257: 17255: 17252: 17250: 17247: 17245: 17242: 17238: 17235: 17233: 17230: 17229: 17227: 17224: 17222: 17219: 17217: 17214: 17212: 17209: 17207: 17204: 17202: 17199: 17197: 17194: 17192: 17189: 17185: 17182: 17180: 17177: 17176: 17174: 17171: 17169: 17166: 17164: 17161: 17160: 17158: 17154: 17148: 17145: 17143: 17140: 17138: 17137:Panama (1968) 17135: 17133: 17130: 17128: 17127:Brazil (1964) 17125: 17123: 17120: 17118: 17115: 17113: 17110: 17108: 17105: 17103: 17100: 17098: 17095: 17093: 17090: 17088: 17085: 17083: 17080: 17078: 17075: 17074: 17072: 17068: 17062: 17059: 17057: 17056:Brazil (1959) 17054: 17052: 17049: 17047: 17044: 17042: 17039: 17037: 17034: 17032: 17029: 17027: 17024: 17022: 17019: 17017: 17016:Brazil (1956) 17014: 17012: 17011:Brazil (1955) 17009: 17007: 17004: 17002: 16999: 16997: 16994: 16992: 16989: 16987: 16984: 16982: 16979: 16977: 16974: 16972: 16971:Panama (1951) 16969: 16967: 16964: 16962: 16959: 16958: 16956: 16952: 16946: 16943: 16941: 16938: 16936: 16933: 16929: 16926: 16924: 16921: 16920: 16918: 16915: 16913: 16910: 16908: 16905: 16903: 16900: 16898: 16895: 16893: 16890: 16888: 16885: 16883: 16880: 16878: 16875: 16873: 16870: 16868: 16867:Brazil (1945) 16865: 16861: 16858: 16856: 16853: 16851: 16848: 16847: 16845: 16842: 16840: 16837: 16835: 16832: 16830: 16827: 16825: 16824:Panama (1941) 16822: 16820: 16817: 16816: 16814: 16810: 16804: 16801: 16799: 16796: 16794: 16793:Brazil (1938) 16791: 16789: 16786: 16784: 16783:Brazil (1937) 16781: 16779: 16776: 16774: 16771: 16769: 16766: 16764: 16761: 16759: 16756: 16754: 16751: 16749: 16746: 16744: 16741: 16739: 16736: 16732: 16729: 16727: 16724: 16723: 16721: 16718: 16714: 16711: 16709: 16706: 16704: 16701: 16700: 16698: 16695: 16693: 16690: 16688: 16687:Panama (1931) 16685: 16683: 16682:Brazil (1930) 16680: 16678: 16675: 16673: 16670: 16668: 16665: 16664: 16662: 16658: 16652: 16649: 16647: 16644: 16642: 16639: 16637: 16636:Brazil (1922) 16634: 16632: 16631:Mexico (1920) 16629: 16627: 16624: 16623: 16621: 16617: 16611: 16608: 16606: 16603: 16601: 16598: 16596: 16593: 16591: 16588: 16586: 16583: 16581: 16580:Mexico (1913) 16578: 16574: 16571: 16569: 16566: 16564: 16561: 16560: 16558: 16555: 16553: 16552:Mexico (1911) 16550: 16548: 16545: 16543: 16540: 16539: 16537: 16533: 16527: 16524: 16522: 16519: 16517: 16514: 16512: 16509: 16507: 16504: 16502: 16501:Brazil (1904) 16499: 16497: 16494: 16492: 16489: 16487: 16484: 16482: 16479: 16478: 16476: 16472: 16467: 16463: 16456: 16451: 16449: 16444: 16442: 16437: 16436: 16433: 16421: 16418: 16416: 16413: 16411: 16408: 16406: 16403: 16401: 16398: 16396: 16393: 16391: 16388: 16386: 16383: 16382: 16380: 16376: 16370: 16367: 16365: 16362: 16360: 16357: 16355: 16352: 16350: 16347: 16346: 16344: 16340: 16334: 16331: 16329: 16326: 16324: 16321: 16317: 16314: 16313: 16312: 16309: 16307: 16304: 16302: 16299: 16297: 16294: 16293: 16290: 16283: 16276: 16271: 16269: 16264: 16262: 16257: 16256: 16253: 16242: 16240: 16236: 16232: 16224: 16211: 16208: 16203: 16200: 16199: 16197: 16194: 16190: 16181: 16178: 16173: 16170: 16169: 16167: 16164: 16160: 16151: 16148: 16147: 16145: 16142: 16138: 16135: 16133: 16129: 16120: 16117: 16116: 16114: 16111: 16107: 16103: 16099: 16092: 16087: 16085: 16080: 16078: 16073: 16072: 16069: 16057: 16054: 16052: 16049: 16047: 16044: 16043: 16040: 16034: 16031: 16029: 16026: 16024: 16021: 16019: 16018:War on terror 16016: 16014: 16011: 16009: 16006: 16004: 16001: 15999: 15996: 15995: 15993: 15989: 15983: 15980: 15978: 15975: 15973: 15970: 15968: 15965: 15963: 15960: 15958: 15955: 15953: 15950: 15948: 15945: 15943: 15940: 15938: 15935: 15933: 15930: 15928: 15925: 15923: 15920: 15919: 15917: 15913:Espionage and 15911: 15905: 15902: 15900: 15897: 15895: 15892: 15890: 15887: 15885: 15882: 15880: 15877: 15875: 15872: 15870: 15867: 15865: 15864:Andrew Thorpe 15862: 15860: 15857: 15855: 15852: 15850: 15847: 15845: 15842: 15840: 15837: 15835: 15832: 15830: 15827: 15825: 15822: 15820: 15817: 15815: 15812: 15810: 15807: 15805: 15802: 15800: 15797: 15795: 15792: 15790: 15787: 15785: 15782: 15780: 15777: 15775: 15772: 15770: 15767: 15765: 15762: 15760: 15759:Gabriel Kolko 15757: 15755: 15752: 15750: 15747: 15745: 15742: 15740: 15737: 15735: 15732: 15730: 15727: 15725: 15724:Fred Halliday 15722: 15720: 15717: 15715: 15712: 15710: 15709:Lloyd Gardner 15707: 15705: 15702: 15700: 15697: 15695: 15692: 15690: 15687: 15685: 15682: 15680: 15677: 15675: 15672: 15670: 15669:Norman Davies 15667: 15665: 15662: 15660: 15657: 15655: 15654:John Costello 15652: 15650: 15647: 15645: 15642: 15640: 15637: 15635: 15632: 15630: 15627: 15625: 15622: 15621: 15619: 15615: 15609: 15606: 15604: 15601: 15599: 15596: 15595: 15593: 15589:Technological 15587: 15577: 15574: 15572: 15569: 15568: 15565: 15562: 15560: 15559: 15555: 15553: 15550: 15548: 15547: 15543: 15542: 15540: 15536: 15530: 15529: 15525: 15523: 15520: 15518: 15517: 15513: 15511: 15510: 15506: 15504: 15501: 15499: 15498: 15494: 15492: 15491: 15487: 15485: 15484: 15480: 15478: 15475: 15474: 15472: 15470:Pro-communist 15468: 15465: 15461: 15455: 15452: 15450: 15447: 15445: 15442: 15440: 15437: 15435: 15432: 15430: 15427: 15425: 15422: 15420: 15417: 15415: 15412: 15410: 15407: 15405: 15402: 15401: 15399: 15397:Organizations 15395: 15385: 15382: 15380: 15377: 15375: 15372: 15370: 15367: 15365: 15362: 15360: 15357: 15355: 15352: 15350: 15347: 15345: 15342: 15340: 15337: 15335: 15332: 15330: 15327: 15325: 15322: 15320: 15317: 15315: 15312: 15310: 15307: 15305: 15302: 15300: 15297: 15295: 15292: 15290: 15287: 15285: 15282: 15280: 15277: 15275: 15272: 15270: 15267: 15266: 15264: 15260: 15254: 15251: 15249: 15246: 15244: 15241: 15239: 15236: 15234: 15231: 15229: 15228: 15224: 15222: 15219: 15217: 15214: 15212: 15211:Eurocommunism 15209: 15207: 15204: 15202: 15199: 15197: 15194: 15193: 15191: 15189: 15185: 15179: 15176: 15174: 15171: 15169: 15166: 15164: 15161: 15159: 15156: 15154: 15151: 15149: 15146: 15142: 15139: 15138: 15137: 15134: 15132: 15129: 15127: 15124: 15123: 15121: 15119: 15115: 15112: 15108: 15102: 15099: 15097: 15094: 15092: 15089: 15087: 15084: 15082: 15079: 15077: 15074: 15072: 15069: 15067: 15064: 15062: 15059: 15057: 15054: 15052: 15049: 15047: 15044: 15042: 15041:Domino theory 15039: 15037: 15034: 15032: 15029: 15027: 15024: 15023: 15021: 15017: 15011: 15008: 15006: 15003: 15001: 14998: 14996: 14995:South Ossetia 14993: 14991: 14988: 14986: 14983: 14981: 14978: 14976: 14973: 14972: 14970: 14968: 14964: 14958: 14955: 14951: 14948: 14947: 14946: 14943: 14941: 14938: 14936: 14933: 14931: 14928: 14926: 14923: 14921: 14918: 14916: 14913: 14911: 14908: 14906: 14903: 14902: 14900: 14896: 14890: 14887: 14885: 14882: 14880: 14877: 14875: 14872: 14870: 14867: 14865: 14862: 14860: 14857: 14855: 14852: 14850: 14847: 14845: 14842: 14840: 14837: 14835: 14832: 14830: 14827: 14825: 14822: 14820: 14817: 14815: 14812: 14810: 14807: 14805: 14802: 14800: 14797: 14795: 14792: 14789: 14785: 14782: 14780: 14779:8888 Uprising 14777: 14775: 14772: 14770: 14767: 14765: 14762: 14760: 14757: 14755: 14752: 14750: 14747: 14745: 14742: 14740: 14737: 14735: 14732: 14730: 14727: 14725: 14724:Iran–Iraq War 14722: 14720: 14717: 14715: 14712: 14710: 14707: 14705: 14702: 14700: 14697: 14695: 14692: 14690: 14689:Falklands War 14687: 14685: 14682: 14680: 14677: 14675: 14672: 14670: 14667: 14665: 14662: 14660: 14657: 14653: 14650: 14649: 14648: 14645: 14643: 14640: 14638: 14635: 14633: 14629: 14626: 14624: 14621: 14619: 14616: 14615: 14613: 14609: 14603: 14600: 14598: 14595: 14593: 14590: 14588: 14585: 14583: 14580: 14578: 14575: 14573: 14570: 14568: 14565: 14563: 14560: 14558: 14555: 14553: 14552:NDF Rebellion 14550: 14548: 14545: 14543: 14540: 14538: 14535: 14533: 14532:German Autumn 14530: 14528: 14525: 14523: 14520: 14518: 14515: 14513: 14512: 14507: 14505: 14502: 14500: 14497: 14495: 14492: 14490: 14487: 14485: 14482: 14480: 14477: 14475: 14472: 14470: 14467: 14465: 14462: 14460: 14457: 14455: 14452: 14450: 14447: 14445: 14442: 14440: 14437: 14435: 14432: 14430: 14427: 14425: 14422: 14420: 14419:Metapolitefsi 14417: 14415: 14412: 14410: 14407: 14405: 14402: 14400: 14397: 14395: 14392: 14390: 14387: 14385: 14382: 14380: 14377: 14375: 14372: 14370: 14367: 14365: 14362: 14360: 14357: 14355: 14352: 14350: 14347: 14345: 14342: 14340: 14337: 14335: 14332: 14330: 14327: 14325: 14322: 14320: 14317: 14315: 14314: 14310: 14308: 14305: 14303: 14300: 14298: 14295: 14293: 14290: 14288: 14285: 14283: 14280: 14278: 14275: 14273: 14270: 14268: 14265: 14263: 14260: 14259: 14257: 14253: 14247: 14244: 14242: 14239: 14237: 14234: 14232: 14229: 14227: 14224: 14220: 14217: 14216: 14215: 14212: 14210: 14207: 14205: 14202: 14200: 14197: 14195: 14192: 14190: 14188: 14183: 14181: 14180:Prague Spring 14178: 14174: 14171: 14170: 14169: 14166: 14164: 14161: 14159: 14158:Al-Wadiah War 14156: 14154: 14151: 14149: 14146: 14144: 14141: 14139: 14136: 14134: 14131: 14129: 14126: 14124: 14123:12-3 incident 14121: 14119: 14116: 14114: 14111: 14109: 14106: 14104: 14101: 14099: 14096: 14094: 14091: 14089: 14086: 14084: 14081: 14079: 14076: 14074: 14071: 14069: 14066: 14064: 14061: 14059: 14056: 14052: 14049: 14048: 14047: 14044: 14042: 14039: 14037: 14034: 14032: 14029: 14027: 14024: 14022: 14019: 14017: 14014: 14012: 14009: 14007: 14004: 14002: 13999: 13997: 13994: 13992: 13989: 13987: 13984: 13980: 13977: 13975: 13972: 13970: 13967: 13966: 13965: 13962: 13960: 13957: 13955: 13952: 13950: 13947: 13945: 13942: 13940: 13937: 13935: 13932: 13928: 13925: 13924: 13923: 13920: 13916: 13913: 13912: 13911: 13908: 13906: 13903: 13901: 13898: 13896: 13893: 13891: 13888: 13886: 13883: 13882: 13880: 13876: 13870: 13867: 13863: 13860: 13859: 13858: 13855: 13853: 13850: 13848: 13845: 13843: 13840: 13838: 13835: 13833: 13830: 13828: 13825: 13823: 13820: 13818: 13815: 13813: 13810: 13808: 13805: 13803: 13802: 13797: 13794: 13790: 13788: 13785: 13783: 13780: 13778: 13775: 13773: 13770: 13767: 13763: 13761: 13758: 13756: 13753: 13751: 13748: 13746: 13743: 13741: 13738: 13736: 13733: 13731: 13728: 13726: 13723: 13721: 13720: 13715: 13713: 13710: 13708: 13705: 13703: 13702:Domino theory 13700: 13698: 13697:Petrov Affair 13695: 13693: 13690: 13688: 13685: 13683: 13680: 13678: 13675: 13673: 13670: 13668: 13665: 13663: 13660: 13658: 13655: 13653: 13650: 13648: 13645: 13643: 13640: 13638: 13635: 13634: 13632: 13628: 13622: 13619: 13617: 13614: 13612: 13609: 13605: 13602: 13601: 13600: 13597: 13595: 13592: 13590: 13587: 13585: 13582: 13580: 13577: 13575: 13574:Madiun Affair 13572: 13570: 13567: 13565: 13562: 13560: 13557: 13555: 13552: 13550: 13547: 13545: 13542: 13540: 13537: 13535: 13534:Marshall Plan 13532: 13528: 13525: 13523: 13520: 13518: 13515: 13514: 13513: 13510: 13508: 13505: 13503: 13500: 13498: 13495: 13493: 13490: 13488: 13485: 13483: 13480: 13478: 13475: 13473: 13470: 13468: 13465: 13463: 13460: 13458: 13455: 13453: 13450: 13448: 13445: 13443: 13442: 13437: 13435: 13434: 13429: 13427: 13426: 13421: 13419: 13416: 13414: 13411: 13409: 13406: 13404: 13403: 13398: 13396: 13393: 13389: 13386: 13384: 13383: 13378: 13376: 13375: 13370: 13369: 13368: 13365: 13363: 13360: 13358: 13355: 13353: 13350: 13348: 13345: 13344: 13342: 13338: 13332: 13329: 13327: 13324: 13322: 13319: 13317: 13314: 13312: 13309: 13307: 13304: 13302: 13299: 13297: 13294: 13292: 13291: 13287: 13285: 13284: 13283:United States 13280: 13279: 13276: 13272: 13265: 13260: 13258: 13253: 13251: 13246: 13245: 13242: 13233: 13230: 13224: 13220: 13217: 13216: 13205: 13198: 13193: 13189: 13183: 13175: 13174: 13169: 13166: 13162: 13159: 13155: 13152: 13148: 13145: 13141: 13138: 13133: 13130: 13126: 13115: 13111: 13106: 13094: 13087: 13083: 13079: 13074: 13063: 13059: 13054: 13053: 13048: 13047: 13030: 13029: 13023: 13008: 13007: 13001: 12986: 12985: 12979: 12964: 12963: 12957: 12942: 12935: 12934: 12928: 12913: 12912: 12906: 12895:(Thesis). UFS 12891: 12890: 12884: 12869: 12868: 12862: 12847: 12846: 12840: 12828: 12827: 12821: 12806: 12805: 12799: 12788:(Thesis). USP 12784: 12783: 12777: 12770:September 30, 12765: 12764: 12758: 12743: 12742: 12736: 12721: 12720: 12714: 12699: 12698: 12692: 12677: 12676: 12670: 12655: 12654: 12648: 12633: 12632: 12626: 12614: 12613: 12607: 12595: 12594: 12588: 12573: 12566: 12565: 12559: 12544: 12543: 12537: 12522: 12521: 12515: 12503: 12502: 12496: 12481: 12480: 12474: 12459: 12458: 12452: 12437: 12436: 12430: 12429: 12424: 12423: 12409: 12402: 12397: 12385: 12380: 12376: 12372: 12368: 12363: 12351: 12347: 12343: 12338: 12327: 12323: 12319: 12315: 12311: 12306: 12294: 12290: 12285: 12273: 12268: 12264: 12260: 12255: 12244: 12240: 12236: 12232: 12225: 12220: 12209: 12205: 12201: 12197: 12193: 12188: 12176: 12171: 12167: 12163: 12159: 12154: 12149: 12144: 12140: 12136: 12132: 12127: 12116: 12112: 12108: 12104: 12100: 12095: 12083: 12079: 12074: 12062: 12058: 12053: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12024: 12012: 12005: 12000: 11988: 11984: 11977: 11972: 11961: 11957: 11953: 11948: 11936: 11932: 11928: 11923: 11912: 11908: 11904: 11900: 11896: 11891: 11879: 11875: 11871: 11866: 11855: 11851: 11846: 11835: 11831: 11827: 11823: 11819: 11814: 11803: 11799: 11796:. São Paulo. 11795: 11791: 11787: 11782: 11771: 11767: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11750: 11738: 11733: 11729: 11725: 11721: 11716: 11705: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11689: 11684: 11673: 11666: 11661: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11636: 11624: 11620: 11616: 11611: 11599: 11595: 11591: 11586: 11575: 11571: 11567: 11563: 11556: 11551: 11546: 11541: 11538:(47): 29–60. 11537: 11533: 11529: 11524: 11513: 11509: 11505: 11501: 11497: 11492: 11481: 11477: 11473: 11469: 11464: 11452: 11448: 11444: 11439: 11427: 11423: 11416: 11411: 11399: 11395: 11391: 11386: 11375: 11368: 11363: 11351: 11346: 11342: 11338: 11334: 11329: 11317: 11312: 11309:(80): 59–74. 11308: 11304: 11300: 11295: 11284: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11267: 11256: 11252: 11248: 11244: 11240: 11235: 11223: 11218: 11214: 11210: 11206: 11204: 11198: 11194: 11182: 11178: 11173: 11162: 11158: 11154: 11150: 11145: 11134: 11130: 11126: 11122: 11118: 11113: 11102: 11095: 11090: 11078: 11073: 11069: 11065: 11060: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11030: 11025: 11014: 11010: 11006: 11002: 10998: 10993: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10968: 10956: 10952: 10945: 10940: 10939: 10934: 10933: 10927: 10922: 10918: 10917: 10911: 10907: 10902: 10898: 10897: 10891: 10887: 10882: 10878: 10873: 10869: 10863: 10859: 10858: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10840: 10833: 10832: 10826: 10822: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10805: 10801: 10800: 10794: 10790: 10789: 10783: 10776: 10775: 10769: 10765: 10760: 10753: 10752: 10746: 10742: 10737: 10733: 10729: 10724: 10720: 10715: 10711: 10706: 10702: 10697: 10693: 10692: 10686: 10682: 10677: 10673: 10672: 10666: 10662: 10661: 10655: 10651: 10646: 10639: 10638: 10632: 10628: 10627: 10621: 10617: 10612: 10611: 10606: 10605: 10593: 10588: 10582:, p. 51. 10581: 10576: 10569: 10564: 10562: 10554: 10549: 10547: 10539: 10534: 10527: 10522: 10515: 10510: 10504:, p. 44. 10503: 10498: 10491: 10486: 10479: 10474: 10472: 10464: 10459: 10457: 10449: 10444: 10437: 10432: 10425: 10420: 10413: 10408: 10401: 10396: 10389: 10384: 10377: 10372: 10365: 10360: 10353: 10352:Schwarcz 2001 10348: 10341: 10336: 10329: 10324: 10317: 10312: 10305: 10300: 10293: 10288: 10281: 10280:Parucker 2006 10276: 10269: 10264: 10257: 10252: 10250: 10248: 10246: 10244: 10242: 10234: 10229: 10222: 10217: 10211:, p. 78. 10210: 10205: 10198: 10193: 10186: 10181: 10174: 10169: 10162: 10157: 10150: 10149:Cordeiro 2021 10145: 10138: 10137:D'Aguiar 1976 10133: 10126: 10121: 10114: 10109: 10102: 10097: 10090: 10085: 10078: 10073: 10071: 10063: 10058: 10051: 10046: 10039: 10034: 10027: 10022: 10015: 10010: 10003: 9998: 9991: 9986: 9984: 9976: 9971: 9964: 9963:Skidmore 1982 9959: 9952: 9947: 9940: 9939:BORGES, Mauro 9936: 9931: 9924: 9919: 9912: 9911:D'Aguiar 1976 9907: 9905: 9897: 9892: 9886:, p. 36. 9885: 9880: 9873: 9868: 9861: 9856: 9849: 9844: 9837: 9832: 9826:, p. 15. 9825: 9820: 9813: 9808: 9801: 9796: 9789: 9784: 9777: 9776:D'Aguiar 1976 9772: 9770: 9763:, p. 47. 9762: 9757: 9750: 9745: 9738: 9733: 9726: 9721: 9719: 9711: 9706: 9700:, p. 71. 9699: 9694: 9687: 9682: 9680: 9672: 9671:D'Aguiar 1976 9667: 9660: 9655: 9648: 9643: 9636: 9631: 9624: 9619: 9612: 9607: 9600: 9595: 9588: 9583: 9576: 9571: 9564: 9559: 9552: 9547: 9540: 9535: 9528: 9523: 9516: 9511: 9504: 9499: 9492: 9487: 9485: 9477: 9472: 9465: 9460: 9453: 9448: 9441: 9436: 9429: 9424: 9417: 9416:D'Aguiar 1976 9412: 9405: 9400: 9393: 9391: 9385: 9378: 9373: 9366: 9365:D'Aguiar 1976 9361: 9359: 9351: 9346: 9339: 9334: 9332: 9324: 9319: 9317: 9309: 9307: 9301: 9294: 9289: 9283:, p. 67. 9282: 9277: 9270: 9265: 9258: 9253: 9246: 9241: 9239: 9237: 9230:, p. 61. 9229: 9224: 9217: 9212: 9205: 9200: 9193: 9192:D'Aguiar 1976 9188: 9181: 9176: 9170:, p. 60. 9169: 9164: 9157: 9152: 9150: 9142: 9137: 9130: 9125: 9118: 9117:D'Aguiar 1976 9113: 9111: 9103: 9098: 9091: 9086: 9079: 9074: 9067: 9062: 9055: 9050: 9043: 9038: 9031: 9026: 9019: 9018:Skidmore 1982 9014: 9007: 9006:D'Aguiar 1976 9002: 8995: 8990: 8983: 8978: 8976: 8968: 8963: 8961: 8953: 8948: 8941: 8940:D'Aguiar 1976 8936: 8929: 8924: 8917: 8912: 8905: 8900: 8893: 8892:D'Aguiar 1976 8888: 8881: 8880:D'Aguiar 1976 8876: 8869: 8864: 8857: 8852: 8845: 8840: 8833: 8828: 8821: 8816: 8809: 8804: 8797: 8792: 8785: 8780: 8773: 8768: 8761: 8756: 8749: 8744: 8737: 8732: 8725: 8724:D'Aguiar 1976 8720: 8713: 8712:D'Aguiar 1976 8708: 8706: 8698: 8693: 8686: 8681: 8674: 8669: 8662: 8657: 8650: 8645: 8638: 8633: 8626: 8625:D'Aguiar 1976 8621: 8614: 8609: 8607: 8599: 8594: 8587: 8582: 8580: 8572: 8567: 8560: 8555: 8548: 8543: 8536: 8531: 8529: 8521: 8516: 8514: 8506: 8501: 8495:, p. 14. 8494: 8493:Carvalho 2014 8489: 8482: 8477: 8470: 8469:Parucker 2006 8465: 8458: 8453: 8447:, p. 25. 8446: 8441: 8434: 8429: 8422: 8417: 8410: 8405: 8398: 8393: 8386: 8381: 8374: 8373:Carvalho 2014 8369: 8362: 8357: 8355: 8353: 8351: 8343: 8338: 8332:, p. 70. 8331: 8326: 8319: 8314: 8307: 8302: 8300: 8292: 8287: 8280: 8275: 8268: 8263: 8256: 8251: 8244: 8243:D'Aguiar 1976 8239: 8233:, p. 17. 8232: 8227: 8220: 8215: 8208: 8203: 8201: 8199: 8191: 8186: 8184: 8176: 8175:D'Aguiar 1976 8171: 8164: 8159: 8153:, p. 18. 8152: 8147: 8140: 8135: 8128: 8123: 8116: 8111: 8104: 8102: 8096: 8089: 8085: 8081: 8076: 8069: 8064: 8058:, p. 61. 8057: 8052: 8045: 8040: 8033: 8028: 8021: 8016: 8014: 8006: 8001: 7994: 7989: 7982: 7977: 7970: 7965: 7958: 7953: 7946: 7941: 7934: 7929: 7922: 7917: 7910: 7905: 7898: 7893: 7886: 7881: 7874: 7869: 7867: 7859: 7854: 7852: 7844: 7839: 7832: 7827: 7820: 7815: 7808: 7803: 7796: 7791: 7784: 7779: 7777: 7769: 7764: 7757: 7756:Skidmore 1982 7752: 7745: 7740: 7733: 7728: 7721: 7716: 7709: 7704: 7702: 7695:, p. 90. 7694: 7689: 7687: 7679: 7674: 7672: 7670: 7662: 7657: 7650: 7649:D'Aguiar 1976 7645: 7639:, p. 21. 7638: 7633: 7626: 7621: 7614: 7613:Mendonça 2006 7609: 7602: 7597: 7590: 7585: 7578: 7573: 7571: 7563: 7558: 7552:, p. 12. 7551: 7546: 7540:, p. 38. 7539: 7534: 7527: 7526:Golpe de 1964 7523: 7518: 7516: 7508: 7503: 7496: 7491: 7485:, p. 53. 7484: 7479: 7473:, p. 33. 7472: 7467: 7460: 7455: 7448: 7443: 7436: 7431: 7425:, p. 91. 7424: 7419: 7417: 7409: 7404: 7397: 7392: 7390: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7365: 7359:, p. 98. 7358: 7353: 7351: 7343: 7338: 7331: 7326: 7319: 7314: 7308:, p. 14. 7307: 7302: 7295: 7290: 7288: 7281:, p. 86. 7280: 7275: 7268: 7267:Loureiro 2013 7263: 7257:, p. 12. 7256: 7251: 7244: 7239: 7232: 7227: 7220: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7203: 7198: 7191: 7190:Loureiro 2013 7186: 7179: 7174: 7172: 7164: 7159: 7157: 7155: 7153: 7151: 7149: 7142:, p. 11. 7141: 7140:Carvalho 2014 7136: 7129: 7124: 7122: 7120: 7112: 7108: 7103: 7096: 7091: 7084: 7079: 7072: 7067: 7060: 7055: 7048: 7047:Cordeiro 2021 7043: 7036: 7031: 7024: 7019: 7012: 7007: 7000: 6995: 6988: 6983: 6981: 6974:, p. 52. 6973: 6968: 6966: 6958: 6953: 6946: 6941: 6935:, p. 19. 6934: 6929: 6922: 6921:Bandeira 1978 6917: 6910: 6905: 6898: 6893: 6886: 6885:Skidmore 1982 6881: 6874: 6869: 6862: 6857: 6851:, p. 61. 6850: 6845: 6838: 6833: 6827:, p. 10. 6826: 6821: 6814: 6809: 6807: 6799: 6794: 6787: 6786:Mendonça 2006 6782: 6775: 6770: 6763: 6758: 6751: 6746: 6739: 6738:Cordeiro 2021 6734: 6727: 6722: 6715: 6710: 6703: 6698: 6691: 6686: 6679: 6674: 6672: 6670: 6662: 6661:Parucker 2006 6657: 6655: 6647: 6642: 6636:, p. 15. 6635: 6634:Cordeiro 2021 6630: 6623: 6618: 6611: 6610:Mendonça 2006 6606: 6599: 6594: 6587: 6586:Ferreira 2004 6582: 6580: 6572: 6571:D'Aguiar 1976 6567: 6565: 6557: 6552: 6545: 6540: 6533: 6532:Dezemone 2014 6528: 6522:, p. 21. 6521: 6516: 6509: 6504: 6497: 6492: 6486:, p. 63. 6485: 6480: 6473: 6468: 6461: 6456: 6449: 6444: 6437: 6432: 6425: 6420: 6418: 6416: 6414: 6407:, par. 23-24. 6406: 6401: 6395:, p. 13. 6394: 6389: 6383:, p. 69. 6382: 6377: 6370: 6365: 6358: 6353: 6347:, p. 75. 6346: 6341: 6334: 6329: 6322: 6317: 6310: 6309:Domingos 2010 6305: 6298: 6293: 6291: 6283: 6278: 6271: 6266: 6259: 6254: 6247: 6242: 6235: 6230: 6228: 6220: 6219:El Sayed 2013 6215: 6208: 6207:Mendonça 2006 6203: 6201: 6193: 6188: 6181: 6176: 6169: 6164: 6157: 6152: 6150: 6148: 6140: 6135: 6128: 6123: 6116: 6111: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6097: 6089: 6088:Parucker 2006 6084: 6077: 6076:Parucker 2006 6072: 6070: 6062: 6061:Parucker 2006 6057: 6051:, p. 69. 6050: 6045: 6039:, p. 97. 6038: 6037:Parucker 2006 6033: 6026: 6021: 6014: 6009: 6002: 6001:Oliveira 2016 5997: 5990: 5985: 5978: 5973: 5966: 5961: 5955:, p. 49. 5954: 5949: 5942: 5937: 5930: 5925: 5918: 5917:Skidmore 1982 5913: 5906: 5905:Mendonça 2006 5901: 5894: 5889: 5882: 5877: 5870: 5865: 5858: 5853: 5846: 5841: 5834: 5833:Mendonça 2006 5829: 5823:, p. 10. 5822: 5821:Carvalho 2014 5817: 5810: 5805: 5803: 5795: 5790: 5783: 5778: 5771: 5766: 5759: 5757: 5751: 5744: 5743:Oliveira 2008 5739: 5732: 5727: 5720: 5718: 5712: 5705: 5700: 5698: 5690: 5685: 5678: 5677:Loureiro 2012 5673: 5665: 5664: 5657: 5651:, p. 40. 5650: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5626: 5621: 5619: 5611: 5606: 5599: 5598:Bandeira 2014 5594: 5587: 5582: 5575: 5570: 5568: 5566: 5564: 5562: 5555:, p. 42. 5554: 5549: 5542: 5537: 5530: 5525: 5523: 5521: 5519: 5511: 5506: 5504: 5502: 5500: 5498: 5496: 5494: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5480: 5472: 5467: 5460: 5459:Parucker 2006 5455: 5453: 5445: 5444:Oliveira 2016 5440: 5433: 5432:Ferreira 2004 5428: 5426: 5419:, p. 29. 5418: 5417:Parucker 2006 5413: 5406: 5401: 5394: 5389: 5382: 5381:Dezemone 2014 5377: 5370: 5365: 5363: 5355: 5350: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5330:Oliveira 2016 5326: 5324: 5316: 5311: 5309: 5307: 5305: 5303: 5301: 5293: 5288: 5281: 5280:Loureiro 2012 5276: 5274: 5266: 5265:Oliveira 2018 5261: 5254: 5249: 5242: 5237: 5230: 5225: 5223: 5221: 5219: 5217: 5215: 5213: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5191: 5190:Carvalho 2007 5186: 5184: 5177:, p. 69. 5176: 5171: 5164: 5159: 5157: 5150:, p. 20. 5149: 5144: 5138:, p. 55. 5137: 5132: 5125: 5120: 5113: 5108: 5101: 5096: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5060: 5053: 5048: 5042:, p. 14. 5041: 5036: 5029: 5024: 5017: 5012: 5006:, p. 47. 5005: 5000: 4993: 4988: 4984: 4966:. p. 189-193. 4952: 4951: 4944: 4939: 4932: 4930: 4923: 4916: 4910: 4894: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4854: 4853: 4846: 4840: 4831: 4823: 4817: 4812: 4805: 4801: 4794: 4787: 4781: 4773: 4766: 4762: 4758: 4754: 4750: 4746: 4745:D'Aguiar 1976 4740: 4723: 4719: 4712: 4704: 4695: 4688: 4682: 4670: 4669: 4662: 4656: 4649: 4643: 4636: 4630: 4623: 4619: 4613: 4606: 4602: 4597: 4590: 4589:Oliveira 2018 4584: 4577: 4571: 4564: 4559: 4552: 4547: 4530: 4526: 4522: 4516: 4512: 4508: 4503: 4496: 4495:Ferreira 2004 4492: 4486: 4479: 4470: 4469: 4457: 4456: 4449: 4445: 4439: 4432: 4427: 4411: 4404: 4396: 4389: 4385: 4382:For example: 4379: 4372: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4350: 4346: 4336: 4333: 4331: 4328: 4327: 4323: 4317: 4312: 4309: 4298: 4295: 4294:Brazil portal 4284: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4267: 4263: 4258: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4241: 4236: 4235: 4228: 4226: 4222: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4190: 4186: 4176: 4167: 4165: 4164: 4159: 4158: 4153: 4152: 4147: 4146: 4140: 4138: 4134: 4127: 4125: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4090: 4068: 4064: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4048: 4040: 4035: 4031: 4021: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4005: 4003: 3998: 3996: 3992: 3987: 3983: 3979: 3975: 3971: 3967: 3966:Volta Redonda 3963: 3958: 3955: 3951: 3941: 3932: 3930: 3926: 3922: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3887: 3882: 3880: 3871: 3857: 3855: 3849: 3841: 3837: 3835: 3834:Pelotas River 3831: 3827: 3823: 3819: 3815: 3811: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3796: 3791: 3789: 3785: 3781: 3777: 3772: 3770: 3766: 3762: 3758: 3754: 3744: 3735: 3733: 3728: 3726: 3722: 3718: 3714: 3710: 3706: 3696: 3687: 3685: 3681: 3677: 3673: 3669: 3668:Darcy Ribeiro 3665: 3663: 3659: 3653: 3651: 3647: 3646:Montes Claros 3643: 3639: 3635: 3631: 3627: 3623: 3619: 3610: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3585: 3581: 3578: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3562: 3553: 3549: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3534: 3532: 3528: 3518: 3509: 3507: 3503: 3498: 3496: 3490: 3487: 3483: 3479: 3478: 3473: 3469: 3459: 3455: 3453: 3449: 3444: 3442: 3432: 3427: 3423: 3403: 3399: 3395: 3393: 3388: 3378: 3369: 3365: 3361: 3359: 3355: 3351: 3346: 3338: 3324: 3322: 3318: 3314: 3309: 3307: 3303: 3297: 3293: 3290: 3288: 3279: 3270: 3268: 3264: 3259: 3252: 3247: 3233: 3231: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3217:Holy Saturday 3213: 3204: 3201: 3196: 3192: 3190: 3186: 3180: 3172: 3158: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3144: 3139: 3135: 3130: 3127: 3122: 3112: 3103: 3101: 3097: 3093: 3092:Alfred Stepan 3088: 3086: 3081: 3076: 3071: 3061: 3059: 3053: 3049: 3047: 3043: 3039: 3035: 3031: 3021: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2996: 2991: 2986: 2982: 2978: 2976: 2971: 2962: 2957: 2953: 2943: 2939: 2935: 2932: 2927: 2921:Opinion polls 2918: 2916: 2912: 2908: 2904: 2903: 2898: 2894: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2874: 2870: 2869: 2864: 2863: 2858: 2857: 2852: 2851: 2845: 2843: 2839: 2835: 2829: 2825: 2818: 2813: 2799: 2797: 2792: 2787: 2785: 2784:Miguel Arraes 2781: 2777: 2771: 2769: 2765: 2761: 2757: 2753: 2743: 2739: 2736: 2731: 2725: 2714: 2709: 2707: 2702: 2700: 2695: 2694: 2692: 2691: 2688: 2678: 2677: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2655: 2648: 2647: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2598: 2597:Football Team 2594: 2591: 2589: 2586: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2538: 2537: 2529: 2526: 2524: 2521: 2519: 2516: 2514: 2511: 2509: 2506: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2496: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2424: 2421: 2419: 2416: 2414: 2411: 2409: 2406: 2404: 2401: 2399: 2396: 2395: 2391: 2386: 2385: 2378: 2375: 2373: 2370: 2368: 2365: 2363: 2360: 2358: 2355: 2353: 2350: 2348: 2345: 2343: 2340: 2338: 2335: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2327: 2324: 2321: 2319: 2316: 2315: 2312: 2307: 2306: 2299: 2296: 2294: 2291: 2289: 2286: 2284: 2281: 2279: 2276: 2274: 2271: 2269: 2266: 2264: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2252: 2251: 2244: 2243:Plano Trienal 2241: 2239: 2236: 2234: 2231: 2229: 2226: 2225: 2222: 2217: 2216: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2201: 2199: 2196: 2192: 2189: 2188: 2187: 2184: 2183: 2180: 2177: 2176: 2172: 2169: 2167: 2164: 2162: 2159: 2157: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2147: 2146: 2143: 2138: 2137: 2130: 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2105: 2102: 2100: 2097: 2095: 2092: 2090: 2087: 2085: 2082: 2080: 2077: 2075: 2072: 2070: 2067: 2066: 2063: 2060: 2058: 2055: 2053: 2050: 2049: 2044: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 2029: 2026: 2025: 2022: 2017: 2016: 2009: 2006: 2004: 2001: 1999: 1996: 1994: 1991: 1989: 1986: 1984: 1981: 1979: 1976: 1974: 1973:Uruguayan War 1971: 1969: 1966: 1964: 1961: 1959: 1956: 1954: 1951: 1949: 1946: 1944: 1941: 1940: 1937: 1934: 1933: 1929: 1926: 1924: 1921: 1919: 1916: 1914: 1911: 1909: 1906: 1904: 1901: 1899: 1896: 1895: 1892: 1889: 1888: 1884: 1881: 1879: 1876: 1874: 1871: 1869: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1859: 1856: 1855: 1852: 1849: 1848: 1845: 1840: 1839: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1822: 1819: 1817: 1814: 1813: 1810: 1805: 1804: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1789: 1787: 1784: 1782: 1779: 1778: 1775: 1770: 1769: 1762: 1759: 1753: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1743: 1740: 1738: 1735: 1733: 1730: 1728: 1725: 1723: 1720: 1718: 1715: 1713: 1710: 1708: 1705: 1703: 1700: 1698: 1695: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1681: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1671: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1657: 1654: 1651: 1650: 1644: 1641: 1640: 1639: 1636: 1634: 1631: 1627: 1622: 1619: 1618: 1615: 1612: 1611: 1605: 1602: 1601: 1600: 1597: 1596: 1593: 1590: 1588: 1585: 1584: 1581: 1576: 1575: 1568: 1565: 1563: 1560: 1558: 1555: 1553: 1550: 1549: 1546: 1545:Pre-Cabraline 1541: 1540: 1535: 1531: 1526: 1522: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1514: 1510: 1506: 1505: 1492: 1489: 1484: 1482: 1478: 1472: 1470: 1466: 1465: 1455: 1446: 1442: 1439: 1433: 1431: 1427: 1422: 1414: 1400: 1398: 1394: 1391: 1385: 1381: 1379: 1374: 1365: 1356: 1352: 1349: 1343: 1339: 1337: 1333: 1329: 1328:Octavio Ianni 1324: 1315: 1301: 1297: 1295: 1289: 1281: 1272: 1270: 1265: 1263: 1258: 1254: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1229: 1223: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1202: 1193: 1191: 1187: 1181: 1178: 1172: 1164: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1123: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1096: 1092: 1083: 1078: 1071:International 1068: 1066: 1062: 1058: 1053: 1051: 1048: 1043: 1038: 1032: 1028: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1010: 1005: 1000: 998: 988: 983: 976:Socioeconomic 973: 970: 966: 962: 957: 955: 951: 947: 943: 939: 934: 932: 928: 924: 920: 919:1960 election 915: 913: 909: 905: 900: 898: 893: 889: 884: 875: 861: 857: 855: 851: 846: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825: 820: 811: 802: 800: 794: 792: 787: 783: 779: 775: 771: 766: 763: 758: 754: 750: 749:Jânio Quadros 746: 741: 739: 735: 731: 727: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 683: 678: 676: 671: 669: 664: 663: 661: 660: 653: 650: 648: 645: 643: 640: 638: 635: 634: 628: 627: 620: 617: 615: 612: 610: 607: 605: 602: 600: 597: 595: 592: 590: 587: 585: 582: 580: 577: 575: 571: 568: 566: 563: 561: 558: 556: 553: 551: 548: 546: 543: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 507: 504: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 468: 462: 461: 458: 457:regime change 453: 452: 439: 436: 434: 431: 429: 426: 424: 421: 419: 416: 414: 411: 410: 407: 402: 392: 387: 385: 380: 378: 373: 372: 369: 359: 354: 348: 345: 343: 340: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 323: 322:Costa e Silva 320: 318: 315: 313: 310: 309: 307: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 283: 281: 280: 275: 272: 271:United States 261: 260: 253: 250: 248: 245: 243: 240: 238: 235: 233: 230: 228: 225: 223: 220: 219: 214: 207: 204: 194: 191: 190: 188: 186: 183: 182: 175: 172: 170: 167: 166: 161: 154: 151: 142: 139: 137: 132: 127: 126: 124: 123: 118: 108: 104: 101: 97: 94: 93: 91: 88: 87: 83: 79: 76: 75: 71: 68: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 42: 37: 34: 29: 24: 19: 17538: 17537:no sign for 17486:Haiti (2004) 17476:Haiti (2001) 17399:Haiti (1991) 17363:Haiti (1989) 17163:Haiti (1970) 17126: 17036:Haiti (1958) 16961:Haiti (1950) 16882:Haiti (1946) 16803:Chile (1939) 16798:Chile (1938) 16646:Chile (1925) 16641:Chile (1924) 16600:Haiti (1915) 16547:Haiti (1911) 16521:Haiti (1908) 16491:Haiti (1902) 16295: 16228: 16209: 16098:Coups d'état 16023:Brinkmanship 15915:intelligence 15804:Marius Oprea 15754:Harvey Klehr 15684:Herbert Feis 15674:Willem Drees 15639:Archie Brown 15556: 15544: 15526: 15516:Trybuna Ludu 15514: 15507: 15503:Radio Moscow 15495: 15488: 15481: 15309:Anti-Zionism 15225: 15148:Keynesianism 15136:Conservatism 15000:Transnistria 14980:China-Taiwan 14637:Gera Demands 14510: 14311: 14186: 14067: 13991:El Porteñazo 13885:Congo Crisis 13800: 13735:Algerian War 13718: 13594:Western Bloc 13589:Eastern Bloc 13584:Iron Curtain 13440: 13432: 13424: 13401: 13381: 13373: 13290:Soviet Union 13288: 13281: 13203: 13172: 13117:. 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São Paulo 11993:December 7, 11965:December 9, 11859:December 4, 11807:December 5, 11730:(1): 3–17. 11604:December 6, 11579:October 13, 11517:December 5, 11453:(6): 87–102 11379:October 12, 11356:December 7, 11260:December 7, 11228:December 5, 11201:"Fortuna e 11106:October 26, 11083:December 4, 10730:Brother Sam 10580:Chirio 2012 10538:Ayerbe 2002 10526:Tibola 2007 10502:Tibola 2007 10412:Silva 2014c 10400:Tibola 2007 10221:Inácio 2010 10209:Inácio 2010 10185:Silva 2014a 10173:Inácio 2010 10125:Silva 2014a 10113:Toledo 2014 10077:Silva 2014a 10002:Silva 2014a 9951:Toledo 2014 9848:Silva 2014c 9836:Silva 2014a 9812:Silva 2014c 9800:Silva 2014a 9737:Corrêa 1977 9635:Silva 2014a 9587:Silva 2014a 9551:Silva 2014a 9476:Silva 2014a 9440:Silva 2014c 9377:Silva 2014a 9323:Silva 2014a 9281:Inácio 2010 9257:Silva 2014a 9228:Inácio 2010 9216:Silva 2014a 9168:Inácio 2010 9156:Silva 2014a 9141:Silva 2014b 8994:Silva 2014c 8916:Muricy 1981 8904:Silva 2014c 8868:Silva 2014c 8844:Silva 2014a 8784:Silva 2014a 8760:Silva 2014c 8697:Muricy 1981 8673:Silva 2014c 8649:Silva 2014c 8598:Muricy 1981 8535:Silva 2014c 8457:Tibola 2007 8445:Chirio 2012 8342:Silva 2014a 8306:Silva 2014c 8291:Silva 2014c 8255:Silva 2014c 8231:Chirio 2012 8219:Tibola 2007 8207:Silva 2014c 8068:Muricy 1981 7993:Silva 2014c 7981:Silva 2014a 7783:Silva 2014c 7768:Silva 2014a 7732:Silva 2014c 7720:Silva 2014c 7678:Silva 2014a 7589:Chirio 2012 7577:Tibola 2007 7562:Tibola 2007 7550:Silva 2014c 7083:Dantas 2014 6999:Mendes 2005 6897:Toledo 2014 6837:Araújo 2020 6714:Chirio 2012 6520:Toledo 2004 6460:Duarte 2010 6345:Tibola 2007 6180:Toledo 2004 6156:Silva 2014a 5977:Demier 2012 5965:Silva 2014b 5845:Tibola 2007 5637:Zourek 2020 5354:Morais 2000 5175:Silva 2014b 5064:Chaves 2011 5040:Toledo 2004 5004:Chirio 2012 4992:Vitale 2013 4960:October 22, 4845:Silva 2014a 4800:Silva 2014a 4765:Muricy 1981 4663:, cited in 4576:Corrêa 1977 4535:December 5, 4448:Silva 2014c 4415:October 30, 4388:Chaves 2011 4250:entreguismo 4238: [ 4108:George Ball 3810:Santa Maria 3788:Passo Fundo 3618:Mato Grosso 3604:Center-West 3577:Barra Mansa 3480:(BC), from 3472:São Gonçalo 3221:Army Police 3138:Second Army 3134:Fourth Army 3034:Delfim Neto 3007:Brother Sam 2970:White House 2915:O Semanário 2902:Última Hora 2764:Bonapartism 2760:paternalism 2638:Transgender 2618:Nationality 2448:Mato Grosso 2318:Lost Decade 2179:Estado Novo 2124:World War I 2041: [ 1993:Grande Seca 1963:Platine War 1908:Malê Revolt 1816:Dia do Fico 1750: [ 1727:Guaraní War 1707:Mascate War 1643:Slave trade 1633:Sugar cycle 1624: [ 1614:Captaincies 1045: [ 906:(PTB), the 854:negationism 850:revisionism 805:Terminology 791:nationalist 736:of general 52:, near the 16466:self-coups 16359:Diretas Já 16163:Vargas Era 15617:Historians 15608:Space Race 15509:Rudé právo 15463:Propaganda 15319:Neo-Nazism 15289:Chauvinism 15243:Trotskyism 15158:Monetarism 15126:Liberalism 15118:Capitalism 15110:Ideologies 15061:Ostpolitik 14784:Solidarity 14749:Toyota War 14652:Solidarity 14509:Operation 14464:Ogaden War 14153:Dhofar War 14041:Shifta War 13799:Operation 13647:Korean War 13439:Operation 13431:Operation 13423:Operation 13400:Operation 13380:Operation 13372:Operation 13093:O Cruzeiro 12467:August 31, 12017:August 24, 11394:Interações 10388:Faria 2013 10376:Faria 2013 10340:Gomes 2015 10304:Alves 2008 10050:Faria 2013 10014:Faria 2013 9990:Morel 1965 9923:Nunes 2011 9896:Faria 2013 9884:Zardo 2010 9725:Zardo 2010 9710:Motta 2003 9686:Faria 2013 9659:Zardo 2010 9647:Abreu 2013 9623:Motta 2003 9563:Motta 2003 9539:Motta 2003 9527:Motta 2003 9515:Motta 2003 9503:Zardo 2010 9491:Abreu 2013 9464:Zardo 2010 9452:Dutra 2004 9404:Motta 2003 9350:Motta 2003 9338:Faria 2013 9293:Motta 2003 9269:Faria 2013 9204:Faria 2013 9180:Faria 2013 9129:Motta 2003 9090:Pinto 2015 9066:Faria 2013 9054:Faria 2013 9030:Faria 2013 8982:Faria 2013 8967:Ustra 2007 8952:Motta 2003 8856:Faria 2013 8820:Faria 2013 8808:Faria 2013 8772:Faria 2013 8736:Faria 2013 8685:Faria 2013 8661:Pinto 2015 8637:Faria 2013 8586:Pinto 2015 8571:Motta 2003 8559:Faria 2013 8547:Pinto 2015 8433:Faria 2013 8421:Faria 2013 8409:Faria 2013 8318:Faria 2013 8190:Faria 2013 8151:Motta 2014 8101:O Cruzeiro 7969:Faria 2013 7957:Faria 2013 7933:Faria 2013 7921:Pinto 2015 7909:Faria 2013 7897:Pinto 2015 7885:Pinto 2015 7873:Faria 2013 7858:Pinto 2015 7843:Pinto 2015 7807:Faria 2013 7744:Faria 2013 7637:Pinto 2015 7601:Faria 2013 7538:Pinto 2015 7507:Pinto 2015 7165:, cap. 21. 7128:Motta 2014 7059:Motta 2000 6933:Motta 2014 6909:Faria 2013 6873:Faria 2013 6815:, cap. 18. 6798:Motta 2000 6774:Faria 2013 6750:Faria 2013 6692:, cap. 19. 6646:Motta 2000 6556:Borba 2012 6544:Sales 2005 6508:Faria 2013 6496:Faria 2013 6472:Faria 2013 6448:Faria 2013 6436:Motta 2000 6405:Silva 2010 6393:Gomes 2011 6369:Motta 2000 6357:Motta 2000 6333:Motta 2000 6321:Pinto 2015 6234:Motta 2003 6168:Motta 2000 5991:, cap. 20. 5893:Motta 2000 5869:Faria 2013 5857:Faria 2013 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15384:Apartheid 15339:Autocracy 15248:Stalinism 15216:Guevarism 15206:Castroism 15196:Communism 15188:Socialism 14714:Star Wars 14307:Koza riot 13433:Beleaguer 13425:Masterdom 13067:August 6, 11989:: 208–217 11828:: 61–79. 10553:Fico 2008 10492:, cap. 5. 10480:, cap. 9. 10465:, cap. 6. 10450:, cap. 7. 10436:Ruiz 2018 10364:Fico 2017 10328:Fico 2008 10292:Fico 2008 10258:, cap. 1. 10089:Vale 2009 9824:Ruiz 2018 9761:Ruiz 2018 9698:Fico 2008 8613:Neto 2004 8520:Ruiz 2018 8481:Fico 2008 8330:Fico 2008 8267:Fico 2014 8141:, cap.21. 8056:Fico 2014 7795:Ruiz 2018 7663:, cap.20. 7625:Fico 2017 7495:Fico 2008 7483:Fico 2004 7447:Melo 2013 7381:Fico 2004 7357:Fico 2008 7342:Fico 2008 7330:Fico 2008 7318:Fico 2008 7279:Fico 2008 7243:Fico 2008 7202:Lara 2019 7071:Dias 2014 6972:Fico 2004 6957:Fico 2017 6861:Fico 2017 6297:Fico 2017 6248:, cap. 6. 6127:Fico 2004 5953:Fico 2004 5809:Fico 2004 5706:, cap. 8. 5689:Melo 2009 5610:Lara 2019 5586:Fico 2008 5553:Lara 2019 5541:Fico 2008 5136:Fico 2004 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1964 Brazilian coup d'état

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