25:
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508:. Proof of Bamba having recited these prayers is not included in colonial archives, but is rather based on the testimonies of his disciples. As a result of Bamba's prayers, the Privy Council decided to deport him to "a place where its fanatic preachings would not have any effect". and exiled him to the equatorial forest of Gabon, where he remained for seven years and nine months. While in Gabon, he composed prayers and poems celebrating Allah.
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1080:
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1094:
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331:. It is said that even at a young age, Ahmadou Bamba pressured his father to give up his important position as Qadi to the Damel. Ahmadou Bamba disavowed this collaboration, which he considered suspicious in that it obliged his father to render power-inspired rulings potentially contrary to Islamic law. Bamba was the second son of Maam Mor Anta Saly Mbacke and
630:
623:. One such city is New York, where Muslims of West African descent have organized an "annual Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba Day parade" for over twenty years. Celebrations like these create platforms to "redefine the boundaries of their African identities, cope with the stigma of blackness, and counteract an anti-Muslim backlash".
583:
By 1910, the French realized that Bamba was not interested in waging violent war against them, and was in fact quite cooperative, eventually releasing him to return to his expanded community. In 1918, they rewarded him with the French Legion of Honor for enlisting his followers in the First World
543:
struggle against French colonialism while trying to restore a purer practice of Islam insulated from French colonial influence. In a period when successful armed resistance was impossible, Cheikh
Ahmadou Bamba led a spiritual struggle against colonial culture and politics. Although he did not wage
527:
of the new colony to the cultural values of the metropolis. This led to a policy of exile or systematic elimination of the Muslim spiritual guides who openly spoke out against the colonial government. Thus, Ahmadou Bamba, whose only alleged crime was persisting in preaching Islam, was subjected to
568:
of the colonial period, was an early example of this. Young followers were recruited to settle marginal lands in eastern
Senegal, found communities and create groundnut plantations. With the organisation and supplies provided by the Brotherhood, a portion of the proceeds were returned to Touba,
343:
The
Mouride brotherhood began to develop at the end of the 19th century, following the defeat of the Wolof monarchies. This period of deep socio-political crisis was conducive to the birth of religious organizations founded by strong personalities renowned for their science and holiness. Ahmadou
494:
The phobia of the colonial administration at the place of any
Islamic movement made the judgements given to the Privy Council often constitute lawsuits of intention to religious leaders. Stopped in Diéwol, Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba was transferred to the office of the Governor of the colonial
503:
in the
Governor's office before addressing the council, declaring his firm intention to be subjected to God alone. With this symbolic prayer and stance in the sanctuary of the deniers of Islam, Bamba came to embody a new form of nonviolent resistance against the aims of colonial
482:
worried about his growing power and potential to wage war against them. He had stirred "anti-colonial disobedience" and even converted a number of traditional kings and their followers and no doubt could have raised a huge military force, as Muslim leaders like
559:
As Bamba gathered followers, he taught that salvation comes through complete submission to God and hard work. The
Mouride order has built, following this teaching, a large economic organisation, involved in many aspects of the Senegalese economy.
335:(better known by the name Maam Diaara Bousso, or Diaratoullah in Arabic, which means "neighbor of God"). Both of his parents descended from the well-known patriarch Maam Mahram Mbacke, with their ancestors hailing from Fouta, northern Senegal.
637:
Ahmadou Bamba has several surviving photographs, in which he wears a flowing white robe and his face is mostly covered by a scarf. These pictures are venerated and reproduced in paintings on walls, buses, taxis, etc. all over
883:(grandson, and also the first caliph's eldest son). Gaindé Fatma founded French-language and Arabic-language schools, provided scholarships, and was an important community figure who focused on advancing education in Senegal.
879:
580:(1903–1907). However, these exiles inspired stories and folk tales of Bamba's miraculous survival of torture, deprivation, and attempted executions, and thousands more flocked to his organization.
397:(Mouride leader) and son of Ahmadou Bamba, declared that Ahmadou Bamba had met the prophet Muhammad in his dreams, a tale that has become an article of faith for Mouride believers. During the month of
303:. He was born into a family with an ancient Islamic tradition, which had nevertheless maintained close relations and alliances with royal dynasties such as the Guééj. His father
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Every year, millions of
Muslims from all over the world make a pilgrimage to Touba (known as the Magal), worshipping at the mosque and honoring the memory of Ahmadou Bamba.
304:
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had before him. During this time, the French army and French colonial government were weary of Muslim leaders inciting revolts as they finished taking over
Senegal.
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2199:
2189:
2018:
John Glover. Sufism and Jihad in Modern
Senegal: The Murid Order (Rochester Studies in African History and the Diaspora). University of Rochester Press (2007)
619:
Today, Ahmadou Bamba has an estimated following of more than 3 million people and parades occur around the world in his honor, including in various cities in
1912:
992:, younger brother. He took care of Bamba's family and community while he was exiled by French colonial authorities. Today, he is revered by his city,
2029:
Kaag, Mayke (March 2008). "Mouride
Transnational Livelihoods at the Margins of a European Society: The Case of Residence Prealpino, Brescia, Italy".
1979:
Cheikh Anta Babou . Fighting the Greater Jihad: Amadu Bamba and the Founding of the Muridiyya of Senegal, 1853–1913. Ohio University Press (2007)
412:(the quest for happiness in both worlds), Bamba describes the purpose of the city, which was intended to reconcile the spiritual and the temporal.
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all manner of deprivation and trials for 32 years. Exiled for seven years to Gabon and five years to Mauritania and placed under house arrest in
1642:
Roberts, Allen F.; Roberts, Mary Nooter (2008-03-01). "Flickering images, floating signifiers: optical innovation and visual piety in senegal".
1003:
2112:
Abdou Seye, Des hommes autour du Serviteur de l'Envoyé - Aperçu biographique de disciples de Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba, Édition 1438 h / 2017
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2226:
607:. He was succeeded by his descendants as hereditary leaders of the brotherhood with absolute authority over the followers. Currently,
860:
Tidiane's paternal grandmother was Maam Maty Mbacke (the daughter of Mame Thierno Farimata Mbacke, who was Maam Mahram Mbacke's son).
645:
Modern Mourides contribute earnings to the brotherhood, which provides social services, loans, and business opportunities in return.
1501:
1419:
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2146:: exhibition and educational program from the Fowler Museum of Cultural History of the University of California at Los Angeles.
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of his age, and to test his faith. From this, Bamba is said to also have been conferred the rank of "Servant of the Prophet."
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2023:
1984:
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933:
352:, Senegal. Today, Touba serves as the location of the sub-Saharan Africa's largest mosque, which was built by the Mourides.
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2184:
1969:
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2102:
Sheik Ahmadu Bamba: Selected Poems. Edited and translated by Sana Camara. Brill Press, 2017. Forthcoming April 2017.
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1307:
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1938:
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1251:"God alone is king" : Islam and emancipation in Senegal : the Wolof kingdoms of Kajoor and Bawol, 1859-1914
524:
465:
68:
46:
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39:
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1990:
Coulon, Christian (1999). "The Grand Magal in Touba: A Religious Festival of the Mouride Brotherhood of Senegal".
780:
The following list of ancestors, descendants, and companions of Sheikh Bamba has been adapted from Mbacke (2016).
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1761:. World Faiths Development Dialogue. Georgetown University: Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs
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652:. Bamba traditionally mixed coffee and spices together for medicinal purposes, and served it to his followers.
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administration in Saint-Louis (Senegal). On Thursday September 5, 1895, he appeared before the Privy Council (
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After his death in 1927, he was buried in Touba at a site he had chosen, adjacent to the future location of
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for fifteen years, Bamba nevertheless did not cease to defend the message of Islam until his death in 1927.
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611:
is the Khalifa-General, Ahmadou Bamba's oldest living grandson who holds the brotherhood's highest office.
371:, rituals, work, and Quranic study, he is perhaps best known for his emphasis on work and industriousness.
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677:
Amadou Bamba is the author of various manuscripts, most of which are currently held at the library of the
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1450:
993:
588:, believing in part that his doctrine of hard work could be made to work with French economic interests.
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travelling across the Atlantic Ocean while not waging outright war on the French like several prominent
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2520:
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401:
1895, Muhammed and his companions appeared to him in a dream in Touba to confer upon him the rank of
1579:
Abdullah, Zain (2009). "Sufis on parade: the performance of Black, African, and Muslim identities".
2066:
Robinson, David (1988). "French 'Islamic' Policy and Practice in Late Nineteenth-Century Senegal".
905:(grandson). Seventh caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood. Son of Sheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacke.
33:
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970:
957:
436:
1707:
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foundation, and set up a girls' boarding school in Porokhane that can accommodate 400 students.
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50:
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that implies that God will send renewers of the faith every 100 years (the members of all the
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2476:
2442:
2307:
1326:
Riccio, Bruno (2004-09-01). "Transnational Mouridism and the Afro‐Muslim Critique of Italy".
1122:
678:
604:
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while the workers, after a period of years, earned ownership over the plantations and towns.
1960:
642:. The first surviving photo was originally taken in 1913 by "French colonial authorities".
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8:
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2003:
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or "greater struggle," which fought not through weapons but through learning and fear of
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2007:
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798:
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332:
186:
143:
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2103:
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2019:
1980:
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1343:
1303:
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1228:
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961:(son). Fifth caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood, and the last surviving son of Bamba.
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810:. Today, Mama Diaara is celebrated annually by hundreds of thousands of pilgrims at
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1999:
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His movement continued to grow, and in 1926 he began work for the great mosque at
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1973:
1889:
1551:
1505:
324:
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Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba produced poems and tracts on meditation, rituals, work, and
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149:
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1614:
1339:
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policy of France ended with the defeat of all the armed resistance movements in
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2375:
2143:
1966:
1117:
1085:
592:
585:
139:
2079:
2042:
969:. Sixth caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood, and the nephew of the fifth caliph
629:
2547:
2355:
2287:
2194:
1663:
1655:
1479:
1395:"Touba (2006). Sermon de Cheikh Abdoul Ahad Mbacke. Retrieved March 24, 2006"
1347:
1045:
665:
2115:
Kimball, Michelle R., 2019, Shaykh Ahmadou Bamba: A Peacemaker for Our Time.
1592:
1470:
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802:(Mama Diaara Bousso) (mother). Her family came from Golléré, a village near
649:
2409:
1600:
1099:
660:
284:
512:
1302:(Du Côté du Sacré ed.). Dakar: le NEGRE INTERNATIONAL. p. 25.
1277:(Du Côté du Sacré ed.). Dakar: le NEGRE INTERNATIONAL. p. 25.
1202:(Du Côté du Sacré ed.). Dakar: le NEGRE INTERNATIONAL. p. 25.
1176:
771:(The Attraction of the Hearts Towards the Lord who Knows all the Hidden)
2502:
2322:
1167:
1150:
803:
577:
505:
450: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
408:
He founded the city of Touba in 1887. In one of his numerous writings,
368:
364:
269:
2087:
2011:
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which emphasizes a personal struggle over "negative instincts." As an
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2385:
2340:
2302:
2129:
The wird, its role and purpose by Shaykh Ahmadu Bamba (at-tawhid.net)
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920:
857:
851:
811:
565:
484:
394:
312:
2195:
Ways Unto Heaven by Ahmadou Bamba, translation by Abdoul Aziz Mbacke
1497:
Touba (2004). La mission du Cheikh. Retrieved March 15, 2006 , from
843:
807:
425:
292:
109:
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2204:
2134:
Toubatoulouse.org to download khassaides, audio sounds and pictures
1894:
1151:"Aḥmadou Bamba's Pedagogy and the Development of 'Ajamī Literature"
919:(grandson). Eldest son of Sheikh Mouhamadoul Bachir. He modernized
584:
War: he refused it. They allowed him to establish his community in
540:
529:
375:
356:
308:
272:
206:
2200:
Jihad For Peace, about Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba, by Abdoul Aziz Mbacke
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1107:
639:
620:
533:
516:
398:
345:
328:
250:
246:
119:
1451:"Animating the archive: the trial and testimony of a Sufi saint"
2419:
2185:
A modest tribute from Tidjani Négadi (Oran University, Algeria)
2133:
1420:"Hizbut (2006). Serviteur Privilegie. Retrieved March 24, 2006"
1127:
832:(paternal grandfather). He was the youngest son of Maam Mahram.
561:
545:
499:) of Saint-Louis to rule on his case. Ahmadou Bamba prayed two
488:
383:
359:, hard work and good manners through what is commonly known as
316:
234:
170:
92:
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2190:
A rare book bridging NY and Touba, Senegal by Peter Bogardus.
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573:
500:
379:
349:
261:
238:
135:
1370:"Hizbut (2006). Contrat de l'exil. Retrieved March 24, 2006"
572:
Fearing his influence, the French sentenced him to exile in
2432:
2180:
Official Home Page of the Muridiyya Khidmatul Khadim School
1002:, a Mouride businessman. Today, he is revered by his city,
839:
320:
300:
288:
242:
174:
113:
2159:
986:, uterine brother. Today, he is revered by his city, Sahm.
1628:
553:
2169:
856:(great-great-grandson of Maam Mahram Mbacke). El Hadji
838:(paternal great-grandfather). He was both a well-known
205:, 1853–1927) also known to followers as the Servant of
1499:
http://www.touba-internet.com/bmb_martyr.htm#allevents
875:(first son). First caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood.
2144:
Passport to Paradise: Sufi Arts of Senegal and Beyond
1686:"Cafe Touba - Dakar, Senegal | Local Food Guide"
659:
has claimed to be a follower of Mouridism. His 2004
338:
1552:"Senegal's Mourides: Islam's mystical entrepreneurs"
1061:
648:
Sheikh Ahmadou Bamba is also known to have invented
355:
Ahmadou Bamba's teachings emphasized the virtues of
224:
730:(Is it necessary to cry for the dead Sufi masters?)
824:'s father) was a highly respected Islamic scholar.
548:marabouts had done, he taught what he called the
415:
2545:
1910:
1781:"Serigne Muhammadu Moustapha Mbacke (1927-1945)"
1747:
1745:
1743:
1741:
1739:
953:(son). Fourth caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood.
937:(son). Second caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood.
1939:"In Harlem's Fabric, Bright Threads of Senegal"
1907:By Elizabeth Blunt BBC News, 22 September 2005.
1574:
1572:
945:(son). Third caliph of the Mouride Brotherhood.
390:claim that their founders were such renewers).
319:(Sufi order) in Senegal. He had been appointed
1967:Timeline of the events of Ahmadou Bamba's life
1641:
1021:Other important people associated with Bamba:
264:study. He led a pacifist struggle against the
2220:
2175:Article on Shaykh Ahmadou Bamba as Peacemaker
1913:"Industrious Senegal Muslims Run a 'Vatican'"
1736:
539:In the political sphere, Ahmadou Bamba led a
1806:"Serigne Muhammadu Fadal Mbacke (1945-1968)"
1569:
742:(The Locks of Hell and The Keys to Paradise)
681:. Below is a selection of Bamba's writings:
511:From the beginning of the 19th century, the
278:
1961:Sect follows different brand of Islamic law
1936:
1731:A short list of Ahmadu Bamba's bibliography
1581:Journal of the American Academy of Religion
669:features multiple songs that praise Bamba.
2227:
2213:
2170:International Sufi School Khidmatul Khadim
2139:The Online Murid Library (DaarayKamil.com)
1526:. New York: Bloomsbury. pp. 151–153.
880:Serigne Cheikh Ahmadou Mbacke Gainde Fatma
765:(The Gifts granted by the Beneficent Lord)
544:outright war on them as several prominent
478:As Bamba's fame and influence spread, the
91:
1493:
1491:
1489:
1469:
1166:
466:Learn how and when to remove this message
348:brotherhood in 1883, with its capital in
283:Amadou was born on the outskirts of 1270
69:Learn how and when to remove this message
2065:
1883:Reuters report of Touba and the Mourides
1705:
1578:
628:
32:This article includes a list of general
2165:La Non Violence de Cheikh Ahmadou Bamba
2031:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
1831:"Serigne Abdul Ahad Mbacke (1968-1989)"
1545:
1543:
1448:
1387:
1328:Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies
1300:AHMADOU BAMBA Le missionnaire universel
1275:AHMADOU BAMBA Le missionnaire universel
1247:
1200:AHMADOU BAMBA Le missionnaire universel
775:
2546:
1989:
1856:"Serigne Abdu Qadr Mbacke (1988-1989)"
1751:
1516:
1486:
1412:
1325:
1222:
2208:
1733:. Murid Islamic Community in America.
1444:
1442:
1440:
1362:
1227:. New York: Bloomsbury. p. 150.
966:Serigne Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacké
752:Poems honoring the Prophet Muhammad:
2234:
2028:
2004:10.1093/oxfordjournals.afraf.a008007
1540:
1397:. Touba-internet.com. Archived from
1321:
1319:
1297:
1272:
1197:
1148:
1144:
1142:
1026:Sheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Diop Dagana
895:Sheikh Mouhamadou Lamine Bara Mbacke
891:(son) was Amadou Bamba's biographer.
740:Maghâliqu-n-Nîrân wa Mafâtihul Jinân
519:and the installation of a policy of
448:adding citations to reliable sources
419:
18:
1708:"Youssou N'Dour, 'Egypt' and Islam"
1549:
872:Serigne Mouhamadou Moustapha Mbacké
214:
202:
13:
2366:Ahmad At Tijânî Ibn Bâba Al 'Alawî
1876:
1860:Murid Islamic Community in America
1835:Murid Islamic Community in America
1810:Murid Islamic Community in America
1785:Murid Islamic Community in America
1437:
1028:, Bamba's biographer and companion
934:Serigne Mouhamadou Fallilou Mbacké
339:Foundation of Mouridiyya and Touba
38:it lacks sufficient corresponding
16:Senegalese Sufi leader (1853–1927)
14:
2640:
2594:Senegalese Sufi religious leaders
2119:
1890:"Senegal's powerful brotherhoods"
1449:De Jong, Ferdinand (2016-02-01).
1316:
1298:SAMB, Moustapha (February 2010).
1273:SAMB, Moustapha (February 2010).
1198:SAMB, Moustapha (February 2010).
1139:
917:Serigne Moustapha Mbacke Bassirou
2526:
2516:
2515:
2428:Seydina Mouhammadou Limamou Laye
2061:by Pape N'Diaye, on afrology.com
1092:
1078:
1064:
794:, who hailed from Bamba village.
769:Jasbul Quloob Ilâ Allâmil Ghuyûb
736:(The Illumination of the Hearts)
424:
23:
1933:, Norimitsu Onishi, 2 May 2002.
1911:Norimitsu Onishi (2002-05-02).
1848:
1823:
1798:
1773:
1752:Mbacke, Saliou (January 2016).
1724:
1699:
1678:
1635:
1621:
1607:
1510:
576:(1895–1902) and later in
435:needs additional citations for
2250:Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal
2068:The Journal of African History
1291:
1266:
1241:
1216:
1191:
1113:Muslim brotherhoods of Senegal
759:(The Beginning of the Praises)
416:Facing colonial rule and exile
393:Abdoul Ahad Mbacke, the third
185:Maam Mor Anta Saly Mbacke and
1:
1706:Chadwick, Alex (2004-07-02).
1133:
1034:, teacher of Bamba's children
1012:. He copied Bamba's writings.
724:(The Itineraries to Paradise)
706:(The Softening of the Hearts)
700:(the Attraction of the Youth)
374:Bamba's followers call him a
367:marabout who wrote tracts on
249:and the founder of the large
2569:People of French West Africa
1957:, Susan Sachs, 28 July 2003.
1550:Tim, Judah (4 August 2011).
1040:, the first Mouride follower
1032:Serigne Dame Abdourahmane Lo
1000:Maam Sheikh Anta Darou Salam
902:Serigne Sidi Moukhtar Mbacké
814:, where she remains buried.
694:(the Gifts of the Holy Lord)
7:
2584:Senegalese Muslim pacifists
2371:Sheikh Abubakre Sidiq Bello
2155:daaramouride.asso.ulaval.ca
1340:10.1080/1369183042000245624
1149:Ngom, Fallou (2009-01-01).
1057:
990:Maam Thierno Birahim Mbacke
672:
225:
10:
2645:
2564:People from Touba, Senegal
1937:Susan Sachs (2003-07-28).
1248:Searing, James F. (2002).
950:Serigne Abdou Khadr Mbacké
790:(father). His Teacher was
480:French colonial government
2614:Legion of Honour refusals
2511:
2490:
2469:
2456:Cherif Mohamed Aly Aidara
2441:
2418:
2394:
2321:
2268:
2242:
2080:10.1017/S0021853700030565
2043:10.1080/13691830701823848
942:Serigne Abdou Ahad Mbacké
913:(1895–1966). Fourth son.
911:Sheikh Mouhamadoul Bachir
889:Sheikh Bachir Mouhamadoul
788:Maam Mor Anta Saly Mbacke
748:(Provisions of the Youth)
614:
564:cultivation, the primary
305:Maam Mor Anta Saly Mbacke
279:Early life and background
181:
166:
158:
128:
102:
90:
83:
1976:from touba-internet.com.
1963:. Reuters, May 22, 2007.
1656:10.2752/175183408X288113
897:(1891-1936). Third son.
609:Serigne Mountakha Mbacké
598:
245:and religious leader in
2619:Founders of Sufi orders
1629:"Home | Toubamica"
1471:10.1111/1469-8676.12286
718:(The Ultimate Dialogue)
388:Senegalese brotherhoods
323:of the kingdom both by
53:more precise citations.
2609:Wolof-language writers
2346:Ahmad Tijani Ali Cisse
1155:African Studies Review
712:(Allah's Neighborhood)
634:
266:French colonial empire
2624:Founders of religions
2498:Shia Islam in Senegal
2482:Great Mosque of Touba
2477:Grand Mosque of Dakar
2308:Great Mosque of Touba
1615:"Pilgrimage to Touba"
1593:10.1093/jaarel/lfp016
1123:Great Mosque of Touba
971:Serigne Saliou Mbacké
958:Serigne Saliou Mbacké
923:village, founded the
679:Great Mosque of Touba
632:
2313:Grand Magal of Touba
1426:on February 12, 2012
776:Family and genealogy
746:Tazawwudu-sh-Shubbân
688:(The Precious Jewel)
655:Senegalese musician
444:improve this article
333:Maam Mariyama Bousso
291:) in the village of
85:Ahmadou Bamba Mbacke
2589:Islam in the Gambia
2255:Religion in Senegal
1458:Social Anthropology
1376:on February 7, 2012
1223:Husain, Ed (2018).
842:and the founder of
195:Ahmadu Bamba Mbacke
2533:Senegal portal
2405:Abdul Qadir Gilani
2283:Mame Diarra Bousso
1972:2008-02-14 at the
1955:The New York Times
1943:The New York Times
1931:The New York Times
1918:The New York Times
1688:. Eatyourworld.com
1523:The House of Islam
1504:2008-02-14 at the
1309:-2-84520-031-5
1284:-2-84520-031-5
1225:The House of Islam
1209:-2-84520-031-5
1168:10.1353/arw.0.0156
1038:Sheikh Adama Gueye
1016:Serigne Afe Mbacke
836:Maam Mahram Mbacke
822:Mama Diaara Bousso
818:Maam Mor Anta Saly
799:Mame Diarra Bousso
757:Muqadimmatul Amdah
635:
344:Bamba founded the
187:Mame Diarra Bousso
144:French West Africa
2579:Islamic mysticism
2541:
2540:
2293:Sokhna Magat Diop
2024:978-1-58046-268-6
1985:978-0-8214-1766-9
1755:The Mouride Order
1644:Material Religion
1234:978-1-63286-639-4
1049:, founder of the
763:Mawaahibu Naafi’u
734:Munawwiru-ç-Cudûr
722:Masâalik Al Jinân
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2491:Other topics
2410:Kunta family
2361:Hassan Cissé
2278:Amadou Bamba
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1100:Islam portal
1044:Maam Sheikh
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442:Please help
437:verification
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297:Mbàkke Bawol
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215:خادِم الرسول
194:
193:
65:
56:
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2559:1927 deaths
2554:1853 births
2243:Main topics
2160:Majalis.org
2150:Mouride.com
2126:(in French)
1765:October 28,
1650:(1): 4–31.
1004:Darou Salam
925:Maam Diaara
783:Ancestors:
513:imperialist
506:evangelists
361:Jihādu nafs
148:(in modern
51:introducing
2548:Categories
2503:Hamallayya
2323:Tijaniyyah
1948:2008-08-09
1924:2008-08-09
1902:2008-08-09
1717:2018-12-11
1692:2013-03-24
1561:17 January
1518:Husain, Ed
1430:2013-03-24
1405:2013-03-24
1380:2013-03-24
1134:References
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578:Mauritania
456:March 2024
369:meditation
275:had done.
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640:Senegal
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534:Senegal
517:Senegal
399:Ramadan
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