589:... would be an undertaking of vast importance to the Indian Government politically, and to the British public religiously. To the first body it would show that India had generally been divided into numerous petty chiefships, which had invariably been the case upon every successful invasion; while, whenever she had been under one ruler, she had always repelled foreign conquest with determined resolution. To the other body it would show that Brahmanism, instead of being an unchanged and unchangeable religion which had subsisted for ages, was of comparatively modern origin, and had been constantly receiving additions and alterations; facts which prove that the establishment of the Christian religion in India must ultimately succeed.
906:
54:
279:
594:
373:
220:
761:, with Cunningham as its director-general from 1 January 1871. Cunningham returned to India and made field explorations each winter, conducting excavations and surveys from Taxila to Gaur. He produced twenty-four reports, thirteen as author and the rest under his supervision by others such as J. D. Beglar. Other major works included the first volume of
790:
Cunningham provided the
Archaeological Survey of India with much-needed organization and expertise after he left the Army in 1861. In his capacity as the first Director General, he carried out excavations in significant ancient towns, issued thirty volumes of archaeological papers, and assessed over
616:
Most antiquarians of the 19th century who took interest in identifying the major cities mentioned in ancient Indian texts, did so by putting together clues found in classical Graeco-Roman chronicles and the travelogues of travellers to India such as
673:. Unlike his contemporaries, Cunningham would also routinely confirm his identifications through field surveys. The identification of Taxila, in particular, was made difficult partly due to errors in the distances recorded by
329:. He demonstrated his abilities as an official by surveying flood-prone areas in and around Delhi. Cunningham's interest in the history and architecture of ancient India developed during his service. Soon after arriving in
693:. Cunningham noticed that this position did not tally with the itineraries of Chinese pilgrims and in particular, the descriptions provided by Xuanzang. Unlike Pliny, these sources noted that the journey to
532:)—who, inspired by the French explorers in Egypt, had excavated the bases of pillars to discover large stashes of Bactrian and Roman coins—excavations became a regular activity among British antiquarians.
337:. He was in daily communication with Prinsep during 1837 and 1838 and became his intimate friend, confidant and pupil. Prinsep passed on to him his lifelong interest in Indian archaeology and antiquity.
802:
His thorough excavations at locations like Sanchi, Sarnath, and
Bharhut produced priceless artifacts and inscriptions that expanded our understanding of the dissemination of Buddhism.
457:
and Rakas Tal in 1846 and his brother
Richard revisited in 1848 with botanist J. E. Winterbottom. The commission was set up to delimit the northern boundaries of the Empire after the
1778:
782:(1883) which allowed the dating of Indian antiquities. He retired from the Archaeological Survey on 30 September 1885 and returned to London to continue his research and writing.
258:
He wrote numerous books and monographs and made extensive collections of artefacts. Some of his collections were lost, but most of the gold and silver coins and a fine group of
719:, or Ohind, must necessarily have been of the same length as those of modern days, and, consequently, the site of the city must be looked for somewhere in the neighbourhood of
889:(1842–1928) of the Bengal and Royal Engineers, and Sir Alexander F. D. Cunningham (1852–1935) of the Indian Civil Service. Cunningham died on 28 November 1893, at his home in
805:
Many others were motivated to pursue a career in archaeology by his authoritative references found in the
Reports of the ASI. The pioneer of Indian prehistoric archaeology,
1733:
1758:
1483:"Verification of the Itinerary of the Chinese Pilgrim, Hwan Thsang, through Afghanistan and India during the First Half of the Seventh Century of the Christian Era"
749:(1871), covering the Buddhist period; but failed to complete the second part, covering the Muslim period. During this period in London he worked as director of the
697:
from the Indus took three days and not two and therefore, suggested a different location for the city. Cunningham's subsequent explorations in 1863–64 of a site at
796:
477:(1848) arose from his visits to the temples in Kashmir and his travels in Ladakh during his tenure with the commission. He was also present at the battles of
247:
who later took an interest in the history and archaeology of India. In 1861, he was appointed to the newly created position of archaeological surveyor to the
1723:
1136:
1763:
235:
430:
1768:
1001:
The Stupa of
Bharhut: A Buddhist Monument Ornamented with Numerous Sculptures Illustrative of Buddhist Legend and History in the Third Century B.C.
885:(1849). Cunningham married Alicia Maria Whish, daughter of Martin Whish, B.C.S., on 30 March 1840. The couple had two sons, Lieutenant-Colonel
731:, in the extensive ruins of a fortified city, around which I was able to trace no less than 55 stupas, of which two are as large as the great
1569:
The Bhilsa Topes, Or, Buddhist
Monuments of Central India: Comprising a Brief Historical Sketch of the Rise, Progress and Decline of Buddhism
1773:
625:. Cunningham was able to identify some of the places mentioned by Xuanzang, and counted among his major achievements the identification of
239:
1748:
866:
537:
190:
410:
and was responsible for constructing an arched stone bridge over the Morar River in 1844–45. In 1845–46 he was called to serve in
814:
Cunningham made sure archaeology got financing and formal recognition, which helped to establish the field's legitimacy in India.
811:
For the first time, Indians were involved in archaeology thanks to his training of indigenous assistants that he hired for digs.
585:
on the value of an archaeological survey. He provided a rationale for providing the necessary funding, arguing that the venture
1783:
841:, however, obtained most of the gold and silver coins. He had suggested to the Museum that they should use the arch from the
20:
1753:
878:
202:
1594:
The
Ancient Geography of India: The Buddhist Period, Including the Campaigns of Alexander, and the Travels of Hwen-Thsang
1743:
1738:
808:
Cunningham established techniques for documenting, mapping, photography, and conservation that are still in use today.
500:, which had just been annexed by Britain, for two years; and from 1858 served for three years in the same post in the
1663:
1602:
886:
602:
161:
795:
He is regarded as the father of Indian archaeology since he was the first to use archaeological data to reconstruct
1630:
1728:
847:
763:
758:
433:, but no officials joined. A second commission was set up in 1847 which was led by Cunningham to establish the
252:
1095:
705:
Now as Hwen Thsang, on his return to China, was accompanied by laden elephants, his three days' journey from
524:
Cunningham had taken a keen interest in antiquities from early on in his career. Following the activities of
745:
After his department was abolished in 1865, Cunningham returned to
England and wrote the first part of his
311:
1499:
504:. In both regions, he established public works departments. He was therefore absent from India during the
1271:
Imam, Abu (October 1963). "Sir
Alexander Cunningham (1814–1893): The First Phase of Indian Archaeology".
1674:
909:
Portrait of
Cunningham by C. W. Walton, showing him wearing the badge of a KCIE, with other decorations.
1788:
1685:
922:
918:
914:
41:
38:
446:
442:
291:
177:
1521:
905:
555:
505:
462:
845:
to mark the entrance of a new section on Indian history. He also published numerous papers in the
870:
670:
501:
295:
196:
1545:
1556:
1530:
478:
267:
1170:
894:
750:
613:. He held this position from 1861 to 1865, but it was then terminated through lack of funds.
525:
1048:
The World of India’s First Archaeologist: Letters from Alexander Cunningham to J.D.M. Beglar
1718:
1713:
1655:
A history of ancient and early medieval India : from the Stone Age to the 12th century
853:
458:
299:
8:
1578:
1090:
1085:
938:
578:
571:
325:
at the age of 19 as a Second Lieutenant and he spent the next 28 years in the service of
1016:
1000:
992:
1509:
1469:
1461:
1430:
1296:
1288:
680:
582:
399:
307:
259:
1134:
Cotton, J. S.; Lunt, James (revised) (2004). "Cunningham, Sir Alexander (1814–1893)".
977:
965:
939:
LADĀK: Physical, Statistical, and Historical with Notices of the Surrounding Countries
429:
to demarcate boundaries. Letters were written to the Chinese and Tibetan officials by
1659:
1626:
1598:
1473:
1300:
1067:
1008:
593:
419:
403:
278:
53:
1482:
294:(1784–1842) and his wife Jean née Walker (1791–1864). Along with his older brother,
1453:
1280:
1141:
1059:
890:
827:
collection, but much of this was lost when the steamship he was travelling in, the
646:
606:
482:
454:
450:
426:
349:
322:
1153:
1653:
1592:
1567:
984:
970:
674:
509:
1532:
Archaeological Survey of India: four reports made during the years 1862–63–64–65
1024:
957:
946:
838:
547:
391:
263:
244:
108:
78:
1457:
1284:
1145:
1707:
1649:
1071:
874:
543:
513:
490:
402:. He was then posted at Nowgong in central India before he saw action at the
345:
334:
315:
228:
1442:"An Account of the Discovery of the Ruins of the Buddhist City of Samkassa"
1063:
1025:
Mahâbodhi, or the great Buddhist temple under the Bodhi tree at Buddha-Gaya
842:
630:
529:
341:
314:(1829–31), followed by technical training at the Royal Engineers Estate at
303:
44:
791:
725 sites. He is regarded as the founder of archaeology in India because:
372:
243:(23 January 1814 – 28 November 1893) was a British Army engineer with the
1623:
The Asiatic Society of Bengal and the Discovery of India's Past 1784–1838
1498:
Cunningham, Joseph Davey (1853) . Garrett, Herbert Leonard Offley (ed.).
897:, London. His wife had predeceased him. He was survived by his two sons.
829:
824:
690:
610:
395:
326:
248:
219:
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1292:
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686:
597:
Letter dated 31 January 1862, appointing Cunningham as Surveyor General
415:
376:
361:
394:. In 1842 he was called to serve the army in thwarting an uprising in
754:
732:
658:
558:
and made careful drawings of the sculptures. In 1842 he excavated at
470:
1441:
356:, which was then not well explored. He finds mention by initials in
951:
654:
618:
559:
486:
287:
1614:
Sir Alexander Cunningham and the beginnings of Indian archaeology
774:
662:
650:
642:
638:
551:
512:
in 1860. He retired on 30 June 1861, having attained the rank of
466:
407:
353:
1056:
Sir Alexander Cunningham and the Beginnings of Indian Archeology
1536:
834:
768:
694:
666:
634:
626:
622:
563:
434:
411:
380:
96:
74:
497:
438:
330:
1307:
609:, appointed Cunningham as an archaeological surveyor to the
493:
along with Lieutenant Maisey and wrote an account of these.
1406:
1372:
1370:
1331:
971:
Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65, Volume 1
601:
Following his retirement from the Royal Engineers in 1861,
1697:
The Pundits: British Exploration of Tibet and Central Asia
1355:
1319:
711:
1367:
286:
Cunningham was born in London on 23 January 1814 to the
1779:
Directors general of the Archaeological Survey of India
1249:
1237:
1201:
1189:
306:, both Joseph and Alexander obtained cadetships at the
1642:
India by Design: Colonial History and Cultural Display
1177:
390:
In 1841 Cunningham was made executive engineer to the
1394:
414:
and helped construct two bridges of boats across the
251:; and he founded and organised what later became the
1343:
1225:
1734:
Knights Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
1382:
1213:
570:, a piece of work which attempted to establish the
1759:British military personnel of the Gwalior Campaign
923:Knight Commander of the Order of the Indian Empire
1547:Four Reports Made During the Years, 1862-63-64-65
735:tope, twenty-eight monasteries, and nine temples.
266:in 1894. He was also the father of mathematician
19:For other people named Alexander Cunningham, see
1705:
1550:. Vol. I. Shimla: Government Central Press.
785:
701:convinced him that his hypothesis was correct.
1487:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal
767:(1877) which included copies of the edicts of
1597:. Cambridge, NY: Cambridge University Press.
685:which pointed to a location somewhere on the
425:In 1846, he was made commissioner along with
1724:Companions of the Order of the Star of India
1140:(online ed.). Oxford University Press.
385:Ladak: Physical, Statistical, and Historical
1587:
1580:Ladak, physical, statistical and historical
1576:
1565:
1554:
1543:
1528:
1376:
1361:
1325:
1255:
1243:
860:
678:
577:By 1851, he also began to communicate with
496:In 1856 he was appointed chief engineer of
1625:(1988 ed.). Oxford University Press.
1497:
1480:
1439:
1412:
1337:
1313:
1133:
1050:; Oxford University Press: Upinder Singh.
52:
1764:Graduates of Addiscombe Military Seminary
1620:
1266:
1264:
1195:
993:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum. Volume 1.
1672:
1428:
1231:
1183:
904:
592:
538:Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal
475:Essay on the Aryan Order of Architecture
473:expenses to the British. His early work
406:in December 1843. He became engineer at
371:
352:of India. During this period he visited
277:
273:
1137:Oxford Dictionary of National Biography
900:
818:
302:, London. Through the influence of Sir
1706:
1694:
1687:Addiscombe: its heroes and men of note
1683:
1639:
1561:. Vol. 1. London: Trübner and Co.
1400:
1261:
1219:
1207:
873:, became well known for their work in
1648:
1616:. Dacca: Asiatic Society of Pakistan.
1435:. London: Swan Sonnenschein & Co.
1349:
1129:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
985:Archaeological Survey Of India Vol. 3
978:Archaeological Survey Of India Vol. 2
966:Archaeological Survey Of India Vol. 1
933:Books written by Cunningham include:
727:, just one mile to the north-east of
485:in 1848–49. In 1851, he explored the
298:, he received his early education at
21:Alexander Cunningham (disambiguation)
1769:People educated at Christ's Hospital
1611:
1446:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1388:
1273:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
1270:
1165:
1163:
1053:
1774:19th-century British archaeologists
1690:. Westminster: Archibald Constable.
1676:Physical Geography of Western Tibet
1038:Report of Tour in Eastern Rajputana
13:
1679:. London: William Clowes and sons.
1108:
550:. He had conducted excavations at
508:. He was appointed Colonel of the
282:Cunningham (fourth from the right)
14:
1800:
1644:. University of California Press.
1501:Cunningham's History of the Sikhs
1429:Buckland, Charles Edward (1906).
1160:
574:based on architectural evidence.
546:'s article, on the relics in the
262:and jewellery were bought by the
16:British Army engineer (1814–1893)
1749:British people in colonial India
1658:. New Delhi: Pearson Education.
1572:. London: Smith, Elder & Co.
921:in 1878. In 1887, he was made a
367:
218:
1699:. University Press of Kentucky.
928:
833:, was wrecked off the coast of
566:in 1851. In 1854, he published
144:
1577:Cunningham, Alexander (1854).
1566:Cunningham, Alexander (1854).
1558:The Ancient Geography of India
1555:Cunningham, Alexander (1871).
1544:Cunningham, Alexander (1871).
1529:Cunningham, Alexander (1871).
1481:Cunningham, Alexander (1848).
1440:Cunningham, Alex (July 1843).
1432:Dictionary of Indian Biography
1171:"Father of Indian Archaeology"
958:The Ancient Geography of India
865:Two of Cunningham's brothers,
848:Journal of the Asiatic Society
764:Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum
759:Archaeological Survey of India
519:
441:boundary, which also included
253:Archaeological Survey of India
166:Sir Alexander F. D. Cunningham
1:
1422:
823:Cunningham assembled a large
1784:Archaeologists of South Asia
1154:UK public library membership
1101:
786:Father of Indian Archaeology
535:In 1834 he submitted to the
7:
1754:British Army major generals
1539:: Government Central Press.
1079:
913:Cunningham was awarded the
689:, a two-day march from the
327:British Government of India
10:
1805:
1504:(2 ed.). John Murray.
747:Ancient Geography of India
723:. This site is found near
340:From 1836 to 1840, he was
18:
1744:Bengal Engineers officers
1739:Explorers of Central Asia
1695:Waller, Derek J. (2004).
1621:Kejariwal, O. P. (1999).
1458:10.1017/S0035869X0015590X
1285:10.1017/S0035869X00121926
217:
212:
183:
173:
154:
131:
114:
104:
85:
60:
51:
30:
1673:Strachey, Henry (1854).
1096:Sir John Hubert Marshall
881:, became famous for his
861:Family and personal life
556:Frederick Charles Maisey
449:. Henry and his brother
232:Sir Alexander Cunningham
1640:Mathur, Saloni (2007).
1091:Sir Edward Clive Bayley
1032:Coins of Medieval India
1009:The Book of Indian Eras
799:in a methodical manner.
715:] to the Indus at
502:North-Western Provinces
333:on 9 June 1833, he met
197:Joseph Davey Cunningham
1729:English archaeologists
1684:Vibart, H. M. (1894).
1583:. London: W. H. Allen.
1064:10.25501/SOAS.00033626
1017:Coins of Ancient India
910:
887:Allan J. C. Cunningham
837:in November 1884. The
797:ancient Indian history
743:
740:Alexander Cunningham,
679:
598:
591:
387:
283:
162:Allan J. C. Cunningham
1589:Cunningham, Alexander
1146:10.1093/ref:odnb/6916
950:(1854), a history of
908:
895:Kensal Green Cemetery
751:Delhi and London Bank
703:
596:
587:
526:Jean-Baptiste Ventura
375:
321:Alexander joined the
281:
274:Early life and career
901:Awards and memorials
854:Numismatic Chronicle
819:Numismatic interests
459:First Anglo-Sikh War
453:had trespassed into
383:. Illustration from
35:Alexander Cunningham
1086:Joseph David Beglar
917:on 20 May 1870 and
780:Book of Indian Eras
757:re-established the
611:Government of India
579:William Henry Sykes
572:history of Buddhism
554:in 1837 along with
461:concluded with the
312:Addiscombe Seminary
260:Buddhist sculptures
249:government of India
1612:Iman, Abu (1966).
1316:, pp. 241–47.
1210:, pp. 455–59.
1054:Imam, Abu (1963).
1043:Additional works:
911:
893:and was buried at
883:Handbook of London
681:Naturalis Historia
599:
583:East India Company
463:Treaty of Amritsar
388:
308:East India Company
284:
191:Francis Cunningham
137:Alicia Maria Whish
1789:Himalayan studies
1415:, pp. 12–14.
1340:, pp. 13–60.
1152:(Subscription or
877:; while another,
506:Rebellion of 1857
420:Battle of Sobraon
404:Battle of Punniar
300:Christ's Hospital
226:
225:
1796:
1700:
1691:
1680:
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1377:Cunningham 1871c
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1362:Cunningham 1871c
1359:
1353:
1347:
1341:
1335:
1329:
1326:Cunningham 1871c
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1304:
1279:(3–4): 194–207.
1268:
1259:
1256:Cunningham 1854a
1253:
1247:
1244:Cunningham 1854b
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1235:
1229:
1223:
1217:
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891:South Kensington
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607:Viceroy of India
568:The Bhilsa Topes
451:Richard Strachey
427:P. A. Vans Agnew
350:Governor-General
323:Bengal Engineers
292:Allan Cunningham
268:Allan Cunningham
242:
222:
203:Peter Cunningham
178:Allan Cunningham
148:
146:
99:, United Kingdom
92:
89:28 November 1893
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68:
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28:
27:
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1633:
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1507:
1506:
1452:(14): 241–249.
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1413:Cunningham 1853
1411:
1407:
1399:
1395:
1387:
1383:
1375:
1368:
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1356:
1348:
1344:
1338:Cunningham 1848
1336:
1332:
1328:, pp. 1–3.
1324:
1320:
1314:Cunningham 1843
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778:(1879) and the
742:
739:
542:an appendix to
522:
510:Royal Engineers
455:Lake Mansarovar
400:ruler of Jaipur
370:
276:
234:
208:
169:
150:
147: 1840)
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71:23 January 1814
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1650:Singh, Upinder
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1405:
1403:, p. 146.
1393:
1391:, p. 191.
1381:
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1364:, p. 105.
1354:
1352:, p. 265.
1342:
1330:
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1200:
1198:, p. 200.
1196:Kejariwal 1999
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1186:, p. 106.
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839:British Museum
820:
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800:
787:
784:
737:
548:Mankiala stupa
521:
518:
465:, which ceded
447:Thomas Thomson
443:Henry Strachey
369:
366:
358:Up the Country
275:
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264:British Museum
245:Bengal Sappers
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528:(general of
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91:(1893-11-28)
25:
1719:1893 deaths
1714:1814 births
1518:|work=
1401:Mathur 2007
1220:Waller 2004
1208:Vibart 1894
753:. In 1870,
707:Takhshasila
520:Archaeology
396:Bundelkhand
115:Occupations
105:Nationality
1708:Categories
1423:References
1350:Singh 2008
1156:required.)
1058:(Thesis).
825:numismatic
725:Shah-dheri
709: [
699:Shah-dheri
687:Haro River
416:Beas river
377:Leh Palace
362:Emily Eden
67:1814-01-23
1520:ignored (
1510:cite book
1474:162756981
1389:Iman 1966
1301:163154105
1102:Citations
1072:966141480
755:Lord Mayo
733:Manikyala
717:Utakhanda
659:Shravasti
647:Padmavati
471:indemnity
213:Signature
205:(brother)
199:(brother)
193:(brother)
184:Relatives
1652:(2008).
1591:(1871).
1466:25207592
1293:25202645
1080:See also
952:Buddhism
851:and the
738:—
671:Vaishali
619:Xuanzang
581:and the
560:Sankassa
487:Buddhist
288:Scottish
155:Children
121:Engineer
969:(1871)
942:(1854).
867:Francis
775:Bharhut
677:in his
663:Srughna
655:Sankisa
651:Sangala
643:Nalanda
639:Kosambi
605:, then
562:and at
552:Sarnath
469:as war
467:Kashmir
408:Gwalior
398:by the
354:Kashmir
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109:British
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1537:Shimla
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1034:(1894)
1028:(1892)
1020:(1891)
1012:(1883)
1004:(1879)
996:(1877)
988:(1873)
973:(1871)
961:(1871)
871:Joseph
835:Ceylon
769:Ashoka
695:Taxila
669:, and
667:Taxila
635:Bairat
627:Aornos
623:Faxian
564:Sanchi
483:Gujrat
435:Ladakh
412:Punjab
381:Ladakh
348:, the
296:Joseph
174:Father
132:Spouse
97:London
75:London
1470:S2CID
1462:JSTOR
1297:S2CID
1289:JSTOR
879:Peter
830:Indus
691:Indus
675:Pliny
498:Burma
439:Tibet
331:India
290:poet
238:
143:(
139:
1660:ISBN
1627:ISBN
1599:ISBN
1522:help
1493:(2).
1068:OCLC
869:and
621:and
481:and
445:and
236:KCIE
86:Died
61:Born
39:KCIE
1454:doi
1281:doi
1142:doi
1060:doi
919:CIE
915:CSI
712:sic
360:by
344:to
342:ADC
318:.
310:'s
240:CSI
45:ADC
42:CSI
32:Sir
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