Leonel Brizola - Knowledge

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was simply that both American enterprises, although profiting from previously existing infrastructures, nevertheless supplied limited quantities of utilities at the highest possible rates to final consumers and reinvested a tiny fraction of their profits, the remaining "excess" profits being "repatriated".Therefore, these foreign contractors were considered by Brizola as unreliable for playing a role as tools in a longterm blueprint for industrialization. Earlier, Brizola had offered ITT to participate in a new mixed, state-private ownership telephone company, which would be financed through the selling of new shares to the State of Rio Grande as well as to the general public - in this new company, ITT would remain with a 25% share. As Leacock writes, this proposal probably failed because ITT CEOs didn't want to participate in a joint venture they would not control. That Brizola's avowedly reasons corresponded to his actual goals is supported by a later American scholar, who considers that Brizola's administration, albeit "marred" by these "controversial" nationalizations, was nevertheless "vigorous and constructive". Other American scholar remembers that the same rightist military government that would later exile Brizola found it necessary to nationalize the

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Between 1961 and 1964, Brizola acted as the radical wing of the independent left, where he pressured the office for an agenda of radical social and political reforms and for a change in the electoral legislation that allowed for his presidential candidacy in 1965. He was seen as personally authoritarian and quarrelsome, and capable of dealing with his enemies using physical aggression; for example he hit rightwing journalist David Nasser at Rio de Janeiro airport. Brizola acted as an adventurer in the political game around the Goulart government, being feared and hated by the political moderate Left and Right. This role was especially visible when Brizola moved his constituency from Rio Grande do Sul to a national political center, winning a landslide victory (269,384 ballots or a quarter of the State's electorate) in the 1962 election to Congress as a representative for the State of

709: 901:, Brizola's "rhetoric of resentment" gained Goulart a few supporters, but also many powerful and strategically located foes - as was the case when Brizola, out of a public rostrum, called a commanding general, to his face, a "gorilla". Some say Brizola's reasons for this were egotistical; according to Rose, "Leonel Brizola was concerned only with Leonel Brizola". Other authors say Brizola advocated a reformist agenda centered on concrete issues (land reform, extension of the franchise, foreign capital controls), whose acceptance was regarded as unbearable and indigestible by the ruling classes and their international allies, and whose deployment was foreign to the contemporaneous political system. In a March 1964 1309:

highlights. Brizola refused, preferring to present himself as a candidate to the gubernatorial elections in the same year, winning a second term as Governor of Rio de Janeiro by a first-round majority of 60.88% of all valid ballots. Brizola's second term as Rio's governor was a political failure, marked by instances of disorganized management caused by Brizola's ultra-centralism and distaste for proper bureaucratic procedure and the support Brizola eventually offered to the Collor administration in exchange for funds for public works. Brizola was charged with collaborating with the embezzlement schemes that led to Collor's 1992 impeachment.

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prospect of supporting Goulart's agenda of reforms as "an attempt to force the US to finance an inimical regime". According to José Murilo de Carvalho, Brizola's aggressive stance towards the reforming process was more coherent than Goulart's, who supported a reformist agenda but eschewed the necessary use of force to foster it. Goulart's ambivalence towards his in-law did not win him any international support: U.S. Ambassador Lincoln Gordon regarded Goulart as an opportunist who was "mesmerized" by Brizola.

1095: 1248:), by means of a conflation between common criminality and leftism. It was alleged that gangs had originated through the association of convicted petty criminals and leftist political prisoners in the 1970s. Other scholars argue that this "politicization" of common crime had been the work of the military dictatorship, which, by incarcerating together common criminals and political prisoners, offered the former the opportunity to mimic the organization strategies of underground resistance groups. 628: 1362:

pre-eminent political figures. He came to be regarded as a veteran of leftist popularism and a secondary character in his last two years. Despite supporting Lula at some periods during his first term, at his last public appearances, Brizola criticized him for what he termed neoliberalist policies and for neglecting traditional left-wing and workers' struggles. Brizola's late comments on Lula took on a personal character. During May 2004, he was one of the sources for a

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Works, (interim) Federal Congressman for Rio Grande in 1955 and Mayor of Porto Alegre from 1956 to 1958. In 1958 he would resign from his mayoralty in order to present himself as a contender at the elections for State Governor. From a regional leadership, Brizola would then ascend, during the presidency of Goulart (1961–1964) to the role of an important national supporter of his brother-in-law; first as governor and later as a deputy in the

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land reform and nationalization of private banking systems, therefore qualifying for taking power through elections. From the viewpoint of mass electoral politics, it was during the 1989 presidential election Brizola's charismatic leadership exposed its shortcomings when he finished the first run third, losing the second position that would have qualified him for a runoff, by a narrow margin to

1226:, that "shanty towns are not part of the problem, but part of the solution" - a "bizarre" solution, but nevertheless one that "allowed shanty people to be near to their working places and live as a regular human community". Therefore, once property rights were acknowledged and basic infrastructure provided, it was up to the shanty town dwellers to find solutions to house-building problems. 1087: 1240:. Alleging old relations and modus operandi were founded on repression, conflict and disrespect, he ordered the state police to refrain from random raids in favelas and repressed the activities of vigilante death squads that included policemen on leave. The right opposed these policies, saying they made slums an open territory for organized crime represented by huge gangs like 1222:. The schools were intended to be open all day, providing food and recreational activities to students. Brizola also developed policies for providing public services and recognized housing property for dwellers in shanty towns. Brizola opposed policies for shantytowns based on forcible resettlement to housing projects, and instead proposed—in the words of his chief adviser 834:). Brizola's using of metaphors from the world of soccer was one of the instances of his apt rhetoric, that rendered him at the time a master of the broadcasts. So apt, actually, as to make the whole of contemporary political specter to fear his bid at preeminence: in the words of a contemporary journalist, "Brizola was willing to pay any price to retain the ball" ( 1003:- Juscelino Kubitscheck, João Goulart himself and Carlos Lacerda - had all died in succession and in somewhat mysterious circumstances, made Brizola feel increasingly threatened in Uruguay. Faced with impending withdrawal of his asylum, he sought the American Embassy In Uruguay, where he held talks with political counselor John Youle. Youle, over the opposition of 1288:). Wouldn't that be fascinating to force-feed Brazilian élites and having them to swallow the Bearded Toad, Lula?" Brizola's support was crucial in increasing votes for Lula in Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul, where Lula passed from a first round 12.2% in Rio de Janeiro and 6.7% in Rio Grande to a second round 72.9% in Rio and 68.7% in Rio Grande. 684:'s sister—and had Vargas as his best man. Through this marriage, Brizola became a wealthy landowner and a regional leader of the PTB. After Vargas's 1954 suicide during his second presidential term, Brizola inherited the undisputed regional leadership of his party while his brother-in-law ruled the PTB national caucus. Both perpetuated Vargas' 1585:. College Station, Texas A&M University Press, 1978, page 250. What created the crisis around Goulart was the fact that the Brazilian 1946 Constitution allowed for the (direct) election of a President and Vice-President from different tickets; therefore the leftist Goulart was Vice-President to the maverick rightist Quadros. 1121:, and the Catholic grassroots organizations of the rural poor spawned by the National Conference of Catholic Bishops (CNBB). Brizola was denied the right to use the historical name of the Brazilian Labour Party, previously conceded to a rival group centered around a military dictatorship-friendly figure, Congresswoman 1186:("Socialism of Color" or "mixed-race socialism"). Brizola centered his personal campaign on issues such as education and public security, offering a candidacy that had clear, oppositional overtones and proposed to upheld the Vargoist legacy. By developing a nucleus of combative militants around himself—the so-called 1276:. Lula used his stronghold in the most industrialized areas of the Southeast as a springboard and gathered new voters in the Northeast, where Brizola was practically a no-show candidate. Lula won the right to stand against Collor in the runoff elections, surpassing Brizola by a mere 0.6% of the electorate. 752:

Brizola gained international attention for his nationalist policies; as governor he developed his plan for quick industrialization of the state, a program for the constitution of state-owned industrial utilities, that led him to nationalize American public utilities trusts' assets in Rio Grande, such

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denouncing the intentions behind the Cabinet ministers' actions and encouraging common citizens to protest in the streets. Brizola surrendered the State Police Force to the regional army command and began organizing paramilitary Committees of Democratic Resistance, and considered handing out firearms

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On 29 December 2015, a congressional bill was approved by President Dilma Rousseff inscribing Brizola's name in the Book of Heroes of the Motherland, the official registry of all deceased Brazilians "who offered their lives to the Motherland, her defense and building, with exceptional commitment and

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telegram sent to the American ambassador in Brazil, U.S. support of the incoming military coup was equated with denying Goulart and Brizola a position of democratic legitimacy that allowed them to adopt their "extremist" plans. Some earlier American policymakers had expressed their repugnance at the

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tradition; in Brizola's case, the practice of a direct personal link between charismatic leader and the general public. In quick succession, Brizola filled various positions, being a member of the Rio Grande State Legislature for two terms (and as such leader for the PTB), State Secretary for Public

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Amid the economic crisis and rampant inflation of 1980s Brazil, many conservative observers took Brizola as chief radical bogey—a throwback to 1960s populism. Brizola, as the left in general at the time, sought an accommodation with ruling elites by avoiding taking a firm position on issues such as

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Brizola quickly restored his political prominence in Rio Grande do Sul and gained political pre-eminence in the State of Rio de Janeiro, where he sought a new basis of political support. Instead of associating himself with the organized working class—either by means of corporatist trade unionism or

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said it was as though "the task of putting down the fire fell to the chief arsonist". During late 1963 and early 1964, a division between Brizola and his brother-in-law opened; Brizola became convinced that Goulart intended to stage a coup backed by loyalist military commanders, to stop the ongoing

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and Commerce Minister Antônio Balbino formed an "anti-reformist tripod" of "traitors to the national interests". Dantas, who negotiated the 1963 U.S.-Brazil financial agreement, had been received in Washington "more like a head of state than a minister of finance", and expected to be greeted at his

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At the time as well as later, many scholars believed such nationalizations to express socialist policy. However, the reason offered by Brizola for the nationalization - in fact almost an expropriation, as the compensation given was of only one monetary unit, pending settlement by a Brazilian court-

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policies of privatization of public companies, saying in 1995, "if there is no civil reaction to privatization, there will be a military one". When Cardoso ran for re-election four years later, Brizola contented himself with a vice presidential candidacy on Lula's ticket, and both lost to Cardoso.

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Brizola then proceeded to keep and expanded his nationwide political visibility during his controversial first term as governor of Rio (1983–1987). He developed his early education policies on a grander scale with an ambitious programme of construction of large high-school buildings, the so-called

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In 1982, Brizola stood for governor of the State of Rio de Janeiro in the first free, direct, gubernatorial elections in that state since 1965. He ran a ticket of candidates for Congress that tried to compensate for his party's lack of cadres by offering a roster of people with no previous ties to

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that stated his intention of re-founding a Labor Party in Brazil—Brizola adhered to race politics by stating that Blacks and Native Brazilians suffered from more unjust and painful forms of exploitation than regular class exploitation and needed special measures that addressed their plights. Other

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In the late 1970s. the Brazilian military dictatorship was waning; in 1978, passports were quietly given to prominent political exiles but Brizola, alongside a core group of alleged radicals described as "public enemy number one", remained blacklisted and was refused the right of return. In 1979,

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Notwithstanding his alleged radicalism, Brizola was not an ideologue or doctrinaire. Generally, he stood for an extreme Left Nationalism; land reform, extension of the franchise for illiterates and NCOs; and for tight controls over foreign investment that caused the American ambassador to Brazil,

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scheduled earlier restored Goulart to the position of head of government and extinguished the cabinet. At the same time, in a move to vye with Goulart for political leadership, Brizola started a weekly Friday talkshow on the Rio radio broadcast Mayrink Veiga that was owned by Congressman from São

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Brizola's rescue from Uruguay is acknowledged as one of the successes of Carter's Human Rights rhetoric. It was typical of Brizola's political pragmatism and was shunned, again, by Glauber Rocha as "a demonstration of cultural colonization". After his rescue by Carter, Brizola would not directly

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Since the beginning of his exile, Brizola had been closely watched by Brazilian intelligence, who pressured the Uruguayan government on a regular basis. In the late 1970s, nevertheless, the emergence of a military dictatorship in Uruguay allowed the Brazilian government to work together with the

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guerrillas dispersed after a shoot-out with the army in Southern Brazil. This event raised suspicions about Brizola's mis-management of funds offered to him by Fidel Castro. Except for this episode, Brizola spent the first ten years of the Brazilian military dictatorship mostly alone in Uruguay,

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Through his domestic and foreign politics, Brizola became a major player in Brazilian politics, eventually developing presidential aspirations he could not legally fulfill at the time; Brazilian law did not allow close relatives of the acting President to stand for the following term of office.

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administration was trying to counter the "Communist infiltration" in Brazil by striking a deal with Goulart that included U.S. financial aid to the Brazilian federal government. In this context, Brizola's actions became a diplomatic embarrassment, which turned Brizola's State government into an

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Of the two major American contractors involved in Brizola's nationalization, Amforp was far more accommodating; it had been operating at a loss in Brazil and was confident of striking a deal with the Federal government -i.e. Goulart - in order to close its Brazilian operation. ITT had been also

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among the working classes, and Brizola, who was busy with creating party organizations across Rio Grande, at the time developed ties to the Vargas family through his personal friendship with Vargas's son Maneco as well as with Vargas's brother Espartaco, such friendships opening his way to make

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than to classical Latin American populism. This new radical populism was seen as a threat to more orderly, liberal-democratic politics. It suffered from a lacking mastery of less personal mass politics techniques and required Brizola's charismatic and personal leadership of Brizola to function

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and females in general— which made the intended party appear to be vying for mass appeal rather than a core trade unionist base. That was a break with the usual introspection of Brazilian party politics, although Brizola remained attached to the "quintessentially Brazilian" Vargoist tradition.

926:, including giving a fiery public speech at the Porto Alegre City Hall, exhorting army NCOs to "occupy barracks and arrest the generals", which earned him the lasting hatred of the dictatorship's military commanders. After an unsuccessful month in Rio Grande, Brizola fled in early May 1964 to 1361:

for president, while contesting a seat in the Senate. Gomes finished third, Lula was elected president, and Brizola lost his bid for the Senate, bringing an end to his regional force. Brizola supported Lula in the second round of the 2002 election, therefore qualifying for joining with other

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After the 1989 election there were still chances Brizola could achieve his dream of winning the Presidency if he could overcome his party's lack of national penetration. Some of his advisers proposed him a candidacy to the Senate in the ensuing 1990 elections, which could offer him national

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described as an attempt at fraudulent accounting of the ballots by the private contractor Proconsult—a computer engineering firm owned by former military intelligence operatives—contracted by the electoral court to offer speedy electoral statistics. During the early ballot-counting process,

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As a political loner during his early Uruguayan exile, Brizola eventually preferred insurrectionist politics to reformism, and appeared to be a belated revolutionary leader. In early 1965, a group of Brizola's sympathizers—mostly Army NCOs— tried and failed to articulate a theater of

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friends with Vargas himself, who was in internal exile after having been toppled from power in late 1945. As a member of the State Legislature, Brizola made a speech from the tribune in which he launched nationwide the candidacy of Vargas to the incoming 1950 presidential elections.

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In 1963, Brizola, as leader of the nationalist caucus in the House of Representatives, presented a bill for a comprehensive land reform project, which proposed paying indemnities to expropriated landowners by means of government bonds; cf. João Pedro Stédile, Douglas Estevam, eds.,

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stood for shady deals with the "dangerous", resentful, "overrebellious" underclasses; for his supporters, they stood for the paternalistic empowerment of the destitute—the lowest, least organized and poorest of the working classes. According to Sento Sé, "Politics, from a

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resigned from the presidency in August 1961, the Brazilian military ministers in the Cabinet tried to prevent Vice-President Goulart from becoming president on the grounds of his alleged ties with the Communist movement. After winning support from local army commander

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and served as Honorary President of that organization from October 2003 until his death in June 2004. Known for his sharp, energetic rhetoric and frank, direct style, Brizola is considered one of the most important historic figures of the Brazilian left.

845:: Brizola was a paragon of a "negative left" which, in its uncompromising, ideological defense of social reform, forsook any compromise with democratic institutions. Dantas' aversion to Brizola was reciprocated: Dantas and Goulart's War Minister General 1279:

Brizola was a staunch supporter of Lula's candidacy in the 1989 run-off elections, which he justified with a declaration before PDT cronies that became part of Brazilian political lore: "I will be candid: a politician from the old school, Senator

789:. Goulart gave in to American pressure on the issue, accepting to pay what the Left considered excessive compensations to both ITT & Amforp in exchange for financial aid, Brizola presented his in-law as a defector from the nationalist cause. 2172: 777:, the nationalization of its Brazilian operation - no matter how unprofitable - was seem by it as something that could set a precedent to the whole of Latin America.Therefore, the fact that ITT decided to enlist for support from Washington 720:). He supported policies directed towards improving the conditions of small-scale, autonomous farmers and landless rural workers, and the sponsorship of the creation of the corporation MASTER (Rio Grande Landless Rural Workers Movement). 987:

administration to curb human rights abuses. This intervention, for which Brizola held a lifelong gratitude to Carter. amounted to a sharp change in Brizola's politics, to the immediate disapproval of his leftist friends: the filmmaker

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by vying with Lula and the WP for the support of the new trade unionism—Brizola sought a basis of support among the unorganized urban poor by means of an ideological tie-in between traditional radical nationalism and a charismatic

1010:, granted Brizola a transit visa that allowed Brizola, who in mid-1977 was deported from Uruguay for alleged "violations of norms of political asylum", to travel to—and eventually be given immediate asylum in—the United States. 830:—paramilitary parties modeled on a soccer team. These were supposed to act as grassroots organizations that would "defend and diffuse" the chief points of a reformist agenda that would have to be achieved "by hook or by crook" ( 881:

to take the post himself. Brizola wanted to foster his radical agenda, saying, "if we want to make a revolution, we must have the key to the safe". Brizola's bid for the Ministry failed; the post was given to an unpolitical

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One of the few Brazilian major political figures able to overcome the dictatorship's twenty-years ban on his political activity, Brizola returned to Brazil in 1979, but failed in his bid to take control of the reemerging

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Ananda Simões Fernandes, "A ditadura brasileira e a vigilância sobre seu “inimigo interno” no Uruguai (1964-1967): os órgãos de repressão e de espionagem ". ANPUH-RS, IX Encontro Estadual em História, 2008. Available at

1255:, poor management, personalism, wild spending of public funds, and displaying a tendency at opportunistic, short term solutions. They prepared him for the political gravitas required for running for president in 1989. 896:

According to many authors, Brizola's uncompromising radicalism denied his brother-in-law's government the ability to "compromise and conciliate" and to adopt a feasible reformist agenda. According to American scholar

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and enter college. He graduated with a degree in engineering but never worked in that trade. Still as an undergraduate, he entered professional politics in his early twenties, entering the youth organization of the

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In his final years, Brizola's fractured relationship with Lula and the Workers' Party changed; he refused to support them in the first round of the 2002 presidential election, supporting instead the candidacy of

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was eventually elected in the runoff. Brizola carried the first-round elections regionally, winning huge majorities in Rio Grande do Sul and in Rio de Janeiro State, but only received 1.4% of the votes from

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Samir Perrone de Miranda, "Projeto de Desenvolvimento e Encampações no discurso do governo Leonel Brizola: Rio Grande do Sul, 1959-1963". UFRGS, Master dissertation in Political Science, 2006, available at

1182:, and a sizeable number of Afro-Brazilian activists. He was aware that this last foray into race politics contradicted his previous, more conventionally radical policies. Brizola nicknamed his ideology 4582: 1873:

Be it said, however, that Nasser was known at the time by his lack of scruples ("A reactionary to the marrow, who used his privileged condition ... to work for the worst causes" – João Aveline,

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oppose American policies towards Brazil, contenting himself with denouncing vague "international losses" incurred by Brazil through unfair terms of exchange imposed by multinational corporations.

4261: 672:(PTB)) in 1945. In 1946 an undergraduate, he was elected to the Rio Grande State Legislature. The Labor Party had been created in order to offer political support for former President/dictator 635:

Brizola's father José Brizola was a small-scale farmer who was killed when fighting as a volunteer in 1923 in a local civil war for the rebel leader Assis Brasil against Rio Grande's dictator,

2472:, pages 487/489. Still in the 1990s and 2000s, "to miss the military dictatorship and hate Brizola", stood as cliché for rightist diehard:Luiz Eduardo Soares, André Batista, Rodrigo Pimentel, 975:

Until the late 1970s, American intelligence had helped the efforts of the Latin American dictatorships to keep a check on Brizola: the 1960s Brazilian ambassador in Uruguay was later outed by

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Ananda Simões Fernandes, "AS AÇÕES DA POLÍCIA POLÍTICA DURANTE A DITADURA CONTRA OS EXILADOS BRASILEIROS NO URUGUAI: O CASO DO DEPARTAMENTO DE ORDEM POLÍTICA E SOCIAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL".

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As governor of Rio Grande do Sul (1959–63), Brizola rose to prominence for his social policies that included the quick building of public schools in poor neighborhoods across the state (

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Proconsult repeatedly supplied media with communiqués offering belated voting statistics from rural areas, where Brizola was at a disadvantage, which were immediately echoed by

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Paulo State Miguel Leuzzi, which he used to broadcast nationwide, and planned to constitute a network of political cells composed of small groups of armed men; the "elevensome"

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where he managed his wife's landed property and kept abreast of domestic news from various opposition movements in Brazil. He rejected attempts at being recruited into the

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leaders. He was hampered in this by the emergence of new grassroots movements, such as the new trade unionism centered around the São Paulo metalworkers and their leader

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leadership and sided with a Social-Democratic, reformist plan for post-dictatorship Brazil. During his time in the U.S., Brizola was contacted by Afro-Brazilian activist

4326: 1037:, Brizola profited from his American stay by organizing a network of contacts with Brazilian exiles and American academics interested in ending military rule in Brazil. 1004: 1340:. The 1994 presidential elections were a failure for Brizola, who scored fifth place. Cardoso was elected in the first round by an absolute majority. It was the end of 922:

and hoping a bid to rouse the local army units towards the restoration of the toppled régime could be made. Brizola engaged himself in schemes to confront the military

4049: 4391: 4356: 4386: 1417:, pages 233/234; others, however, contend that Brizola's father was simply a common thief murdered for running away with someone else's livestock: Cf. R. S. Rose, 4552: 4426: 3876: 3689: 729: 4411: 4431: 4211: 4296: 4562: 3318: 3255: 740: 4416: 4381: 4004: 4286: 4024: 4029: 4009: 1170:

effectively. In Brizola's absence—or that of his persona—the PDT could not become a contender to power, hampering its development on the national level.

4346: 4441: 4396: 4251: 4241: 4079: 4059: 4054: 4597: 4436: 4196: 4044: 4034: 3984: 1984:, 151, however, adds that the "elevensome" existed mostly in Brizola's imagination, that they represented "political theater more than anything else" 4366: 4602: 4592: 4451: 4276: 4246: 3949: 3929: 3148:, on the other side Brizola's movement achieved, in Rio de Janeiro, a kind of enchantment of bureaucracy, even in its routine working" – Sento Sé, 1296: 878: 4351: 1607:

cf. Betariz T. Daudt Fischer, "Arquivos Pessoais: Incógnitas e Possibilidades na Construção de uma Biografia", IN Elizeu Clementino de Souza, ed.

4341: 4331: 4316: 4266: 4172: 548:, Brizola again wanted the democratic forces to resist, but Goulart did not want to risk the possibility of civil war, and Brizola was exiled in 841:

Brizola's posturing and rhetoric seemed to justify the classification developed by Goulart's Foreign Minister and leader of the moderate left,

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According to recent declassified Brazilian diplomatic documents, on 20 September 1977, on the way to the U.S., Brizola and his wife went to

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Alessandro Batistella, "O trabalhismo Getulista-reformista do antigo PTB e o 'novo trabalhismo' do PDT: continuidades e descontinuidades".

3669: 1190:—Brizola led a campaign that melded violent confrontations and street brawls with a paradoxically festive mood, expressed by the motto 2268:

Determinants of Gross Human Rights Violations by State and State Sponsored Actors in Brazil, Uruguay, Chile and Argentina: 1960 – 1990

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cronies met was demolished by City Hall officers and was never rebuilt. During Cardoso's first term, Brizola remained a critic of his

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who had commanded the cavalry column in which José Brizola served. Brizola left his mother's house at the age of eleven; he worked in

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on live television— Brizola pre-empted the scheme of any chance of success, as official ballot numbers eventually gave him the lead.

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and Electric Bond & Share (local branch of American & Foreign Power Company (Amforp for short), itself owned by the holding

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and subsequently played a major role in thwarting a first coup attempt by sectors of the armed forces in 1961, who wished to stop

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Social Movements and Free-Market Capitalism in Latin America: Telecommunications Privatization and the Rise of Consumer Protest

1620: 1021:, a dangerous place for Latin American exiles. The Brizolas were followed by American CIA agents and stayed overnight in a CIA 983:

operative. Brizola may have survived his exile because US Latin American policy had meanwhile changed, with the efforts of the

959:. Brizola broke the few remaining ties with his brother-in-law and fellow exile, João Goulart, over the attempted recruitment. 893:

process of political radicalization, and that the only way to pre-empt Goulart's move was a grassroots revolutionary movement.

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Gabriel da Fonseca Onofre, "San Tiago Dantas e a Frente Progressista (1963–1964)". XIV Encontro Regional da ANPUH-Rio, 2010,

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said Brizola tried to "starve" Rio de Janeiro by retaining rice consignments from Rio Grande do Sul during his governorship.

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CEO. This helped radicalize contemporaneous Brazilian political life; the country's most politically conservative newspaper

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operating at a loss; nevertheless, as it had already been taken by surprise by the expropriation of its property in Cuba by

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to civilians. After twelve days of impending civil war, the attempted coup failed and Goulart was inaugurated as president.

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and markedly Brazilian left-wing political agenda for a post-Cold War setting. In 1982 and 1990 he was elected governor of

862:; a mood mirrored by most of contemporary American media. Many contemporary American intellectuals also disliked Brizola; 4181: 4165: 3739: 3712: 1110: 665: 517: 394: 74: 3684: 2651: 1656: 1267:

had the cadres, the professional activism and the penetration of the organized social movements that Brizola's lacked.

4522: 3479: 3432: 3411: 3386: 3204: 3132: 3068: 3003: 2969: 2948: 2580: 2522: 2501: 2469: 2401: 2380: 2359: 2305: 2275: 2224: 2135: 2002: 1943: 1896: 1817: 1757: 1616: 1569: 708: 3826: 3580: 3007: 1126: 1102: 565: 557: 380: 4140: 877:, Brizola involved himself in a bid for power by toppling Goulart's economically conservative Minister of Finance 541: 4577: 3839: 3472:

Esquerda e direita no eleitorado brasileiro: a identificação ideológica nas disputas presidenciais de 1989 e 1994

2560:

Torture in Brazil: A Shocking Report on the Pervasive Use of Torture by Brazilian Military Governments, 1964–1979

758: 639:. Brizola was named Itagiba, but early in life he adopted the alias Leonel, which he took from the rebel warlord 545: 1632: 1145:-friendly populism, in what one scholar called "the aesthetics of the ugly". For his opponents, Brizola and his 4612: 4607: 4158: 1034: 930:, where Goulart was already in exile after offering little support to Brizola's attempts at armed resistance. 723:

Brizola gained nationwide attention by acting in defense of democracy and Goulart's rights as president. When

4557: 2597: 529: 3035:

No Brasil, o PDT utiliza a figura na sua identidade visual desde 1979, quando foi criado por Leonel Brizola.

1377:. He planned to run for the presidency in 2006 and, although ailing, had just received his former associate 508:

in the 1930–1950s, Brizola was the only politician to serve as elected governor of two Brazilian states. An

3491: 3328:

cf. Wolfgang S. Heinz & Hugo Frühling, 202, footnote; Paul Chevigny, Bell Gale Chevigny, Russell Karp,

276: 169: 4306: 3954: 3934: 1260: 1118: 607: 4226: 3654: 918:

overthrew Goulart. Brizola was the only political leader to support for the president, sheltering him in

817:

Goulart had been sworn as President in 1961 by means of a compromise, in which he was head of State in a

690: 1771:

The Empire Trap: The Rise and Fall of U.S. Intervention to Protect American Property Overseas, 1893-2013

1344:

as a national political force; some weeks before the election, a kiosk in downtown Rio de Janeiro where

1201:

To have his victory in the 1982 elections acknowledged, Brizola had to publicly denounce what the paper

673: 2758:. Retrieved 7 January 2016; "Probe finds ex-president of Brazil was assassinated by US-backed regime". 1884:) who " had learned to read in the Southern wind at the university of horse thieves": Cf. Luís Maklouf, 1844: 1264: 611: 1056:, which would influence his post-dictatorship career. In a political manifesto launched in Lisbon—the 942:, which was only underground military training that was suppressed without incident. Another group of 850:

homecoming "with appreciation if not fanfare"; a hope Brizola quickly dashed with "venomous attacks".

4617: 2877:. Post-Doctorate report, Fundação Getúlio Vargas/EBAPE, Rio de Janeiro, 2008, page 200, available at 1959:, 251. Leuzzi was a Congressman for the PTN (National Labor Party), a smaller sister party to the PTB 1333: 537: 1268: 4124: 610:. In the 1990s, Brizola disputed for preeminence in the Brazilian left with future president Lula 1130: 1045: 615: 614:, later briefly integrating his government in the early 2000s. He was also vice-president of the 17: 3854: 3743: 3716: 3231:

Living in the Crossfire: Favela Residents, Drug Dealers, and Police Violence in Rio de Janeiro

3144:"If, on one side, bureaucratic logic imposes ... a routinization of charisma, as posed by 2862:

We Cannot Remain Silent: Opposition to the Brazilian Military Dictatorship in the United States

2339: 1834: 786: 747: 733: 599: 387: 369: 4501: 4496: 2928: 4150: 3795: 1374: 1033:, who helped gain Brizola permission to stay in the U.S. for six months. From a suite at the 230: 2763: 1880:) and had been heaping vitriol on Brizola, by calling him, among other things, a "halfwit" ( 1165:

and adopted a Christian rhetoric of friendship to the people in general—akin to the Russian

4547: 4542: 2751:

Fabiano Farias de Souza, "Operação Condor: Terrorismo de Estado no Cone Sul das Américas".

2334:. B.A. Monograph, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, originally published as a paper in 2171:

issue of 19 July 1963, he was called "Latin America's noisiest leftist South of Cuba". Cf.

1066: 1049: 956: 818: 701: 569: 4491: 1562:

The Politics of the Possible: The Brazilian Rural Workers' Trade Union Movement, 1964–1985

8: 3830: 3685:

Leonel Brizola 1922 - 2004 – Socialist International honours the memory of Leonel Brizola

1062: 595: 502: 4114: 3446:

Le Brésil de Lula: Les défis d'un socialisme démocratique à la périphérie du capitalisme

3317:

Cf. Aduato Lúcio Cardoso, "O Programa Favela-Bairro—Uma Avaliação", paper, available at

1518: 1125:—the grand-niece of Getúlio Vargas. Instead, Brizola founded an entirely new party, the 999:

Between late 1976 and early 1977, the fact that all three most prominent members of the

739:

from a pool of radio stations in Rio Grande do Sul, which issued a nationwide call from

3969: 3959: 1113:

as a radical, nationalist, left-wing, mass movement and as a confederacy of historical

972:, the cooperation between Latin American dictatorships for hounding leftist opponents. 636: 501:(22 January 1922 – 21 June 2004) was a Brazilian politician. Launched into politics by 3330:

Police abuse in Brazil: summary executions and torture in Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro

1463: 1273: 1179: 4486: 4481: 4231: 4201: 3889: 3846: 3772: 3605: 3584: 3507: 3475: 3428: 3407: 3382: 3346: 3234: 3200: 3179: 3128: 3064: 2999: 2965: 2944: 2907: 2819: 2735: 2701: 2680: 2617: 2576: 2538: 2530: 2518: 2497: 2477: 2465: 2456:

Cf. the account offered by the former War Minister of the dictatorship, the general

2440: 2397: 2376: 2355: 2301: 2271: 2220: 2187: 2131: 2096: 2075: 2067: 2052: 2019: 1998: 1939: 1892: 1813: 1774: 1753: 1732: 1672: 1648: 1612: 1565: 1479: 1448: 1410: 1382: 1378: 1329: 1237: 1142: 1053: 962: 935: 805: 794: 521: 345: 280: 173: 4511: 4089: 3974: 2756: 2016:

The Country of Football: Politics, Popular Culture, and the Beautiful Game in Brazil

1370:

correspondent about having advised Lula "to get hold of this thing and control it".

1229:

Brizola also adopted a radical new policy for police action in the poor suburbs and

915: 581: 505: 4476: 3097:

turned themselves towards shantytown dwellers and outcasts of all hues" -Sento Sé,

1281: 1241: 1211: 1029:

on 22 September. Shortly after arriving in New York, Brizola met with U.S. Senator

969: 902: 842: 769:

Brazilian telecommunications system in other to develop necessary infrastructures.

656: 463: 4401: 724: 627: 4099: 3391:

Brasilien 1983: Ambivalenzen seiner politischen und wirtschaftlichen Orientierung

3250:"Há 30 anos, 'JB' revelou escândalo do Proconsult e derrubou fraude na eleição". 2878: 1969: 883: 863: 859: 781: 780:

The Brizola nationalizations became headline news in the American press when the

754: 585: 442: 33: 4256: 4236: 4094: 1175: 1094: 810: 681: 659:

minister, he received a scholarship that allowed him to complete high school in

533: 436: 4461: 4084: 3979: 3753: 3705: 3366:. Philadelphia : Temple University Press, 1994, pages 29/31, available at 2542: 2266:

field report, Nov. 1963, reproduced IN Wolfgang S. Heinz & Hugo Frühling,

1317: 1234: 1219: 1154:

viewpoint, is above all to assume a radical option for the poor and the meek".

1098: 1030: 1007: 952: 869:

In late 1963, after the failure of a conservative plan of economic adjustment (

855: 712:

Brizola during his inauguration ceremony as governor of Rio Grande do Sul, 1959

486: 365: 162: 107: 3602:

Die Geschichte der brasilianischen Arbeiterpartei 'Partido dos Trabalhadores'

2941:

The International Dimensions of Democratization : Europe and the Americas

4536: 4506: 4129: 4119: 2785:

Latin America, its problems and its promise: a multidisciplinary introduction

1223: 1134: 1026: 989: 898: 874: 140: 748:

Nationalizations of industrial utilities in Rio Grande and Cold War politics

4471: 4104: 3799: 3364:

Popular organization and democracy in Rio de Janeiro: a tale of two favelas

2601: 2596:, 29/31; Rollemberg also speaks of possible support offered Brizola by the 2457: 1363: 1301: 1122: 1041: 1018: 984: 919: 846: 800: 774: 660: 561: 525: 448: 3425:

US Hegemony Under Siege: Class, Politics, and Development in Latin America

2204:

Pedro e os Lobos:os anos de chumbo na trajetória de um guerrilheiro urbano

1669:

Race and Multiraciality in Brazil and the United States: Converging Paths?

1194:—a pun between "Brizola at the head of the ticket" and "High on Brizola", 4109: 4074: 2373:

Foreign Aid as Foreign Policy: The Alliance for Progress in Latin America

1810:

Foreign Aid as Foreign Policy: The Alliance for Progress in Latin America

1158: 993: 976: 858:, to dislike Brizola and compare his propaganda techniques with those of 644: 573: 3176:

Public Memory of Slavery: Victims and Perpetrators in the South Atlantic

1523:

Gaúcho politics in Brazil: the politics of Rio Grande do Sul, 1930–1964

1358: 1349: 1337: 1325: 1252: 1022: 822: 652: 513: 471: 3163:

The Brazilian Voter: Mass Politics in Democratic Transition, 1974–1986

1218:

CIEPs ("Integrated Centers for Public Education") whose architect was

939: 3145: 1312: 923: 648: 341: 2128:

A questão agrária no Brasil: Programas de reforma agrária, 1946–2003

1910:

Rio nacional Rio local: mitos e visões da crise carioca e fluminense

1324:

Bereft of national support and forsaken by close associates such as

62: 2515:

O apoio de Cuba à luta armada no Brasil: o treinamento guerrilheiro

1525:. Albuquerque : University of New Mexico Press, 1974, page 162 1207: 1166: 1162: 1114: 685: 577: 509: 4583:

Members of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil) from Rio Grande do Sul

2698:

Predatory states: Operation Condor and covert war in Latin America

1419:

The Unpast: Elite Violence And Social Control In Brazil, 1954–2000

963:

U.S. rescue from Uruguay, exile in the U.S. and Europe (1977–1979)

3884: 3282:(Rede Globo festschrift). Rio: Jorge zahar Editor, 2004, page 111 3019:"Didier Motchane: do punho e a rosa para a eternidade socialista" 927: 888: 549: 37: 622: 1645:

Requiem for revolution: the United States and Brazil, 1961–1969

1230: 1109:

Brizola returned to Brazil with the intention of restoring the

349: 4180: 1137:, the emblem of the SI and of a number of its member parties. 3575:

Larry Diamond, Marc F. Plattner, Philip J. Costopoulos, eds.,

3504:

The Transformation of the Workers' Party in Brazil, 1989–2009

3404:

Macroeconomic Crises, Policies, and Growth in Brazil, 1964–90

1980:. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1982, pages 340/341. Leacock, 1129:(Partido Democrático Trabalhista, PDT). The party joined the 3690:

Leonel Brizola and Jimmy Carter visiting a slum in Rio, 1984

3197:

Race in Contemporary Brazil: From Indifference to Inequality

1174:

professional politics, such as the Native Brazilian leader

1005:

Assistant Secretary of State for Western Hemisphere Affairs

1647:. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1990, page 85. 1291: 1198:

being a contemporary slang for a small parcel of cocaine.

1086: 2558:

Catholic Church. Archdiocese of São Paulo (Brazil), ed.,

2263: 1830: 980: 4588:

Members of the Legislative Assembly of Rio Grande do Sul

3621:"Brazilian Leader's Tippling Becomes National Concern". 3093:"As much as the narodnicks turned towards the peasants, 2039:. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 1965, page 64. 1284:

once said that politics is the art of swallowing toads (

801:

Radical leadership and friction with Goulart (1963–1964)

3393:. Baden-Baden, Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1983, page 17 2721:. Westport, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1987, page 248. 2352:

Brazil's second chance: en route toward the first world

655:

and at other occasional jobs. Aided by the family of a

2298:

The Military in Politics: Changing Patterns in Brazil

1875:

Macaco preso para interrogatório: retrato de uma época

1133:

in 1986, and since then the party symbol has been the

2719:

Liberalization and redemocratization in Latin America

2072:

Unrest in Brazil: Political-Military Crises 1955-1964

1731:. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2012, 3341:

Lauren Joseph, Matthew Mahler, Javier Auyero, eds.,

2964:. Rio de Janeiro: Espaço e Tempo/Editora FGV, 1999, 2527:

Guerrilla Warfare: A Historical & Critical Study

2093:

Lincoln Gordon: Architect of Cold War Foreign Policy

1583:

Castello Branco: the making of a Brazilian president

1551:

Rio de Janeiro, 1989: Editora Terceiro Mundo, page16

3492:

Brazilian Finance Ministry electronic news clipping

3306:

O povo brasileiro: A formação e o sentido do Brasil

1074:after a general amnesty, his exile came to an end. 1061:identity groups were sought for special attention; 536:from assuming the presidency, under allegations of 3127:. Wilmington, DE, Rowman & Littlefield, 1998, 2014:Paulo Fontes, Bernardo Buarque de Hollanda, eds., 1877:, Porto Alegre, AGE, 1999, page 131, available at 809:Brizola (right) with his brother-in-law President 560:as the military government instead conceded it to 3165:. University of Pittsburgh Press, 1995, page 122 1040:Later, Brizola moved to Portugal, where, through 4534: 1833:released document,13th. July 1962, available at 1407:El caudillo Leonel Brizola: um perfil biográfico 992:said Brizola had made friends with "Carter, the 4553:Brazilian Labour Party (historical) politicians 3233:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 2011, 1564:. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994, 968:Uruguayan military to seize Brizola as part of 909: 44: and the second or paternal family name is 2998:. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, 2717:cf. George A. López & Michael Stolz, eds. 1938:. The University of Pennsylvania Press, 1977, 1609:Tempos, Narrativas E Ficções: a Invenção de Si 1366:story on Lula's alleged alcoholism; he told a 1077: 4166: 3870: 3199:. Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999, 2730:cf. Darcy Ribeiro, Isa Grinspum Ferraz (ed.), 623:Early life and rise to prominence (1922–1964) 606:, in which he narrowly finished third, after 4563:Democratic Labour Party (Brazil) politicians 2927:, no 12 vol. 5 – Jan/Jul 2013. Available at 2614:Manifestos Políticos do Brasil contemporâneo 2338:, n.14, p. 111–130, 2006, available at 1598:. Rio de Janeiro: Paz e Terra, 1993, page 43 3125:Urban Elections in Democratic Latin America 2562:. University of Texas Press, 1986, page 100 2492:Robert Jackson Alexander, Eldon M. Parker, 2439:. Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 2010, 2219:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012, 2074:. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2014, 1851:. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1978, page 579 4173: 4159: 3877: 3863: 2996:Brazil: politics in a patrimonial society 2529:, New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 2009, 2437:Historical Dictionary of the 'Dirty Wars' 1421:. Ohio University Press, 2005, pages 54/55 938:in the Eastern Brazilian mountains around 590:legacy, promoted as an ideology he called 243:1 January 1956 – 29 December 1958 61: 3343:New Perspectives in Political Ethnography 3332:, Americas Watch Committee, 1987, page 17 1729:Populism in Latin America: Second Edition 477:Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul 293:1 February 1955 – 1 January 1956 4598:Brazilian emigrants to the United States 3280:Jornal Nacional – A Notícia Faz História 1311: 1295: 1093: 1085: 804: 707: 695: 626: 311:10 March 1947 – 31 January 1955 4603:Candidates for Vice President of Brazil 4593:Political refugees in the United States 3579:, The Johns Hopkins University Press / 3381:. Pittsburgh: U. Of Penn. Press, 2010, 3295:. Porto Alegre: L&PM, 1989, page 55 2864:. Duke University Press, 2010, page 344 2814:Clóvis Brigagão & Trajano Ribeiro, 2796:George A. Lopez& Michael Stohl, 248 2594:O apoio de Cuba à luta armada no Brasil 2217:Brazil and the Quiet Intervention, 1964 1671:. Pennsylvania University Press: 2006, 1292:Political decline and death (1989–2004) 680:In 1950, Brizola married Neusa Goulart— 520:and served as state representative for 422: 1953; died 1993) 14: 4535: 2537:, page 329, calls Brizola, along with 2494:A history of organized labor in Brazil 2130:. São Paulo: Expressão Popular, 2005, 2095:. University Press of Kentucky, 2015, 1912:. Rio de Janeiro: SENAC, 2005, page 97 1849:Robert Kennedy and His Times, Volume 1 1447:. Rio de Janeiro: José Olympio, 2015, 1373:Brizola died on 21 June 2004, after a 873:) devised by the Ministry of Planning 204:29 March 1959 – 25 March 1963 130:15 March 1983 – 15 March 1987 4154: 3858: 3123:Henry Avery Dietz, Gil Shidlo, eds., 2354:, Brookings Institution Press, 2001, 2186:. New York: Knopf Doubleday, 1963, e- 594:("tanned socialism"), a non-Marxist, 87:15 March 1991 – 1 April 1994 3506:. Cambridge University Press, 2010, 3254:, online edition, 27 November 2012, 3178:. Amhrest, NY, Cambria Press, 2010, 2906:. Amherst, NY: 2010, Cambria Press, 1773:. Princeton University Press, 2013, 1478:. São Paulo: Cia. das Letras, 2014, 540:ties. Three years later, facing the 4568:Governors of Rio de Janeiro (state) 4262:Francisco Xavier da Silva Guimarães 3945:Vitoriano Ribeiro Carneiro Monteiro 3423:James F. Petras, Morris H. Morley, 2838:, 22 August 2010: "Um gaúcho em NY" 2805:Darcy Ribeiro & Isa Ferraz, 115 2616:. Rio de Janeiro: E-papers, 20085, 2435:David R. Kohut & Olga Vilella, 2394:Forças armadas e política no Brasil 2300:. Princeton University Press, 2015, 1936:United States Penetration of Brazil 1619:, page 277, footnote. Available at 512:by training, Brizola organized the 186:14 May 1963 – 9 April 1964 24: 3059:Alba Zaluar, Marcos Alvito, eds., 2700:, Rowman & Littlefield, 2005, 2573:O fantasma da revolução brasileira 2476:, New York: Weinstein Books, 2008 1995:O fantasma da Revolução Brasileira 25: 4629: 4362:Francisco de Paula Lupério Santos 3678: 3406:. World Bank Publications, 1995, 3379:Shifting States in Global Markets 2943:. Oxford University Press, 2001, 2762:, 13 December 2013, available at 2464:, Rio: Jorge Zahar Editor, 2006, 1955:Leite Filho & Neiva Moreira, 1594:Cf. Angelina Cheibub Figueiredo, 1157:Brizola shunned the class-based, 462:3 (José Vicente, João Otávio and 299:State Deputy of Rio Grande do Sul 4521: 4372:Edmundo de Macedo Soares e Silva 4139: 3995:Manuel de Cerqueira Daltro Filho 3659: 3644: 3631: 3615: 3594: 3581:National Endowment for Democracy 3569: 3556: 3543: 3530: 3517: 3496: 3485: 3464: 3451: 3448:. Paris: Khartala, 2003, page 81 3438: 3417: 3396: 3371: 3356: 3335: 3322: 3311: 3298: 3285: 3273: 3260: 3244: 3223: 3210: 3189: 3168: 3155: 3138: 3025:(in Portuguese). 30 October 2017 2875:As Reformas de Base na Era Jango 2818:. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2015, 2787:. Westview Press, 1995, page 480 2600:and the Guyanese Prime Minister 1611:. Porto Alegre, EDIPUCRS, 2006, 1101:, then a founding member of the 1025:and boarded a nonstop flight to 821:. On 6 January 1963, however, a 700:Brizola (left) greets President 27:Brazilian politician (1922–2004) 3668:29 December 2015. Available at 3291:Francisco Machado Carrion Jr., 3117: 3104: 3087: 3074: 3053: 3040: 3023:Partido Democrático Trabalhista 3011: 2988: 2975: 2954: 2933: 2917: 2896: 2883: 2867: 2854: 2841: 2829: 2808: 2799: 2790: 2777: 2768: 2755:, v.3, n.8, 2011, available at 2745: 2724: 2711: 2690: 2669: 2656: 2640: 2627: 2612:Lincoln de Abreu Penna (org.), 2606: 2586: 2565: 2552: 2525:, page 29; and Walter Laqueur, 2517:, Rio de Janeiro: MAUAD, 2001, 2507: 2496:. Westport, CN: Praeger, 2003, 2486: 2450: 2429: 2416: 2407: 2386: 2365: 2344: 2324: 2311: 2290: 2281: 2256: 2243: 2230: 2209: 2196: 2176: 2161: 2141: 2119: 2106: 2085: 2061: 2042: 2029: 2008: 1987: 1962: 1949: 1928: 1915: 1902: 1886:Cobras criadas: David Nasser e 1867: 1854: 1838: 1823: 1802: 1793: 1784: 1763: 1742: 1721: 1708: 1695: 1682: 1661: 1637: 1624: 1601: 1588: 1575: 1554: 1541: 759:Electric Bond and Share Company 546:Brazilian military dictatorship 419: 4573:Governors of Rio Grande do Sul 3910:Júlio Anacleto Falcão da Frota 2206:. Ana Editorial, 2010, page 82 1528: 1511: 1502: 1489: 1468: 1457: 1437: 1424: 1409:. São Paulo: Aquariana, 2008, 1399: 670:Partido Trabalhista Brasileiro 13: 1: 4020:Pompílio Cylon Fernandes Rosa 3920:Carlos Machado de Bittencourt 3257:. Retrieved 27 September 2013 3229:Maria Alves, Philip Evanson, 3195:Rebecca Lynn Reichmann, ed., 3063:. Rio de Janeiro: FGV, 1988, 2037:O golpe começou em Washington 1812:. New York, Routledge, 2007, 1392: 1052:, and became acquainted with 631:Brizola during the late 1930s 192:Governor of Rio Grande do Sul 4322:Newton de Andrade Cavalcanti 4292:Manuel de Matos Duarte Silva 4065:José Augusto Amaral de Souza 3990:José Antônio Flores da Cunha 3671:. Retrieved 30 December 2015 3389:, page 152; Manfred Wöhlke, 3345:. New York: Springer, 2007, 3293:Brizola: Momentos de Decisão 2880:. Retrieved 24 November 2013 2648:Revista Estudos Legislativos 1978:Politics in Brazil 1930–1964 1976:, Portuguese translation of 1974:Brazil: de Getúlio a Castelo 1891:, São Paulo: Editora SENAC, 1251:Brizola's policies included 910:Exile and return (1964–1979) 544:that went on to install the 7: 4447:Floriano Peixoto Faria Lima 4182:Governors of Rio de Janeiro 2375:. London: Routledge, 2012, 2332:A Miséria da Historiografia 2270:. The Hague: Kluwer, 1999, 2238:Brasil de Getúlio a Castelo 2156:Brasil de Getúlio a Castelo 2114:Brasil de Gatulio a Castelo 1445:João Goulart: Uma biografia 691:National Congress of Brazil 604:1989 bid for the presidency 10: 4634: 4015:Samuel Figueiredo da Silva 3915:Francisco da Silva Tavares 3639:El Caudillo Leonel Brizola 3577:Debates on Democratization 3474:. São Paulo: EDUSP, 2002, 3268:El Caudillo Leonel Brizola 2765:. Accessed 5 January 2015. 2734:, São Paulo, Hedra, 2008, 2666:. Retrieved 8 January 2008 2653:. Retrieved 8 January 2016 2598:People's Republic of China 2424:El caudillo Leonel Brizola 1997:. São Paulo: UNESP, 1993, 1957:El Caudillo Leonel Brizola 1703:El Caudillo Leonel Brizola 1536:El Caudillo Leonel Brizola 1497:El Caudillo Leonel Brizola 1432:El Caudillo Leonel Brizola 651:as a newspaper deliverer, 542:1964 Brazilian coup d'état 524:and mayor of its capital, 75:Governor of Rio de Janeiro 31: 4519: 4312:Pantaleão da Silva Pessoa 4307:João de Deus Mena Barreto 4222:Joaquim Maurício de Abreu 4217:José Tomás da Porciúncula 4191: 4137: 3955:Júlio Prates de Castilhos 3935:Júlio Prates de Castilhos 3899: 3843: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3806: 3793: 3787: 3779: 3766: 3760: 3750: 3737: 3731: 3723: 3710: 3702: 3697: 2696:Cf. J. Patrice McSherry, 2392:José Murilo de Carvalho, 1727:Michael L. Conniff, ed., 1547:Cf. Arthur José Poerner, 1334:Fernando Henrique Cardoso 1261:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 1119:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 608:Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva 528:. In 1958 he was elected 492: 482: 470: 458: 429: 403: 376: 355: 324: 319: 315: 304: 297: 286: 275: 265: 255: 247: 236: 228: 218: 208: 197: 190: 179: 168: 156: 146: 134: 123: 113: 101: 91: 80: 73: 69: 60: 53: 4407:José de Carvalho Janotti 4377:Ernâni do Amaral Peixoto 4337:Ernâni do Amaral Peixoto 4050:Walter Peracchi Barcelos 4000:Joaquim Maurício Cardoso 3965:Carlos Barbosa Gonçalves 3815:Party political offices 3653:obituary, 23 June 2004, 3006:, page 50, available at 2939:Laurence Whitehead, ed. 2930:. Retrieved 24 June 2015 2904:Public Memory of Slavery 2760:World Socialist Web Site 2677:Latin America's Cold War 1634:. Retrieved 26 June 2014 1269:Fernando Collor de Mello 580:platform descended from 36:, the first or maternal 4422:Cordolino José Ambrósio 4392:Osmar Serpa de Carvalho 4302:Plínio de Castro Casado 4282:Aurelino de Araújo Leal 3827:Democratic Labour Party 3656:. Retrieved 1 June 2013 3628:. Retrieved 1 June 2013 3427:. London: Verso, 1990, 2960:João Trajano Sento-Sé. 2891:We Cannot Remain Silent 2873:Oswaldo Munteal Filho, 2679:. Harvard U.P., 2010, 2650:,3, 2009. Available at 2575:São Paulo:UNESP, 1993, 2341:. Retrieved 26 May 2013 2287:Jan Knippers Black, 26. 2018:. London: Hurst, 2014, 1790:Leacock, 86;Maurer, 329 1596:Democracia ou Reformas? 1581:Cf. John W. F. Dulles, 1316:Brizola with architect 1161:character of his early 1131:Socialist International 1127:Democratic Labour Party 1103:Democratic Labour Party 1063:Northeastern Brazilians 1046:Socialist International 785:intended target of the 616:Socialist International 566:Democratic Labour Party 499:Leonel de Moura Brizola 329:Leonel de Moura Brizola 4578:Mayors of Porto Alegre 4427:Paulo Francisco Torres 4207:José Marques Guimarães 3809:Tristão Sucupira Viana 3308:. Global Editora, 2015 2413:Jan Knippers Black, 42 1982:Requiem for Revolution 1716:Requiem for revolution 1690:Requiem for Revolution 1321: 1305: 1111:Brazilian Labour Party 1106: 1091: 814: 787:Hickenlooper Amendment 713: 705: 632: 564:. Brizola founded the 558:Brazilian Labour Party 518:Brazilian Labour Party 271:Tristão Sucupira Viana 251:Tristão Sucupira Viana 4613:Left-wing nationalism 4608:People from Carazinho 4125:Ranolfo Vieira Júnior 3925:Cândido José da Costa 3161:Kurt von Mettenheim, 2549:(misfits) by choice". 1560:Biorn Maybury-Lewis, 1315: 1299: 1097: 1089: 1067:marginalized children 808: 732:, Brizola forged the 730:General Machado Lopes 711: 699: 666:Brazilian Labor Party 630: 231:Mayor of Porto Alegre 4558:Brazilian Methodists 4387:Togo Póvoa de Barros 4327:Protógenes Guimarães 4212:Baltasar da Silveira 2783:Jan Knippers Black, 2474:Elite Squad: A Novel 2249:João Roberto Laque, 2202:João Roberto Laque, 1934:Jan Knippers Black, 1752:. SUNY Press, 2012, 1667:G. Reginald Daniel, 1050:Abdias do Nascimento 1044:, he approached the 957:Juscelino Kubitschek 819:parliamentary system 737:(legality broadcast) 735:cadeia da legalidade 702:Juscelino Kubitschek 570:democratic socialist 4502:Luiz Fernando Pezão 4497:Sérgio Cabral Filho 3831:President of Brazil 3821:New political party 3459:The Brazilian Voter 3377:Alfred P. Montero, 2513:Denise Rollemberg, 2215:Phyllis R. Parker, 503:Brazilian president 4417:Badger da Silveira 4412:Luís Miguel Pinaud 4382:Miguel Couto Filho 4005:Cordeiro de Farias 3970:Borges de Medeiros 3960:Borges de Medeiros 3698:Political offices 3444:Jacky Picard, ed. 3174:Ana Lucia Araujo, 3061:1 século de favela 2902:Ana Lucia Araujo, 2296:Alfred C. Stepan, 2184:Brazil on the move 2150:, 23rd. May 1963, 2091:Bruce L.R. Smith, 1845:Arthur Schlesinger 1405:F.C. Leite Filho, 1336:'s anti-inflation 1322: 1306: 1300:Brizola statue in 1107: 1092: 836:ser o dono da bola 832:na lei ou na marra 815: 714: 706: 637:Borges de Medeiros 633: 4530: 4529: 4492:Rosângela Matheus 4487:Benedita da Silva 4482:Anthony Garotinho 4297:Demócrito Barbosa 4232:Quintino Bocaiuva 4202:Francisco Portela 4186: 4148: 4147: 4030:Ernesto Dornelles 4010:Ernesto Dornelles 3940:Correia da Câmara 3905:Correia da Câmara 3894: 3890:Rio Grande do Sul 3853: 3852: 3847:Cristovam Buarque 3844:Succeeded by 3807:Succeeded by 3780:Succeeded by 3773:Rio Grande do Sul 3751:Succeeded by 3724:Succeeded by 3610:978-3-640-61812-5 3591:, page 49, note 6 3589:978-0-8018-9776-4 3512:978-0-521-51455-2 3351:978-0-387-72594-9 3239:978-1-4399-0003-1 3184:978-1-60497-714-1 2912:978-1-60497-714-1 2836:Folha de S. Paulo 2824:978-85-7753-333-6 2740:978-85-7715-025-0 2706:978-0-7425-3687-6 2685:978-0-674-05528-5 2622:978-85-7650-183-1 2571:Marcelo Ridenti, 2539:Carlos Marighella 2535:978-0-7658-0406-8 2482:978-1-60286-090-2 2445:978-0-8108-5839-8 2192:978-0-307-80054-1 2101:978-0-8131-5655-2 2080:978-0-292-77170-3 2068:John W. F. Dulles 2057:978-85-609790-8-0 2024:978-1-84904-417-2 1993:Marcelo Ridenti, 1779:978-0-691-15582-1 1737:978-0-8173-5709-2 1677:978-0-271-02883-5 1653:978-0-87338-402-5 1484:978-85-359-2470-1 1476:Getúlio 1945-1954 1453:978-85-200-1254-3 1415:978-85-7217-112-0 1383:Rosinha Garotinho 1379:Anthony Garotinho 1330:Anthony Garotinho 1238:metropolitan area 1192:Brizola na cabeça 1184:Socialismo Moreno 1058:Charter of Lisbon 1054:identity politics 936:guerrilla warfare 914:In April 1964, a 602:, after a failed 592:socialismo moreno 522:Rio Grande do Sul 496: 495: 346:Rio Grande do Sul 281:Rio Grande do Sul 16:(Redirected from 4625: 4618:Brazilian exiles 4525: 4477:Marcello Alencar 4442:Raimundo Padilha 4397:Roberto Silveira 4252:Oliveira Botelho 4242:Oliveira Botelho 4184: 4175: 4168: 4161: 4152: 4151: 4143: 4115:José Ivo Sartori 4080:Sinval Guazzelli 4060:Sinval Guazzelli 4055:Euclides Triches 3892: 3879: 3872: 3865: 3856: 3855: 3788:Preceded by 3761:Preceded by 3732:Preceded by 3703:Preceded by 3695: 3694: 3672: 3663: 3657: 3648: 3642: 3635: 3629: 3619: 3613: 3598: 3592: 3573: 3567: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3541: 3534: 3528: 3521: 3515: 3500: 3494: 3489: 3483: 3468: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3436: 3421: 3415: 3402:Donald V. Coes, 3400: 3394: 3375: 3369: 3362:Cf. Robert Gay, 3360: 3354: 3339: 3333: 3326: 3320: 3315: 3309: 3302: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3277: 3271: 3264: 3258: 3252:Jornal do Brasil 3248: 3242: 3227: 3221: 3214: 3208: 3193: 3187: 3172: 3166: 3159: 3153: 3142: 3136: 3121: 3115: 3108: 3102: 3091: 3085: 3078: 3072: 3057: 3051: 3044: 3038: 3037: 3032: 3030: 3015: 3009: 2992: 2986: 2979: 2973: 2958: 2952: 2937: 2931: 2921: 2915: 2900: 2894: 2889:James N. Green, 2887: 2881: 2871: 2865: 2860:James N. Green, 2858: 2852: 2849:Predatory states 2845: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2812: 2806: 2803: 2797: 2794: 2788: 2781: 2775: 2772: 2766: 2749: 2743: 2728: 2722: 2715: 2709: 2694: 2688: 2673: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2644: 2638: 2631: 2625: 2610: 2604: 2590: 2584: 2569: 2563: 2556: 2550: 2511: 2505: 2490: 2484: 2454: 2448: 2433: 2427: 2420: 2414: 2411: 2405: 2390: 2384: 2371:Jeffrey Taffet, 2369: 2363: 2350:Lincoln Gordon, 2348: 2342: 2328: 2322: 2315: 2309: 2294: 2288: 2285: 2279: 2260: 2254: 2251:Pedro e os Lobos 2247: 2241: 2234: 2228: 2213: 2207: 2200: 2194: 2180: 2174: 2165: 2159: 2145: 2139: 2123: 2117: 2110: 2104: 2089: 2083: 2065: 2059: 2046: 2040: 2033: 2027: 2012: 2006: 1991: 1985: 1966: 1960: 1953: 1947: 1932: 1926: 1919: 1913: 1906: 1900: 1871: 1865: 1858: 1852: 1842: 1836: 1827: 1821: 1808:Jeffrey Taffet, 1806: 1800: 1797: 1791: 1788: 1782: 1767: 1761: 1746: 1740: 1725: 1719: 1712: 1706: 1699: 1693: 1686: 1680: 1665: 1659: 1641: 1635: 1628: 1622: 1605: 1599: 1592: 1586: 1579: 1573: 1558: 1552: 1545: 1539: 1532: 1526: 1519:Carlos E. Cortés 1515: 1509: 1506: 1500: 1493: 1487: 1472: 1466: 1461: 1455: 1443:Jorge Ferreira, 1441: 1435: 1428: 1422: 1403: 1385:the day before. 1282:Pinheiro Machado 1242:Comando Vermelho 1212:Armando Nogueira 1203:Jornal do Brasil 970:Operation Condor 903:State Department 843:San Tiago Dantas 741:Palácio Piratini 439:(brother-in-law) 423: 421: 399: 392: 385: 362: 338: 336: 320:Personal details 309: 291: 268: 258: 241: 221: 211: 202: 184: 159: 149: 137: 128: 116: 104: 94: 85: 65: 51: 50: 21: 4633: 4632: 4628: 4627: 4626: 4624: 4623: 4622: 4533: 4532: 4531: 4526: 4517: 4516: 4437:Geremias Fontes 4432:Teotônio Araújo 4287:Feliciano Sodré 4197:Fonseca e Silva 4187: 4179: 4149: 4144: 4135: 4134: 4100:Germano Rigotto 4045:Ildo Meneghetti 4035:Ildo Meneghetti 4025:Walter Só Jobim 3985:Sinval Saldanha 3895: 3883: 3849: 3834: 3810: 3803: 3791: 3783: 3782:Ildo Meneghetti 3776: 3764: 3763:Ildo Meneghetti 3756: 3747: 3735: 3727: 3720: 3708: 3681: 3676: 3675: 3664: 3660: 3649: 3645: 3636: 3632: 3620: 3616: 3604:. GRIN Verlag, 3600:Svenja Schell, 3599: 3595: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3557: 3548: 3544: 3535: 3531: 3522: 3518: 3501: 3497: 3490: 3486: 3469: 3465: 3456: 3452: 3443: 3439: 3422: 3418: 3401: 3397: 3376: 3372: 3361: 3357: 3340: 3336: 3327: 3323: 3316: 3312: 3304:Darcy Ribeiro, 3303: 3299: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3265: 3261: 3249: 3245: 3228: 3224: 3215: 3211: 3194: 3190: 3173: 3169: 3160: 3156: 3143: 3139: 3122: 3118: 3109: 3105: 3092: 3088: 3079: 3075: 3058: 3054: 3045: 3041: 3028: 3026: 3017: 3016: 3012: 2994:Riordan Roett, 2993: 2989: 2980: 2976: 2959: 2955: 2938: 2934: 2922: 2918: 2901: 2897: 2888: 2884: 2872: 2868: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2842: 2834: 2830: 2813: 2809: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2791: 2782: 2778: 2773: 2769: 2750: 2746: 2729: 2725: 2716: 2712: 2695: 2691: 2674: 2670: 2661: 2657: 2645: 2641: 2632: 2628: 2611: 2607: 2591: 2587: 2570: 2566: 2557: 2553: 2512: 2508: 2491: 2487: 2455: 2451: 2434: 2430: 2421: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2391: 2387: 2370: 2366: 2349: 2345: 2329: 2325: 2316: 2312: 2295: 2291: 2286: 2282: 2261: 2257: 2248: 2244: 2235: 2231: 2214: 2210: 2201: 2197: 2181: 2177: 2166: 2162: 2146: 2142: 2124: 2120: 2111: 2107: 2103:, pages 252/253 2090: 2086: 2066: 2062: 2047: 2043: 2034: 2030: 2013: 2009: 1992: 1988: 1970:Thomas Skidmore 1967: 1963: 1954: 1950: 1933: 1929: 1920: 1916: 1907: 1903: 1872: 1868: 1862:The Empire Trap 1859: 1855: 1843: 1839: 1828: 1824: 1807: 1803: 1798: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1768: 1764: 1747: 1743: 1726: 1722: 1713: 1709: 1700: 1696: 1687: 1683: 1666: 1662: 1655:. Available at 1642: 1638: 1629: 1625: 1606: 1602: 1593: 1589: 1580: 1576: 1559: 1555: 1549:Brizola quem é? 1546: 1542: 1533: 1529: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1503: 1494: 1490: 1473: 1469: 1462: 1458: 1442: 1438: 1429: 1425: 1404: 1400: 1395: 1294: 1274:São Paulo state 1180:Agnaldo Timóteo 1105:, with Brizola. 1090:Brizola in 1984 1084: 1035:Roosevelt Hotel 965: 912: 884:Banco do Brasil 864:John dos Passos 860:Joseph Goebbels 813:in early 1960s. 803: 782:John F. Kennedy 750: 704:in October 1958 625: 454: 445:(granddaughter) 443:Juliana Brizola 425: 417: 413: 410: 397: 393: 390: 386: 383: 377:Political party 364: 360: 340: 339:22 January 1922 334: 332: 331: 330: 310: 305: 292: 287: 266: 256: 242: 237: 224:Ildo Meneghetti 219: 214:Ildo Meneghetti 209: 203: 198: 185: 180: 157: 147: 135: 129: 124: 114: 102: 92: 86: 81: 56: 49: 34:Portuguese name 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 4631: 4621: 4620: 4615: 4610: 4605: 4600: 4595: 4590: 4585: 4580: 4575: 4570: 4565: 4560: 4555: 4550: 4545: 4528: 4527: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4514: 4512:Cláudio Castro 4509: 4504: 4499: 4494: 4489: 4484: 4479: 4474: 4469: 4467:Leonel Brizola 4464: 4462:Moreira Franco 4459: 4457:Leonel Brizola 4454: 4452:Chagas Freitas 4449: 4444: 4439: 4434: 4429: 4424: 4419: 4414: 4409: 4404: 4399: 4394: 4389: 4384: 4379: 4374: 4369: 4364: 4359: 4354: 4349: 4347:Abel Magalhães 4344: 4339: 4334: 4329: 4324: 4319: 4314: 4309: 4304: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4284: 4279: 4277:Raul Fernandes 4274: 4269: 4264: 4259: 4254: 4249: 4247:Alfredo Backer 4244: 4239: 4234: 4229: 4227:Alberto Torres 4224: 4219: 4214: 4209: 4204: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4185:(1889–present) 4178: 4177: 4170: 4163: 4155: 4146: 4145: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4102: 4097: 4092: 4090:Antônio Britto 4087: 4085:Alceu Collares 4082: 4077: 4072: 4067: 4062: 4057: 4052: 4047: 4042: 4040:Leonel Brizola 4037: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4007: 4002: 3997: 3992: 3987: 3982: 3980:Oswaldo Aranha 3977: 3975:Getúlio Vargas 3972: 3967: 3962: 3957: 3952: 3950:Fernando Abbot 3947: 3942: 3937: 3932: 3930:Fernando Abbot 3927: 3922: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3901: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3893:(1889–present) 3882: 3881: 3874: 3867: 3859: 3851: 3850: 3845: 3842: 3823: 3817: 3816: 3812: 3811: 3808: 3805: 3792: 3789: 3785: 3784: 3781: 3778: 3765: 3762: 3758: 3757: 3754:Moreira Franco 3752: 3749: 3744:Rio de Janeiro 3736: 3734:Chagas Freitas 3733: 3729: 3728: 3725: 3722: 3717:Rio de Janeiro 3709: 3706:Moreira Franco 3704: 3700: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3687: 3680: 3679:External links 3677: 3674: 3673: 3658: 3643: 3630: 3625:, 9 May 2004, 3623:New York Times 3614: 3593: 3568: 3555: 3542: 3529: 3516: 3502:Wendy Hunter, 3495: 3484: 3470:André Singer, 3463: 3450: 3437: 3416: 3395: 3370: 3355: 3334: 3321: 3310: 3297: 3284: 3272: 3259: 3243: 3222: 3209: 3188: 3167: 3154: 3137: 3116: 3103: 3086: 3073: 3052: 3039: 3010: 2987: 2974: 2953: 2932: 2916: 2895: 2882: 2866: 2853: 2840: 2828: 2807: 2798: 2789: 2776: 2767: 2744: 2723: 2710: 2689: 2668: 2655: 2639: 2626: 2605: 2585: 2564: 2551: 2543:Carlos Lamarca 2506: 2485: 2462:Ideais Traídos 2449: 2428: 2415: 2406: 2396:. Rio: Zahar, 2385: 2364: 2343: 2323: 2310: 2289: 2280: 2255: 2242: 2229: 2208: 2195: 2175: 2160: 2148:New York Times 2140: 2118: 2105: 2084: 2060: 2041: 2028: 2007: 1986: 1961: 1948: 1927: 1914: 1908:Mauro Osório, 1901: 1866: 1853: 1837: 1822: 1801: 1792: 1783: 1762: 1748:Sybil Rhodes, 1741: 1720: 1707: 1694: 1681: 1660: 1643:Ruth Leacock, 1636: 1623: 1600: 1587: 1574: 1553: 1540: 1527: 1510: 1508:Lira Neto, 151 1501: 1488: 1467: 1456: 1436: 1423: 1397: 1396: 1394: 1391: 1368:New York Times 1318:Oscar Niemeyer 1293: 1290: 1265:Workers' Party 1235:Rio de Janeiro 1220:Oscar Niemeyer 1099:Dilma Rousseff 1083: 1076: 1031:Edward Kennedy 1008:Terence Todman 996:of politics". 964: 961: 953:Carlos Lacerda 911: 908: 879:Carvalho Pinto 856:Lincoln Gordon 828:Grupos de Onze 802: 799: 749: 746: 674:Getúlio Vargas 624: 621: 612:Workers' Party 600:Rio de Janeiro 582:Getúlio Vargas 506:Getúlio Vargas 494: 493: 490: 489: 487:Civil engineer 484: 480: 479: 474: 468: 467: 460: 456: 455: 453: 452: 446: 440: 433: 431: 427: 426: 415: 411: 408: 407: 405: 401: 400: 378: 374: 373: 370:Rio de Janeiro 366:Rio de Janeiro 363:(aged 82) 357: 353: 352: 328: 326: 322: 321: 317: 316: 313: 312: 302: 301: 295: 294: 284: 283: 277:Federal Deputy 273: 272: 269: 263: 262: 259: 253: 252: 249: 245: 244: 234: 233: 226: 225: 222: 216: 215: 212: 206: 205: 195: 194: 188: 187: 177: 176: 170:Federal Deputy 166: 165: 163:Moreira Franco 160: 154: 153: 152:Chagas Freiras 150: 144: 143: 138: 132: 131: 121: 120: 117: 111: 110: 108:Moreira Franco 105: 99: 98: 95: 89: 88: 78: 77: 71: 70: 67: 66: 58: 57: 55:Leonel Brizola 54: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 4630: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4566: 4564: 4561: 4559: 4556: 4554: 4551: 4549: 4546: 4544: 4541: 4540: 4538: 4524: 4513: 4510: 4508: 4507:Wilson Witzel 4505: 4503: 4500: 4498: 4495: 4493: 4490: 4488: 4485: 4483: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4473: 4470: 4468: 4465: 4463: 4460: 4458: 4455: 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1430:Leite Filho, 1427: 1420: 1416: 1412: 1408: 1402: 1398: 1390: 1386: 1384: 1381:and his wife 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1360: 1354: 1351: 1347: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1314: 1310: 1303: 1298: 1289: 1287: 1283: 1277: 1275: 1270: 1266: 1262: 1256: 1254: 1249: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1225: 1224:Darcy Ribeiro 1221: 1215: 1213: 1209: 1204: 1199: 1197: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1178:, the singer 1177: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1148: 1144: 1138: 1136: 1135:fist and rose 1132: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1112: 1104: 1100: 1096: 1088: 1081: 1075: 1071: 1068: 1064: 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1038: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1027:New York City 1024: 1020: 1015: 1011: 1009: 1006: 1002: 997: 995: 991: 990:Glauber Rocha 986: 982: 978: 973: 971: 960: 958: 954: 950: 945: 941: 937: 931: 929: 925: 921: 917: 907: 904: 900: 899:Alfred Stepan 894: 891: 890: 885: 880: 876: 875:Celso Furtado 872: 871:Plano Trienal 867: 865: 861: 857: 851: 848: 844: 839: 837: 833: 829: 824: 820: 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Index