38:
91:
362:
maintained that any player contracted with an NHL team was a professional and therefore not eligible to play. The IOC held an emergency meeting that ruled NHL-contracted players were eligible, as long as they had not played in any NHL games. This made five players on
Olympic rosters—one Austrian, two
261:
are regarded as possessing a lower level of ability than professional athletes. On the other hand, an amateur may be in a position to approach a subject with an open mind (as a result of the lack of formal training) and in a financially disinterested manner. An amateur who dabbles in a field out of
350:
became president of the IIHF in 1975 and helped to resolve the dispute with the CAHA. In 1976, the IIHF agreed to allow "open competition" between all players in the World
Championships. However, NHL players were still not allowed to play in the Olympics, because of the unwillingness of the NHL to
395:
Olympic regulations regarding amateur status of athletes were eventually abandoned in the 1990s with the exception of wrestling, where the amateur fight rules are used due to the fact that professional wrestling is largely staged with predetermined outcomes. Starting from the
345:
said that ice hockey's status as an
Olympic sport would be in jeopardy if the change was made. In response, Canada withdrew from all international ice hockey competitions and officials stated that they would not return until "open competition" was instituted.
321:(CAHA) felt their amateur players could no longer be competitive against the Soviet team's full-time athletes and the other constantly improving European teams. They pushed for the ability to use players from professional leagues but met opposition from the
1060:
375:
of the CAHA suggested that a
Canadian withdrawal was possible. In 1986, the IOC voted to allow all athletes to compete in Olympic Games starting in 1988, but let the individual sport federations decide if they wanted to allow professionals.
187:
Historically, the amateur was considered to be the ideal balance between pure intent, open mind, and the interest or passion for a subject. That ideology spanned many different fields of interest. It may have its roots in the
248:
Amateurism can be seen in both a negative and positive light. Since amateurs often lack formal training and are self-taught, some amateur work may be considered sub-par. For example, amateur athletes in sports such as
379:
After the 1972 retirement of IOC President
Brundage, the Olympic amateurism rules were steadily relaxed, amounting only to technicalities and lip service, until being completely abandoned in the 1990s (in the
1051:
358:, a dispute formed over what made a player a professional. The IOC had adopted a rule that made any player who had signed an NHL contract but played less than ten games in the league eligible. However, the
388:
prohibits national governing bodies from having more stringent standards of amateur status than required by international governing bodies of respective sports. The act caused the breakup of the
999:
735:
229:, started to shape the idea of the gentleman amateur. He was vastly interested in a particular topic, and studied, observed, and collected things and information on his topic of choice. The
475:
In the 2000s and 2010s, the distinction between amateur and professional has become increasingly blurred, especially in areas such as computer programming, music and astronomy. The term
233:
in Great
Britain was generally composed of these "gentleman amateurs", and is one of the reasons science today exists the way it does. A few examples of these gentleman amateurs are
1029:
791:
768:
843:
1124:
923:
329:(IOC). At the IIHF Congress in 1969, the IIHF decided to allow Canada to use nine non-NHL professional hockey players at the 1970 World Championships in
262:
interest rather than as a profession, or possesses a general but superficial interest in any art or a branch of knowledge, is often referred to as a
991:
727:
359:
371:
stated that the rule was only applied to the NHL and that professionally contracted players in
European leagues were still considered amateurs.
242:
673:
291:
Through most of the 20th century the
Olympics allowed only amateur athletes to participate and this amateur code was strictly enforced,
200:. The ancient Greek citizens spent most of their time in other pursuits, but competed according to their natural talents and abilities.
440:, chemistry, history, linguistics, and the natural sciences are among the fields that have benefited from the activities of amateurs.
1179:
1021:
969:
808:
1330:
1311:
1273:
1254:
1235:
1154:
1090:
788:
765:
840:
322:
318:
216:
669:
155:
1292:
1209:
1107:
882:
174:
914:
127:
400:, professionals were allowed to compete in boxing, though amateur fight rules are still used for the tournament.
326:
314:, or working in a profession, but many of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis.
704:
603:
134:
112:
61:
independent from their source of income. Amateurs and their pursuits are also described as popular, informal,
598:
413:
286:
640:
141:
363:
Italians and two
Canadians—ineligible. Players who had played in other professional leagues—such as the
385:
608:
123:
364:
189:
108:
31:
17:
588:
476:
101:
874:
864:
661:
583:
453:
389:
225:
220:
870:
558:
1050:
913:
1354:
409:
397:
355:
212:
42:
8:
1349:
812:
553:
532:
347:
1171:
512:
959:
944:
Monsebraaten, Laurie (1986-10-15). "Players in NHL are now eligible in the
Olympics".
263:
1326:
1307:
1288:
1269:
1250:
1231:
1205:
1150:
1116:
1086:
878:
816:
578:
495:
489:
457:
417:
148:
469:
433:
429:
847:
795:
772:
537:
527:
506:
445:
425:
372:
296:
62:
54:
522:
421:
342:
303:
275:
258:
208:
193:
70:
66:
1343:
1120:
517:
441:
381:
368:
234:
230:
197:
635:
613:
573:
501:
238:
444:
was an amateur scientist who never held a position in his field of study.
543:
449:
341:, Canada. The decision was reversed in January 1970 after IOC President
215:, with people thinking more about how the world works around them, (see
1052:"Class act: The amateur-dramatics societies that could give the pros a"
472:
was a highly influential mathematician whose primary vocation was law.
465:
292:
250:
115: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
57: 'one who loves') is generally considered a person who pursues an
766:
Story #17–Protesting amateur rules, Canada leaves international hockey
561:
or gentleman scientist, including a list of notable amateur scientists
540:
or handicraft, including a list of handicrafts carried out by amateurs
964:
437:
58:
37:
696:
299:
medals for having taken expense money for playing baseball in 1912.
211:
from the 17th century until the 20th century. With the start of the
90:
428:, often to high standards, but lacking the budgets of professional
338:
334:
330:
254:
898:
Litsky, Frank (1984-01-25). "Eagleson upset over hockey dispute".
548:
461:
311:
307:
27:
Person who participates in activities on a nonprofessional basis
509:
or rockhounding, including a list of notable amateur geologists
204:
866:
Canada's Olympic Hockey Teams: The Complete History, 1920–1998
1304:
Textual Poachers: Television Fans & Participatory Culture
593:
74:
392:
as a wholesale sports governing body at the Olympic level).
351:
take a break mid-season and the IOC's amateur-only policy.
460:, a young Italian man who started out by tinkering with a
408:
Many amateurs make valuable contributions in the field of
1202:
World of hockey : celebrating a century of the IIHF
789:
Story #40–Finally, Canada to host the World Championship
697:"Deconstructing the Gentleman Amateur (article version)"
1085:. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 14–.
992:"Olympics is Opening Its Rings to Professional Boxers"
1083:
The Invisible Universe: The Story of Radio Astronomy
943:
1266:
Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity
841:
Story #6–First Canada Cup opens up the hockey world
479:, or pro-am, is used to describe these activities.
287:
Olympic Games § Amateurism and professionalism
203:The "gentleman amateur" was a phenomenon among the
1106:
306:entered teams of Olympians who were all nominally
1225:
492:, including a list of notable amateur astronomers
1341:
1287:(Online ed.). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press.
1199:
836:
784:
761:
367:—were allowed to play. Canadian hockey official
498:, including a list of notable amateur chemists
897:
243:Sir Robert Cotton, 1st Baronet, of Connington
1323:Amateurs, Professionals, and Serious Leisure
1226:Bourdieu, Pierre; Whiteside, Shaun (1996).
1200:Podnieks, Andrew; Szemberg, Szymon (2007).
482:
403:
1169:
1147:The Scientific Revolution: An Encyclopedia
1080:
858:
856:
175:Learn how and when to remove this message
1320:
862:
725:
36:
1301:
1263:
1247:Morel Tales: The Culture of Mushrooming
757:
755:
753:
456:. Radio itself was greatly advanced by
14:
1342:
1282:
1170:Leadbetter, Charles (1 October 2004).
989:
853:
1144:
676:from the original on October 17, 2022
1321:Stebbins, Robert A. (6 April 1992).
1264:Goffman, Erving (24 November 2009).
1244:
915:"Canada considers hockey withdrawal"
750:
728:"Soviet Amateur Athlete: A Real Pro"
269:
113:adding citations to reliable sources
84:
1081:Verschuur, Gerrit (20 March 2007).
1019:
707:from the original on March 31, 2022
323:International Ice Hockey Federation
319:Canadian Amateur Hockey Association
217:science in the Age of Enlightenment
24:
1219:
1022:"The rise of hobbyist programmers"
738:from the original on 19 April 2019
670:University of California, Berkeley
633:
25:
1366:
694:
1182:from the original on 17 May 2018
89:
1325:. McGill-Queen's Press - MQUP.
1163:
1138:
1127:from the original on 2022-01-12
1099:
1074:
1063:from the original on 2015-10-23
1043:
1032:from the original on 2018-05-17
1013:
1002:from the original on 2021-08-25
983:
972:from the original on 2002-02-23
952:
937:
926:from the original on 2018-09-03
906:
891:
726:Washburn, J. N (21 July 1974).
360:United States Olympic Committee
327:International Olympic Committee
317:Near the end of the 1960s, the
100:needs additional citations for
1228:Photography: A Middle-brow Art
1149:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 101–102.
830:
801:
778:
719:
688:
654:
627:
604:List of amateur mathematicians
223:, and the writing of the book
13:
1:
1285:Ham radio's technical culture
1230:. Stanford University Press.
990:Mather, Victor (March 2016).
620:
599:List of amateur chess players
302:Later on, the nations of the
1249:. Harvard University Press.
837:Podnieks & Szemberg 2007
785:Podnieks & Szemberg 2007
762:Podnieks & Szemberg 2007
662:"Amateurism Across the Arts"
7:
809:"Summit Series '72 Summary"
701:Cultural and Social History
641:Online Etymology Dictionary
566:
468:as an amateur electrician.
280:
10:
1371:
1145:Burns, William E. (2001).
386:Amateur Sports Act of 1978
284:
273:
80:
29:
863:Podnieks, Andrew (1997).
609:List of amateur wrestlers
1283:Haring, Kristen (2007).
1245:Fine, Gary Alan (1998).
483:List of amateur pursuits
404:Contribution of amateurs
365:World Hockey Association
190:ancient Greek philosophy
32:Amateur (disambiguation)
1302:Jenkins, Henry (1992).
589:Amateur professionalism
477:amateur professionalism
221:cabinets of curiosities
1268:. Simon and Schuster.
584:Amateurism in the NCAA
454:amateur radio operator
420:is the performance of
390:Amateur Athletic Union
226:The Christian Virtuoso
46:
559:Independent scientist
40:
1172:"Amateur Revolution"
410:computer programming
398:2016 Summer Olympics
356:1984 Winter Olympics
109:improve this article
43:association football
30:For other uses, see
1204:. Fenn Publishing.
1108:"This week in tech"
813:Hockey Hall of Fame
554:Independent scholar
533:Amateur pornography
219:), things like the
996:The New York Times
920:The New York Times
900:The New York Times
846:2017-08-07 at the
794:2017-10-10 at the
771:2017-10-10 at the
732:The New York Times
513:Amateur journalism
47:
1332:978-0-7735-6334-6
1313:978-0-415-90572-5
1275:978-1-4391-8833-0
1256:978-0-674-08935-8
1237:978-0-8047-2689-4
1156:978-0-87436-875-8
1092:978-0-387-68360-7
666:arts.berkeley.edu
579:Semi-professional
496:Amateur chemistry
490:Amateur astronomy
458:Guglielmo Marconi
418:Amateur dramatics
270:Amateur athletics
196:competing in the
185:
184:
177:
159:
16:(Redirected from
1362:
1336:
1317:
1298:
1279:
1260:
1241:
1215:
1192:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1167:
1161:
1160:
1142:
1136:
1135:
1133:
1132:
1110:
1103:
1097:
1096:
1078:
1072:
1071:
1069:
1068:
1054:
1047:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1008:
1007:
987:
981:
980:
978:
977:
956:
950:
949:
941:
935:
934:
932:
931:
917:
910:
904:
903:
895:
889:
888:
871:Doubleday Canada
860:
851:
834:
828:
827:
825:
824:
815:. Archived from
805:
799:
782:
776:
759:
748:
747:
745:
743:
723:
717:
716:
714:
712:
692:
686:
685:
683:
681:
658:
652:
651:
649:
648:
631:
470:Pierre de Fermat
348:GĂĽnther Sabetzki
295:was stripped of
194:amateur athletes
180:
173:
169:
166:
160:
158:
117:
93:
85:
21:
1370:
1369:
1365:
1364:
1363:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1340:
1339:
1333:
1314:
1295:
1276:
1257:
1238:
1222:
1220:Further reading
1212:
1196:
1195:
1185:
1183:
1168:
1164:
1157:
1143:
1139:
1130:
1128:
1105:
1104:
1100:
1093:
1079:
1075:
1066:
1064:
1057:The Independent
1049:
1048:
1044:
1035:
1033:
1020:Jackson, Joab.
1018:
1014:
1005:
1003:
988:
984:
975:
973:
958:
957:
953:
942:
938:
929:
927:
912:
911:
907:
896:
892:
885:
861:
854:
848:Wayback Machine
835:
831:
822:
820:
807:
806:
802:
796:Wayback Machine
783:
779:
773:Wayback Machine
760:
751:
741:
739:
724:
720:
710:
708:
695:Stone, Duncan.
693:
689:
679:
677:
660:
659:
655:
646:
644:
632:
628:
623:
618:
569:
564:
538:Arts and crafts
528:Amateur theatre
507:Amateur geology
485:
448:was founded by
446:Radio astronomy
426:musical theater
406:
373:Murray Costello
325:(IIHF) and the
297:track and field
289:
283:
278:
272:
181:
170:
164:
161:
118:
116:
106:
94:
83:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1368:
1358:
1357:
1352:
1338:
1337:
1331:
1318:
1312:
1299:
1293:
1280:
1274:
1261:
1255:
1242:
1236:
1221:
1218:
1217:
1216:
1210:
1194:
1193:
1162:
1155:
1137:
1115:. 2017-04-28.
1098:
1091:
1073:
1059:. 2012-11-11.
1042:
1012:
982:
968:. 1999-07-12.
951:
936:
922:. 1984-02-05.
905:
890:
883:
852:
829:
800:
777:
749:
718:
687:
653:
625:
624:
622:
619:
617:
616:
611:
606:
601:
596:
591:
586:
581:
576:
570:
568:
565:
563:
562:
556:
551:
546:
541:
535:
530:
525:
523:Amateur sports
520:
515:
510:
504:
499:
493:
486:
484:
481:
436:performances.
405:
402:
343:Avery Brundage
304:Communist Bloc
285:Main article:
282:
279:
276:Amateur sports
274:Main article:
271:
268:
183:
182:
97:
95:
88:
82:
79:
67:user-generated
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1367:
1356:
1353:
1351:
1348:
1347:
1345:
1334:
1328:
1324:
1319:
1315:
1309:
1306:. Routledge.
1305:
1300:
1296:
1294:9780262083553
1290:
1286:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1252:
1248:
1243:
1239:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1223:
1213:
1211:9781551683072
1207:
1203:
1198:
1197:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1141:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1113:The Telegraph
1109:
1102:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1077:
1062:
1058:
1053:
1046:
1031:
1027:
1026:Computerworld
1023:
1016:
1001:
997:
993:
986:
971:
967:
966:
961:
955:
947:
940:
925:
921:
916:
909:
901:
894:
886:
884:0-385-25688-4
880:
876:
872:
868:
867:
859:
857:
849:
845:
842:
838:
833:
819:on 2008-08-07
818:
814:
810:
804:
797:
793:
790:
786:
781:
774:
770:
767:
763:
758:
756:
754:
737:
733:
729:
722:
706:
702:
698:
691:
675:
671:
667:
663:
657:
643:
642:
637:
630:
626:
615:
612:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
595:
592:
590:
587:
585:
582:
580:
577:
575:
572:
571:
560:
557:
555:
552:
550:
547:
545:
542:
539:
536:
534:
531:
529:
526:
524:
521:
519:
518:Amateur radio
516:
514:
511:
508:
505:
503:
500:
497:
494:
491:
488:
487:
480:
478:
473:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
451:
447:
443:
442:Gregor Mendel
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
415:
411:
401:
399:
393:
391:
387:
383:
382:United States
377:
374:
370:
369:Alan Eagleson
366:
361:
357:
352:
349:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
315:
313:
309:
305:
300:
298:
294:
288:
277:
267:
265:
260:
256:
252:
246:
244:
240:
236:
235:Francis Bacon
232:
231:Royal Society
228:
227:
222:
218:
214:
213:Age of Reason
210:
209:Great Britain
206:
201:
199:
195:
191:
179:
176:
168:
157:
154:
150:
147:
143:
140:
136:
133:
129:
126: –
125:
121:
120:Find sources:
114:
110:
104:
103:
98:This section
96:
92:
87:
86:
78:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
56:
52:
44:
39:
33:
19:
1322:
1303:
1284:
1265:
1246:
1227:
1201:
1184:. Retrieved
1176:Fast Company
1175:
1165:
1146:
1140:
1129:. Retrieved
1112:
1101:
1082:
1076:
1065:. Retrieved
1056:
1045:
1034:. Retrieved
1025:
1015:
1004:. Retrieved
995:
985:
974:. Retrieved
963:
960:"Amateurism"
954:
946:Toronto Star
945:
939:
928:. Retrieved
919:
908:
899:
893:
865:
832:
821:. Retrieved
817:the original
803:
780:
740:. Retrieved
731:
721:
709:. Retrieved
700:
690:
678:. Retrieved
665:
656:
645:. Retrieved
639:
629:
614:Volunteering
574:Professional
502:Amateur film
474:
412:through the
407:
394:
378:
353:
316:
301:
290:
247:
239:Isaac Newton
224:
202:
186:
171:
162:
152:
145:
138:
131:
119:
107:Please help
102:verification
99:
50:
48:
1355:Occupations
873:. pp.
869:. Toronto:
544:Fan fiction
450:Grote Reber
414:open source
354:Before the
63:self-taught
1350:Amateurism
1344:Categories
1131:2018-05-16
1067:2018-05-16
1036:2018-05-16
1006:2021-08-25
976:2009-03-03
930:2021-08-25
823:2009-03-02
647:2022-10-14
634:Harper D.
621:References
466:spark coil
416:movement.
293:Jim Thorpe
264:dilettante
251:basketball
135:newspapers
53:(from
1121:0307-1235
965:USA Today
742:25 August
636:"amateur"
438:Astronomy
165:June 2021
124:"Amateur"
59:avocation
1180:Archived
1125:Archived
1061:Archived
1030:Archived
1000:Archived
970:Archived
924:Archived
844:Archived
792:Archived
769:Archived
736:Archived
705:Archived
674:Archived
567:See also
434:Broadway
430:West End
339:Manitoba
335:Winnipeg
331:Montreal
312:soldiers
308:students
281:Olympics
259:football
255:baseball
198:Olympics
75:hobbyist
41:Amateur
18:Amateurs
1186:May 16,
875:147–158
711:May 16,
680:May 15,
549:Fan art
462:coherer
149:scholar
81:History
51:amateur
45:player
1329:
1310:
1291:
1272:
1253:
1234:
1208:
1153:
1119:
1089:
881:
464:and a
384:, the
241:, and
205:gentry
151:
144:
137:
130:
122:
73:, and
55:French
594:Hobby
452:, an
422:plays
257:, or
156:JSTOR
142:books
1327:ISBN
1308:ISBN
1289:ISBN
1270:ISBN
1251:ISBN
1232:ISBN
1206:ISBN
1188:2018
1151:ISBN
1117:ISSN
1087:ISBN
879:ISBN
744:2021
713:2018
682:2018
333:and
128:news
432:or
424:or
207:of
192:of
111:by
71:DIY
49:An
1346::
1178:.
1174:.
1123:.
1111:.
1055:.
1028:.
1024:.
998:.
994:.
962:.
918:.
877:.
855:^
839:,
811:.
787:,
764:,
752:^
734:.
730:.
703:.
699:.
672:.
668:.
664:.
638:.
337:,
310:,
266:.
253:,
245:.
237:,
77:.
69:,
65:,
1335:.
1316:.
1297:.
1278:.
1259:.
1240:.
1214:.
1190:.
1159:.
1134:.
1095:.
1070:.
1039:.
1009:.
979:.
948:.
933:.
902:.
887:.
850:.
826:.
798:.
775:.
746:.
715:.
684:.
650:.
178:)
172:(
167:)
163:(
153:·
146:·
139:·
132:·
105:.
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
