History of Canadian sports

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women's health. Better science, research, education, and changing social attitudes, as well as technological advancements, eventually enabled girls and women to participate more often and for longer periods making sport for girls and women more attractive, as did new legislation focused on creating better access and more opportunities. In some cases during the late-to-early 20th century, there were regional differences in rules codes for girls' and women's games which further complicated the growth process, such as in the case of girls' and women's basketball. In the case of female basketball, Canada's eastern provinces emphasized a more feminine "girls rule" game of basketball, while the Western provinces preferred rules which were identical to the men's game. A set of uniform rules codes for female basketball did not development until a later period in the administration of the women's game both nationally and internationally. In the case of sports which are female equivalents, growth in the girls' and women's domain in Canada has occurred more slowly than in comparison to their male counterparts, while sports created specifically for female competitors like the sports of synchronized swimming, netball, and ringette, have had a different history and trajectory altogether.

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While senior play for the Allan Cup continued, fewer and fewer senior players were available. Further growth in hockey leagues in the United States led to further demand for players. By this time, several of the minor leagues had many players who could have played in the NHL, had there been more teams. By the 1960s, there was interest in setting up another professional league in the United States. In response, the NHL expanded to 12 teams, the new positions mostly filled by players from the minors. The control of junior players by the NHL went away at this time. The signing of contracts to under-age players, binding them to a single team was replaced by a draft of the available players by the NHL teams. The junior leagues became the pre-eminent Canadian leagues, discarding the control of the regional associations to set up "major junior" leagues. Senior amateur play dwindled further with the increase in professional positions.

773:, a Canadian who emigrated to the U.S., invented basketball in Springfield, Massachusetts in the 1890s. It rapidly became popular as an indoor winter sport that needed a minimum of equipment, gaining popularity at upscale high schools and colleges in both the U.S. and Canada. In 1946, early in the era of professional basketball, the owners of the Toronto Maple Leaf hockey team started a franchise in the newly formed Basketball Association of America. Seven thousand spectators watched the first game of the Toronto Huskies, but they lost and attendance fell off as newsmen called it a freak show. The Huskies ended in last place, and folded. It had suffered inconsistent management decisions and the temper tantrums of its coach. The Huskies could not compete with Toronto's successful teams and sporting heroes in hockey, baseball, football, rugby, and wrestling. 934:

student affairs or athletics, which some believe is a crucial factor limiting the growth in participation by the female population. It has also been pointed out that there are fewer women coaches in women's sports than men. In regards to mass media, it has historically emphasized men's sports as a demonstration of masculinity very strongly. Some have interpreted this media presentation as suggesting that within a societal context, women who have been seriously interested in sports are "crossing gender lines", a development to which the male sports establishment has responded to in an actively hostile manner. Another initial impediment to female athletic participation included its dismissal by staunch feminists who deemed the subject as unworthy of their support.

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and aggressive. During the 1870s and 1880s the Shamrocks had bloody confrontations with the upscale Protestant Montreal and Toronto Lacrosse Clubs. Field lacrosse spread across the country with the tide of Anglophone settlers from Ontario and Quebec. By the early 1890s it was the most popular summer game in Canada. The golden age came in the 1900s, as two professional leagues operated. Escalating violence led to the collapse of the professional leagues in 1914, and the game's base of support shrank to Montreal, Victoria, Vancouver, New Westminster, and small-towns in Ontario. The organizational infrastructure proved too weak—for example, it was never adopted by schools or churches.

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governor general, established the Stanley Cup. Ice hockey was distinctly Canadian; it was a winter sport with vague rules, played on conveniently available outside ice. There were few spectators. Professional teams appeared around 1900; in 1904, five cities in the United States and Ontario formed the International Hockey League (IHL). The American-based league paid salaries that attracted many Canadian stars. Canadian amateur teams were forced to secretly pay their players, even as they proclaimed the principles of amateurism. The IHL collapsed in 1907. in 1908 came the first Canadian-based professional league, the Ontario Professional Hockey League. The

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the Olympics. All the governing bodies saw sport as a suitable training ground or productive citizenship, allegiance to the social order, and English Canadian nationalism. They fought against professionalism through a "Canadian Parliament of Sport". However, in the 1930s the amateur leaders split bitterly over the issue of a liberalized amateur code, as ice hockey, basketball and lacrosse walked out of the AAU. By 1939, the jurisdiction of the AAU was reduced to track and field and the other individual Olympic sports. The Canadian Olympic Association broke away in 1948.

170:(1857). Hughes's notions that sportsmanship exemplified moral education and provided training for citizenship, have had a powerful influence on the Canadian sport community. Despite commercialism and the celebration of high-performance athletes, the Hughesian principles of Christian socialism continues to influence sports programs for youth. Outside of sports the social and moral agendas behind muscular Christianity influenced numerous reform movements, thus linking it to the political left in Canada, contrary to its right-wing reputation in other parts of the world. 616:. New professional teams were formed in Edmonton, Winnipeg, Quebec and Ottawa. Several of the teams made it into the expanded NHL in 1979, which now had professional teams from Vancouver all the way east to Quebec City. The 1980s saw a period of consolidation, and the introduction of European players into the professional teams of the NHL, made necessary by the expansion of the NHL. In the 1990s, the Canadian dollar declined, and while Canada gained an NHL team in Ottawa, teams from Quebec City and Winnipeg move to the United States. 5817: 4953: 3328: 2872: 698:(CFL) distributed franchises across the country, and crowds flocked to the games. The Grey Cup championship game, first telecast in 1952, attracts one of the largest TV audiences, over 4 million. The CFL added five American teams in 1993; this proved a costly blunder, as four teams folded and the fifth moved to Montreal. After surviving the closing of the Ottawa Rough Riders in 1996 and bankruptcies by the Toronto and Hamilton teams in 2003, football has recovered and is in fair health in the 21st century. 627:, a tournament originated in 1920 for junior-level teams began to grow in popularity. The junior leagues also grew in popularity and expanded into United States near to the border. The junior leagues, like the professionals, started to allow non-Canadian players, partly in response to the American teams, and partly in response to the growing popularity and competition within its ranks to make it to the Memorial Cup tournament. The growth of cable television meant more junior-level games were televised. 5235: 550:, composed of Icelandic Canadians, was excluded from Winnipeg's senior hockey league for the 1919–20 season. Nevertheless, the team became Canadian national champions and won the 1920 Olympic gold medal in Antwerp. Combined with their willingness to volunteer for military service in the Great War, its success made the team a symbol of Canadian manhood, transcending the ethnic stereotyping and discrimination that affected some other sports teams during postwar era. 576:(1921–2000) became one of Canada's iconic heroes, especially in Quebec. Playing from 1942 to 1960, he scored 544 regular season goals and 82 more in playoffs. Famed for his dashing style of play, his intensity, determination, and scoring prowess, Richard became the first 50-goal scorer in NHL history in 1944–45, with a 50-game schedule. He was named to the All Star team 14 times, won two Hart trophies as league MVP, and led the Canadiens to eight Stanley Cups. 5804: 4905: 686:

off-season. The Americans were developing a similar game, so in 1874 McGill played two games with Harvard, alternating the rules. The series was played out for several years, but Canada increasingly adopted the American rules and so the two versions of football were very similar. In 1898 the Canadian rules were formalized; they differed from the American rules chiefly in the size of the field and in three- rather than four-down play.

543:(NHL). After a few weak years, the NHL grew with expansion into the United States. By 1940 it had strong bases in Montreal, Toronto, Boston, New York, Chicago, and Detroit—the "original six". After 1926 it became a cartel that controlled all aspects of professional hockey. Other professional leagues one by one collapsed. The NHL exerted its control by expansion into the U.S., the establishment of a minor league system. 137:

is the history of the sports played among the natives, especially the history of lacrosse as well as other games. The different tribes played (and wagered bets on) toboggan, snowshoe, and canoe races as well as archery, wrestling, spear throwing and running events. They provided entertainment for the community and a way to sharpen essential survival skills, including the ability to endure pain and hardship.

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transplanted such games as football, rugby, curling, and cricket; sailors brought rowing competitions. Britons considered these sports to be conducive to relieving boredom on remote outposts, and more generally produced team spirit, good health, hardiness, and manliness; they were a sophisticated alternative to "blood sports", such as cockfighting, bullfighting or bear baiting.

557:, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association faced financial uncertainty. Its response was to reevaluate its purist position on amateurism and to rethink its relation to the system of amateur sports, which was headed by the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada. The weak performance of the Canadian hockey team at the 1936 Olympics led to substantial changes in policies and procedures. 748:

attend and cities that could find sponsors. The promoters, while failing to make a profit, changed the landscape of Canadian amateur lacrosse, isolating it from the more widely contested field lacrosse played in the United States, Britain, and Australia. In 1987 the National Lacrosse League began; it opened clubs in twelve cities in the United States and Canada.

209:"world of sport." The telegraph provided near-real-time coverage of events. Despite the vast distances separating them from other Canadians, local fans discovered that they were part of a common national audience as they followed the successes and disappointments of Canadian and American hockey and baseball teams, as well as such sports as rowing and boxing. 532:(NHA) was formed. Unlike previous leagues, which were derived from amateur hockey associations, the NHA organized itself as a business, organizing each team as a franchise of the business and first used standard player's contracts and a salary cap. Professional ice hockey came to the west coast with the arrival of the Patrick family, organizing the 996:(WAAF) was formed in 1926 to make possible new opportunities, particularly in international competition. The WAAF worked to rebut the stereotype that vigorous physical activity and intense competition was "unwomanly". One tactic was to set up a system of medical supervision for all women athletes. The WAAF forged an alliance with the 605:

many of the players were swept away with the sense of history in the making. The Summit series became a politically charged event with widespread cultural repercussions - quite literally, a Cold War. The Canadians fell 2 games behind but swept the final three games in Moscow to win the series four games to three, with one tie.

536:(PCHA). Organized as a single business, it developed as an alternative elite league and furthered the development of ice hockey in western Canada. Professional ice hockey was established from coast to coast by this time. Although the PCHA eventually failed, other professional leagues were organized to take its place. 187:

gentleman's game played before a well-behaved audience. Gambling became a major feature, as did the rise of working-class players and rowdy working-class fans. The only solution the reformers found was to separate gentleman elite amateur baseball from the professional version that was getting out of control.

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Slower growth in the equivalents has been observed and is believed to have been affected by a series of factors. For example, girls and women historically have low levels of interest and participation in sport. As a result, there have been few women in leadership positions in academic administration,

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Curling, a sport that earned Olympic status in 1998, arrived with Scottish soldiers in the 1750s. the Royal Caledonian Curling Club in Scotland standardized the rules in the 1830s. It involves sliding a 42-pound teapot-shaped granite curling stone by its handle toward a goal painted on the ice, with

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In 1931, promoters introduced "box lacrosse" to broaden the fan base to include a summer audience. Played in a smaller space, box lacrosse could be held indoors or in baseball stadiums. The game was especially violent. The poverty of the Great Depression reduced the number of fans who could afford to

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as an affirmation of their global supremacy in hockey. However, the Soviets planned an upset that would impress the world and let them claim the Canadian game as their own. The publicity was enormous. The media portrayed a global contests pitting East against West - communism against capitalism - and

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Informal stick-and-ball games on ice had been played for years, especially in the Maritime provinces and at military garrisons. In its modern form hockey was standardized by students at McGill University in 1875. The game rapidly spread nationwide; recognition came in 1893 when Lord Stanley, Canada's

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falls into five stages of development: early recreational activities before 1840; the start of organized competition, 1840–1880; the emergence of national organizations, 1882–1914; the rapid growth of both amateur and professional sports, 1914 to 1960; and developments of the last half-century. Some

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While sports are considered a high priority in Canadian culture, girls and women did not traditionally partake in sport at the same rate as men for a variety of reasons. For a time this included the belief that their engagement in sports at the physical level could pose serious dangers to girl's and

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The sport of boxing, both amateur and professional, has been practised in Canada since before Confederation. Professional boxing was illegal in Canada during the London Prize Ring era but fights still took place outside major towns in barns and farmers' fields. The first universally recognized world

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Lacrosse was invented in the 1850s, when the Anglophone middle class of Montreal adopted the Indian game of "baggataway", which was a violent game played by the First Nation teams numbering hundreds of players. The 1860s saw the first powerhouse team, the Montreal Shamrocks; it was Irish, Catholic,

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French Canadians by 1700 were influenced by native culture to the degree that they began to measure themselves and their masculinity against their native counterparts by competing against them in such activities as canoeing, snowshoeing, and tobogganing and in the team sport of lacrosse. In building

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In many modern nations including Canada, sports have faced a number of challenges in recent decades such as violence, racism, illegal drug therapies, ridicule of women, the disproportionally high salaries of professional athletes, and the exorbitant costs of newly built stadiums. Such problems stand

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The 1976 Summer Olympics, officially known as the "Games of the XXI Olympiad," held in Montréal, was the first Olympics in Canada. The entire province of Quebec prepared for the games and associated activities, generating a resurgence of interest in amateur athletics across the province. The spirit

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Women's hockey continued to develop in popularity in the 1980s. The first women's world championship was held in 1990. Women's ice hockey became a medal sport in the Olympics of 1998. Women players developed to the point where professional leagues were organized and women players started playing in

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The NHL formed an affiliation with the major governing body in Canadian amateur hockey, the Canadian Amateur Hockey Association (CAHA). The alliances made with the minor leagues and the CAHA, in particular, gave the NHL's market control over players such as the waivers, reserve clause, draft, and

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Canadians explored polar extremes of masculinity by a watching the Ottawa Silver Seven battle the Montreal Wanderers in 1907. Reporters depicted the game as a combination of "strenuous spectacle" and "brutal butchery." Middle-class ideals of gentlemanly masculinity and genteel sportsmanship stood

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From 1909 until 1967, the Canadian Track and Field Association (C.T.F.A.) controlled track and field sports. It operated under the umbrella of the A.A.U. of C. (Amateur Athletic Union of Canada). In 1968, the C.T.F.A broke loose from the A.A.U. of C. The A.A.U. of C. dissolved in the early 1970s as

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In the early 20th century the major sports set up volunteer national organizations to take jurisdiction; by 1914 there were 20 governing bodies. By 1919 the Amateur Athletic Union of Canada (AAU) presided over all leadership and provided international recognition. The AAU promoted participation in

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Canadians in the 19th century came to believe themselves possessed of a unique "northern character," due to the long, harsh winters that only those of hardy body and mind could survive. This hardiness was claimed as a Canadian trait, and such sports as ice hockey and snowshoeing that reflected this

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Paraschak, identifies two approaches to the history of Native American sports. On the one hand, there is the history of First Nation athletes playing within the Euro-American mainstream culture. Important topics include the issues of racism, exploitation, and ethnocentric distortion. Secondly there

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The Summit Series awoke an interest in developing the sport of ice hockey further in Canada. Before 1919, few safety rules existed in amateur hockey. By 1945, however, there were rules against boarding and hits from behind, and fighting was penalized more severely. By 1972, the professionals still

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After World War II, the amateur system declined in the face of competition from professional ice hockey, both in the growth of minor leagues, and the introduction of televised matches by the NHL. Several amateur leagues, such as the Quebec Senior League, became first mixed then fully professional.

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As the popular daily press emerged in all Canadian cities in the late 19th century, they broadened their audience appeal by detailed coverage of local provincial and national sporting events. Readers developed a sense of community pride, while also involving fans in the national and international

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Baseball emerged in the 1870s, as a nonviolent, rules-oriented game that appealed to middle-class reformers seeking antidotes to crime, rowdiness and social disorder. However, when professional baseball emerged in the 1880s, unruly behavior by players and fans contradicted the reformers ideal of a

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Much of Canadian historiography on sports education deals with the linkage between sports education and the construction of a national identity. Hudon (2005) examines the history of sports education from 1870 to 1940 in Quebec's classic schools for boys from ages 11 to 18. He finds an impact of

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helped women's intercollegiate sports to gain momentum. Simultaneously there was a rise in the proportion of women in the student bodies, which enhanced the visibility of their sports. Women concentrated on organizing their sports and raising the consciousness of both male and female students. In

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was the outstanding female athlete of the 1940s, as the 1948 Olympic champion, a two-time World champion (1947–1948), and a four-time Canadian national champion (1944–46, 48) in ladies' singles. She was very heavily covered by the media. However, it focused less on her sportsmanship and athletic

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concepts for guidance, and the organization of the Northern Ontario Recreation Directors Association (NORDA) was responsible for the sport's early development in Canada. The Society of Directors of Municipal Recreation of Ontario (SDMRO) of which Sam Jacks was President was eventually tasked with

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went to the professional champions in 1954. Major innovations, such as the forward pass, came in the 1920s and 1930s as American athletes and coaches arrived. In 1936, fearful of the drift towards Americanization, the Canadian Rugby Union placed a limit on the number of foreigners; import quotas

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By 2022, the NHL had grown to 32 teams. The junior leagues had consolidated into three; in Quebec and the Maritimes, Ontario and Western Canada. The further introduction of European players became a concern and was limited. In 2002, Canada won its first men's ice hockey title in 50 years, at the

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The advantage of the larger cities was the potential availability of a large paying crowd; the problem was providing cheap transportation for people not living close by. The solution was to use steamers, and later railways and trams to run special schedules to bring fans to an outlying event. As

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were asserted as characteristically Canadian. Outside the arena Canadians express the national characteristics of being peaceful, orderly and polite. Inside they scream their lungs out at ice hockey games, cheering the speed, ferocity, and violence, making hockey an ambiguous symbol of Canada.

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Cricket never caught on, despite efforts by an imperial-minded elite to promote the game as a way of identifying with the British Empire. Linked to upper class Canadian elites, the game never became popular with the general public. Despite once being named as a national sport by the first Prime

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The game of Soccer goes back centuries in England, where around 1823 was transformed into rugby. The first game in Canada came in the 1860s with British officers playing university students in Montreal. Universities quickly adopted the new sport, as did rowing clubs that found it useful in the

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In recent decades professional sports has involved large scale funding for stadiums. The intense interest shown by the fan base in their community's teams encourages the political leadership to invest heavily in public subsidies for new arenas. There is a "honeymoon" effect producing a surge in

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Immigrants brought along their favourite sports, often adapting them to the snowy environment. The influence of the games of the First Nations can be seen especially in the evolution of lacrosse. British officers, soldiers, and royal officials, and indeed ordinary British immigrants as well,

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Although many small cities and towns had their own local teams, the residents paid special attention to the celebrity players on the great big-city teams. Advancing technology of the telegraph, the radio, and television allowed real time reporting of major games, often to public gatherings or

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The roots of organized sports in Canada date back to the 1770s, often originating in horse racing at British military garrisons, curling in Scottish settlements, and lacrosse among the Indians. Perhaps the first athletic celebrities were the Canadian scullers who won several international

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did not wear helmets, required in amateur play. Fighting was still allowed in amateur and professional play in Canada. There was also an interest in further developing the quality of instruction. Canada returned to international play with the IIHF and the Olympics allowing professionals.

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restaurants or bars. Further details were sure to appear the next newspaper, keeping up local interest, and wagering, on a daily basis. Vicarious participation as the fan of a particular team enhanced a sense of belonging to the Canadian nation and its rapidly developing popular culture.

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on this mix of French and native traditions, the French Canadiens expressed not only their masculinity and identity through sports, but also built a sense of national identity that contrasted sharply with the Anglo spirit of sports for bourgeois gentlemen during the Victorian era.

79:. Women actively compete in most of these sports. Historically, team sports often involved informal gambling and more formal, bigger-stakes wagering and prize competitions were particularly characteristic in the sports of horse racing and boxing. In Canada, individual sports such as 980:

In the beginning, women's progress in Canadian sport was an uphill battle. Canadian women first had to counter the widespread notion that women's bodies were so restricted and delicate that vigorous physical activity was dangerous. These notions where first challenged by the

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Canadian court cases covered issues relating to Canadian women's rights to participate in sport. In the provinces, human rights commissions addressed dozens of sport-related equity cases for women. Gender barriers in sports became a political topic, as shown by the

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overcame the difficulty of obtaining adequate ice time for practice and the challenge of raising adequate funds from their small fan base. The Rivulettes dominated women's ice hockey in the 1930s, winning ten provincial championships and four of the six

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players using brooms to alter its course. The sweeping removes debris, and warms the surface, creating a hydroplane-like effect. By 1903 Winnipeg had become the world's curling capital of an intensely competitive winter sport played throughout Canada.

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attendance in the first few years of the new arena. In the 1972-2003 era, the honeymoon effect for major new arenas in hockey, baseball, and basketball is an increase in attendance of 15-20% in the first few years. The honeymoon ends after 5 to 8 years.

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early as the 1830s steamers were making special trips to horseracing events to horse races. By the 1860s there were special trains or steamers to take fans to rowing contests, track and field events, bicycle races, and other contests.

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By the 1960s, Canada had difficulty forming amateur senior teams to compete internationally. University players and a dedicated amateur national team were no match for the organized amateurism of teams from Europe, especially the

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Wong, John Chi-Kit. "The Development of Professional Hockey and the Making of the National Hockey League." PhD dissertation U. of Maryland, College Park 2001. 432 pp. DAI 2002 62(9): 3152-A. DA3024988 Fulltext:

588:. Finally, the Canadian ice hockey federation broke off from amateur play at the Olympics and world championships. The Canadians demanded that the organizations allow professionals, those considered Canada's best. 599:

in 1971 proposed increasing the hockey competitions between the two northern nations. National hockey officials Planned series of eight games, four to be played across Canada and four in Moscow. Canadians saw the

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During the Second World War, women's ice hockey largely disappeared. After the war, the "back-to-the-family" conservatism is considered by some largely resulted in women's sports disappearing into the shadows.

842:, the sport declined due to the 19th-century rise of baseball, and being handicapped by the short summer season. During the First World War, Canadian units stationed in Britain played baseball, not cricket. 4697: 4627: 751:

Field lacrosse was revived in the late 1990s when some Ontario universities included it in their women's athletic programs; university women now play the game once associated with Canadian masculinity.

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territorial right much broader impact. Although the NHL only had six teams, they had control of the best players. Players could be signed for life to an NHL team's organization at the age of twelve.

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opposed to a rough, working-class expression of violent masculinity. They both coexisted within the fast, skilled, rugged, hard-hitting hockey, thereby appealing to the largest possible audience.

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developing the sport further and eventually passed the copyright for the sport's rules onto the Ontario Ringette Association (now Ringette Ontario) before they were eventually acquired by

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Lupien, Philippe-Antoine. "Sport and public service in Canada: The roots of the inherent bonds between the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation/Radio-Canada and the Olympic Games."

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Hughes-Fuller, Helen Patricia. "The Good Old Game: Hockey, Nostalgia, Identity." PhD dissertation U. of Alberta 2002. 258 pp. DAI 2004 64(7): 2496-A. DANQ81202 Fulltext:

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of Québec nationalism helped motivate the organizers; however, the city went $ 1 billion into debt. The Games helped introduce Quebec (and Canada) to the rest of the world.

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John Nauright, and Phil White, "Mediated Nostalgia, Community and Nation: the Canadian Football League in Crisis and the Demise of the Ottawa Rough Riders, 1986-1996,"

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a black man from Halifax, Nova Scotia. Despite its relatively small population this country has produced many world class pugilists in both the pro and amateur ranks.

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in contrast to the fundamental values of sports including personal health, teamwork, striving for responsibility, loyalty, equality, winning, pleasure, and freedom.

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The feminists of the 1970s rarely helped promote women's breakthroughs in sports. Nevertheless, more and more women became engaged in aerobics and organized sport.

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has grown in popularity in recent decades, especially as a school sport for boys and girls. It has more players than ice hockey. At the professional level, the

68:. Canadian sports attract large numbers of participants and huge audiences; hockey, played by 1.4 million Canadians, has become part of the national identity. 5014: 4317: 635:, using NHL players. The Canadian team won another title in 2010, at the Olympics held in Vancouver, where the Olympics used Canadian standard-sized rinks. 5636: 5459: 4090: 1688:

Stacy L. Lorenz, and Geraint B. Osborne, "'Talk about Strenuous Hockey': Violence, Manhood, and the 1907 Ottawa Silver Seven-Montreal Wanderer Rivalry."

5360: 3504: 1198:, officially known as the XXI Olympic Winter Games, was held from February 12 to February 28, 2010, in Vancouver, British Columbia, and nearby venues. 1133:

New problems emerged for sportswomen trying to achieve equal status with sportsmen: raising money, attracting popular audiences, and winning sponsors.

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The 1930s involved a number of setbacks such as when critics recommended non-competitive athletic activities as the recreation most suited to women.

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became the world champions of women's basketball in 1924, the first Canadian women participated in the Olympics, and women sportswriters such as

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The 1920s marked a breakthrough for women, including working-class young women in addition to the pioneering middle class sportswomen. The

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By 1910, the world of ice hockey had split into two worlds, the amateurs of the junior, intermediates and the seniors playing for the new

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Donnelly, Peter and Jean Harvey, 'Class and Gender: Intersections in Sport and Physical Activity' in Philip White and Kevin Young (eds),

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Lindsay Pattison, "'The Dynamics of the Disc': Ultimate (Frisbee), Community, & Memory, 1968-2011" Diss. Concordia University, 2011.

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enjoy an international reputation as particularly Canadian. Although typically thought of as American, the origin of the sport of

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Hollan, Andrew C., 'Playing in the Neutral Zone: Meanings and uses of ice hockey in the Canada-U.S. Borderlands, 1895-1915',

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Michael A. Robidoux, "Historical Interpretations of First Nations Masculinity and its Influence on Canada's Sport Heritage."

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Harrigan, (2003) reviews the emergence of women's athletics in higher education during 1961–2001. The establishment of the

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Leonardo, Tony and Zagoria, Adam co-authored "Ultimate: The First Four Decades," publ. by Ultimate History, Inc., 2005,

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Stacy L. Lorenz, "A Lively Interest on the Prairies": Western Canada, the Mass Media, and a 'World of Sport,' 1870-1939,"

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remain in effect in the 21st century. After 1945 football flourished at the intercollegiate and professional levels. The

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In September 1972, Canada's best hockey players from the National Hockey League (NHL) played the elite amateurs from the

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have long been important. In recent years, there has been an increase in the popularity of more "extreme" sports such as

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Michael A. Robidoux, "Imagining a Canadian Identity through Sport: A Historical Interpretation of Lacrosse and Hockey,"

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Stacy L. Lorenz, "'In the Field of Sport at Home and Abroad': Sports Coverage in Canadian Daily Newspapers, 1850-1914."

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Michael A. Robidoux, "Imagining a Canadian Identity through Sport: A Historical Interpretation of Lacrosse and Hockey,"

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Robidoux, Michael A. "Imagining a Canadian Identity through Sport: A Historical Interpretation of Lacrosse and Hockey"

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Donald M. Fisher, "'Splendid but Undesirable Isolation': Recasting Canada's National Game as Box Lacrosse, 1931-1932"

5730: 5496: 5421: 5416: 5346: 5297: 4949: 4123: 4114: 3041: 2979: 2732: 2622: 1673: 1646: 1608:; Lorenz, "'A Lively Interest on the Prairies': Western Canada, the Mass Media, and a 'World of Sport,' 1870-1939." 159:

religious pedagogy on sports education, arguing that it promoted a Catholic spirituality with masculine undertones.

5848: 5788: 5773: 5675: 5501: 5454: 5391: 5045: 5030: 4672: 4521: 4504: 4478: 4119: 3593: 3588: 3198: 2518:

Blair, Kelsey. "Screen and Roll: Transmissions of Embodied Knowledge through Canadian Women’s Basketball History."

2247:

Don Morrow, "Sweetheart Sport: Barbara Ann Scott and the Post World War II Image of the Female Athlete in Canada,"

1886:

Eric Zweig, "Playing Football the Canadian Way: When McGill Met Harvard in 1874 an Old Game Took a New Direction,"

1106: 997: 533: 425: 222:

all national the federations in the different sports went their own ways. In 1991 the C.T.F.A. changed its name to

1583:

John C. Leadley and Zenon X. Zygmont, "When Is the Honeymoon Over? National Hockey League Attendance, 1970-2003,"

957:. The event brought together coaches, academic administrators, and athletes to talk over the issues raised by the 5725: 5620: 5545: 5154: 5075: 3193: 2868: 2563:

Gillespie, Greg, 'Sport and "Masculinities" In Early-Nineteenth-Century Ontario: The British Travellers' Image."

2075:

Andrew Horrall, "'Keep-a-fighting! Play the Game!' Baseball and the Canadian Forces During the First World War,"

904: 721: 2584:

Lathrop, Anna H, 'Contested Terrain: Gender and "Movement" In Ontario Elementary Physical Education, 1940-70',

2551: 845:

In modern times, immigration from cricket-playing countries has seen a minor resurgence of the sport in Canada.

5204: 5050: 4927: 4652: 4556: 4546: 4457: 4228: 4106: 3998: 3356: 305: 2062:

David Cooper, "Canadians Declare 'It Isn't Cricket': a Century of Rejection of the Imperial Game, 1860-1960."

1753:

J. J. Wilson, "27 Remarkable Days: the 1972 Summit Series of Ice Hockey Between Canada and the Soviet Union."

5530: 4809: 4707: 4687: 4677: 4657: 4260: 4003: 3578: 3573: 3509: 3391: 3303: 3188: 3132: 3007: 3002: 2012: 320: 2007: 5680: 5382: 5219: 5114: 4592: 4448: 4026: 3446: 2946: 2896: 2598:

Lenskyj, Helen, 'Common Sense and Physiology: North American Medical Views On Women and Sport, 1890-1930',

2260:

Patrick J. Harrigan, "Women's Agency and the Development of Women's Intercollegiate Athletics, 1961-2001."

1701:

Ryan Eyford, "From Prairie Goolies to Canadian Cyclones: the Transformation of the 1920 Winnipeg Falcons."

440: 5307: 1727:

Daniel S. Mason, "The International Hockey League and the Professionalization of Ice Hockey, 1904-1907."

564:

The original six era cemented the NHL as the biggest draw in Canada, fuelled partly by the rivalry of the

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Carly Adams, "Queens of the Ice Lanes": The Preston Rivulettes and Women's Hockey in Canada, 1931-1940,"

1851: 529: 410: 275: 546:

At the same time, amateur hockey continued, and was still competitive with professional ice hockey. The

5807: 5513: 5469: 4885: 4774: 4667: 4622: 4350: 3986: 3298: 3168: 3115: 1235: 1049: 649: 1925:

T. George Vellathottam, Kevin G. Jones, "Highlights in the Development of Canadian Lacrosse to 1931,"

5550: 4908: 4794: 4662: 4607: 3583: 3466: 3349: 3308: 3097: 3092: 3067: 1207: 989:. During this period of history, women became increasingly engaged in education, work, and suffrage. 2831: 2591:

Lenskyj, Helen, 'Whose Sport? Whose Traditions? Canadian Women and Sport in the Twentieth Century',

2461: 2156: 937:

While women's participation in sport began slowly, it eventually began accelerating after 1980. The

907:(CUC) were held, for the open division, in Ottawa 1987, produced by Marcus Brady and Brian Guthrie. 5778: 5660: 5590: 5106: 4400: 4340: 3537: 1766:

Markku Jokisipilä, "Maple Leaf, Hammer, and Sickle: International Ice Hockey During the Cold War."

1714:

John Wong, "Sport Networks on Ice: the Canadian Experience at the 1936 Olympic Hockey Tournament."

1330: 974: 724:. Both the Vancouver and Montreal clubs had their roots in lower-tier professional soccer leagues. 695: 613: 5625: 5377: 5098: 4637: 4408: 4381: 3901: 3896: 3598: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1263: 1259: 1255: 1243: 1231: 1223: 888: 528:. From a combination of the money of the mining of Timiskaming and the industry of Montreal, the 2605:

Metcalfe, Alan. 'Sports In Nineteenth-Century French Canada: The Case of Montreal, 1800-1914',

1617: 1605: 1492:

Bruce Kidd, "Muscular Christianity and Value-centred Sport: the Legacy of Tom Brown in Canada."

5715: 5670: 5605: 4723: 4233: 3568: 3531: 3456: 2778:

Poulterab, Gillian. " Snowshoeing and Lacrosse: Canada's Nineteenth-Century 'National Games',"

2570:

Hall, M. Ann, 'Rarely Have We Asked Why: Reflections on Canadian Women's Experience in Sport',

2539:

Dallaire, Christine, 'Sport's Impact On The Francophoneness of the Alberta Francophone Games',

2213: 1638: 713: 689:

Governor General Earl Grey donated a championship trophy in 1907 to the best amateur team; the

540: 1836: 1663: 5685: 5302: 4428: 4386: 4179: 3543: 3461: 880: 825: 765: 717: 162:

In Anglophone Canada a strong influence came from the ideals of English author and reformer

1899:

Charles A. Kupfer, "Crabs in the Grey Cup: Baltimore's Canadian Football Sojourn, 1994-95,"

1145:

was formed to oversee events and sanction national championships.In 1978 it merged with the

656:, a Canadian born in Scotland whose parents immigrated to Canada when he was five, invented 5745: 5735: 5535: 5209: 5159: 5119: 4890: 4814: 4717: 3549: 3481: 3431: 3401: 3203: 3110: 3082: 3028: 2997: 2739:

Media, Culture, and the Meanings of Hockey: Constructing a Canadian Hockey World, 1896-1907

1195: 1188: 1171: 1167: 1163: 1009: 789: 761: 612:

At the same time, the number of professional teams was expanding with the formation of the

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in a friendly series. Canadian prime minister Pierre Trudeau and his Soviet counterpart,

569: 53: 945:

in 1970 marked major advances. Perhaps the most critical development came in 1974, when

5740: 5695: 5610: 5585: 5570: 5277: 5194: 5169: 4799: 4243: 3441: 3396: 3125: 2941: 2441:

Metcalfe, Alan, 'The Meaning of Amateurism: A Case Study of Canadian Sport,1884-1970',

2178: 2039: 1631: 1557:

Colin D. Howell, "Baseball, Class and Community in the Maritime Provinces, 1870-1910,"

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Dauphinais, Paul R., 'A Class Act: French-Canadians In Organized Sport, 1840-1910',

2453: 2185: 1669: 1642: 1613: 1601: 1505:? Dave Brown, "The Northern Character Theme and Sport in Nineteenth Century Canada," 1211: 1061: 1025: 1001: 900: 884: 864: 839: 820: 665: 112: 71:

In the 21st century the major team sports played in Canada are ice hockey, baseball,

65: 61: 57: 5630: 5490: 5262: 5184: 5164: 5134: 4779: 4749: 4587: 4561: 4433: 3471: 3406: 3386: 3372: 3280: 3183: 2928: 2923: 2876: 2372:

Brown, D., 'The Northern Character Theme and Sport in Nineteenth Century Canada',

2090:"Canada's Forgotten National Sport · Canadian Law and Canadian Identity · Exhibits" 1298: 1293: 1074: 958: 911:

subsequently hosted the 1993, 1999, 2002 and 2011 Canadian Ultimate Championships.

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1337: 1184:'s outstanding performances in gymnastics helped popularize the sport in Canada. 858: 854: 674: 573: 100: 2113: 1544:

Trevor Williams, "Cheap Rates, Special Trains and Canadian Sport in the 1850s,"

5474: 5174: 4880: 4712: 4632: 4582: 4443: 4391: 3436: 3173: 3072: 2891: 1869: 1181: 1021: 770: 716:, and began play in the 2011 season. In 2010, an MLS franchise was awarded to 632: 596: 80: 2325:

David Whitson, "Bringing the world to Canada: 'the periphery of the centre,'"

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Ballem, Charles, "Missing From The Canadian Sport Scene: Native Athletes,"

1102: 1098: 668:

was responsible for designing ringette's first set of official rules using

661: 624: 592: 585: 104: 5067: 2286:

Patrick Allen, "Les Jeux Olympiques: Icebergs ou Rampes de Lancements?,"

1876:. Society of Directors of Municipal Recreation of Ontario/Ringette Canada. 1405:

Charles Ballem, "Missing From The Canadian Sport Scene: Native Athletes."

524:, while the professionals took over as the elite leagues, playing for the 5252: 4764: 4754: 4238: 2984: 2969: 2654:

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took place in 1844 between the United States and Canada in New York City.

525: 2770:

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Barbara Schrodt, "Problems of Periodization in Canadian Sport History,"

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1943: 946: 705: 669: 247: 235: 76: 33: 1246:

before it withdrew its bid due to unacceptably high cost projections.

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in West Ferris in Northern Ontario (now North Bay, Ontario), in 1963.

5444: 1219: 986: 982: 896: 868: 653: 521: 5338: 1967:

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4345: 3341: 2789:

London, Ont.: Center for Social and Humanistic Studies, 1987. 207pp

2157:"Canada's Activities at Olympiad Is Placed in Hands of a Committee" 1355:"There's No Joy In Beachville: The True Story of Baseball's Origin" 1227: 1005: 738: 690: 657: 92: 72: 64:

before two different playing styles emerged, American football and

49: 45: 37: 2490:

Smith, Michael, 'Sport and Society: Towards a Synthetic History',

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1852:"The origins of ringette, Espanola's McCarthy developed the game" 1665:

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achievements and more on her beauty and her "sweetheart" image.

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Canadians have participated in the Olympics since 1900.

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began in the early 1970s, with promotional efforts from

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With fans having less discretionary spending during the

2341:"Why Toronto should get excited about the Pan Am Games" 708:

in 2007 became the first Canadian club in the American

2416:

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2206:"Celebrating Women's Achievements: The Edmonton Grads" 1020:

Many barriers in women's sport fell in the 1920s. The

1004:, which then allowed Canadian women to compete in the 1870:"Ringette (A Game on Skates for Girls) Rules 1965-66" 1028:

were hired to cover their feats on the sports pages.

848: 712:(MLS). In 2009, another MLS franchise was awarded to 2388:

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1101:, a former Olympian, was named director general of 2177: 1630: 1187:Like Montreal, Calgary, Alberta, which hosted the 5835: 2303:(Montréal: McGill-Queens University Press, 2009) 212: 149: 2835:, online exhibit on Archives of Ontario website 2499:Game Plan: A Social History of Sport in Alberta 1143:Canadian Women's Intercollegiate Athletic Union 1755:Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions 5354: 5083: 4935: 3357: 2854: 2593:International Journal of the History of Sport 2534:International Journal of the History of Sport 2505: 1901:International Journal of the History of Sport 1494:International Journal of the History of Sport 1468:International Journal of the History of Sport 680: 2787:Canadian Football: The View from the Helmet. 2546:Demers, Guylaine and Lorraine Greaves, eds. 5097: 2381:Sports in Society: Issues and Controversies 5361: 5347: 5090: 5076: 4942: 4928: 4698:Canadian Wheelchair Basketball Association 4628:Canadian Cerebral Palsy Sports Association 3364: 3350: 2861: 2847: 1628: 1216:1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games 875:, Toronto (1972–1985), the Vancouver Open 2794:Our Game: The History of Hockey in Canada 2666:(Dec 2000/Jan 2001), Vol. 80, Issue 6 in 2184:. Toronto, Ontario: Lorimer. p. 89. 1342:International Journal of Canadian Studies 1117:in 1992 and the landmark decision of the 1073:After 1939, the hyper-masculinity of the 140: 3510:Members of Canada's Olympic Hall of Fame 2338: 1837:"North Bay Sports Hall of Fame Inductee" 985:" around 1900. These women started with 824: 60:was initially developed by Canadians at 3505:Members of Canada's Sports Hall of Fame 2040:"Cricket in Canada: Over 200 Years Old" 2037: 1429:Forms of Play of Native North Americans 1427:Edward Norbeck Claire R. Farrer, eds., 1208:first ever British Empire Games in 1930 1147:Canadian Intercollegiate Athletic Union 943:Royal Commission on the Status of Women 810: 14: 5836: 4703:Canadian Wheelchair Sports Association 2612: 955:National Conference on Women and Sport 871:(Frisbee distributor for Canada), the 5368: 5342: 5071: 4923: 3515:Recipients of the Northern Star Award 3345: 3323: 2842: 2818:Sports in Canada: Historical Readings 2607:Loisir et Societe/Society and Leisure 2033: 2031: 1849: 1817:from the original on 23 February 2017 1249: 1201: 1152: 939:Fitness and Amateur Sport Act of 1961 5706:Northwest Territories capital cities 3371: 2744:Manore, Jean L., and Dale G. Miner. 2674:Home Game: Hockey and Life in Canada 2600:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 2513:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 2485:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 2468:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 2374:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 2249:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 2175: 1546:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 1507:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 1407:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 1394:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 1318:Canadian Journal of History of Sport 1039:In Canadian women's ice hockey, the 994:Women's Amateur Federation of Canada 261:Amateur Hockey Association of Canada 2805:ProQuest Dissertations & Theses 2716:ProQuest Dissertations & Theses 2702:American Review of Canadian Studies 2409:International Communication Gazette 2386:Harvey, Jean and H. Cantelon, eds. 2000: 1980:Murray Greig, "Goin' the Distance" 1662:Mick Green; Barri Houlihan (2005). 941:(Bill C-131) and the report of the 925:Canadian women's ice hockey history 873:Canadian Open Frisbee Championships 24: 4648:Canadian Freestyle Ski Association 2810: 2632: 2617:. Alerts AC Historical Committee. 2312:Pierre Cayouette, "Montreal 1976" 2028: 1744:(Vancouver: Greystone Books, 2009) 1052:, women's sport took another hit. 849:Ultimate and disc sports (Frisbee) 291:Western Pennsylvania Hockey League 25: 5865: 3333:Links related to Sports in Canada 2877:Sports governing bodies in Canada 2824: 2746:The Culture of Hunting in Canada, 2475:The Journal of American Folklore, 2379:Coakley, Jay and Peter Donnelly, 2339:Peterson, David (July 10, 2014). 1668:. Psychology Press. p. 106. 831:first international cricket match 166:, especially as exemplified in 5815: 5803: 5802: 5233: 5215:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 4951: 4904: 4903: 4673:Canadian Orienteering Federation 4618:Canadian Blind Sport Association 3326: 2870: 2792:Stubbs, Dave, and Neal Portnoy. 2672:Dryden, Ken, and Roy MacGregor. 2448:Morrow, Don, and Kevin Wamsley. 1993:Morris Mott and John Allardyce, 1940:The Journal of American Folklore 1637:. U. of Toronto Press. pp. 1520:The Journal of American Folklore 1107:Amateur Athletic Union of Canada 998:Amateur Athletic Union of Canada 951:Fitness and Amateur Sport Branch 788:boxing champion from Canada was 534:Pacific Coast Hockey Association 426:Pacific Coast Hockey Association 131: 18:Amateur Athletic Union of Canada 5485:Former colonies and territories 4957:Lists of sports teams in Canada 3890:Paralympics stats (host nation) 2681:Lacrosse: A History of the Game 2414:Macintosh, D. and D. Whitson. 2402:The Struggle For Canadian Sport 2354: 2332: 2319: 2306: 2293: 2280: 2267: 2262:Historical Studies in Education 2254: 2241: 2228: 2198: 2169: 2149: 2136: 2127: 2106: 2082: 2069: 2056: 1987: 1974: 1961: 1948: 1932: 1919: 1906: 1893: 1880: 1862: 1843: 1829: 1799: 1773: 1760: 1747: 1734: 1721: 1708: 1695: 1682: 1655: 1633:The Struggle for Canadian Sport 1622: 1590: 1577: 1564: 1559:Social History/Histoire Sociale 1551: 1538: 1525: 1512: 1499: 1486: 1481:Historical Studies in Education 1473: 1460: 1447: 1431:(West Publishing Company: 1979) 1242:had been nominated to host the 1125:in their operating principles. 1077:blocked women's opportunities. 905:Canadian Ultimate Championships 727: 4740:Federation of Canadian Archers 4653:Canadian Interuniversity Sport 4229:Canadian Amateur Hockey League 2038:Moravan, Monika (2015-02-02). 1787:. Canada's Sports Hall of Fame 1742:The Rocket: A Cultural History 1434: 1421: 1418:Morrow and Wamsley (2005) p 11 1412: 1399: 1386: 1373: 1347: 1323: 1310: 1109:(AAU) became more supportive. 1048:. With money short during the 963:Sport Canada's Women's Program 177: 13: 1: 4810:Shooting Federation of Canada 4708:Canadian Yachting Association 4688:Canadian Snowboard Federation 4678:Canadian Paralympic Committee 4658:Canadian Lacrosse Association 4484:British Columbia Rugby League 4439:Inter-Provincial Championship 3392:Professional sports in Canada 3304:Canadian Paralympic Committee 2741:(Taylor & Francis, 2017). 1807:"Sam Jacks – Ringette Canada" 1379:Morrow and Kevin B. Wamsley, 949:and the federal government's 755: 229: 213:Organizational infrastructure 150:Cultural influences of sports 5854:Sports originating in Canada 5460:Crown and Indigenous peoples 4593:Aquatic Federation of Canada 4449:Futsal Canadian Championship 3527:Athletes of the 20th century 3447:Mixed martial arts in Canada 2094:exhibits.library.utoronto.ca 1115:Minister's Task Force Report 1068: 977:took place soon thereafter. 620:men's professional leagues. 539:In 1917, the NHA became the 7: 4876:Western Canada Summer Games 4693:Canadian Soccer Association 4643:Canadian Fencing Federation 3142:Other IOC-recognized sports 2450:Sport in Canada: A History. 2443:Journal of History of Sport 2210:Library and Archives Canada 1942:(2002) 115#456 pp.209-225 1690:Journal of Canadian Studies 1361:. SportsNet. 30 August 2015 1287: 1220:Vancouver, British Columbia 1157: 973:took lace in 1981, and the 879:Championships (1974–1976). 732: 638: 530:National Hockey Association 411:National Hockey Association 276:Manitoba Hockey Association 52:began the Canadian town of 10: 5870: 5844:History of sport in Canada 4886:List of stadiums in Canada 4775:Nordic Combined Ski Canada 4668:Canadian Olympic Committee 4623:Canadian Canoe Association 4351:List of Grey Cup champions 3562:international competitions 3299:Canadian Olympic Committee 2558:Sport and Gender in Canada 2506:Race, ethnicity and gender 2359: 1781:"Hall of Famer, Sam Jacks" 1533:Sport in Canada: A History 1522:(2002) 115#456, pp.209-225 1455:Sport in Canada: A History 1381:Sport in Canada: A History 1344:(2007), Issue 35, pp 39-60 1253: 1236:Victoria, British Columbia 1161: 1050:Great Depression in Canada 918: 852: 814: 799: 795: 780: 759: 736: 681:Football, rugby and soccer 650:Canada Sports Hall of Fame 642: 233: 194: 122: 29:history of Canadian sports 5797: 5766: 5646: 5596:Newfoundland and Labrador 5559: 5435: 5376: 5318:Saint Pierre and Miquelon 5242: 5231: 5105: 5023: 5015:Newfoundland and Labrador 4962: 4899: 4863: 4795:Minister of State (Sport) 4663:Canadian Luge Association 4608:Bobsleigh Canada Skeleton 4570: 4494: 4466: 4369: 4328: 4318:Newfoundland and Labrador 4221: 3971: 3910: 3889: 3758: 3607: 3559: 3495: 3467:Shooting sports in Canada 3379: 3339: 3309:Commonwealth Sport Canada 3294: 3246:Australian rules football 3238: 3222: 3141: 3055: 2884: 2640:Golf in Canada: A History 2613:Tester, Jim, ed. (1986). 2560:, (1999), pp. 40–64. 2329:(2004) 25#7 pp 1215-1232. 2077:Canadian Military History 1813:. Ringette Canada. 2017. 967:Female Athlete Conference 776: 447: 75:, Canadian football, and 5323:Turks and Caicos Islands 4830:Swimming Natation Canada 3911:Commonwealth Games stats 3538:Velma Springstead Trophy 2430:excerpts and text search 2420:excerpts and text search 2064:Journal of Sport History 1916:(2002) 33#2 pp: 121-137. 1729:Journal of Sport History 1610:Journal of Sport History 1572:Journal of Sport History 1304: 1128: 1092: 1084: 1055: 1031: 1015: 975:Constitution Act of 1982 965:took place in 1980, the 914: 903:first events. The first 696:Canadian Football League 614:World Hockey Association 574:Maurice "Rocket" Richard 203: 5849:Sports venues in Canada 5449:Persons of significance 5099:Sports in North America 4638:Cycling Canada Cyclisme 4382:Canadian Premier League 2832:Ontario's Sporting Past 2798:excerpt and text search 2780:Culture, Sport, Society 2774:excerpt and text search 2765:(2nd ed. 2006). 420 pp. 2757:excerpt and text search 2658:excerpt and text search 2588:, 2002, 94(2): 165–182. 2520:Canadian Theatre Review 2494:, 1989, 18(2): 150–158. 2146:(Broadview Press, 2002) 1282:2015 Pan American Games 1278:1999 Pan American Games 1274:1967 Pan American Games 1264:2015 Pan American Games 1260:1999 Pan American Games 1256:1967 Pan American Games 1244:2014 Commonwealth Games 1232:1994 Commonwealth Games 1224:1978 Commonwealth Games 1000:and its vice-president 5480:Events of significance 5268:British Virgin Islands 4963:Ice hockey by province 4724:Canadian Hockey League 3532:Bobbie Rosenfeld Award 3457:Rugby league in Canada 2595:, 1992, 9(1): 141–150. 2567:, 2002, 92(2), 113-26. 2290:(1976) 65#5 pp 271-323 2008:"19th Century Cricket" 1958:(2005) 36#2 pp 115-129 1890:(1995) 75#55 pp 24-29. 1692:(2006) 40#1 pp 125-156 1587:(2006) 32#2 pp 213-232 1585:Canadian Public Policy 1574:(2000) 27#2 pp 195-227 1561:(1989) 22#4 pp 265-286 1496:(2006) 23#5 pp 701-713 1483:(2005) 17#2 pp 243-263 1470:(2006) 23#2 pp 267-284 1272:. Winnipeg hosted the 1119:Canadian Sport Council 1046:Dominion championships 971:Women in Sport program 834: 541:National Hockey League 168:Tom Brown's Schooldays 141:First organized sports 5601:Northwest Territories 5546:Territorial evolution 5246:and other territories 5205:Saint Kitts and Nevis 4429:Canadian Championship 4387:Northern Super League 3972:National sports teams 3759:Winter Olympics stats 3608:Summer Olympics stats 3544:Lionel Conacher Award 3462:Rugby union in Canada 3256:Fullbore target rifle 3056:Winter Olympic sports 2885:Summer Olympic sports 2785:Stebbins, Robert A. 2543:, 2003, 25(2): 33–58. 2536:, 1992 7(3): 432–442. 2515:, 1983, 14(2): 33–39. 2487:, 1990, 21(1): 65–76. 2445:, 1995, 26(2): 33–48. 2411:79.2 (2017): 120–134. 2376:, 1989, 20(1), 47–56. 2327:Third World Quarterly 2316:(2009) 89#6 pp 42-44. 2299:Paul Charles Howell, 2176:Hall, M. Ann (2008). 1770:(2006) 37#1 pp 36-53. 1757:(2004) 5#2 pp 271-280 1612:2000 27(2): 195-227. 1600:2003 34(2): 133-167. 1548:(1981) 12#2 pp 84-93. 1409:(1983) 14#2 pp 33-39. 1320:(1990) 21#1 pp 65-76. 1280:. Toronto hosted the 863:In Canada, organized 828: 766:History of basketball 5621:Prince Edward Island 5298:Netherlands Antilles 5010:Prince Edward Island 4891:List of Canada Games 4815:Speed Skating Canada 4718:Cross Country Canada 4479:Ontario Rugby League 4313:Prince Edward Island 3482:Volleyball in Canada 3432:Ice hockey in Canada 3402:Basketball in Canada 2602:, 1990,21(1): 49–64. 2574:, 1980, 6(1): 51-60. 2251:(1987) 18#1 pp 36-54 2236:Sport History Review 2079:(2001) 10#2 pp 27-40 2066:(1999) 26#1 pp 51-81 1956:Sport History Review 1914:Sport History Review 1850:Mayer, Norm (1989). 1768:Sport History Review 1731:(1998) 25#1 pp 1-17. 1718:2003 34(2): 190-212. 1716:Sport History Review 1705:(2006) 37#1 pp 5-18. 1703:Sport History Review 1598:Sport History Review 1531:Morrow and Wamsley, 1509:(1989) 20#1 pp 47-56 1453:Morrow and Wamsley, 1396:(1989) 20#1 pp 57-68 1268:Canada hosted three 1240:Halifax, Nova Scotia 1196:2010 Winter Olympics 1189:1988 Winter Olympics 1172:2010 Winter Olympics 1168:1988 Winter Olympics 1164:1976 Summer Olympics 1123:gender equity quotas 1010:British Empire Games 811:Baseball and cricket 762:Basketball in Canada 240:Ice hockey in Canada 5536:Population history 5507:Chinese immigration 5328:U.S. Virgin Islands 5220:Trinidad and Tobago 5115:Antigua and Barbuda 4840:Table Tennis Canada 4745:Field Hockey Canada 4683:Canada Rugby League 4249:World Cup of Hockey 3979:Australian football 3497:Significant figures 3452:Quidditch in Canada 2816:Mott, Morris, ed. 2686:Goodman, Jeffrey. 2652:Charters, David A. 2424:Macintosh, Donald. 2238:(2008) 39#1 pp 1-29 2162:Winnipeg Free Press 2114:"ocua hall of fame" 1929:(1974) 5#2 pp 31-47 1903:(2007) 24#1 pp 49-6 1629:Bruce Kidd (1996). 1444:(1975) 2#3 pp 30-43 953:(FASB) sponsored a 710:Major League Soccer 570:Toronto Maple Leafs 250:leagues (1886–1926) 54:Beachville, Ontario 32:sports, especially 5155:Dominican Republic 4800:Ski Jumping Canada 4244:Stanley Cup Finals 3589:Commonwealth Games 3442:Lacrosse in Canada 3397:Baseball in Canada 2707:Howell, Colin D. 2693:Gruneau, Richard. 2638:Barclay, James A. 2522:169 (2017): 20–25. 2345:The Globe and Mail 2044:New Canadian Media 1971:1996 76(5): 33-38. 1740:Benoit Melancon, 1336:2016-05-05 at the 1270:Pan American Games 1250:Pan American Games 1206:Canada hosted the 1202:Commonwealth Games 1153:Multi-sports Games 1041:Preston Rivulettes 921:Ringette in Canada 835: 817:Baseball in Canada 645:Ringette in Canada 566:Montreal Canadiens 511:Timiskaming League 5831: 5830: 5822:Canada portal 5392:18000 BCE–1500 CE 5370:History of Canada 5336: 5335: 5065: 5064: 5059: 5058: 4917: 4916: 4850:Volleyball Canada 4336:U Sports football 4097:Ice sledge hockey 3550:Tip O'Neill Award 3477:Surfing in Canada 3427:Cycling in Canada 3422:Cricket in Canada 3412:Canadian football 3317: 3316: 3251:Canadian football 3230:Wheelchair sports 3223:Paralympic sports 3194:Motorcycle racing 3149:American football 2989:Modern Pentathlon 2737:Lorenz, Stacy L. 2720:Humber, William. 2458:978-0-19-541996-2 2434:Metcalfe, Alan. 2393:Howell, Colin D. 2365:Bouchier, Nancy 2264:(2003) 15#1 37-76 2191:978-1-55277-021-4 1228:Edmonton, Alberta 1214:, as well as the 1212:Hamilton, Ontario 1062:Barbara Ann Scott 1026:Phyllis Griffiths 1002:J. Howard Crocker 885:double disc court 840:John A. Macdonald 821:Cricket in Canada 666:Espanola, Ontario 572:. The Canadiens' 113:mountain climbing 66:Canadian football 62:McGill University 58:American football 16:(Redirected from 5861: 5820: 5819: 5818: 5806: 5805: 5757:Name etymologies 5637:Name etymologies 5576:British Columbia 5491:Heritage Minutes 5363: 5356: 5349: 5340: 5339: 5308:Saint Barthélemy 5237: 5107:Sovereign states 5092: 5085: 5078: 5069: 5068: 4970:British Columbia 4956: 4955: 4944: 4937: 4930: 4921: 4920: 4907: 4906: 4780:Quidditch Canada 4750:Floorball Canada 4588:Athletics Canada 4571:Governing bodies 4434:Challenge Trophy 4273:British Columbia 3599:Special Olympics 3520:Team of the Year 3472:Soccer in Canada 3407:Boxing in Canada 3387:Sports in Canada 3373:Sports in Canada 3366: 3359: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3334: 3331: 3330: 3329: 3321: 3320: 2875: 2874: 2873: 2863: 2856: 2849: 2840: 2839: 2768:O'Brien, Steve. 2628: 2609:, 1983: 105–120. 2497:Wall, Karen L. 2470:, 1992, 2:72–83. 2452:(2005). 318 pp. 2349: 2348: 2336: 2330: 2323: 2317: 2310: 2304: 2297: 2291: 2288:Action Nationale 2284: 2278: 2271: 2265: 2258: 2252: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2216:on March 7, 2016 2212:. 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702:Soccer in Canada 555:Great Depression 548:Winnipeg Falcons 224:Athletics Canada 21: 5869: 5868: 5864: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5859: 5858: 5834: 5833: 5832: 5827: 5816: 5814: 5793: 5762: 5642: 5563:and territories 5562: 5555: 5431: 5380: 5372: 5367: 5337: 5332: 5238: 5229: 5101: 5096: 5066: 5061: 5060: 5055: 5019: 4958: 4950: 4948: 4918: 4913: 4895: 4859: 4603:Biathlon Canada 4598:Baseball Canada 4566: 4490: 4462: 4365: 4324: 4217: 3967: 3906: 3885: 3754: 3603: 3579:Winter Olympics 3574:Summer Olympics 3561: 3555: 3491: 3417:Chess in Canada 3375: 3370: 3335: 3332: 3327: 3325: 3318: 3313: 3290: 3234: 3218: 3137: 3116:Nordic combined 3051: 2880: 2871: 2869: 2867: 2827: 2813: 2811:Primary sources 2772:(2nd ed. 2005) 2751:Maxwell, Doug. 2690:(1981). 249 pp. 2679:Fisher, D.B. 2635: 2633:Specific sports 2625: 2586:Ontario History 2565:Ontario History 2508: 2383:, (2003), 576pp 2362: 2357: 2352: 2337: 2333: 2324: 2320: 2311: 2307: 2298: 2294: 2285: 2281: 2272: 2268: 2259: 2255: 2246: 2242: 2233: 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Ann. 2575: 2568: 2561: 2554: 2544: 2537: 2530: 2523: 2516: 2507: 2504: 2503: 2502: 2495: 2488: 2481: 2471: 2464: 2446: 2439: 2432: 2422: 2412: 2405: 2400:Kidd, Bruce. 2398: 2391: 2384: 2377: 2370: 2361: 2358: 2356: 2353: 2351: 2350: 2331: 2318: 2305: 2292: 2279: 2266: 2253: 2240: 2227: 2197: 2190: 2168: 2148: 2135: 2126: 2105: 2081: 2068: 2055: 2027: 1999: 1986: 1973: 1960: 1947: 1931: 1918: 1905: 1892: 1879: 1861: 1842: 1828: 1798: 1772: 1759: 1746: 1733: 1720: 1707: 1694: 1681: 1674: 1654: 1647: 1621: 1589: 1576: 1563: 1550: 1537: 1524: 1511: 1498: 1485: 1472: 1459: 1446: 1433: 1420: 1411: 1398: 1385: 1372: 1346: 1322: 1308: 1306: 1303: 1302: 1301: 1296: 1289: 1286: 1251: 1248: 1203: 1200: 1182:Nadia Comaneci 1159: 1156: 1154: 1151: 1130: 1127: 1094: 1091: 1086: 1083: 1070: 1067: 1060:Figure skater 1057: 1054: 1033: 1030: 1022:Edmonton Grads 1017: 1014: 916: 913: 850: 847: 812: 809: 800:Main article: 797: 794: 781:Main article: 778: 775: 771:James Naismith 757: 754: 734: 731: 729: 726: 682: 679: 643:Main article: 640: 637: 633:Salt Lake City 597:Alexei Kosygin 498: 496: 492: 490: 486: 484: 480: 478: 474: 472: 468: 466: 462: 460: 456: 454: 450: 448: 439: 438: 437: 435: 434: 431: 424: 423: 422: 420: 419: 416: 409: 408: 407: 405: 404: 401: 394: 393: 392: 390: 389: 386: 379: 378: 377: 375: 374: 371: 364: 363: 362: 360: 359: 356: 349: 348: 347: 345: 344: 341: 334: 333: 332: 330: 329: 326: 319: 318: 317: 315: 314: 311: 304: 303: 302: 300: 299: 296: 289: 288: 287: 285: 284: 281: 274: 273: 272: 270: 269: 266: 259: 258: 257: 256: 255: 254: 253: 245: 244: 243: 231: 228: 214: 211: 205: 202: 196: 193: 179: 176: 151: 148: 142: 139: 133: 130: 124: 121: 81:figure skating 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5866: 5855: 5852: 5850: 5847: 5845: 5842: 5841: 5839: 5824: 5823: 5812: 5810: 5809: 5800: 5799: 5796: 5790: 5787: 5785: 5782: 5780: 5777: 5775: 5772: 5771: 5769: 5765: 5758: 5754: 5752: 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5731:Richmond Hill 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 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4811: 4808: 4806: 4803: 4801: 4798: 4796: 4793: 4791: 4788: 4786: 4785:Rowing Canada 4783: 4781: 4778: 4776: 4773: 4771: 4770:Karate Canada 4768: 4766: 4763: 4761: 4760:Hockey Canada 4758: 4756: 4753: 4751: 4748: 4746: 4743: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4735:Equine Canada 4733: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4721: 4719: 4716: 4714: 4711: 4709: 4706: 4704: 4701: 4699: 4696: 4694: 4691: 4689: 4686: 4684: 4681: 4679: 4676: 4674: 4671: 4669: 4666: 4664: 4661: 4659: 4656: 4654: 4651: 4649: 4646: 4644: 4641: 4639: 4636: 4634: 4631: 4629: 4626: 4624: 4621: 4619: 4616: 4614: 4611: 4609: 4606: 4604: 4601: 4599: 4596: 4594: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4584: 4581: 4579: 4578:Alpine Canada 4576: 4575: 4573: 4569: 4563: 4560: 4558: 4555: 4553: 4550: 4548: 4545: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4526: 4523: 4520: 4518: 4515: 4511: 4508: 4507: 4506: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4497: 4493: 4485: 4482: 4480: 4477: 4476: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4469: 4465: 4459: 4458:List of teams 4456: 4455: 4450: 4447: 4445: 4442: 4440: 4437: 4435: 4432: 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3086: 3084: 3083:Speed skating 3081: 3079: 3076: 3074: 3071: 3069: 3066: 3064: 3061: 3060: 3058: 3054: 3048: 3045: 3043: 3042:Weightlifting 3040: 3035: 3032: 3031: 3030: 3027: 3024: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3014: 3011: 3009: 3006: 3004: 3001: 2999: 2996: 2994: 2991: 2988: 2986: 2983: 2981: 2978: 2976: 2973: 2971: 2968: 2966: 2963: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2953: 2950: 2948: 2945: 2943: 2940: 2937: 2935: 2932: 2930: 2927: 2925: 2922: 2918: 2915: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2890: 2889: 2887: 2883: 2878: 2864: 2859: 2857: 2852: 2850: 2845: 2844: 2841: 2834: 2833: 2829: 2828: 2819: 2815: 2814: 2806: 2801: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2788: 2784: 2781: 2777: 2775: 2771: 2767: 2764: 2760: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2734: 2733:0-9764496-0-9 2730: 2726: 2723: 2719: 2717: 2713: 2710: 2706: 2703: 2699: 2696: 2692: 2689: 2685: 2682: 2678: 2675: 2671: 2669: 2665: 2661: 2659: 2655: 2651: 2648: 2645:Boyd, Bill. 2644: 2641: 2637: 2636: 2626: 2624:0-9692405-0-3 2620: 2616: 2611: 2608: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2594: 2590: 2587: 2583: 2580: 2576: 2573: 2569: 2566: 2562: 2559: 2555: 2553: 2552:online review 2549: 2545: 2542: 2538: 2535: 2531: 2528: 2525:Burstyn, V. 2524: 2521: 2517: 2514: 2510: 2509: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2486: 2482: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2465: 2463: 2462:online review 2459: 2455: 2451: 2447: 2444: 2440: 2437: 2433: 2431: 2427: 2423: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2410: 2406: 2403: 2399: 2396: 2392: 2389: 2385: 2382: 2378: 2375: 2371: 2368: 2364: 2363: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2328: 2322: 2315: 2309: 2302: 2296: 2289: 2283: 2276: 2273:M. Ann Hall, 2270: 2263: 2257: 2250: 2244: 2237: 2231: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2193: 2187: 2182: 2181: 2172: 2164: 2163: 2158: 2152: 2145: 2142:M. Ann Hall, 2139: 2130: 2115: 2109: 2095: 2091: 2085: 2078: 2072: 2065: 2059: 2045: 2041: 2034: 2032: 2015: 2014: 2009: 2003: 1996: 1990: 1983: 1977: 1970: 1964: 1957: 1951: 1945: 1941: 1935: 1928: 1922: 1915: 1909: 1902: 1896: 1889: 1883: 1875: 1871: 1865: 1857: 1853: 1846: 1838: 1832: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1802: 1786: 1785:sportshall.ca 1782: 1776: 1769: 1763: 1756: 1750: 1743: 1737: 1730: 1724: 1717: 1711: 1704: 1698: 1691: 1685: 1677: 1675:9780203022245 1671: 1667: 1666: 1658: 1650: 1648:9780802076649 1644: 1640: 1635: 1634: 1625: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1603: 1599: 1593: 1586: 1580: 1573: 1567: 1560: 1554: 1547: 1541: 1534: 1528: 1521: 1515: 1508: 1502: 1495: 1489: 1482: 1476: 1469: 1463: 1456: 1450: 1443: 1437: 1430: 1424: 1415: 1408: 1402: 1395: 1389: 1382: 1376: 1360: 1356: 1350: 1343: 1339: 1335: 1332: 1326: 1319: 1313: 1309: 1300: 1297: 1295: 1292: 1291: 1285: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1271: 1265: 1261: 1257: 1247: 1245: 1241: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1199: 1197: 1192: 1190: 1185: 1183: 1177: 1173: 1169: 1165: 1150: 1148: 1144: 1139: 1134: 1126: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1110: 1108: 1104: 1100: 1090: 1082: 1078: 1076: 1066: 1063: 1053: 1051: 1047: 1042: 1037: 1029: 1027: 1023: 1013: 1011: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 990: 988: 984: 978: 976: 972: 969:in 1981, the 968: 964: 960: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 935: 931: 926: 922: 912: 910: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 870: 866: 860: 856: 846: 843: 841: 832: 827: 822: 818: 808: 803: 793: 791: 784: 774: 772: 767: 763: 753: 749: 745: 740: 725: 723: 719: 715: 711: 707: 703: 699: 697: 692: 687: 678: 676: 671: 667: 663: 659: 655: 651: 646: 636: 634: 628: 626: 621: 617: 615: 610: 606: 603: 602:Summit Series 598: 594: 589: 587: 581: 577: 575: 571: 567: 562: 558: 556: 551: 549: 544: 542: 537: 535: 531: 527: 523: 518: 514: 512: 442: 427: 412: 397: 382: 367: 352: 337: 322: 307: 292: 277: 262: 249: 241: 237: 227: 225: 219: 210: 201: 192: 188: 184: 175: 171: 169: 165: 164:Thomas Hughes 160: 156: 147: 138: 132:First Nations 129: 120: 116: 114: 110: 109:rollerblading 106: 102: 98: 94: 90: 86: 82: 78: 74: 69: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 47: 43: 39: 35: 30: 19: 5813: 5801: 5774:Bibliography 5626:Saskatchewan 5540: 5524:Peacekeeping 5489: 5427:1982–present 5313:Saint Martin 5244:Dependencies 5024:Other sports 4980:Saskatchewan 4871:Quebec Games 4820:Sport Canada 4805:Skate Canada 4790:Rugby Canada 4528: 4501: 4495:Other sports 4473: 4467:Rugby league 4423: 4376: 4283:Saskatchewan 4267: 4203: 4189: 4175: 4161: 4147: 4129: 4115:Rugby league 4111: 4091:women's U-18 4073: 4050: 4037:Field hockey 4036: 4022: 4008: 3594:Pan Am Games 3487:Canada Games 3276:Rugby league 3261:Gaelic games 3239:Other sports 3199:Orienteering 3133:Snowboarding 3013:Table tennis 2960:Field hockey 2830: 2817: 2793: 2786: 2779: 2769: 2762: 2752: 2745: 2738: 2721: 2708: 2701: 2694: 2687: 2680: 2673: 2663: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2614: 2606: 2599: 2592: 2585: 2578: 2571: 2564: 2557: 2547: 2540: 2533: 2526: 2519: 2512: 2498: 2491: 2484: 2474: 2467: 2449: 2442: 2435: 2425: 2415: 2408: 2401: 2394: 2387: 2380: 2373: 2366: 2355:Bibliography 2344: 2334: 2326: 2321: 2313: 2308: 2300: 2295: 2287: 2282: 2274: 2269: 2261: 2256: 2248: 2243: 2235: 2230: 2218:. 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(1990). 1821:8 September 1811:ringette.ca 1791:8 September 1457:(2005) ch 3 1383:(2005) ch 2 1121:to include 901:disc sports 865:disc sports 722:2012 season 526:Stanley Cup 178:Sports fans 5838:Categories 5784:Historians 5721:Saint John 5686:Lethbridge 5519:Operations 5293:Montserrat 5288:Martinique 5283:Guadeloupe 5140:Costa Rica 5036:Basketball 4855:Water Polo 4613:Basketball 4537:Motorsport 4517:Basketball 4356:Vanier Cup 4254:Canada Cup 4222:Ice hockey 4204:Water polo 4190:Volleyball 4082:men's U-20 4074:Ice hockey 4059:men's U-19 4009:Basketball 3560:Canada at 3552:(baseball) 3088:Ice hockey 3029:Volleyball 2975:Gymnastics 2952:Equestrian 2934:Basketball 2917:Water polo 2711:. (1995). 2529:. (1999). 2492:Acadiensis 2438:. (1987). 2404:. (1996). 2397:. (2001). 2099:2024-07-30 2049:2024-07-30 1365:23 January 1230:, and the 1141:1969, the 947:Marion Lay 919:See also: 838:Minister, 756:Basketball 737:See also: 706:Toronto FC 670:basketball 652:inductee, 248:ice hockey 236:Ice hockey 230:Ice hockey 77:basketball 34:ice hockey 5746:Vancouver 5736:Saskatoon 5561:Provinces 5475:Etymology 5445:Canadians 5422:1960–1981 5417:1945–1960 5412:1914–1945 5407:1867–1914 5402:1763–1867 5397:1534–1763 5378:Year list 5278:Greenland 5195:Nicaragua 5170:Guatemala 4180:Davis Cup 4107:Quidditch 4051:Floorball 3999:Badminton 3281:Quidditch 3184:Floorball 3121:Freestyle 3068:Bobsleigh 3047:Wrestling 3025:Triathlon 3017:Taekwondo 2993:Rugby 7's 2929:Badminton 2924:Athletics 2820:, (1989). 2683:. (2002). 2581:. (2002). 1982:MacMillan 1618:0094-1700 1606:1087-1659 1069:Post WWII 987:bicycling 983:new woman 899:, became 897:disc golf 889:disc guts 881:Freestyle 869:Irwin Toy 714:Vancouver 654:Sam Jacks 522:Allan Cup 5808:Category 5767:Research 5751:Winnipeg 5701:Montreal 5681:Hamilton 5666:Edmonton 5656:Brampton 5581:Manitoba 5514:Military 5470:Economic 5465:Cultural 5383:Timeline 5253:Anguilla 5180:Honduras 5150:Dominica 5125:Barbados 5046:Lacrosse 5041:Football 5031:Baseball 4985:Manitoba 4909:Category 4522:Lacrosse 4505:Baseball 4502:Teams... 4346:Grey Cup 4329:Football 4288:Manitoba 4148:Softball 4069:Football 4004:Baseball 3569:Olympics 3540:(female) 3534:(female) 3286:Ultimate 3271:Ringette 3266:Racquets 3189:Lacrosse 3164:Baseball 3098:Skeleton 3063:Biathlon 3008:Shooting 2980:Handball 2942:Canoeing 2907:Swimming 2897:Aquatics 2697:, (1993) 2572:Atlantis 2550:(2014). 2479:in JSTOR 2390:, (1988) 2369:. (2003) 1944:in JSTOR 1815:Archived 1334:Archived 1288:See also 1276:and the 1158:Olympics 1008:and the 1006:Olympics 893:ultimate 739:Lacrosse 733:Lacrosse 720:for the 718:Montreal 691:Grey Cup 658:ringette 639:Ringette 568:and the 97:swimming 93:paddling 73:softball 50:baseball 46:ringette 38:lacrosse 5789:Surveys 5741:Toronto 5696:Moncton 5691:Markham 5676:Halifax 5611:Nunavut 5586:Ontario 5571:Alberta 5263:Bermuda 5185:Jamaica 5165:Grenada 5120:Bahamas 4990:Ontario 4975:Alberta 4864:Related 4835:Synchro 4583:Archery 4562:Curling 4510:defunct 4377:Leagues 4293:Ontario 4278:Alberta 4184:Fed Cup 4023:Cricket 3174:Cricket 3126:Jumping 3102:Skiing 3073:Curling 3003:Sailing 2956:Fencing 2947:Cycling 2912:Synchro 2892:Archery 2796:(2006) 2755:(2002) 2656:(2007) 2428:(2003) 2360:Surveys 2016:. 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