Wali - Knowledge

768: 949: 2282:. According to scholars, "between the Turks of the Balkans and Anatolia, and those in Central Asia, despite the distance separating them, the concept of the saint and the organisation of pilgrimages displays no fundamental differences." The veneration of saints really spread in the Turkish lands from the tenth to the fourteenth centuries, and played a crucial role in medieval Turkic Sunni piety not only in cosmopolitan cities but also "in rural areas and amongst nomads of the whole Turkish world." One of the reasons proposed by scholars for the popularity of saints in pre-modern Turkey is that Islam was majorly spread by the early Sunni Sufis in the Turkish lands, rather than by purely exoteric teachers. Most of the saints venerated in Turkey belonged to the 2399: 1446: 2376: 55: 1772: 1568: 2445: 4262: 3252: 2633: 7914: 2825: 3671: 1194: 1469:—the mysticism of Islam—into orders or brotherhoods." In general Islamic piety of the period, the saint was understood to be "a contemplative whose state of spiritual perfection ... permanent expression in the teaching bequeathed to his disciples." It was by virtue of his spiritual wisdom that the saint was accorded veneration in medieval Islam, "and it is this which ... his 'canonization,' and not some ecclesiastical institution" as in 4010: 3594: 3304: 2873: 2563: 2261:

hagiographies, "their presence and their social efficacity ... immense" in shaping the spiritual life of Muslims in the region. For the vast majority of Muslims in the Maghreb even today, the saints remain "very much alive at their tomb, to the point that the person's name most often serves to denote the place." While this classical type of Sunni veneration represents the most widespread stance in the area, the modern influence of

4133: 4325: 3975: 2723: 1609:(d. 869), the most significant ninth-century expositor of the doctrine, posited six common attributes of true saints (not necessarily applicable to all, according to the author, but nevertheless indicative of a significant portion of them), which are: (1) when people see him, they are automatically reminded of God; (2) anyone who advances towards him in a hostile way is destroyed; (3) he possesses the gift of clairvoyance ( 1602:(d. 1073) defined the saint as someone "whose obedience attains permanence without interference of sin; whom God preserves and guards, in permanent fashion, from the failures of sin through the power of acts of obedience." Elsewhere, the same author quoted an older tradition in order to convey his understanding of the purpose of saints, which states: "The saints of God are those who, when they are seen, God is remembered." 1701:) are a reality. The miracle appears on behalf of the saint by way of contradicting the customary way of things.... And such a thing is reckoned as an evidentiary miracle on behalf of the Messenger to one of whose people this act appears, because it is evident from it that he is a saint, and he could never be a saint unless he were right in his religion; and his religion is the confession of the message of the Messenger" ( 3160: 3119: 7926: 605: 7938: 6853: 2980: 1683:) whom He has specially distinguished by His friendship and whom He has chosen to be the governors of His kingdom… He has made the saints governors of the universe… Through the blessing of their advent the rain falls from heaven, and through the purity of their lives the plants spring up from the earth, and through their spiritual influence the Muslims gain victories over the truth concealers" ( 7950: 1890:

Among these forty, al-Tirmidhi specified that seven of them were especially blessed. Despite their exalted nature, however, al-Tirmidhi emphasized that these forty saints occupied a rank below the prophets. Later important works which detailed the hierarchy of saints were composed by the mystic ʿAmmār al-Bidlīsī (d. between 1194 and 1207), the spiritual teacher of

1675:(ca. 700–1400), as well as by many prominent late-medieval scholars. The phenomena in traditional Islam can be at least partly ascribed to the writings of many of the most prominent Sunni theologians and doctors of the classical and medieval periods, many of whom considered the belief in saints to be "orthodox" doctrine. Examples of classical testimonies include: 1898:(d. 1209), who evidently knew of "a highly developed hierarchy of God's friends." The differences in terminology between the various celestial hierarchies presented by these authors were reconciled by later scholars through their belief that the earlier mystics had highlighted particular parts and different aspects of a single, cohesive hierarchy of saints. 1914:). The concept is often described in Sufi allegories as the self mirroring the light of God. Accordingly, the soul is tainted and in need of purification. In the purified state of the Sufi saint, the Sufi's spotless mind realizes that it has no real existence in itself; his existence is only God's light and he is only the mirror. 1763:—the dead are still conscious and active, with the wicked suffering in their graves as a prelude to hell and the pious at ease.) According to Islamic historian Jonathan A.C. Brown, "saints are thought to be no different" than prophets, "as able in death to answer invocations for assistance" as they were while alive. 1473:. In fact, the latter point represents one of the crucial differences between the Islamic and Christian veneration of saints, for saints are venerated by unanimous consensus or popular acclaim in Islam, in a manner akin to all those Christian saints who began to be venerated prior to the institution of 2359:

Islamic tradition that particularly important classical saints have served as the heavenly advocates for specific Muslim empires, nations, cities, towns, and villages. With regard to the sheer omnipresence of this belief, the late Martin Lings wrote: "There is scarcely a region in the empire of Islam

1970:

All these saints know one another and cannot act without mutual consent. It is the task of the Awtad to go round the whole world every night, and if there should be any place on which their eyes have not fallen, next day some flaw will appear in that place, and they must then inform the Qutb in order

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and theory of saints". As has been noted by scholars, the development of these movements has indirectly led to a trend amongst some mainstream Muslims to resist "acknowledging the existence of Muslim saints altogether or ... their presence and veneration as unacceptable deviations". However, despite

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stating: "The miracles of saints are absolutely true and correct, by the acceptance of all Muslim scholars. And the Qur'an has pointed to it in different places, and the sayings of the Prophet have mentioned it, and whoever denies the miraculous power of saints are only people who are innovators and

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for more or less a millennium"; in other words, since Islam first reached the lands of North Africa in the eighth century. The first written references to ascetic Muslim saints in Africa, "popularly admired and with followings," appear in tenth-century hagiographies. As has been noted by scholars,

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to perpetuate the knowledge of the divine mysteries vouchsafed to them by the prophet. These forty saints, al-Tirmidhi stated, would be replaced in each generation after their earthly death; and, according to him, "the fact that they exist is a guarantee for the continuing existence of the world."

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has traversed all the realms of the Divine Names, i.e. has come to know God in His names as completely as possible, he is then extinguished in God's essence. His soul, his ego, is eliminated and ... when he acts, it is God Who acts through him. And so the state of extinction means at the same time

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are also believed to be saints by definition, although they are rarely referred to as such, in order to prevent confusion between them and ordinary saints; as the prophets are exalted by Muslims as the greatest of all humanity, it is a general tenet of Sunni belief that a single prophet is greater

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Regarding the veneration of saints amongst Sunni Muslims in the Maghreb in the present day, scholars have noted the presence of many "thousands of minor, local saints whose tombs remain visible in villages or the quarters of towns." Although many of these saints lack precise historiographies or

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has also opposed the traditional veneration of saints, for many proponents of this ideology regard the practice as "being both un-Islamic and backwards ... rather than the integral part of Islam which they were for over a millennium." Despite the presence, however, of these opposing streams of

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He does not say how the levels are populated. Pirs and buzurgs assist the spiritual progress of those who approach them. Walis may take responsibility for protecting a community and generally work in secret. Qutbs are similarly responsible for large regions. Nabis are charged with bringing a

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from the eighteenth-century onwards. As has been noted by scholars, the development of these movements have indirectly led to a trend amongst some mainstream Muslims to also resist "acknowledging the existence of Muslim saints altogether or ... their presence and veneration as unacceptable

2097:. A "spiritual disciple of these two preceding saints," Abū Madyan, a prominent Sunni Maliki scholar, was the first figure in Maghrebi Sufism "to exercise an influence beyond his own region." Abū Madyan travelled to the East, where he is said to have met prominent mystics like the renowned 1719:"The miracles of saints are absolutely true and correct, and acknowledged by all Muslim scholars. The Qur'an has pointed to it in different places, and the Hadith of the Prophet have mentioned it, and whoever denies the miraculous power of saints are innovators or following innovators" ( 2074:

however, "the phenomenon may well be older," for many of the stories of the Islamic saints were passed down orally before finally being put to writing. One of the most widely venerated saints in early North African Islamic history was Abū Yaʿzā (or Yaʿazzā, d. 1177), an illiterate

2277:

Scholars have noted the tremendously "important role" the veneration of saints has historically played in Islamic life all these areas, especially amongst Sunnis who frequent the many thousands of tombs scattered throughout the region for blessings in performing the act of

834:... into orders or brotherhoods". In the common expressions of Islamic piety of this period, the saint was understood to be "a contemplative whose state of spiritual perfection ... permanent expression in the teaching bequeathed to his disciples". In many prominent Sunni 1868:

Although the doctrine of the hierarchy of saints is already found in written sources as early as the eighth-century, it was al-Tirmidhi who gave it its first systematic articulation. According to the author, forty major saints, whom he refers to by the various names of

2232:(1) the "pure, ascetic hermit," who is honored for having refused all ostentation, and is commemorated not on account of his written works but by virtue of the reputation he is believed to have had for personal sanctity, miracles, and "inward wisdom or gnosis"; 1598:." Moreover, the saint is also portrayed in traditional hagiographies as one who "in some way ... acquires his Friend's, i.e. God's, good qualities, and therefore he possesses particular authority, forces, capacities and abilities." Amongst classical scholars, 1487:, explicitly declared it a requirement for being an "orthodox" Muslim to believe in the existence and veneration of saints and in the traditional narratives of their lives and miracles. Hence, we find that even medieval critics of the widespread practice of 1051:

is that the former does not imply a saint who is also a spiritual master with disciples, while the latter directly does so through its connotations of "elder". Additionally, other Arabic and Persian words that also often have the same connotations as

2253:(4) female saints, who may belong to one of the aforementioned three categories or some other. It has been remarked that "Maghrebi sainthood is by no means confined to men, and ... some of the tombs of female saints are very frequently visited." 2239:), who is believed to have maintained orthodoxy in his fulfillment of the pillars of the faith, but who is famous for having taught in an unusually direct style or for having divulged the highest truths before the majority in a manner akin to 1432:(d. 855), where the word signifies a group of major saints "whose number would remain constant, one always being replaced by some other on his death." It is, in fact, reported that Ibn Hanbal explicitly identified his contemporary, the mystic 2035:

The amount of veneration a specific saint received varied from region to region in Islamic civilization, often on the basis of the saint's own history in that region. While the veneration of saints played a crucial role in the daily piety of

2185:(d. 1465), "who returned to Morocco after a long trip to the East and then began a life as a hermit," and who achieved widespread renown for the miracles he is said to have wrought by the leave of God. Eventually, the latter was buried in 5174: 1817:, poet), saints were also distinguished cosmologically as regards their celestial function or standing. In Islam, however, the saints are represented in traditional texts as serving separate celestial functions, in a manner similar to the 767: 2084:

whose reputation for sanctity was admired even in his own life. Another immensely popular saint of the time-period was Ibn Ḥirzihim (d. 1163), who also gained renown for his personal devoutness and his ability to work miracles. It was

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thought, the classical doctrine of saint-veneration continues to thrive in many parts of the Islamic world today, playing a vital part in the daily piety of vast portions of Muslim countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Turkey,

1529:, whose influence has "formed a front against the veneration and theory of saints." For the adherents of Wahhabi ideology, for example, the practice of venerating saints appears as an "abomination", for they see in this a form of 1326:; but after the composition of his work, many Islamic scholars began writing down the widely circulated accounts, with later scholars like Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣfahānī (d. 948) making extensive use of Ibn Abi al-Dunya's work in his own 1593:

The general definition of the Muslim saint in classical texts is that he represents a " marked by divine favor ... holiness", being specifically "chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work

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order, born in modern-day Turkey he travelled to the Indian subcontinent and settled in the North-East Bengal and Assam spreading Islam across the area and became the main guide to the new Muslim population of Eastern Bengal.

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In the traditional Islamic understanding, a saint is portrayed as someone "marked by divine favor ... holiness", and who is specifically "chosen by God and endowed with exceptional gifts, such as the ability to work

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continues to thrive in many parts of the Islamic world today, playing a vital role in daily expressions of piety among vast segments of Muslim populations in Muslim countries like Pakistan, Bangladesh, Egypt, Turkey,

2243:(d. 922). Famous and widely venerated saints of this "type" include Ibn al-Marʾa (d. 1214), ʿAlī al-Ṣanhāj̲ī (ca. 16th-century), ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Mad̲j̲d̲h̲ūb (literally "ʿAbd al-Raḥmān the Ecstatic", d. 1569); 1821:, and this is closely linked to the idea of a celestial hierarchy in which the various types of saints play different roles. A fundamental distinction was described in the ninth century by al-Tirmidhi in his 5475:

Brend, Barbara. "Figurative Art in Medieval Islam and the Riddle of Bihzād of Herāt (1465–1535). By Michael Barry. p. 227. Paris, Flammarion, 2004." Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society 17.1 (2007): 227.

1295:), which also led many early scholars to deduce that a group of venerable people must exist who occupy a rank below the prophets but are nevertheless exalted by God. The references in the corpus of 1012:, literally "old ", "elder"). Although the ramifications of this phrase include the connotations of a general "saint," it is often used to specifically signify a spiritual guide of some type. 1271:

in this verse literally connotes "the truthful ones" or "the just ones," and was often interpreted by the early Islamic thinkers in the sense of "saints," with the famous Quran translator

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or early Muslims saints who preached the faith in the region and were often martyred for their religion. Some of the most famous and widely venerated saints of this category include the

1322:) in the ninth-century, which constitutes "the earliest compilation on the theme of God's friends." Prior to Ibn Abi al-Dunya's work, the stories of the saints were transmitted through 5507: 1377:

saints or to focusing upon "the marvelous aspects of the life, the miracles or at least the prodigies of a Ṣūfī or of a saint believed to have been endowed with miraculous powers."

1410:(d. 1240) only further reinforced this idea of a saintly hierarchy, and the notion of "types" of saints became a mainstay of Sunni mystical thought, with such types including the 830:(d. 910). From the twelfth to the fourteenth century, "the general veneration of saints, among both people and sovereigns, reached its definitive form with the organization of 2228:

The veneration of saints in Maghrebi Sunni Islam has been studied by scholars with regard to the various "types" of saints venerated by Sunnis in those areas. These include:

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their followers." In the words of one contemporary academic, practically all Muslims of that era believed that "the lives of saints and their miracles were incontestable."

1351:(d. 899) that a cohesive understanding of the Muslim saints was already in existence, with al-Kharraz spending ample space distinguishing between the virtues and miracles ( 4559: 2597:; in the words of one scholar, "the city has grown and developed under the beneficent aegis of the great saint, and the town of al-ʿUbbād has grown up round his tomb" 1267:

and the martyrs and the righteous. The best of company are they," to carry a reference to holy people who were not prophets and were ranked below the latter. The word

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From the twelfth to the fourteenth century, "the general veneration of saints, among both people and sovereigns, reached its definitive form with the organization of

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Radtke, "Zwischen Traditionalisms und Intellektualismus. Geistesgeschichtliche und historiografische Bemerkungen zum Ibrīz des Aḥmad b. al-Mubārak al-Lamaṭī", in

1555:, Iraq, Iran, Algeria, Tunisia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Morocco, as well as in countries with substantive Islamic populations like India, China, Russia, and the 936:, Iraq, Iran, Algeria, Tunisia, Indonesia, Malaysia, and Morocco, as well as in countries with substantial Islamic populations like India, China, Russia, and the 1275:

rendering it as "saints" in their interpretations of the scripture. Furthermore, the Quran referred to the miracles of saintly people who were not prophets like

988:), etc. – generic term for holiness and holy persons while there is no confusion, for Muslims, over their specific referents in Islam, namely: the reality of 1384:

officially articulated the previously-oral doctrine of an entire hierarchy of saints, with the first written account of this hierarchy coming from the pen of

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were interpreted by early Muslim thinkers as "documentary evidence" of the existence of saints. Graves of saints around the Muslim world became centers of

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Saints were envisaged to be of different "types" in classical Islamic tradition. Aside from their earthly differences as regard their temporal duty (i.e.

7174: 6830: 2209:(d. 1934), with the latter three originating Sufi orders of their own. Famous adherents of the Shadhili order amongst modern Islamic scholars include 7390: 7373: 7346: 7162: 7150: 7123: 7059: 7006: 6825: 6420: 2256:(5) "Jewish saints", that is to say, venerable Jewish personages whose tombs are frequented by Sunni Muslims in the area for the seeking of blessings 2011: 1241:). However, particular Quranic verses were interpreted by early Islamic scholars to refer to a special, exalted group of holy people. These included 7361: 7140: 7089: 7035: 7018: 6881: 2368:

of a particular place prays for that place's well-being and for the health and happiness of all who live therein. Here is a partial list of Muslim

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described the Islamic saints as "the great incarnations of the Islamic ideal.... spiritual giants with which almost every generation was blessed."

7299: 7275: 7213: 7111: 6978: 1649:. Al-Tirmidhi states, furthermore, that although the saint is not sinless like the prophets, he or she can nevertheless be "preserved from sin" ( 7405: 6968: 4895:. Historical Dictionaries of Africa (4 ed.). Lanham, Maryland, USA: Scarecrow Press, an imprint of Rowman & Littlefield. p. 361. 5499: 2027:

reforming message to nations or faiths, and hence have a public role. Rasuls likewise have a mission of transformation of the world at large.

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saints were most widely venerated in any given cultural climate depended on the hagiographic traditions of that particular area. Thus, while

2061:, as that is where he was believed to have preached, performed the majority of his miracles, and ultimately settled at the end of his life. 6642: 1418:("the substitute-saints"), amongst others. Many of these concepts appear in writing far before al-Tirmidhi and Ibn Arabi; the idea of the 7069: 6753: 2360:

which has not a Sufi for its Patron Saint." As the veneration accorded saints often develops purely organically in Islamic climates, the

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Radtke, B.; Lory, P.; Zarcone, Th.; DeWeese, D.; Gaborieau, M.; Denny, F. M.; Aubin, F.; Hunwick, J. O.; Mchugh, N. (2012) . "Walī". In

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and cleared the Sunderbans for human settlement. He developed southern Bengal by linking Bagerghat to the trade city of Chittagong and

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QUBBA. The Arabic name for the tomb of a holy man ... A qubba is usually erected over the grave of a holy man identified variously as

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are often recognized through popular acclaim rather than through official declaration. Traditionally, it has been understood that the

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than all the regular saints put together. In short, it is believed that "every prophet is a saint, but not every saint is a prophet".

7572: 7378: 7186: 7179: 7167: 7052: 7040: 6726: 1755:) may come from the hadith that states "the Prophets are alive in their graves and they pray". (According to the Islamic concept of 972:

have regarded this as an appropriate translation, with Haddad describing the aversion of some Muslims towards the use of "saint" for

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order, he spread Islam across Northern Bengal and Western Bihar, he was also the administrator of Northern Bengal under the Sultan

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preeminent saint in Maghrebi piety, due to his being the founder of one of the most famous Sunni Sufi orders of North Africa: the

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for the Sunnis of the area. Some of the most popular and influential Maghrebi saints and mystics of the following centuries were

1477:. In fact, a belief in the existence of saints became such an important part of medieval Islam that many of the most important 2289:

As scholars have noted, saints venerated in traditional Turkish Sunni Islam may be classified into three principal categories:

6874: 6731: 5231: 5204: 5022: 4900: 4853: 1027:

to refer to Sufi masters or similarly honored saints. Additionally, saints are also sometimes referred to in the Persian or

864:), a belief in the existence and miracles of saints was presented as "a requirement" for being an orthodox Muslim believer. 2312:

and was honored as a martyr shortly thereafter, and Sayyid Baṭṭāl G̲h̲āzī (d. ninth-century), who fought the Christians in

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The doctrine of saints, and of their miracles, seems to have been taken for granted by many of the major authors of the

7292: 7218: 7128: 4918:(saint), faki, or shaykh since, according to folk Islam, this is where his baraka is believed to be strongest ... 1406:, while the Sufis were responsible for articulating the religion's deepest inward truths, later prominent mystics like 5594: 2132: 6612:

Martin Lings, "Proofs of Islam," transcript of lecture delivered at the Islamic Cultural Centre, later published in

5966:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs; cf. Lévi-Provençal, 4959:

Theologie und Gesellschaft im 2. und 3. Jahrhundert Hidschra. Eine Geschichte des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam

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of the saints", began to be compiled "and transmitted at an early stage" by many regular Muslim scholars, including

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The other site is the over 1,200-year-old tomb of Ghazi Abdullah Shah, a descendant of Imam Hasan. He has become a

1356: 1263:, "Whosoever obeys God and the Messenger, they are with those unto whom God hath shown favor: the prophets and the 880: 633: 7366: 7304: 7280: 7116: 7094: 7023: 7011: 3872:

buried alongside his successor Khwaja Khawand Ahmad Hazrat Ishaan III, Khwaja Bahauddin Thani Hazrat Ishaan IV,

1123:. Their tombs, meanwhile, are "denoted by terms of Arabic or Persian origin alluding to the idea of pilgrimage ( 7695: 5388:, tr. Zahra Sands (Louisville: Fons Vitae; Amaan: Royal Aal-al-Bayt Institute for Islamic Thought, 2015), p. 79 1666: 1223:, the concept of sainthood is clearly described. Some modern scholars, however, assert that the Quran does not 1043:

role is to guide and instruct his disciples on the mystical path. Hence, the key difference between the use of

5163: 4490: 3949: 2603: 1971:

that he may direct his attention to the weak spot and that by his blessings the imperfection may be remedied.

1917:

In certain esoteric teachings of Islam, there is said to be a cosmic spiritual hierarchy whose ranks include

1445: 1215:(d. 1625); the picture is inscribed: "Though outwardly kings stand before him, he fixes his gazes on saints." 802:

began its rapid expansion, many of the figures who later came to be regarded as the major saints in orthodox

7970: 3462: 3344: 2202: 1518: 1424: 1147:). But such tombs are also denoted by terms usually used for dervish convents, or a particular part of it ( 907: 2713:

developing the area. His dargah in Malda is one of the largest in South Asia and gathers thousands a year.

6628: 4525: 4498: 3959: 2769: 2135:(d. 1127), a "saint ... had a posthumous fame through his being recognised as a master and a 'pole' by" 1398:

were responsible for maintaining the "exoteric" part of Islamic orthodoxy, including the disciplines of

7904: 4551: 2165:, the Shadhili order produced numerous widely honored Sunni saints in the intervening years, including 1303:

saints like the pre-Islamic Jurayj̲, only lent further credence to this early understanding of saints.

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Christopher Melchert, The Ḥanābila and the Early Sufis, Arabica, T. 48, Fasc. 3 (Brill, 2001), p. 356

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who reaches God. Ascent beyond God's throne means to traverse consciously the realms of light of the

1369:) only became more popular with the passage of time, with numerous prominent Islamic thinkers of the 868: 7438: 4815: 3130: 3065: 2734: 2375: 2214: 7975: 6575:

Radtke, "Lehrer-Schüler-Enkel. Aḥmad b. Idrīs, Muḥammad ʿUt̲mān al-Mīrġanī, Ismāʿīl al-Walī", in

4144: 3078: 3045: 2681: 2136: 1756: 1702: 1483: 1348: 996:, which became the second most influential and widely spoken language in the Islamic world after 853: 840: 2069:

The veneration of saints has played "an essential role in the religious, and social life of the

1848:... he can attain God's proximity, but not God Himself; he is only admitted to God's proximity ( 7980: 6676: 6198:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 6142:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 6129:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 6073:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 6013:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5987:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5923:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5855:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5822:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5780:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5767:, 2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5014: 5004: 4828: 2696: 1537:, which adheres to the Wahhabi creed, "destroyed the tombs of saints wherever ... able" during 1184: 1083:

In the Turkish Islamic lands, saints have been referred to by many terms, including the Arabic

876: 741: 662: 85: 5196: 5190: 6099:

2nd ed., Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs.

5010: 4555: 3378: 2710: 2407: 1857: 1257:, which refers to God's love for those who love him. Additionally, some scholars interpreted 22: 7577: 7191: 6224:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 6211:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 6185:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 6172:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 6086:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 5893:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 5809:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 5796:, 3rd ed., Edited by: Kate Fleet, Gudrun Krämer, Denis Matringe, John Nawas, Everett Rowson. 5583: 5173: 5073:

Jonathan A. C. Brown, "Faithful Dissenters: Sunni Skepticism about the Miracles of Saints",

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school of Sunni jurisprudence and were attached to one of the orthodox Sufi orders like the

7805: 7634: 7079: 6852: 5569: 5108:(Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), pp. 36–37, 45, 102, etc. 4563: 4520: 3803: 3765: 2051:(d. 1236), for example, was honored throughout the Sunni world in the medieval period, his 1606: 1385: 626: 586: 528: 455: 1633:, which may differ from saint to saint, but may include marvels such as walking on water ( 8: 7536: 5000: 4459: 4453: 3682: 3017: 2836: 2392: 2305: 2222: 2210: 2058: 1272: 1188: 1024: 518: 6611: 1743:

The rationale for veneration of deceased saints by pilgrims in an appeal for blessings (

6474: 4823: 3877: 3869: 3516: 3208: 2470: 2194: 2182: 2102: 1672: 1538: 1511: 1286: 900: 420: 62: 6000:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5936:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 5301:, Edited by: P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel, W. P. Heinrichs. 922:, all three of which have, to a greater or lesser degree, "formed a front against the 54: 7954: 7755: 7614: 7235: 6743: 5590: 5227: 5200: 5018: 4896: 4849: 4845: 4069: 3922: 3914: 3895: 2989: 2516: 2466: 2380: 2048: 1547: 1542: 1345: 957: 953: 919: 827: 776: 772: 576: 571: 1749:) even though the saints will not rise from the dead until the Day of Resurrection ( 7942: 7705: 7624: 6795: 6780: 6770: 6716: 5724:(Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), pp. 119–120 etc. 5006:

Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy

4841: 4837: 4811: 4273: 2901: 2019: 1450: 1311: 1198: 1005: 993: 698: 212: 192: 2865:('the city of saints') for the shrines of hundreds of saints in and around Harar" 2043:

all over the Islamic world for more than a thousand years (ca. 800–1800), exactly

1442:, saying: "He is one of the substitute-saints, and his supplication is answered." 7918: 7715: 7710: 7649: 7639: 7619: 7331: 6805: 5221: 3526: 2520: 2496: 2198: 1979:, who lived in Moorish Spain. It has a more exclusive structure. There are eight 1891: 1522: 1515: 1209: 1063: 911: 904: 867:

Aside from the Sufis, the preeminent saints in traditional Islamic piety are the

653: 619: 475: 320: 227: 217: 5552: 5530: 4948:, General Editor: Jane Dammen McAuliffe, Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. 7740: 7609: 7509: 7422: 7257: 7101: 6953: 6948: 6923: 6842: 4220: 3873: 3865: 3841: 3610: 3488: 3171: 2667: 2525: 2488: 2484: 2474: 2309: 2206: 2081: 1895: 1806: 1638: 1595: 1323: 1212: 1202: 1016: 819: 811: 807: 733: 360: 325: 207: 167: 152: 34: 7410: 7356: 6058:

of Karachi and his urs is an important event for the city and its inhabitants.

1365: 187: 7964: 7881: 7680: 7654: 7604: 7145: 6993: 6908: 6696: 6671: 4464: 3855: 3823: 3782: 3654: 3626: 3508: 3480: 2657: 2505: 2391:

of the city; the shrine is the most popular site of Muslim pilgrimage in the

2338:(3) The "greats figures of Islam", both pre-Islamic and those who came after 2162: 1907: 1842: 1782: 1576: 1572: 1530: 1492: 1458: 969: 928: 927:

the presence of these opposing streams of thought, the classical doctrine of

923: 779: 523: 480: 440: 350: 335: 295: 290: 112: 1771: 21:

This article is about the Islamic conception of saints. For other uses, see

7930: 7584: 6918: 6775: 6464: 6156: 6113: 6027: 5950: 5907: 5839: 5751: 4807: 4484: 4477: 3935: 3908: 3532: 3406: 3263: 2933: 2884: 2403: 2166: 2007: 1720: 1654: 1567: 1534: 1507: 1474: 1470: 1433: 1232: 1164: 1104: 1056:, and hence are also sometimes translated into English as "saint", include 888: 823: 713: 691: 609: 470: 460: 405: 117: 6439:Ḥaḳīḳat mad̲h̲hab al-ittiḥādiyyīn, in Mad̲j̲mūʿat al-Rasāʾil wa 'l-masāʾil 4889:

Kramer, Robert S.; Lobban, Richard A. Jr.; Fluehr-Lobban, Carolyn (2013).

690:

to indicate a saint, otherwise referred to by the more literal "friend of

7700: 7644: 7443: 6681: 5737:(Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005; first imp. 1983, second imp. 1999), p. 119 5610:

The Spiritual Hierarchy, from the Spiritual Message of Hazrat Inayat Khan

5609: 4507: 4383: 4021: 3931: 3904: 3744: 3734: 3705: 3650: 3641: 3622: 3149: 2760: 2551: 2547: 2512: 2508: 2450: 2218: 2144: 2106: 2006:, there are seven degrees in the hierarchy. In ascending order, they are 2003: 1943: 1582: 1381: 1370: 1360: 1072: 803: 795: 410: 222: 1281: 1243: 1237: 7866: 7629: 7489: 7351: 7247: 6943: 6785: 6413:, ed. Muḥammad S̲h̲afīʿī-i Kadkanī, Tehran 1366-7, Eng. tr. J. O'Kane, 4514: 4430: 4402: 4361: 4355: 4347: 4267: 3965: 3604: 3426: 3361: 3315: 3286: 3257: 3185: 3030: 2897: 2849: 2751: 2677: 2644: 2638: 2574: 2478: 2328: 2323:(2) Sufi saints, who were most often Sunni mystics who belonged to the 2086: 1429: 1291: 1259: 1253: 1172: 896: 872: 783: 581: 566: 385: 380: 365: 340: 162: 7725: 7519: 6973: 3722:

jurisprudence; often referred to as Dātā Ganj̲bak̲h̲s̲h̲ by Pakistanis

7876: 7871: 7846: 7750: 7484: 7479: 7074: 6620: 4289: 4216: 4095: 4049: 3881: 3748: 3434: 3398: 3294: 3229: 3109: 2965: 2685: 2266: 2186: 2121: 1976: 1810: 1751: 1526: 1510:, the traditional idea of saints in Islam has been challenged by the 1407: 1193: 915: 815: 500: 495: 465: 435: 430: 425: 395: 390: 375: 370: 330: 280: 275: 6322:, ed. V. Zhukovsky, repr. Tehran 1336/1958, 265 ff., tr. Nicholson, 4873:

Friends of God: Islamic Images of Piety, Commitment, and Servanthood

1829:), who distinguished between two principal varieties of saints: the 1227:

outline a doctrine or theory of saints. In the Quran, the adjective

7913: 7886: 7841: 7836: 7321: 7203: 7198: 6738: 6721: 6344:, ed. Nicholson, Leiden-London 1914, 315-32, Ger. tr. R. Gramlich, 6041: 5168: 4315: 4245: 4117: 4103: 4000: 3941: 3692: 3676: 3336: 3181: 3074: 3057: 2946: 2924: 2830: 2339: 2313: 2301: 2272: 2262: 1886: 1599: 1586: 1205: 1120: 445: 345: 7800: 7594: 5589:(2nd ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Thomson Gale. p. 8821. 5087: 5085: 5083: 5069: 5067: 5065: 4123: 2109:

and "formed a circle of disciples." Abū Madyan eventually died in

2023: 1499: 1495:(d. 1328), never denied the existence of saints as such, with the 798:

were written during the period when the Islamic mystical trend of

7856: 7831: 7765: 7745: 7735: 7720: 7599: 7589: 7556: 7531: 7458: 7417: 7395: 7336: 7316: 7270: 7265: 7208: 7106: 6913: 6748: 6686: 5716: 5714: 5712: 4015: 3847: 3698: 3661: 3633: 3616: 3599: 3309: 3242: 3225: 3200: 3142: 3102: 2916: 2878: 2706: 2623: 2594: 2568: 2332: 2317: 2298: 2178: 2157: 2114: 2110: 2098: 2094: 2070: 1814: 1798: 1745: 1731: 1684: 1622: 1556: 1552: 1496: 1488: 1399: 1339: 1152: 1058: 937: 933: 759: 756:– especially after 1200 CE – for masses of Muslims seeking their 753: 687: 591: 490: 485: 415: 400: 355: 300: 285: 265: 237: 202: 177: 142: 97: 3454: 2680:, he travelled to southern Bengal to spread Islam; he built the 2105:(d. 1166). Upon returning to the Maghreb, Abū Madyan stopped at 1589:(d. 1635), undated but perhaps from the late seventeenth-century 7937: 7891: 7861: 7851: 7826: 7821: 7795: 7760: 7730: 7690: 7685: 7675: 7551: 7546: 7541: 7526: 7504: 7499: 7494: 7474: 7453: 7400: 7311: 7230: 7064: 6983: 6820: 6810: 6711: 6701: 6651: 5687:

A Moslem saint of the twentieth century, Shaikh Ahmad al-ʿAlawī

5137:, ed. James Cutsinger (Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2002), p. 167 5133:

Reza Shah-Kazemi, "The Metaphysics of Interfaith Dialogue", in

5080: 5062: 4875:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2008); John Renard, 4833: 4405: 4351: 4308: 4283: 4241: 4209: 4183: 4164: 4157: 4138: 4113: 4088: 4062: 4034: 3887: 3816: 3791: 3785: 3778: 3751: 3726: 3719: 3584: 3577: 3558: 3551: 3501: 3473: 3447: 3419: 3391: 3364: 3357: 3329: 3280: 3276: 3232: 3221: 3139: 3037: 3002: 2808: 2782: 2754: 2747: 2616: 2587: 2351:

Reverence for Awliya Allah have been an important part of both

2324: 2283: 2240: 2153: 2148: 2078: 2040: 1845: 1795: 1791: 1760: 1713: 1691: 1579: 1478: 1466: 1296: 1036: 1032: 997: 835: 831: 799: 749: 561: 556: 551: 546: 450: 313: 247: 157: 122: 45: 5709: 4223:; island was submerged in 1970 during the construction of the 1000:, the general title for a saint or a spiritual master became 960:

showing love for his disciple Hussam al-Din Chelebi (ca. 1594)

7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7670: 7448: 7341: 7326: 7135: 7001: 6933: 6903: 6898: 6800: 6765: 6691: 6666: 5145: 5143: 5051: 5049: 5047: 5045: 5043: 5041: 4470: 4426: 4411: 4398: 4376: 4343: 4330: 4304: 4252: 4205: 4190: 4179: 4153: 4084: 4058: 4041: 4030: 3993: 3980: 3812: 3795: 3774: 3757: 3715: 3573: 3547: 3497: 3469: 3443: 3415: 3387: 3353: 3325: 3272: 3217: 3099: 3084: 3026: 3009: 2998: 2969: 2961: 2957: 2950: 2942: 2912: 2908: 2893: 2859:; according to one scholar, "Harar later came to be known as 2856: 2845: 2804: 2789: 2778: 2743: 2728: 2612: 2583: 2538: 2529: 2415: 2384: 2352: 2189:, where he ended up becoming of the city's seven most famous 2174: 2170: 2117: 2075: 2037: 2015: 1925: 1818: 1802: 1778: 1728: 1710: 1688: 1646: 1438: 1394: 1276: 1251:): no fear shall be on them, neither shall they sorrow," and 1220: 1219:

According to various traditional Sufi interpretations of the

892: 745: 737: 270: 232: 172: 147: 132: 127: 107: 102: 92: 78: 38: 5659:

A. Bel, "Sidi Bou Medyan et son maître Ed-Daqqâq à Fès", in

5500:"The Imam and the Qutb: The Axis Mundi in Shiism and Sufism" 3199:

for both Shia and Sunni Muslims, but especially the city of

1786:(ca. 17th century), thought to be executed by Muhammad Qāsim 1235:, in the sense of him being the "friend" of all believers (Q 992:

with Godwariness and those who possess those qualities." In

7242: 7225: 7084: 6963: 6958: 6938: 6928: 6893: 6790: 6706: 6530:, Wiesbaden 1965–81, ii, 160-5 (on the hierarchy of saints) 5691:

Un saint musulman du 20 e siècle, le cheikh Ahmad al-ʿAlawī

5347:

The Cult of Saints among Muslims and Jews in Medieval Syria

4560:

Destruction of early Islamic heritage sites in Saudi Arabia

4437: 4232: 3370: 3238: 3196: 3189: 3165: 3124: 2815: 2811:

jurisprudence, and famous defender of orthodoxy in the area

2653: 2356: 2269:

have challenged the traditional practice in some quarters.

1935: 1837:

on the other. According to the author, "the ascent of the

1403: 1389: 1342: 1208:(d. 1627) preferring a Sufi saint to his contemporary, the 1028: 197: 182: 137: 6324:

The Kashf al-mahjūb. The oldest Persian treatise on Sufism

5140: 5038: 3293:

of all the modern nation states comprising the pre-modern

3152:, where the most popular shrine devoted to him is located 3077:; Buried alongside 3 generations of his successors in the 2934:

Ash-Shaykh Diyā Ud-Dīn Ishāq Ibn Ahmad Ar-Ridhāwi Al-Maytī

1653:) by the grace of God. The contemporary scholar of Sufism 7030: 6432:

al-Furḳān bayna awliyāʾ al-Raḥmān wa-awliyāʾ al-S̲h̲ayṭān

6275:, ed. B. Radtke, in Drei Schrijten, i, 1-134, Beirut 1992 4888: 4879:(Berkeley: University of California Press, 2009), passim. 2456: 1630: 4877:

Tales of God Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation

4805: 1939:(pole, axis). The details vary according to the source. 1617:), to be strictly distinguished from revelation proper ( 5219: 6486:

Eine Geschichte des religiösen Denkens im frühen Islam

6207:

Alatas, Ismail Fajrie, "ʿAlāwiyya (in Ḥaḍramawt)", in

5622:

Manâqib d'Abû Ishâq al-Jabnyânî et de Muhriz b. Khalaf

2900:

jurisprudence. He is considered the forefather of the

7902: 6502:, i, Beirut-Stuttgart 1992, ii, Beirut-Stuttgart 1996 5633:

Y. Lobignac, "Un saint berbère, Moulay Ben Azza", in

3241:

in classical Sunni piety, but especially the city of

2089:(d. 1197), however, who eventually became one of the 1392:

of Islamic scholars of the period accepting that the

976:

as "a specious objection ... for – like 'Religion' (

1585:(d. 1659) seeking the advice of a local saint named 1481:

articulated during the time period, like the famous

680: 667: 6582:I. Goldziher, "Die Heiligenverehrung im Islam", in 6493:

The concept of sainthood in early Islamic mysticism

5453:(New York: Columbia University Press, 1950), p. 136 5425:

The Concept of Sainthood in Early Islamic Mysticism

4972:

The Concept of Sainthood in Early Islamic Mysticism

3379:

Aḥmad b. Jaʿfar al-Ḵh̲azrajī Abu 'l-ʿAbbās al-Sabtī

968:by the English "saint", prominent scholars such as 6556:The mystical philosophy of Muhyid-din Ibnul-ʿArabi 6411:Asrār al-tawḥīd fī maḳāmāt al-S̲h̲ayk̲h̲ Abī Saʿīd 6282:, ms. Ankara, Ismail Saib i, 1571, fols. 152b-177b 5582: 4867: 4865: 6542:Built on solid rock. Festschrift für Ebbe Knudsen 6181:Paul, Jürgen, "Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf al-Hamadānī", in 6155:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 6112:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 6082:Geoffroy, Eric, "Arslān al-Dimashqī, Shaykh", in 6026:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 5974:, ed. M. El Fasi and A. Faure, Rabat, 1965, 9-10. 5949:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 5906:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 5838:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 5750:, 1st ed. (1913–1936), Edited by M. Th. Houtsma, 5544: 5223:Classical Islam and the Naqshbandi Sufi Tradition 5135:Paths to the Heart: Sufism and the Christian East 4219:, which was at one time under the control of the 1380:In the late ninth-century, important thinkers in 7962: 6069:Hosain, Hidayet and Massé, H., "Hud̲j̲wīrī", in 5522: 2273:Turkey, the Balkans, the Caucasus and Azerbaijan 6570:The Tijaniyya. A Sufi order in the modern world 5851:Hasan, Mohibbul, "Bābā Nūr al-Dīn Ris̲h̲ī", in 5834:, p. 243; cited in Arnold, T. W., "Labbai", in 5506:. Nematollahi Gonabadi Sufi Order News Agency. 4862: 2414:of the country; the shrine was commissioned by 2131:One of Abū Madyan's most notable disciples was 1946:. In his divine court, there are three hundred 1865:the highest degree of activity in this world." 1546:deviations." At the same time, the movement of 5349:(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002), p. 68 4801: 4799: 4797: 4795: 4793: 4791: 4789: 4787: 4785: 4783: 2705:Sufi saint (born in Gaur, West Bengal) of the 2308:(d. 674), who was killed beneath the walls of 2139:(d. 1258). It was this last figure who became 1373:devoting large works to collecting stories of 6636: 6616:, Volume 10, Number 1, December 1985, pp. 3-8 6359:, Wiesbaden 1992–95, index, s.v. Gottesfreund 6220:Knysh, Alexander D., "Bā Makhrama ʿUmar", in 5491: 5440:, Volume 10, Number 1, December 1985, pp. 3-8 5362:(New York: Infobase Publishing, 2009), p. 600 5323:(London: Muslim Academic Trust, 2007), p. 387 5116: 5114: 4781: 4779: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4765: 4763: 4761: 4759: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4751: 4749: 4747: 4745: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4737: 4735: 4733: 4731: 4729: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4721: 4719: 4717: 4715: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4689: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4681: 4679: 4677: 4675: 4673: 4671: 4669: 4667: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4659: 4657: 4655: 4653: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4645: 4643: 4641: 4639: 4637: 4635: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4621: 4619: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4611: 4609: 4607: 4605: 4603: 3073:Mystic of Naqshbandi order and son in law of 2949:lineage. He is the eponymous ancestor of the 736:". The doctrine of saints was articulated by 712:) is added, it refers to one of the names of 627: 6138:Ménage, V. L., "Ḥād̲jd̲j̲ī Bayrām Walī", in 5674:Muhyiddin Ibn ʿArabi: A Commemorative Volume 4940: 4938: 4936: 4934: 4932: 4930: 4928: 4926: 4601: 4599: 4597: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 2860: 2346: 1621:), with the latter being something only the 757: 723: 717: 707: 701: 673: 83: 5792:Gril, Denis, "ʿAbd al-Raḥīm al-Qināʾī", in 5195:(1st ed.). Oxford: One World. p. 4550:For further informations, see the articles 4350:jurisprudence and founder of the ʿAlāwiyya 3279:jurisprudence and founder of the Yesewīyya 2763:, but particularly among the ʿAbābda tribe 6643: 6629: 6598:Le culte des saints dans le monde musulman 6589:Grace Martin Smith and C.W. Ernst (eds.), 6404:Die Vita des Scheich Abū Isḥāq al-Kāzarūnī 6370:, Wiesbaden 1989, index, s.v. Gottesfreund 5672:C. Addas, "Abū Madyan and Ibn ʿArabī", in 5648:Le culte des saints dans l'Islam maghrébin 5466:(al-Madani Publishing House, 1980), p. 603 5111: 4995: 4993: 1919: 1457:(ca. 1630), thought to be executed by the 634: 620: 6500:Drei Schriften des Theosophen von Tirmid̲ 6297:, 244-77, Eng. tr. in Radtke and O'Kane, 6293:, 14-32, facs. and German tr. in Radtke, 6247:, in Mad̲j̲mūʿat rasāʾil, Cairo 1354/1935 4985:Drei Schriften des Theosophen von Tirmid̲ 4923: 4580: 1201:dated from the early 1620s depicting the 6427:, ed. M. Mole, Tehran-Paris 1962, 313-25 6331:al-Taʿarruf li-mad̲h̲hab ahl al-taṣawwuf 5497: 5164:"Shaykh Gibril Fouad Haddad on Facebook" 5059:(Bloomington: World Wisdom, 2009), p. 99 4987:, ii (Beirut-Stuttgart, 1996), pp. 68–69 3316:Abū S̲h̲uʿayb Ayyūb b. Saʿīd al-Ṣinhāj̲ī 2515:of the descendants of the family of the 2397: 2374: 2235:(2) "the ecstatic and eccentric saint" ( 1906:The goal of the Sufi path is to achieve 1770: 1660: 1566: 1444: 1192: 947: 766: 6528:Die schiitischen Derwischorden Persiens 6391:, Damascus 1964, Eng. tr. R.W. Austin, 4990: 4961:, II (Berlin-New York, 1992), pp. 89–90 4225:Iron Gate I Hydroelectric Power Station 3525:First Islamic ruler and founder of the 2885:Abū Barakāt Yūsuf Al-Kawnayn Al-Barbari 2688:and introduced Islamic education there. 1942:One source is the 12th Century Persian 1738: 1613:); (4) he receives divine inspiration ( 1422:, for example, appears as early as the 899:ideas of saints has been challenged by 786:(d. 1111), talking to a disciple, from 7963: 6650: 6304:Bādisī, "al-Maḳṣad", tr. G. Colin, in 6095:Pellat, Ch., "Muḥriz b. K̲h̲alaf", in 5998:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5996:Abun-Nasr, Jamil M., "al-Tidjānī", in 5934:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5919:Lévi-Provençal, E., "Abū Yaʿazzā", in 5889:Luizard, Pierre-Jean, "Barzinjīs", in 5386:Laṭā'if al-Isharat bi-Tafsīr al-Qur'ān 5299:Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition 5226:, Islamic Supreme Council of America, 2030: 1766: 1306:Collected stories about the "lives or 964:Regarding the rendering of the Arabic 6624: 6415:The secrets of God's mystical oneness 6261:, ed. Ḳ. al-Sāmarrāʾī, Bag̲h̲dād 1967 6039: 5788: 5786: 5763:Tourneau, R. le, "al-D̲j̲azāʾir", in 5580: 5401:(Lahore: Suhail Academy, 2005), p. 20 5188: 3319:(in the vernacular "Mūlāy Būs̲h̲ʿīb") 3145:who is venerated in Islamic tradition 1334:). It is, moreover, evident from the 6591:Manifestations of sainthood in Islam 6549:Kleinere Schriften des Ibn al-ʿArabī 6151:Mordtmann, J. H., "Emīr Sulṭān", in 5412:Mecca: From Before Genesis Until Now 2342:, as well as certain sainted rulers. 2124:; he was later venerated as a prime 1885:, were appointed after the death of 1314:(d. 894), who wrote a work entitled 6596:H.-Ch. Loir et Cl. Gilliot (eds.), 6395:, London 1971, Fr. tr. G. Leconte, 6377:, ed. E. Badeen, forthcoming Beirut 6333:ed. Arberry, Cairo 1934, tr. idem, 5449:Earl Edgar Elder (ed. and trans.), 3864:Aristocrat and Patron Saint of the 2387:, India, where he is honored as an 2002:According to the 20th-century Sufi 1625:receive; (5) he can work miracles ( 1115:(< ermek "to reach, attain") or 1067: 1009: 724: 708: 674: 657: 13: 6851: 6280:al-Farḳ bayn al-āyāt wa 'l-karāmāt 6231: 5867:, ii, tr. Blochmann, Calcutta 1927 5783: 5498:Markwith, Zachary (14 July 2011). 5451:A Commentary on the Creed of Islam 5334:al-Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Masriyya 5057:Art of Islam: Language and Meaning 4892:Historical Dictionary of the Sudan 3079:Ziyarat Naqshband Memorial Complex 806:were the early Sufi mystics, like 53: 14: 7992: 6605: 6512:Radtke, "Tirmid̲iana minora", in 6507:Der Zaddik in Talmud und Midrasch 6355:, Cairo 1932, Ger. tr. Gramlich, 6168:Gradeva, Rossitsa, "Adakale", in 6108:Marçais, Georges, "Monastir", in 6022:Funck-Brentano, C., "Meknes", in 5832:Gazetteer of the Tanjore District 5550: 5528: 5436:Martin Lings, "Proofs of Islam", 3874:Sayyid Mir Jan Hazrat Ishaan VIII 3289:; additionally, venerated as the 3228:jurisprudence and founder of the 3066:Mu'in al-Din Hadi Naqshband Mirza 2750:jurisprudence and founder of the 2183:Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad al-Jazūlī 1533:. It is for this reason that the 1167:), or by a quality of the saint ( 1095:, and Turkish alternatives like 1080:(Persian word meaning "master"). 1070:, meaning "guide" or "teacher"), 782:(d. 1123), brother of the famous 775:depicting the medieval saint and 728:), meaning "the Helper, Friend". 7948: 7936: 7924: 7912: 6366:, many eds., Ger. tr. Gramlich, 5818:Hardy, P., "Amīr K̲h̲usraw", in 5510:from the original on 10 May 2018 5321:The Four Imams and Their Schools 5220:Muhammad Hisham Kabbani (2003), 5151:In the Vicinity of the Righteous 5093:In the Vicinity of the Righteous 4846:10.1163/1573-3912_islam_COM_1335 4323: 4260: 4131: 4008: 3973: 3878:Mir Mahmud Agha Hazrat Ishaan IX 3669: 3592: 3302: 3250: 3158: 3117: 3046:Chishtī Muʿīn al-Dīn Ḥasan Sijzī 2978: 2871: 2823: 2721: 2631: 2561: 2443: 2057:was especially prominent in the 1908:unification of the self with God 1455:A Discourse between Muslim Sages 881:prophets and messengers in Islam 877:the Successors of the Successors 838:of the time, such as the famous 603: 6214: 6201: 6188: 6175: 6162: 6145: 6132: 6119: 6102: 6089: 6076: 6063: 6033: 6016: 6003: 5990: 5977: 5956: 5939: 5926: 5913: 5896: 5883: 5870: 5858: 5845: 5825: 5812: 5799: 5770: 5757: 5740: 5727: 5696: 5679: 5666: 5653: 5640: 5627: 5614: 5603: 5574: 5486:Historical Dictionary of Sufism 5478: 5469: 5464:Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Masriyya 5456: 5443: 5430: 5417: 5414:(London: Archetype, 2004), p. 1 5404: 5391: 5378: 5365: 5352: 5339: 5326: 5313: 5304: 5291: 5278: 5265: 5256: 5239: 5213: 5192:A Concise Encyclopedia of Islam 5182: 5156: 5127: 5098: 4999: 4544: 2286:school of Sunni jurisprudence. 2169:(d. 1494), who was educated in 2128:of Tlemcen by popular acclaim. 2064: 1958:("piously devoted ones"), four 1725:Mukhtasar al-Fatawa al-Masriyya 1171:, 'venerable, respectable,' in 1023:(पीर बाबा) is commonly used in 744:, and particular verses of the 16:Islamic understanding of saints 6488:, i-vi, Berlin-New York 1991-7 6346:Schlaglichter über das Sufitum 6194:Zarcone, Th., "Zangī Ātā", in 5962:Faure, A., "Ibn ʿĀs̲h̲ir", in 5902:Barthold, W., "Turkistān", in 5805:Desplat, Patrick, "Harar", in 5153:(Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6 5095:(Leiden: Brill, 1999), pp. 5–6 4977: 4964: 4951: 4882: 2203:Abū Ḥāmid al-ʿArabī al-Darqāwī 2113:, while making his way to the 1667:Miracles of the Saints (Islam) 1645:); and (6) he associates with 1562: 1489:venerating the tombs of saints 1414:("the truthful ones") and the 84: 1: 6521:Die Wunder der Freunde Gottes 6450:La sagesse des maîtres soufis 6368:Das Sendschreiben al-Qušayrīs 6040:Hasan, Arif (27 April 2014). 5972:Uns al-faḳīr wa ʿizz al-ḥaḳīr 5932:Faure, A., "Ḥmād U-mūsā", in 5776:Hillelson, S., "ʿAbābda", in 5704:Sîdî ʿAbder-Rahmân al-Medjdûb 4532: 4391:ʿAlī b. ʿUmar al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī 3018:S̲h̲āh al-Ḥamīd ʿAbd al-Ḳādir 2604:ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-T̲h̲aʿālibī 2246:(3) the "warrior saint" (pl. 2133:ʿAbd al-Salām Ibn Mas̲h̲īs̲h̲ 1697:"The miracles of the saints ( 1359:and the saints. The genre of 1107:(both meaning "father"), and 858: 845: 6457: 6326:, Leiden-London 1911, 210-41 6289:, ed. Yaḥyā, in Tirmid̲h̲ī, 5945:Yver, G., "Dar al-Bēḍā", in 5297:Pellat, Ch., "Manāḳib", in: 4573: 2410:, where he is honored as an 2137:Abu 'l-Ḥasan al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī 1929:(changed ones), headed by a 1841:must stop at the end of the 1734:theologian and jurisconsult) 1336:Kitāb al-Kas̲h̲f wa 'l-bayān 1119:("one who settles down") in 7: 6337:, 2, Cambridge 1977, ch. 26 6287:Badʾ s̲h̲aʾn Abī ʿAbd Allāh 6268:, ed. O. Yaḥyā, Beirut 1965 6125:Talbi, M., "K̲h̲umayr", in 5878:Kas̲h̲mīr under the Sultans 5427:(London, 1996), pp. 124-125 5262:Muslim (Cairo 1283), v, 277 4974:(London, 1996), pp. 109–110 4946:Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān 4526:Righteous Among the Nations 4445: 2861: 2735:Abu'l-Ḥasan al-S̲h̲ād̲h̲ilī 2473:. Believed to be buried in 1436:(d. 815-20), as one of the 1332:The Adornment of the Saints 758: 718: 702: 686:) is most commonly used by 681: 668: 10: 7997: 6563:The Sufi path of knowledge 6342:K. al-Lumaʿ fi 'l-taṣawwuf 6236: 6009:Despois, J., "Figuig", in 5983:Deverdun, G., "Glāwā", in 5865:Abū 'l Faḍl, Āʾīn-i Akbarī 5746:Bel, A., "Abū Madyan", in 5247:Saḥīḥ al-ʿamal fi 'l-ṣalāt 4552:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab 4336:Muḥammad b. ʿAlī Bā ʿAlāwī 4233:Jalāl ad-Dīn Mohammad Rūmī 4112:According to tradition, a 3870:Shaybanid Khans of Bukhara 3667: 3300: 1999:("guides"), and the qutb. 1966:("leaders") and one qutb. 1950:("excellent ones"), forty 1923:(saints, friends of God), 1664: 1182: 1178: 20: 7814: 7663: 7565: 7467: 7431: 7256: 6992: 6862: 6849: 6659: 6491:B. Radtke and J. O'Kane, 6335:The doctrine of the Sufis 6259:K. al-Kas̲h̲f wa 'l-bayān 6254:, Cairo 1351 ff./1932 ff. 6159:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 6116:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 6042:"Karachi's Densification" 6030:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 5970:, 313–14. Ibn Ḳunfud̲h̲, 5953:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 5910:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 5842:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 5754:, R. Basset, R. Hartmann. 5423:B. Radtke and J. O'Kane, 5384:Abū'l-Qāsim al-Qushayrī, 5275:, ed. Huart, Ar. text 135 4970:B. Radtke and J. O'Kane, 4944:Radtke, B., "Saint", in: 4321: 4258: 4129: 4006: 3790:Vast areas of south-west 3707:Abu 'l-Ḥasan Ali Huj̲wīrī 3683:ʿAbd Allāh S̲h̲āh G̲h̲āzī 3590: 3156: 2976: 2927:, where he spread Islam. 2869: 2719: 2629: 2559: 2465:Cousin and son in law of 2441: 2347:Reverence of Awliya Allah 1901: 1247:: "Surely God's friends ( 869:Companions of the Prophet 6397:Les Soufies d'Andalousie 6375:Zwei mystische Schriften 6348:, Stuttgart 1990, 449-68 6264:al-Ḥakīm al-Tirmid̲h̲ī, 6257:Abū Saʿīd al-K̲h̲arrāz, 6250:Abū Nuʿaym al-Iṣbahānī, 5585:Encyclopedia of Religion 4537: 4494:(Islamic legal guardian) 3950:Jalālʾ al-Dīn Surk͟h Poṣ 3691:Early Muslim mystic and 2968:and finally the city of 2945:scholar and traveler of 2656:saint and mystic of the 2215:Muhammad Alawi al-Maliki 1833:on the one hand and the 943: 6579:, xxxiii (1992), 94-132 6448:, Fr. tr. E. Geoffroy, 6441:, iv, Cairo n.d., 1 ff. 5689:, London 1961, Fr. tr. 5581:Jones, Lindsay (2005). 5273:al-Badʾ wa 'l-taʾrīk̲h̲ 5122:Al-ʿAqīdah aṭ-Ṭaḥāwiyya 5075:Journal of Sufi Studies 4077:ʿAbd Allāh Abu 'l-Jimāl 3735:ʿAbd Allāh S̲h̲āh Qādri 3606:Muhammad ibn al-Sabbagh 3209:ʿAbd al-Qādir al-Jīlānī 3092:Bābā Nūr al-Dīn Ris̲h̲ī 3053:Mystic of Chishti order 2682:mosque city of Bagerhat 2479:Naqshbandi sunni belief 1954:("substitutes"), seven 1757:Punishment of the Grave 1535:Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 1388:(d. 907-912). With the 794:Since the first Muslim 6856: 6516:, xxxiv (1994), 242-98 6484:Jahrhundert Hidschra. 6471:, esp. iii, Paris 1972 6409:Muḥammad b. Munawwar, 6393:The Sufis of Andalusia 6382:al-Futūḥāt al-makkiyya 6357:Die Nährung der Herzen 6222:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6209:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6196:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6183:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6170:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6153:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6140:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6127:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6110:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6097:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6084:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6071:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6024:Encyclopaedia of Islam 6011:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5985:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5964:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5947:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5921:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5904:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5891:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5853:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5836:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5820:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5807:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5794:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5778:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5765:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5748:Encyclopaedia of Islam 5663:, Paris 1923, i, 30-68 5189:Newby, Gordon (2002). 4829:Encyclopaedia of Islam 4502:(administrative title) 3840:Sufi mystic buried in 3832:Bilāwal S̲h̲āh Nūraniʾ 3781:jurisprudence and the 3540:ʿAbd al-Ḳādir Muḥammad 3489:Mūlāy ʿAlī Bū G̲h̲ālem 3360:jurisprudence and the 2697:Akhi Siraj Aainae Hind 2419: 2395: 1973: 1787: 1635:al-mas̲h̲y ʿalā 'l-māʾ 1590: 1571:Detail from an Indian 1462: 1216: 1185:Holiest sites in Islam 1139:) or domed mausoleum ( 961: 791: 788:Meetings of the Lovers 58: 6855: 6551:, Leiden 1919, 103-20 6266:K. K̲h̲atm al-awliyāʾ 5553:"The Saints of Islam" 5531:"The Saints of Islam" 5360:Encyclopedia of Islam 5288:, ed. Cairo 1309, 221 5011:Oneworld Publications 4556:Demolition of al-Baqi 3923:S̲h̲āh Qabūl ʾAwliyāʾ 3804:Lāl Shāhbāz Q̣alandar 3766:Bahāʾ al-Dīn Zakarīyā 2907:Travelled a lot from 2896:saint and scholar of 2797:ʿAbd al-Raḥīm of Qena 2770:Abū l-Ḥajjāj of Luxor 2711:Shamsuddin Ilyas Shah 2408:Turkistan, Kazakhstan 2401: 2378: 1968: 1774: 1661:Classical testimonies 1570: 1448: 1196: 1183:Further information: 951: 770: 57: 23:Wali (disambiguation) 7080:Raising hands in Dua 6568:Jamil M. Abun-Nasr, 6425:K. al-Insān al-kāmil 6351:Abū Ṭālib al-Makkī, 6320:Kas̲h̲f al-maḥd̲j̲ūb 6299:Concept of sainthood 5661:Mélanges René Basset 5650:, Paris 1954, 1982 ) 5570:Reynold A. Nicholson 5566:The Mystics of Islam 5399:Return to the Spirit 5358:Juan Eduardo Campo, 5149:Christopher Taylor, 5091:Christopher Taylor, 5001:Brown, Jonathan A.C. 4564:Persecution of Sufis 4521:The Verse of Wilayah 4419:Abū Bakr al-ʿAydarūs 3856:HH The Hazrat Ishaan 2837:Abādir ʿUmar al-Riḍā 2521:Imam Hasan al Askari 2167:Fāsī Aḥmad al-Zarrūq 1777:The Two Poet Saints 1739:Seeking of blessings 1607:al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi 1386:al-Hakim al-Tirmidhi 1349:Abu Sa'id al-Kharraz 879:. Additionally, the 7971:Islamic terminology 6544:, Oslo 1997, 240-67 6479:Le sceau des saints 6421:ʿAzīz al-Dīn Nasafī 6373:ʿAmmār al-Bidlīsī, 6308:, xxvi-xxvii (1926) 6306:Archives marocaines 6301:, 15-36. Handbooks. 6273:K. Sīrat al-awliyāʾ 4460:List of Sufi saints 3747:and philosopher of 2990:Niẓām al-Dīn Awliyā 2497:Mir Maudood Chishti 2393:Indian subcontinent 2381:Niẓām al-Dīn Awliyā 2306:Abū Ayyūb al-Anṣārī 2223:Muhammad al-Yaqoubi 2211:Abdallah Bin Bayyah 2059:Indian subcontinent 2031:Regional veneration 1983:("nobles"), twelve 1962:("pillars"), three 1827:Lives of the Saints 1767:Types and hierarchy 1320:Lives of the Saints 1273:Marmaduke Pickthall 1189:List of Sufi saints 1159:, 'refectory,' and 6857: 6475:Michel Chodkiewicz 6384:, Cairo 1329–1911. 6295:Tirmid̲iana minora 6243:Ibn Abi 'l-Dunyā, 5706:, Paris-Rabat 1985 5676:, Shaftesbury 1993 5620:H.R. Idris (ed.), 5319:Gibril F. Haddad, 5055:Titus Burckhardt, 4022:Muḥriz b. K̲h̲alaf 3986:Arslān of Damascus 3517:Idris I of Morocco 3463:Abū Muḥammad Ṣāliḥ 2862:Madīnat al-Awliyāʾ 2519:, descending from 2420: 2396: 2152:. Adhering to the 2103:Abdul-Qadir Gilani 1894:(d. 1220), and by 1788: 1694:jurist and mystic) 1673:Islamic Golden Age 1629:) by the leave of 1591: 1463: 1287:People of the Cave 1217: 962: 792: 63:Abdul Qadir Gilani 59: 7900: 7899: 7635:Sufis persecution 6677:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 6444:Ibn ʿAṭāʾ Allāh, 6434:, Cairo 1366/1947 6252:Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ 5702:A.L. de Premare, 5233:978-1-930409-10-1 5206:978-1-85168-295-9 5024:978-1-78074-420-9 4902:978-0-8108-6180-0 4855:978-90-04-16121-4 4820:van Donzel, E. J. 4443: 4442: 4145:Ḥājjī Bayrām Walī 2457:Ali ibn Abi Talib 2195:Muḥammad b. Nāṣir 2049:Moinuddin Chishti 1679:"God has saints ( 1637:) and shortening 1548:Islamic Modernism 1543:Arabian Peninsula 1519:Islamic movements 1390:general consensus 1328:Ḥilyat al-awliyāʾ 1297:hadith literature 1037:Islamic mysticism 1031:vernacular with " 958:Jalal al-Din Rumi 954:Persian miniature 920:Islamic Modernism 908:Islamic movements 828:Junayd of Baghdad 773:Persian miniature 740:very early on in 666: 644: 643: 86:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 7988: 7953: 7952: 7951: 7941: 7940: 7929: 7928: 7927: 7917: 7916: 7908: 7625:Sufi metaphysics 7581: 7523: 7414: 7382: 7370: 7308: 7296: 7284: 7222: 7195: 7183: 7171: 7159: 7132: 7120: 7098: 7056: 7044: 7027: 7015: 6890: 6878: 6834: 6771:Nass al-Houdhour 6762: 6735: 6645: 6638: 6631: 6622: 6621: 6558:, Cambridge 1939 6523:, Wiesbaden 1987 6469:En Islam iranien 6446:Laṭāʾif al-minan 6313:ʿUnwān al-dirāya 6225: 6218: 6212: 6205: 6199: 6192: 6186: 6179: 6173: 6166: 6160: 6149: 6143: 6136: 6130: 6123: 6117: 6106: 6100: 6093: 6087: 6080: 6074: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6051: 6049: 6037: 6031: 6020: 6014: 6007: 6001: 5994: 5988: 5981: 5975: 5960: 5954: 5943: 5937: 5930: 5924: 5917: 5911: 5900: 5894: 5887: 5881: 5876:Mohibbul Hasan, 5874: 5868: 5862: 5856: 5849: 5843: 5829: 5823: 5816: 5810: 5803: 5797: 5790: 5781: 5774: 5768: 5761: 5755: 5744: 5738: 5731: 5725: 5718: 5707: 5700: 5694: 5683: 5677: 5670: 5664: 5657: 5651: 5644: 5638: 5631: 5625: 5618: 5612: 5607: 5601: 5600: 5588: 5578: 5572: 5563: 5561: 5560: 5555:. sunnirazvi.net 5548: 5542: 5541: 5539: 5538: 5533:. sunnirazvi.net 5526: 5520: 5519: 5517: 5515: 5495: 5489: 5482: 5476: 5473: 5467: 5460: 5454: 5447: 5441: 5434: 5428: 5421: 5415: 5408: 5402: 5395: 5389: 5382: 5376: 5369: 5363: 5356: 5350: 5343: 5337: 5330: 5324: 5317: 5311: 5308: 5302: 5295: 5289: 5282: 5276: 5269: 5263: 5260: 5254: 5243: 5237: 5236: 5217: 5211: 5210: 5186: 5180: 5179: 5177: 5172:. Archived from 5160: 5154: 5147: 5138: 5131: 5125: 5118: 5109: 5102: 5096: 5089: 5078: 5077:1 (2012), p. 123 5071: 5060: 5053: 5036: 5035: 5033: 5031: 4997: 4988: 4981: 4975: 4968: 4962: 4955: 4949: 4942: 4921: 4920: 4911: 4909: 4886: 4880: 4869: 4860: 4859: 4838:Brill Publishers 4832:(2nd ed.). 4824:Heinrichs, W. P. 4803: 4567: 4548: 4454:Amir al-Mu'minin 4369:S̲h̲aik̲h̲ Ṣadīq 4329: 4327: 4326: 4274:Qutham b. ʿAbbās 4266: 4264: 4263: 4137: 4135: 4134: 4014: 4012: 4011: 3979: 3977: 3976: 3675: 3673: 3672: 3598: 3596: 3595: 3566:Muḥammad b. ʿĪsā 3308: 3306: 3305: 3256: 3254: 3253: 3164: 3162: 3161: 3123: 3121: 3120: 3075:Emperor Jahangir 2984: 2982: 2981: 2966:Bilād Al-Habasha 2902:Walashma Dynasty 2877: 2875: 2874: 2864: 2829: 2827: 2826: 2727: 2725: 2724: 2637: 2635: 2634: 2567: 2565: 2564: 2449: 2447: 2446: 2422: 2421: 2199:Aḥmad al-Tij̲ānī 1975:Another is from 1823:Sīrat al-awliyāʾ 1759:—established by 1451:Mughal miniature 1316:Kitāb al-Awliyāʾ 1312:Ibn Abi al-Dunya 1294: 1284: 1262: 1256: 1246: 1240: 1199:Mughal miniature 1069: 1011: 929:saint veneration 863: 860: 850: 847: 763: 727: 726: 721: 711: 710: 705: 699:definite article 697:When the Arabic 684: 677: 676: 671: 661: 659: 636: 629: 622: 610:Islam portal 608: 607: 606: 541:Topics in Sufism 213:Sufi metaphysics 89: 88: 48: 42: 41: 28: 27: 7996: 7995: 7991: 7990: 7989: 7987: 7986: 7985: 7961: 7960: 7959: 7949: 7947: 7935: 7925: 7923: 7911: 7903: 7901: 7896: 7810: 7659: 7650:Sufi psychology 7640:Sufi philosophy 7620:Sufi literature 7575: 7561: 7517: 7463: 7427: 7408: 7376: 7364: 7302: 7290: 7278: 7252: 7216: 7189: 7177: 7165: 7153: 7126: 7114: 7092: 7050: 7038: 7021: 7009: 6988: 6884: 6872: 6858: 6847: 6828: 6826:The Seven ranks 6756: 6729: 6655: 6649: 6608: 6603: 6593:, Istanbul 1993 6460: 6455: 6417:, New York 1992 6380:Ibn al-ʿArabī, 6239: 6234: 6232:Further reading 6229: 6228: 6219: 6215: 6206: 6202: 6193: 6189: 6180: 6176: 6167: 6163: 6150: 6146: 6137: 6133: 6124: 6120: 6107: 6103: 6094: 6090: 6081: 6077: 6068: 6064: 6047: 6045: 6038: 6034: 6021: 6017: 6008: 6004: 5995: 5991: 5982: 5978: 5961: 5957: 5944: 5940: 5931: 5927: 5918: 5914: 5901: 5897: 5888: 5884: 5880:, Calcutta 1959 5875: 5871: 5863: 5859: 5850: 5846: 5830: 5826: 5817: 5813: 5804: 5800: 5791: 5784: 5775: 5771: 5762: 5758: 5745: 5741: 5735:What is Sufism? 5732: 5728: 5722:What is Sufism? 5719: 5710: 5701: 5697: 5684: 5680: 5671: 5667: 5658: 5654: 5646:E. Dermenghem, 5645: 5641: 5632: 5628: 5619: 5615: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5579: 5575: 5558: 5556: 5549: 5545: 5536: 5534: 5527: 5523: 5513: 5511: 5496: 5492: 5483: 5479: 5474: 5470: 5462:Ibn Taymiyyah, 5461: 5457: 5448: 5444: 5435: 5431: 5422: 5418: 5409: 5405: 5396: 5392: 5383: 5379: 5370: 5366: 5357: 5353: 5345:Josef W. Meri, 5344: 5340: 5332:Ibn Taymiyyah, 5331: 5327: 5318: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5296: 5292: 5283: 5279: 5270: 5266: 5261: 5257: 5244: 5240: 5234: 5218: 5214: 5207: 5187: 5183: 5162: 5161: 5157: 5148: 5141: 5132: 5128: 5119: 5112: 5106:What is Sufism? 5103: 5099: 5090: 5081: 5072: 5063: 5054: 5039: 5029: 5027: 5025: 4998: 4991: 4982: 4978: 4969: 4965: 4956: 4952: 4943: 4924: 4907: 4905: 4903: 4887: 4883: 4870: 4863: 4856: 4816:Bosworth, C. E. 4804: 4581: 4576: 4571: 4570: 4549: 4545: 4540: 4535: 4530: 4448: 4324: 4322: 4261: 4259: 4132: 4130: 4009: 4007: 3974: 3972: 3958:Sufi saint and 3896:Sheikh Rahamkar 3866:Mughal Emperors 3670: 3668: 3593: 3591: 3570:d. 16th century 3527:Idrisid dynasty 3303: 3301: 3251: 3249: 3159: 3157: 3118: 3116: 2979: 2977: 2956:Travelled from 2872: 2870: 2824: 2822: 2722: 2720: 2676:Born in modern 2632: 2630: 2562: 2560: 2471:Rashidun Caliph 2444: 2442: 2349: 2275: 2221:(b. 1958), and 2207:Aḥmad b. ʿAlāwī 2205:(d. 1823), and 2067: 2033: 1904: 1892:Najmuddin Kubra 1839:walī ḥaḳḳ Allāh 1831:walī ḥaḳḳ Allāh 1769: 1741: 1669: 1663: 1565: 1484:Creed of Tahawi 1371:medieval period 1290: 1280: 1258: 1252: 1242: 1236: 1210:King of England 1191: 1181: 980:), 'Believer' ( 946: 912:Salafi movement 861: 854:Creed of Nasafi 848: 841:Creed of Tahawi 742:Islamic history 738:Muslim scholars 640: 604: 602: 597: 596: 542: 534: 533: 514: 506: 505: 476:Haqqani Anjuman 316: 306: 305: 261: 253: 252: 228:Sufi psychology 218:Sufi philosophy 74: 66: 65:, Baghdad, Iraq 44: 43: 32: 31: 26: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7994: 7984: 7983: 7978: 7976:Muslim mystics 7973: 7958: 7957: 7945: 7933: 7921: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7894: 7889: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7834: 7829: 7824: 7818: 7816: 7812: 7811: 7809: 7808: 7803: 7798: 7793: 7788: 7783: 7778: 7773: 7768: 7763: 7758: 7753: 7748: 7743: 7738: 7733: 7728: 7723: 7718: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7688: 7683: 7678: 7673: 7667: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7658: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7627: 7622: 7617: 7615:Sufism history 7612: 7610:Sufi cosmology 7607: 7602: 7597: 7592: 7587: 7582: 7569: 7567: 7563: 7562: 7560: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7512: 7507: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7471: 7469: 7465: 7464: 7462: 7461: 7456: 7451: 7446: 7441: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7428: 7426: 7425: 7420: 7415: 7403: 7398: 7393: 7388: 7383: 7371: 7359: 7354: 7349: 7344: 7339: 7334: 7329: 7324: 7319: 7314: 7309: 7297: 7285: 7273: 7268: 7262: 7260: 7254: 7253: 7251: 7250: 7245: 7240: 7239: 7238: 7228: 7223: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7184: 7172: 7160: 7148: 7143: 7141:Sufism pillars 7138: 7133: 7121: 7109: 7104: 7102:Salat al-Fatih 7099: 7087: 7082: 7077: 7072: 7067: 7062: 7057: 7045: 7033: 7028: 7016: 7004: 6998: 6996: 6990: 6989: 6987: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6949:Lataif-e-Sitta 6946: 6941: 6936: 6931: 6926: 6921: 6916: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6891: 6882:Aayane Thabita 6879: 6866: 6864: 6860: 6859: 6850: 6848: 6846: 6845: 6840: 6835: 6823: 6818: 6813: 6808: 6803: 6798: 6793: 6788: 6783: 6778: 6773: 6768: 6763: 6751: 6746: 6741: 6736: 6724: 6719: 6714: 6709: 6704: 6699: 6694: 6689: 6684: 6679: 6674: 6669: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6656: 6648: 6647: 6640: 6633: 6625: 6619: 6618: 6607: 6606:External links 6604: 6602: 6601: 6594: 6587: 6580: 6573: 6566: 6559: 6552: 6545: 6538: 6535:Ruzbihan Baqli 6531: 6524: 6517: 6510: 6503: 6496: 6489: 6482: 6472: 6461: 6459: 6456: 6454: 6453: 6442: 6435: 6430:Ibn Taymiyya, 6428: 6418: 6407: 6406:, Leipzig 1948 6400: 6385: 6378: 6371: 6360: 6349: 6338: 6327: 6316: 6315:, Algiers 1970 6309: 6302: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6262: 6255: 6248: 6240: 6238: 6235: 6233: 6230: 6227: 6226: 6213: 6200: 6187: 6174: 6161: 6144: 6131: 6118: 6101: 6088: 6075: 6062: 6032: 6015: 6002: 5989: 5976: 5955: 5938: 5925: 5912: 5895: 5882: 5869: 5857: 5844: 5824: 5811: 5798: 5782: 5769: 5756: 5739: 5733:Martin Lings, 5726: 5720:Martin Lings, 5708: 5695: 5678: 5665: 5652: 5639: 5626: 5613: 5602: 5595: 5573: 5543: 5521: 5504:Majzooban Noor 5490: 5477: 5468: 5455: 5442: 5429: 5416: 5410:Martin Lings, 5403: 5397:Martin Lings, 5390: 5377: 5364: 5351: 5338: 5336:, 1980, p. 603 5325: 5312: 5303: 5290: 5277: 5264: 5255: 5238: 5232: 5212: 5205: 5181: 5178:on 2022-04-30. 5155: 5139: 5126: 5110: 5104:Martin Lings, 5097: 5079: 5061: 5037: 5023: 4989: 4976: 4963: 4950: 4922: 4901: 4881: 4861: 4854: 4808:Bearman, P. J. 4578: 4577: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4542: 4541: 4539: 4536: 4534: 4531: 4529: 4528: 4523: 4518: 4511: 4504: 4496: 4488: 4481: 4474: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4441: 4440: 4434: 4424: 4421: 4415: 4414: 4408: 4401:mystic of the 4396: 4393: 4387: 4386: 4380: 4374: 4371: 4365: 4364: 4358: 4341: 4338: 4333: 4319: 4318: 4312: 4302: 4299: 4293: 4292: 4286: 4280: 4277: 4270: 4256: 4255: 4249: 4239: 4236: 4228: 4227: 4221:Ottoman Empire 4213: 4203: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4187: 4177: 4174: 4168: 4167: 4161: 4151: 4148: 4141: 4127: 4126: 4120: 4110: 4109:d. 7th century 4107: 4099: 4098: 4092: 4082: 4079: 4073: 4072: 4066: 4056: 4053: 4050:Sīdī al-Māzarī 4045: 4044: 4038: 4028: 4025: 4018: 4004: 4003: 3997: 3991: 3988: 3983: 3969: 3968: 3962: 3956: 3953: 3945: 3944: 3938: 3929: 3926: 3918: 3917: 3911: 3902: 3899: 3891: 3890: 3884: 3862: 3859: 3851: 3850: 3844: 3842:Lahoot Lamakan 3838: 3835: 3827: 3826: 3820: 3810: 3807: 3799: 3798: 3788: 3772: 3769: 3761: 3760: 3754: 3741: 3738: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3713: 3710: 3702: 3701: 3695: 3689: 3686: 3679: 3665: 3664: 3658: 3657:jurisprudence 3648: 3645: 3637: 3636: 3630: 3629:jurisprudence 3620: 3614: 3602: 3588: 3587: 3581: 3571: 3568: 3562: 3561: 3555: 3545: 3542: 3536: 3535: 3529: 3523: 3520: 3512: 3511: 3505: 3495: 3492: 3484: 3483: 3477: 3467: 3458: 3457: 3451: 3441: 3438: 3430: 3429: 3423: 3413: 3410: 3402: 3401: 3395: 3385: 3382: 3374: 3373: 3367: 3351: 3348: 3340: 3339: 3333: 3323: 3320: 3312: 3298: 3297: 3283: 3270: 3267: 3260: 3246: 3245: 3235: 3215: 3212: 3204: 3203: 3193: 3178: 3175: 3172:Husayn ibn Ali 3168: 3154: 3153: 3146: 3137: 3134: 3127: 3113: 3112: 3106: 3097: 3094: 3088: 3087: 3081: 3071: 3069: 3061: 3060: 3054: 3051: 3049: 3041: 3040: 3034: 3024: 3021: 3013: 3012: 3006: 2996: 2993: 2986: 2974: 2973: 2954: 2940: 2937: 2929: 2928: 2905: 2891: 2888: 2881: 2867: 2866: 2853: 2843: 2840: 2833: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2802: 2799: 2793: 2792: 2786: 2776: 2773: 2765: 2764: 2759:Many parts of 2757: 2741: 2738: 2731: 2717: 2716: 2714: 2703: 2700: 2692: 2691: 2689: 2674: 2671: 2668:Khan Jahan Ali 2663: 2662: 2651: 2648: 2641: 2627: 2626: 2620: 2610: 2607: 2599: 2598: 2591: 2581: 2578: 2571: 2557: 2556: 2554: 2545: 2542: 2534: 2533: 2523: 2503: 2500: 2492: 2491: 2489:Balkh Province 2482: 2463: 2460: 2453: 2439: 2438: 2435: 2432: 2429: 2426: 2402:The shrine of 2379:The shrine of 2348: 2345: 2344: 2343: 2336: 2321: 2310:Constantinople 2274: 2271: 2258: 2257: 2254: 2251: 2244: 2233: 2173:but taught in 2093:of the entire 2082:miracle worker 2066: 2063: 2032: 2029: 1903: 1900: 1896:Ruzbihan Baqli 1860:.... When the 1768: 1765: 1740: 1737: 1736: 1735: 1717: 1695: 1665:Main article: 1662: 1659: 1639:space and time 1575:depicting the 1564: 1561: 1324:oral tradition 1249:awliyāa l-lahi 1231:is applied to 1203:Mughal emperor 1180: 1177: 1087:, the Persian 1017:Indian Muslims 945: 942: 901:fundamentalist 891:, traditional 826:(d. 815), and 820:Rabia of Basra 818:(d. 777–781), 812:Farqad Sabakhi 808:Hasan of Basra 642: 641: 639: 638: 631: 624: 616: 613: 612: 599: 598: 595: 594: 589: 584: 579: 574: 569: 564: 559: 554: 549: 543: 540: 539: 536: 535: 532: 531: 526: 524:Notable modern 521: 515: 512: 511: 508: 507: 504: 503: 498: 493: 488: 483: 478: 473: 468: 463: 458: 453: 448: 443: 438: 433: 428: 423: 418: 413: 408: 403: 398: 393: 388: 383: 378: 373: 368: 363: 358: 353: 348: 343: 338: 333: 328: 323: 317: 312: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 298: 293: 288: 283: 278: 273: 268: 262: 259: 258: 255: 254: 251: 250: 245: 240: 235: 230: 225: 220: 215: 210: 208:Sufi cosmology 205: 200: 195: 190: 185: 180: 175: 170: 165: 160: 155: 150: 145: 140: 135: 130: 125: 120: 115: 110: 105: 100: 95: 90: 81: 75: 72: 71: 68: 67: 60: 50: 49: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7993: 7982: 7981:Muslim saints 7979: 7977: 7974: 7972: 7969: 7968: 7966: 7956: 7946: 7944: 7939: 7934: 7932: 7922: 7920: 7915: 7910: 7909: 7906: 7893: 7890: 7888: 7885: 7883: 7880: 7878: 7875: 7873: 7870: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7848: 7845: 7843: 7840: 7838: 7835: 7833: 7830: 7828: 7825: 7823: 7820: 7819: 7817: 7813: 7807: 7804: 7802: 7799: 7797: 7794: 7792: 7789: 7787: 7784: 7782: 7779: 7777: 7774: 7772: 7769: 7767: 7764: 7762: 7759: 7757: 7754: 7752: 7749: 7747: 7744: 7742: 7739: 7737: 7734: 7732: 7729: 7727: 7724: 7722: 7719: 7717: 7714: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7706:Jama'at Khana 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7687: 7684: 7682: 7681:Datuk Keramat 7679: 7677: 7674: 7672: 7669: 7668: 7666: 7662: 7656: 7655:Sufi whirling 7653: 7651: 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7621: 7618: 7616: 7613: 7611: 7608: 7606: 7603: 7601: 7598: 7596: 7593: 7591: 7588: 7586: 7583: 7579: 7574: 7571: 7570: 7568: 7564: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7516: 7513: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7503: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7470: 7466: 7460: 7457: 7455: 7452: 7450: 7447: 7445: 7442: 7440: 7439:Antinomianism 7437: 7436: 7434: 7430: 7424: 7421: 7419: 7416: 7412: 7407: 7404: 7402: 7399: 7397: 7394: 7392: 7389: 7387: 7384: 7380: 7375: 7372: 7368: 7363: 7360: 7358: 7355: 7353: 7350: 7348: 7345: 7343: 7340: 7338: 7335: 7333: 7330: 7328: 7325: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7313: 7310: 7306: 7301: 7298: 7294: 7289: 7286: 7282: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7255: 7249: 7246: 7244: 7241: 7237: 7234: 7233: 7232: 7229: 7227: 7224: 7220: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7193: 7188: 7185: 7181: 7176: 7173: 7169: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7125: 7122: 7118: 7113: 7110: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7096: 7091: 7088: 7086: 7083: 7081: 7078: 7076: 7073: 7071: 7068: 7066: 7063: 7061: 7058: 7054: 7049: 7046: 7042: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7025: 7020: 7017: 7013: 7008: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6995: 6991: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6945: 6942: 6940: 6937: 6935: 6932: 6930: 6927: 6925: 6922: 6920: 6917: 6915: 6912: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6888: 6883: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6868: 6867: 6865: 6861: 6854: 6844: 6841: 6839: 6836: 6832: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6817: 6814: 6812: 6809: 6807: 6804: 6802: 6799: 6797: 6794: 6792: 6789: 6787: 6784: 6782: 6779: 6777: 6774: 6772: 6769: 6767: 6764: 6760: 6755: 6752: 6750: 6747: 6745: 6742: 6740: 6737: 6733: 6728: 6725: 6723: 6720: 6718: 6715: 6713: 6710: 6708: 6705: 6703: 6700: 6698: 6695: 6693: 6690: 6688: 6685: 6683: 6680: 6678: 6675: 6673: 6672:Ahl al-Khutwa 6670: 6668: 6665: 6664: 6662: 6658: 6653: 6646: 6641: 6639: 6634: 6632: 6627: 6626: 6623: 6617: 6615: 6610: 6609: 6600:, Paris 1995. 6599: 6595: 6592: 6588: 6586:, ii, 275-378 6585: 6581: 6578: 6574: 6572:, London 1965 6571: 6567: 6565:, Albany 1989 6564: 6561:W. Chittick, 6560: 6557: 6553: 6550: 6547:H.S. Nyberg, 6546: 6543: 6539: 6537:, London 1996 6536: 6532: 6529: 6525: 6522: 6518: 6515: 6511: 6509:, Leiden 1957 6508: 6504: 6501: 6497: 6495:, London 1996 6494: 6490: 6487: 6483: 6480: 6476: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6462: 6451: 6447: 6443: 6440: 6436: 6433: 6429: 6426: 6422: 6419: 6416: 6412: 6408: 6405: 6401: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6379: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6361: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6347: 6343: 6339: 6336: 6332: 6329:Kalābād̲h̲ī, 6328: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6288: 6284: 6281: 6277: 6274: 6270: 6267: 6263: 6260: 6256: 6253: 6249: 6246: 6245:K. al-Awliyāʾ 6242: 6241: 6223: 6217: 6210: 6204: 6197: 6191: 6184: 6178: 6171: 6165: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6141: 6135: 6128: 6122: 6115: 6111: 6105: 6098: 6092: 6085: 6079: 6072: 6066: 6059: 6057: 6043: 6036: 6029: 6025: 6019: 6012: 6006: 5999: 5993: 5986: 5980: 5973: 5969: 5965: 5959: 5952: 5948: 5942: 5935: 5929: 5922: 5916: 5909: 5905: 5899: 5892: 5886: 5879: 5873: 5866: 5861: 5854: 5848: 5841: 5837: 5833: 5828: 5821: 5815: 5808: 5802: 5795: 5789: 5787: 5779: 5773: 5766: 5760: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5736: 5730: 5723: 5717: 5715: 5713: 5705: 5699: 5692: 5688: 5682: 5675: 5669: 5662: 5656: 5649: 5643: 5636: 5630: 5623: 5617: 5611: 5606: 5598: 5596:0-02-865733-0 5592: 5587: 5586: 5577: 5571: 5567: 5554: 5547: 5532: 5525: 5509: 5505: 5501: 5494: 5487: 5481: 5472: 5465: 5459: 5452: 5446: 5439: 5433: 5426: 5420: 5413: 5407: 5400: 5394: 5387: 5381: 5374: 5371:Ibn `Abidin, 5368: 5361: 5355: 5348: 5342: 5335: 5329: 5322: 5316: 5307: 5300: 5294: 5287: 5281: 5274: 5268: 5259: 5252: 5248: 5242: 5235: 5229: 5225: 5224: 5216: 5208: 5202: 5198: 5194: 5193: 5185: 5176: 5171: 5170: 5165: 5159: 5152: 5146: 5144: 5136: 5130: 5123: 5117: 5115: 5107: 5101: 5094: 5088: 5086: 5084: 5076: 5070: 5068: 5066: 5058: 5052: 5050: 5048: 5046: 5044: 5042: 5026: 5020: 5016: 5012: 5008: 5007: 5002: 4996: 4994: 4986: 4980: 4973: 4967: 4960: 4954: 4947: 4941: 4939: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4931: 4929: 4927: 4919: 4917: 4904: 4898: 4894: 4893: 4885: 4878: 4874: 4871:John Renard, 4868: 4866: 4857: 4851: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4831: 4830: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4813: 4812:Bianquis, Th. 4809: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4796: 4794: 4792: 4790: 4788: 4786: 4784: 4782: 4780: 4778: 4776: 4774: 4772: 4770: 4768: 4766: 4764: 4762: 4760: 4758: 4756: 4754: 4752: 4750: 4748: 4746: 4744: 4742: 4740: 4738: 4736: 4734: 4732: 4730: 4728: 4726: 4724: 4722: 4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4682: 4680: 4678: 4676: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4668: 4666: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4652: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4630: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4579: 4565: 4561: 4557: 4553: 4547: 4543: 4527: 4524: 4522: 4519: 4517: 4516: 4512: 4510: 4509: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4489: 4487: 4486: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4475: 4473: 4472: 4468: 4466: 4465:List of Sufis 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4455: 4451: 4450: 4439: 4435: 4433:jurisprudence 4432: 4428: 4425: 4422: 4420: 4417: 4416: 4413: 4410:Port-city of 4409: 4407: 4404: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4385: 4381: 4378: 4375: 4372: 4370: 4367: 4366: 4363: 4359: 4357: 4353: 4349: 4345: 4342: 4339: 4337: 4334: 4332: 4320: 4317: 4313: 4311:jurisprudence 4310: 4306: 4303: 4300: 4298: 4295: 4294: 4291: 4287: 4285: 4282:Early Muslim 4281: 4278: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4257: 4254: 4250: 4247: 4243: 4240: 4237: 4235: 4234: 4230: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4212:jurisprudence 4211: 4207: 4204: 4201: 4199: 4196: 4195: 4192: 4188: 4186:jurisprudence 4185: 4181: 4178: 4175: 4173: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4162: 4160:jurisprudence 4159: 4155: 4152: 4149: 4147: 4146: 4142: 4140: 4128: 4125: 4121: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4105: 4101: 4100: 4097: 4093: 4091:jurisprudence 4090: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4078: 4075: 4074: 4071: 4067: 4065:jurisprudence 4064: 4060: 4057: 4054: 4052: 4051: 4047: 4046: 4043: 4039: 4037:jurisprudence 4036: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4017: 4005: 4002: 3998: 3995: 3992: 3989: 3987: 3984: 3982: 3971: 3970: 3967: 3963: 3961: 3957: 3954: 3952: 3951: 3947: 3946: 3943: 3939: 3937: 3933: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3920: 3919: 3916: 3912: 3910: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3897: 3893: 3892: 3889: 3885: 3883: 3879: 3875: 3871: 3867: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3857: 3853: 3852: 3849: 3845: 3843: 3839: 3836: 3834: 3833: 3829: 3828: 3825: 3824:Sehwan Sharif 3821: 3819:jurisprudence 3818: 3814: 3811: 3808: 3806: 3805: 3801: 3800: 3797: 3793: 3789: 3787: 3784: 3783:Suhrawardiyya 3780: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3768: 3767: 3763: 3762: 3759: 3755: 3753: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3739: 3737: 3736: 3732: 3731: 3728: 3724: 3721: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3709: 3708: 3704: 3703: 3700: 3696: 3694: 3690: 3687: 3685: 3684: 3680: 3678: 3666: 3663: 3659: 3656: 3652: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3638: 3635: 3631: 3628: 3624: 3621: 3618: 3615: 3612: 3608: 3607: 3603: 3601: 3589: 3586: 3582: 3580:jurisprudence 3579: 3575: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3563: 3560: 3556: 3554:jurisprudence 3553: 3549: 3546: 3543: 3541: 3538: 3537: 3534: 3530: 3528: 3524: 3521: 3519: 3518: 3514: 3513: 3510: 3509:Alcazarquivir 3506: 3504:jurisprudence 3503: 3499: 3496: 3493: 3491: 3490: 3486: 3485: 3482: 3478: 3476:jurisprudence 3475: 3471: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3460: 3459: 3456: 3452: 3450:jurisprudence 3449: 3445: 3442: 3439: 3437: 3436: 3432: 3431: 3428: 3424: 3422:jurisprudence 3421: 3417: 3414: 3411: 3409: 3408: 3404: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3394:jurisprudence 3393: 3389: 3386: 3383: 3381: 3380: 3376: 3375: 3372: 3368: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3355: 3352: 3349: 3347: 3346: 3342: 3341: 3338: 3334: 3332:jurisprudence 3331: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3317: 3313: 3311: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3288: 3284: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3271: 3268: 3266: 3265: 3261: 3259: 3248: 3247: 3244: 3240: 3236: 3234: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3216: 3213: 3211: 3210: 3206: 3205: 3202: 3198: 3194: 3191: 3187: 3183: 3179: 3176: 3174: 3173: 3169: 3167: 3155: 3151: 3147: 3144: 3141: 3138: 3135: 3133: 3132: 3128: 3126: 3115: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3104: 3101: 3098: 3095: 3093: 3090: 3089: 3086: 3082: 3080: 3076: 3072: 3070: 3068: 3067: 3063: 3062: 3059: 3055: 3052: 3050: 3048: 3047: 3043: 3042: 3039: 3035: 3033:jurisprudence 3032: 3028: 3025: 3022: 3020: 3019: 3015: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3005:jurisprudence 3004: 3000: 2997: 2994: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2975: 2971: 2967: 2963: 2959: 2955: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2936: 2935: 2931: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2918: 2914: 2910: 2906: 2903: 2899: 2895: 2892: 2889: 2887: 2886: 2882: 2880: 2868: 2863: 2858: 2854: 2852:jurisprudence 2851: 2847: 2844: 2841: 2839: 2838: 2834: 2832: 2821: 2820: 2817: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2803: 2800: 2798: 2795: 2794: 2791: 2787: 2785:jurisprudence 2784: 2780: 2777: 2774: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2756: 2753: 2749: 2745: 2742: 2739: 2737: 2736: 2732: 2730: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2704: 2702:d. 14 century 2701: 2699: 2698: 2694: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2672: 2670: 2669: 2665: 2664: 2659: 2658:Suhrawardiyya 2655: 2652: 2649: 2647: 2646: 2642: 2640: 2628: 2625: 2621: 2619:jurisprudence 2618: 2614: 2611: 2608: 2606: 2605: 2601: 2600: 2596: 2592: 2590:jurisprudence 2589: 2585: 2582: 2579: 2577: 2576: 2572: 2570: 2558: 2555: 2553: 2549: 2546: 2543: 2541: 2540: 2536: 2535: 2531: 2527: 2524: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2507: 2504: 2501: 2499: 2498: 2494: 2493: 2490: 2486: 2483: 2480: 2476: 2472: 2468: 2464: 2461: 2459: 2458: 2454: 2452: 2440: 2436: 2433: 2430: 2427: 2424: 2423: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2406:(d. 1166) in 2405: 2400: 2394: 2390: 2386: 2383:(d. 1325) in 2382: 2377: 2373: 2371: 2367: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2341: 2337: 2334: 2330: 2326: 2322: 2319: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2304:'s companion 2303: 2300: 2296: 2292: 2291: 2290: 2287: 2285: 2281: 2270: 2268: 2264: 2255: 2252: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2238: 2234: 2231: 2230: 2229: 2226: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2212: 2208: 2204: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2168: 2164: 2163:jurisprudence 2160: 2159: 2155: 2151: 2150: 2146: 2142: 2138: 2134: 2129: 2127: 2123: 2119: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2100: 2096: 2092: 2088: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2072: 2062: 2060: 2056: 2055: 2050: 2046: 2042: 2039: 2028: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2013: 2009: 2005: 2000: 1998: 1994: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1978: 1972: 1967: 1965: 1961: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1937: 1932: 1928: 1927: 1922: 1921: 1915: 1913: 1909: 1899: 1897: 1893: 1888: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1866: 1863: 1859: 1855: 1852:). It is the 1851: 1847: 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1828: 1824: 1820: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1797: 1793: 1785: 1784: 1783:Saadi Shirazi 1780: 1775:A drawing of 1773: 1764: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1753: 1748: 1747: 1733: 1730: 1726: 1722: 1718: 1715: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1678: 1677: 1676: 1674: 1668: 1658: 1656: 1652: 1648: 1644: 1640: 1636: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1616: 1612: 1608: 1603: 1601: 1597: 1588: 1584: 1581: 1578: 1574: 1569: 1560: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1544: 1540: 1539:its expansion 1536: 1532: 1528: 1524: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1509: 1504: 1501: 1498: 1494: 1493:Ibn Taymiyyah 1490: 1486: 1485: 1480: 1476: 1472: 1468: 1460: 1459:court painter 1456: 1452: 1447: 1443: 1441: 1440: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1417: 1413: 1409: 1405: 1404:jurisprudence 1401: 1397: 1396: 1391: 1387: 1383: 1378: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1367: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1350: 1347: 1344: 1341: 1338:of the early 1337: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1304: 1302: 1298: 1293: 1288: 1283: 1278: 1274: 1270: 1266: 1261: 1255: 1250: 1245: 1239: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1214: 1211: 1207: 1204: 1200: 1195: 1190: 1186: 1176: 1174: 1170: 1166: 1162: 1158: 1154: 1150: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1122: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1099:in Anatolia, 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1079: 1075: 1074: 1065: 1061: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1018: 1013: 1007: 1003: 999: 995: 991: 987: 984:), 'prayer' ( 983: 979: 975: 971: 970:Gibril Haddad 967: 959: 955: 950: 941: 939: 935: 930: 925: 921: 917: 913: 909: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 885: 882: 878: 874: 870: 865: 856: 855: 843: 842: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 817: 813: 809: 805: 801: 797: 796:hagiographies 789: 785: 781: 780:Ahmad Ghazali 778: 774: 769: 765: 762: 761: 755: 751: 747: 743: 739: 735: 729: 720: 715: 704: 700: 695: 693: 689: 685: 683: 670: 664: 655: 651: 650: 637: 632: 630: 625: 623: 618: 617: 615: 614: 611: 601: 600: 593: 590: 588: 585: 583: 580: 578: 575: 573: 570: 568: 565: 563: 560: 558: 555: 553: 550: 548: 545: 544: 538: 537: 530: 527: 525: 522: 520: 519:Notable early 517: 516: 513:List of sufis 510: 509: 502: 499: 497: 494: 492: 489: 487: 484: 482: 479: 477: 474: 472: 469: 467: 464: 462: 459: 457: 454: 452: 449: 447: 444: 442: 439: 437: 434: 432: 429: 427: 424: 422: 419: 417: 414: 412: 409: 407: 404: 402: 399: 397: 394: 392: 389: 387: 384: 382: 379: 377: 374: 372: 369: 367: 364: 362: 359: 357: 354: 352: 349: 347: 344: 342: 339: 337: 334: 332: 329: 327: 324: 322: 319: 318: 315: 310: 309: 302: 299: 297: 294: 292: 289: 287: 284: 282: 279: 277: 274: 272: 269: 267: 264: 263: 257: 256: 249: 246: 244: 241: 239: 236: 234: 231: 229: 226: 224: 221: 219: 216: 214: 211: 209: 206: 204: 201: 199: 196: 194: 191: 189: 186: 184: 181: 179: 176: 174: 171: 169: 166: 164: 161: 159: 156: 154: 151: 149: 146: 144: 141: 139: 136: 134: 131: 129: 126: 124: 121: 119: 116: 114: 111: 109: 106: 104: 101: 99: 96: 94: 91: 87: 82: 80: 77: 76: 70: 69: 64: 56: 52: 51: 47: 40: 36: 30: 29: 24: 19: 7585:Madih nabawi 6837: 6614:Ilm Magazine 6613: 6597: 6590: 6583: 6576: 6569: 6562: 6555: 6548: 6541: 6534: 6527: 6520: 6513: 6506: 6499: 6492: 6485: 6481:, Paris 1986 6478: 6468: 6465:Henri Corbin 6452:, Paris 1998 6449: 6445: 6438: 6431: 6424: 6414: 6410: 6403: 6399:, Paris 1995 6396: 6392: 6388: 6381: 6374: 6367: 6363: 6362:Ḳus̲h̲ayrī, 6356: 6353:Ḳūt al-ḳulūb 6352: 6345: 6341: 6334: 6330: 6323: 6319: 6318:Hud̲j̲wīrī, 6312: 6311:G̲h̲ubrīnī, 6305: 6298: 6294: 6290: 6286: 6279: 6272: 6265: 6258: 6251: 6244: 6221: 6216: 6208: 6203: 6195: 6190: 6182: 6177: 6169: 6164: 6157:T. W. Arnold 6152: 6147: 6139: 6134: 6126: 6121: 6114:T. W. Arnold 6109: 6104: 6096: 6091: 6083: 6078: 6070: 6065: 6055: 6053: 6046:. Retrieved 6035: 6028:T. W. Arnold 6023: 6018: 6010: 6005: 5997: 5992: 5984: 5979: 5971: 5967: 5963: 5958: 5951:T. W. Arnold 5946: 5941: 5933: 5928: 5920: 5915: 5908:T. W. Arnold 5903: 5898: 5890: 5885: 5877: 5872: 5864: 5860: 5852: 5847: 5840:T. W. Arnold 5835: 5831: 5827: 5819: 5814: 5806: 5801: 5793: 5777: 5772: 5764: 5759: 5752:T. W. Arnold 5747: 5742: 5734: 5729: 5721: 5703: 5698: 5693:, Paris 1984 5690: 5686: 5681: 5673: 5668: 5660: 5655: 5647: 5642: 5634: 5629: 5624:, Paris 1959 5621: 5616: 5605: 5584: 5576: 5565: 5557:. Retrieved 5546: 5535:. Retrieved 5524: 5512:. Retrieved 5503: 5493: 5485: 5480: 5471: 5463: 5458: 5450: 5445: 5438:Ilm Magazine 5437: 5432: 5424: 5419: 5411: 5406: 5398: 5393: 5385: 5380: 5372: 5367: 5359: 5354: 5346: 5341: 5333: 5328: 5320: 5315: 5306: 5298: 5293: 5285: 5284:Samarḳandī, 5280: 5272: 5267: 5258: 5250: 5246: 5241: 5222: 5215: 5191: 5184: 5175:the original 5167: 5158: 5150: 5134: 5129: 5121: 5105: 5100: 5092: 5074: 5056: 5028:. Retrieved 5005: 4984: 4979: 4971: 4966: 4958: 4957:J. van Ess, 4953: 4945: 4915: 4913: 4906:. Retrieved 4891: 4884: 4876: 4872: 4827: 4546: 4513: 4506: 4499: 4491: 4483: 4476: 4469: 4452: 4418: 4390: 4368: 4335: 4296: 4272: 4231: 4197: 4171: 4143: 4102: 4076: 4048: 4020: 3990:d. 1160–1164 3985: 3948: 3921: 3894: 3854: 3830: 3802: 3764: 3733: 3712:d. 1072–1077 3706: 3681: 3647:1595 – 1667 3640: 3613:Dan Marina) 3605: 3565: 3539: 3515: 3487: 3461: 3435:Ibn ʿĀs̲h̲ir 3433: 3407:Sidi Belliūt 3405: 3377: 3343: 3314: 3290: 3264:Aḥmad Yesewī 3262: 3207: 3180:grandson of 3170: 3129: 3091: 3064: 3044: 3016: 2988: 2953:clan-family. 2932: 2883: 2835: 2796: 2768: 2733: 2695: 2666: 2643: 2602: 2573: 2544:d. 1131/1141 2537: 2495: 2485:Mazar Sharif 2475:Mazar Sharif 2455: 2428:Awliya Allah 2412:Awliya Allah 2411: 2404:Aḥmad Yesewī 2389:Awliya Allah 2388: 2370:Awliya Allah 2369: 2365: 2362:Awliya Allah 2361: 2350: 2294: 2288: 2279: 2276: 2259: 2250:) or martyr; 2247: 2237:mad̲j̲d̲h̲ūb 2236: 2227: 2191:Awliya Allah 2190: 2156: 2147: 2140: 2130: 2126:Awliya Allah 2125: 2091:Awliya Allah 2090: 2068: 2065:North Africa 2052: 2044: 2034: 2001: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1984: 1980: 1974: 1969: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1947: 1941: 1934: 1933:(helper) or 1930: 1924: 1918: 1916: 1911: 1905: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1867: 1861: 1858:Divine Names 1853: 1849: 1838: 1834: 1830: 1826: 1822: 1807:traditionist 1789: 1776: 1750: 1744: 1742: 1724: 1721:Ibn Taymiyya 1706: 1698: 1680: 1670: 1655:Martin Lings 1650: 1642: 1634: 1626: 1618: 1614: 1610: 1604: 1592: 1508:modern world 1505: 1482: 1475:canonization 1471:Christianity 1464: 1454: 1437: 1434:Maruf Karkhi 1423: 1419: 1415: 1411: 1393: 1379: 1374: 1364: 1352: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1315: 1307: 1305: 1300: 1268: 1264: 1248: 1228: 1224: 1218: 1168: 1165:Central Asia 1160: 1156: 1148: 1144: 1140: 1136: 1132: 1128: 1124: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1105:Central Asia 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1071: 1057: 1053: 1048: 1044: 1040: 1020: 1019:, the title 1014: 1001: 989: 985: 981: 977: 973: 965: 963: 910:such as the 889:modern world 886: 866: 852: 839: 824:Maruf Karkhi 793: 787: 764:(blessing). 748:and certain 730: 714:God in Islam 696: 679: 648: 647: 645: 456:Ni'matullāhī 421:Sülaymaniyya 406:Maizbhandari 242: 18: 7701:Jama masjid 7645:Sufi poetry 7576: [ 7537:Sufi orders 7518: [ 7432:Misconducts 7409: [ 7377: [ 7365: [ 7303: [ 7291: [ 7279: [ 7217: [ 7190: [ 7178: [ 7166: [ 7154: [ 7127: [ 7115: [ 7093: [ 7051: [ 7039: [ 7022: [ 7010: [ 6885: [ 6873: [ 6829: [ 6816:Sufis ranks 6757: [ 6730: [ 6682:Bash Hezzab 6654:terminology 6389:Rūḥ al-ḳuds 6340:Sarrād̲j̲, 5484:Renard, J: 5245:Buk̲h̲ārī. 5120:Al-Ṭaḥāwī, 4983:B. Radtke, 4508:Wali al-Ahd 4384:Al Hudaydah 4198:Miskin Baba 4172:Emīr Sulṭān 3934:mystic and 3907:mystic and 3642:Dan Masanih 3544:d. c. 1500 3412:d. c. 1500 3345:Ḥmād u-Mūsā 3220:mystic and 2761:Upper Egypt 2451:Afghanistan 2316:during the 2225:(b. 1963). 2219:Hamza Yusuf 2217:(d. 2004), 2213:(b. 1935), 2201:(d. 1815), 2197:(d. 1674), 2145:Shadhiliyya 2004:Inayat Khan 1944:Ali Hujwiri 1752:Yawm ad-Dīn 1716:theologian) 1643:ṭayy al-arḍ 1605:Meanwhile, 1583:Dara Shikoh 1563:Definitions 1512:puritanical 1382:Sunni Islam 1361:hagiography 862: 1000 804:Sunni Islam 587:Persecution 314:Sufi orders 223:Sufi poetry 7965:Categories 7955:Psychology 7867:Prayer rug 7630:Sufi music 7490:Hizb Rateb 7468:Ceremonies 7236:Zarruqiyya 6944:Ismul Azam 6584:Muh. Stud. 6554:A. Afifi, 6533:C. Ernst, 6519:Gramlich, 6402:F. Meier, 6048:6 December 5685:M. Lings, 5559:2012-09-25 5537:2012-09-25 5013:. p. 4533:References 4515:Wali Sanga 4429:mystic of 4403:Shadiliyya 4362:Hadhramaut 4360:Region of 4356:Hadhramaut 4346:mystic of 4307:mystic of 4268:Uzbekistan 4244:mystic of 4215:Island of 4208:mystic of 4202:d. 1858–59 4182:mystic of 4156:mystic of 4150:d. 1429–30 4087:mystic of 4061:mystic of 4033:mystic of 3966:Uch Sharif 3960:missionary 3815:mystic of 3777:mystic of 3718:mystic of 3653:mystic of 3625:mystic of 3576:mystic of 3550:mystic of 3500:mystic of 3472:mystic of 3446:mystic of 3440:d. 1362–63 3427:Casablanca 3418:mystic of 3390:mystic of 3369:Region of 3362:Shadiliyya 3356:mystic of 3328:mystic of 3322:d. c. 1100 3287:Kazakhstan 3275:mystic of 3258:Kazakhstan 3186:Third imam 3136:d. 600 BCE 3105:and mystic 3029:mystic of 3001:mystic of 2939:d. c. 1300 2890:d. c. 1200 2848:mystic of 2842:d. c. 1300 2807:mystic of 2781:mystic of 2752:Shadiliyya 2746:mystic of 2678:Uzbekistan 2645:Shah Jalal 2639:Bangladesh 2615:mystic of 2609:d. c. 1200 2586:mystic of 2580:d. 1197–98 2575:Abū Madyan 2532:Province. 2431:Life dates 2366:Wali'Allah 2329:Naqshbandi 2087:Abu Madyan 1862:walī Allāh 1854:walī Allāh 1835:walī Allāh 1516:revivalist 1461:Govārdhan. 1430:Ibn Hanbal 1285:) and the 1225:explicitly 1173:Azerbaijan 1129:ziyāratgāh 956:depicting 924:veneration 905:revivalist 873:Successors 851:) and the 849: 900 822:(d. 801), 814:(d. 729), 810:(d. 728), 784:al-Ghazali 754:pilgrimage 716:, Allah – 675:أَوْلِيَاء 582:Sufi music 351:Suhrawardi 341:Naqshbandi 7943:Education 7877:Tagelmust 7872:Qashabiya 7847:Jellabiya 7751:Mausoleum 7444:Rahbaniya 7258:Waridates 7075:Muraqabah 7070:Muhasabah 6754:Mutahaqiq 6505:R. Mach, 6458:Secondary 5271:Maḳdisī, 5249:, Bāb 7, 5124:XCVIII–IX 4574:Citations 4297:Zangī Ātā 4290:Samarkand 4217:Ada Kaleh 4114:companion 4096:Khroumire 3882:Begampura 3837:d. ? 3749:Qadiriyya 3745:Sufi poet 3688:d. c. 800 3466:|d. 1500 3399:Marrakesh 3295:Turkestan 3230:Qadiriyya 3110:Bijbehara 2923:and even 2686:Sonargaon 2552:Sufi poet 2517:12th Imam 2437:Location 2267:Wahhabism 2248:murābiṭūn 2187:Marrakesh 2122:Marrakesh 1977:Ibn Arabi 1811:historian 1703:al-Nasafī 1573:miniature 1527:Wahhabism 1408:Ibn Arabi 1355:) of the 1301:bona fide 1131:), tomb ( 916:Wahhabism 816:Dawud Tai 672:; plural 663:romanized 486:Issawiyya 461:Qalandari 426:Salihiyya 321:Ba 'Alawi 281:Muraqabah 260:Practices 7919:Religion 7887:Tarboosh 7842:Gandoura 7837:Djellaba 7454:Taqabbur 7204:Tawassul 7199:Tawakkul 6863:Concepts 6781:Qalandar 6744:Muqarrab 6739:Muqaddam 6722:Marabout 6498:Radtke, 5635:Hésperis 5564:Quoting 5508:Archived 5253:, Bāb 35 5169:Facebook 5003:(2014). 4826:(eds.). 4446:See also 4436:City of 4395:d. 1400 4382:City of 4373:d. 1500 4316:Tashkent 4314:City of 4288:City of 4251:City of 4246:Maturidi 4189:City of 4163:City of 4122:City of 4118:Muhammad 4104:Boulbaba 4094:City of 4081:d. 1500 4070:Monastir 4068:City of 4055:d. 1300 4040:City of 4001:Damascus 3999:City of 3964:City of 3942:Peshawar 3940:City of 3915:Nowshera 3913:City of 3886:City of 3846:City of 3822:City of 3756:City of 3725:City of 3697:City of 3693:preacher 3677:Pakistan 3660:City of 3632:City of 3583:City of 3557:Town of 3531:City of 3507:Town of 3494:d. 1200 3479:City of 3453:City of 3425:City of 3397:City of 3337:Azemmour 3335:City of 3182:Muhammad 3148:City of 3108:Town of 3083:City of 3058:Srinagar 3056:City of 3036:Town of 3023:ob. 1600 3008:City of 2947:Husaynid 2925:Maldives 2855:City of 2831:Ethiopia 2814:City of 2788:City of 2622:City of 2593:City of 2550:mystic, 2511:mystic, 2469:and 4th 2467:Muhammad 2340:Muhammad 2314:Anatolia 2302:Muhammad 2295:g̲h̲āzīs 2293:(1) The 2263:Salafism 2018:, qutb, 2014:, wali, 1987:, seven 1887:Muhammad 1871:ṣiddīḳīn 1850:muḳarrab 1623:prophets 1600:Qushayri 1596:miracles 1587:Mian Mir 1531:idolatry 1523:Salafism 1412:ṣiddīqūn 1357:prophets 1340:Baghdadi 1282:18:65-82 1269:ṣidīqīna 1265:ṣidīqīna 1206:Jahangir 1121:Anatolia 1113:ermis̲h̲ 1021:pīr baba 1015:Amongst 871:, their 734:miracles 682:ʾawliyāʾ 446:Shattari 411:Malamati 361:Khalwati 346:Shadhili 326:Bektashi 296:Whirling 266:Anasheed 193:Qalandar 61:Tomb of 35:a series 33:Part of 7905:Portals 7882:Taqiyah 7857:Misbaha 7832:Burnous 7815:Objects 7766:Musalla 7746:Maqbara 7736:Madrasa 7726:Külliye 7721:Khanqah 7716:Khalawi 7696:Gongbei 7600:Qawwali 7590:Nasheed 7573:Ashewiq 7557:Ziyarat 7532:Silsila 7459:Zandaqa 7418:Walayah 7396:Tajalli 7352:Ma'rifa 7337:Karamat 7317:Hidayah 7271:Basirah 7266:Barakah 7209:Tazkiah 7187:Tawajud 7175:Takhlia 7146:Tafakur 7107:Salawat 6914:Ghaflah 6796:Rabbani 6749:Murshid 6727:Mudaqiq 6717:Majzoob 6687:Dervish 6291:K̲h̲atm 6237:Primary 5637:, xxxi 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1997:a'immah 1991:, four 1883:nuṣaḥāʾ 1843:created 1815:ascetic 1799:scholar 1746:Barakah 1732:Hanbali 1685:Hujwiri 1627:karāmāt 1557:Balkans 1553:Senegal 1541:in the 1506:In the 1497:Hanbali 1491:, like 1375:various 1366:manāḳib 1353:karāmāt 1292:18:7-26 1213:James I 1179:History 1153:Balkans 1151:in the 1059:murshid 1006:Persian 994:Persian 938:Balkans 934:Senegal 887:In the 790:(1552). 760:barakah 725:الْوليّ 719:al-Walī 688:Muslims 665:: 592:Ziyarat 577:History 567:Ma'rifa 529:Singers 491:Jerrahi 481:Inayati 441:Mevlevi 436:Kubrawi 431:Azeemia 416:Mouridi 401:Jelveti 396:Bayrami 386:Darqawi 366:Rahmani 336:Chishti 301:Ziyarat 286:Qawwali 238:Tazkiah 203:Silsila 178:Murshid 163:Ma'rifa 143:Karamat 98:Dervish 7892:Turban 7862:Miswak 7852:Khirqa 7827:Balgha 7822:Ammama 7806:Zawiya 7796:Turbah 7761:Mosque 7731:Kuttab 7711:Khalwa 7691:Gonbad 7686:Eidgah 7676:Dargah 7664:Places 7552:Wezeea 7547:Tweeza 7542:Tariqa 7527:Sebiba 7505:Mawsim 7500:Mawlid 7495:Idjaza 7480:Bay'ah 7475:Ashura 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