Alevi history - Knowledge

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Bektashi order whilst the young generation became very politicized as they came in contact with revolutionary thought in universities, high schools, and trade unions. They claimed that the old forms were outdated and that Alevis must work for a radical restructuring of society. They saw all "reactionary" elements which tried to assimilate them into mainstream Sunni life as enemies, and joined extreme leftist parties, reinterpreting historical opposition to Sunnism in terms of class struggle and continuing the traditional Alevi role of opposition to the state. Some leftist Alevi activists also turned against their own religious hierarchy, branding them feudal exploiters of the masses and driving

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reclaim traditions and re-mark boundaries, a call to reconstruct Alevi culture, community, and identity. A process was initiated of a reinterpretation of Alevi history and religion, culminating in an "invention of traditions" accompanied by a "coming out" of Alevis from century long dissimulation practices. For the first time in modern history Alevis dared to publicly accept their stigmatized identity, articulate their collective interests towards the state, and demand equality with the Sunni majority.

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and the Imams. Their supposed ancestry is not accepted by most shia Muslims today. This state religion developed into a very different system to the Alevi faith of their Kizilbash troops. Arab Twelver theologians were recruited from Jabal Amil in Lebanon and from Bahrain, and most Iranians were forcibly converted to Twelver Shiism. The Kizilbash tribal troops were gradually disbanded in favour of a regular Iranian slave army.

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Turkish nationalism. While still trying to maintain their ethnic identity, Alevis became increasingly secularized and neglected their traditional institutions. However, the wall of Sunni prejudice to the historically marginalized Alevi was not easily overcome, and Alevis remained to some extent the object of suspicion, in their turn remaining somewhat sceptical of the central state and its institutions.

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as a separate religious community. Along with other marginalized groups Alevis increased their political activism and fought for equality and official recognition of Alevism as an Islamic community with its special characteristics, for legalization of its religious ritual and practice, for integration of Alevi doctrine in the state education system, and for allotment of a fair share in the media.

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1970s. Malatya in 1978, Maraş in 1979, and Çorum in 1980 witnessed the murder of hundreds of Alevis, the torching of hundreds of homes, and lootings committed by ultranationalists and reactionaries. These are now believed to have been organized by the state. Such massacres continued in the following decades and included the Sivas Massacre (1993) and the Gazi incidents in Istanbul (1995).

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order. Yet Bektashi secret circles remained extremely active, Bektashis becoming progressive, anticlerical, and liberal, viewed suspiciously by the authorities and cooperating with others hostile to the establishment such as Freemasons and Young Turks. Until 1925 it was estimated that 10 to 20 percent of Turkey's adult male population were still members of the Bektashiya.

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into the cities, where Alevis underwent a process of secularization and modernization which broke traditional hereditary ties to the religious hierarchy. Religion lost its relevancy and even intermarriage was practiced by some. A new generation grew up in the 1960s that had not passed through initiation and was not familiar with the Alevi "Way" (yol).

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manipulating them to further the regime's aims. The Alevis for their part, encouraged by the weakening of the Soviet block and revived claims for minority recognition around the world, pressed for increased recognition in Turkish society. Alevi publications multiplied, and Alevis supported the claims of other minorities such as the Laz and the Kurds.

3086:. Though the tensions were initially ignited by the bombing by right-wing militants of a cinema frequently visited by ultra-nationalists, the incident is best remembered for the subsequent campaign of violence directed against left-wingers, largely Alevis, although some left-wing Sunnis and Kurds were also targeted. 1545:, a dervish who escaped Central Asia and found refuge with the Seljuks in Anatolia at the time of the Mongol invasions (1219–23). This order gained a great following in rural areas and it later developed in two branches: the Celebi clan, who claimed to be physical descendants of Hajji Bektash Wali, were called 2133:

political life and into deeper contact with the outside world and the state centre. The new Turkish Republic fulfilled many Alevi expectations, enabling them to identify with and support its nation-building measures – the Alevis still see themselves as the protectors of Kemalism and democracy in Turkey.

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The democratic opening in Turkey in 1988/1989 broke taboos and opened up public discussions in the press. Publications were allowed that would never have been permitted before and liberals pushed for ethnographic studies of the Turkish society mosaic. Since 1989 the liberal press has accepted Alevism

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However, the stigma of Alevism remained even as the younger generation tried to adapt itself to the secular Turkish identity. Alevis found that they still faced discrimination in employment and education, and again turned to taqiya for stigma management, adapting to Sunni ways in order to get a share

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Rural Alevis were marginalised and discriminated against in the Ottoman Empire, although the official Bektashiya order enjoyed a privileged role through its close association with the Janissary professional military corps. In 1826 Sultan Mahmud II massacred the Janissaries and suppressed the Bektashi

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tribes who adhered to the Safavid Sufi Order, whose Sheikhs claimed descent from Ali. Under Ismā`il (d. 1524) they became dominant in Eastern Anatolia and conquered Azerbaijan with its capital Tabriz, where Ismā`il named himself Shah in 1501 and went on to conquer all of Iran. His missionaries spread

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The pervasive influence of religion in public life in the 1990s has grave potential for a worsening of Sunni-Alevi tensions. In 1990 the Ministry of Cults took over the organisation of the Hacibektas festivities under the excuse of making it an international attraction. Alevis were unhappy about its

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brought all Turkish secularist movements under pressure due to the growing Islamization of public and private life. Alevis allied themselves to secular-liberal Sunni groups that feared for the secular Kemalist state – but Alevis this time were not absorbed by these groups but cooperated with them as

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The first massacre that targeted Alevi Kurds was the Dersim Massacre in 1938. Later, during the 1960s–70s, the politicization of Alevi communities within the Turkish leftist movement angered right-wingers, ultra-nationalists and Islamists, who cooperated in carrying out pogroms of Alevis in the late

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Much of the violence during the late 70s although presented by state and media as left versus right was in fact Sunni versus Alevi. Ultra-nationalists allied themselves to Sunni fundamentalists in attacking Alevis. Even some communists of Sunni background sided with conservative Sunnis against their

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Kemalism turned Alevis into legally equal citizens, and its reforms had a radical impact on them as roads were built through their formerly isolated areas, compulsory schooling was introduced, and communications improved, drawing them out of their marginalisation into active engagement in social and

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Corps, the now-proscribed Bektashi order began to meet underground, like the Alevis. Adherents of the two groups blurred together to some extent. In the years before and during World War I the Çelebi family, one of two leadership groups associated with the shrine of Haji Bektash, attempted to extend

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The Kizilbash in Anatolia were now militarily, politically and religiously separated from their source in Iran, retreated to isolated rural areas and turned inward, developing their unique structures and doctrines. Following the severe persecution and massacres by the Ottomans which went on into the

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became more visible, and Sunni propaganda disseminated by the government stated that Alevis were actually Sunnis with some divergent customs, negating the uniqueness of Alevism and trying to integrate it in state Sunnism. Whilst accepting that Alevism has important Turkish elements, the authorities

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Kizilbash and Bektashis shared common religious beliefs and practices becoming intermingled as Alevis in spite of many local variations. Isolated from both the Sunni Ottomans and the Twelver Shi`a Safavids, Alevis developed traditions, practices, and doctrines by the early 17th century which marked

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After the foundation of the Safavid Persian state, the new Turkmen Shahs gradually rid themselves of their tribal and sectarian origins in their bid to build a unified Iranian state. Twelver Shiism was proclaimed state religion, with a special role for the Safavi Shahs as descendants of alleged Ali

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As the existential danger receded and the community opened up to the outside world, solidarity ties loosened. ritual and ceremony lost some of their meaning and the spiritual leadership gradually lost its authority. This change in Alevi internal structures was accelerated by the massive migration

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When Sunni fundamentalism appeared in the 1970s, many Alevis reacted by reinterpreting Alevism in socialist and Marxist idiom that seemed to have an affinity to Alevi ideals. There was a generation gap in Alevism: the older generation remained Kemalist and hoped for the official reopening of the

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Secularization diminished traditional threats to Alevi existence transforming Turkish society into a less Alevi-hostile community. The downplay of religion in public life and the Westernization of the ruling elite tended to turn Alevism into just one of several cultural and folklorist themes in

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and singing songs critical of his Ottoman governors, in defense of the rights of the Anatolian peasantry. Hanged for fomenting rebellion, he became another beloved figure in Alevi folklore and is now often invoked as a symbol of Alevism's leftist aspect. He is also preferred by Alevi Kurds, who

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As Sunni Islamism gained strength in the late 1980s and religious intolerance spread, an Alevi backlash occurred in the form of a cultural revival spearheaded by the new educated Alevi elite who organised foundations and trusts, rebuild Saint tombs, and restored rituals. There was an effort to

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The Ottomans had accepted Sunni Islam in the 13th century as a means to unifying their empire, and later proclaimed themselves its defenders against the Safavid Shia state and related heretical sects. This created a gap between the Sunni Ottoman ruling elite and the Alevi Anatolian population.

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The government was unhappy about the outcome of liberalisation. It had hoped to woo Alevis into a pure Turkish nationalist camp and separate them from other oppressed minorities, especially the exploding Kurdish nationalism. There was a growing state interest in dividing Alevis from Kurds and

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Alevis are proud of their cooperation with Atatürk, and the fact that the Çelebi and Dedebaba of the Hacıbektaş monastery had supported him. Alevis were his faithful allies in the war of independence, in the setting up of the modern Turkish secular nationalist state, and in the destruction of

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During the great Turkish expansion from Central Asia into Iran and Anatolia in the Seljuk period (11–12th centuries), Turkmen nomad tribes accepted a Sufi and pro-Ali form of Islam that co-existed with some of their pre-Islamic customs. These tribes dominated central and eastern Anatolia for

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launched another offensive and won the major battle of Chaldiran on the eastern side of the Euphrates, convincing the Safavids to avoid open conflict with the Ottomans for the next century, and enabling him to overcome the last independent Turkmen dynasties in eastern Anatolia in 1515–1517.

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spearheading the drive against Byzantines and Slavs. Many Armenians converted to Turkmen type Islam while retaining some Christian practices, and some observers believe that heterodox Armenian Christianity exerted a significant influence on the beliefs of the extremist Shi`ite sects.

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Following the Seljuks, the Ottomans established their power in western Anatolia and gradually incorporated Eastern Anatolia into their empire. After Timur's victory over the Ottomans in the 15th century, the Ottoman hold on Eastern Anatolia weakened for a while, with autonomous

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seemed to have failed and not delivered the hoped for goods. Alevis were not willing any more to sacrifice their communal identity on the altar of class-struggle and began consciously to identify themselves as a political group on the basis of a shared religious identity.

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tried to Sunnify Alevism, initiating a state policy of assimilation and Sunnification. Infrastructure improvements in Alevi villages were made conditional on compliance with mosque construction and the participation of all Alevi children in Sunni religious instruction.

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In his drive for secularization Atatürk later (1925) destroyed most religious frameworks, Sunni as well as Alevi, closing down the orders and confiscating their monasteries. Although driven underground, the orders continued to enjoy popularity in secret.

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also ruthlessly suppressed Safavid supporters in eastern Anatolia leading three campaigns into northwest Iran. Finally in 1555 the peace of Amasya recognised Ottoman rule over Iraq and Eastern Anatolia and Iranian rule over Azerbaijan and Caucasia.

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tried to raze an Alevi monastery and close the Ezgi cafe where young Alevis meet. In January 1995, a comedian cracked a joke about "Alevi incest" on Turkish TV sparking the first ever street protest by thousands of Alevi youths. Besides, the

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Syncretistic religious communities in the Near East : collected papers of the International Symposium "Alevism in Turkey and comparable sycretistic religious communities in the Near East in the past and present", Berlin, 14–17 April

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The return of many Turks to their religious roots and the politicization of their communal identities were a crisis response to modernity and the accelerated rate of change it forced on Turkish society. Secularist ideologies such as

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of the scarce resources. Many concealed that they were Alevi, visited the mosques, and kept Ramadan. Education and migration were seen as the gateway to social upward mobility, and from 1960s on a new Alevi middle class appeared.

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interference in the programme especially in 1993 and 1994 as government officials stressed the Turkish elements in Alevism but ignored the community's specificity and did not give it any operating space as a minority community.

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process was the policy of massive population resettlement, a result of the 1934 law on resettlement, a policy targeting the region of Dersim as one of its first test cases with disastrous consequences for the local population.

66:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 3160:

With the political thaw of the 1990s, Alevis in Turkey, influenced by the activities of their brethren in Europe, especially Germany, began to actively publish Alevi books, and open Alevi cultural centers.

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Sufism stressed esoteric, allegoric and multiple interpretations of scripture combined to intuitive faith and a search for ecstatic experiences, and was spread by wandering dervishes believed to possess

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Ottomanism. The early Kemalist republic is regarded as the ideal state in which the Alevis were fairly represented proportionately to their percentage of the total population in the National Assembly.

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18th century, Alevis went underground using taqiya, religious dissimulation permitted by all Shi`a groups, to conceal their faith (pretending to be Sunnis) and survive in a hostile environment.

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them as a closed autonomous religious community. As a result of the immense pressures to conform to Sunni Islam, Alevis developed a tradition of opposition to all forms of external religion.

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After the Kızılbaş lost their power in Anatolia, they are assumed to have merged into the Anatolian Alevis. Kurdish Alevis are sometimes still called Kızılbaş. Even as far east as

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were forbidden for several years. As a reaction, community identification intensified and religious and cultural boundary markers against the Sunni majority regained importance.

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became the order of the Janissary special troops, tolerated by the Ottomans as its monasteries and pilgrimage centres could be manipulated to control its Alevi followers.

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Meanwhile, the rulers of the Ottoman Empire gradually distanced themselves from their nomadic Turkic heritage, ultimately (during the thirteenth century) adopting the

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This official version contains textual changes designed to obscure the Kurdish origins of the Safavid family and to vindicate their claim to descent from the Imams."

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tribes fought for local control of the Anatolian highlands, and were responsible for several 15th and 16th century uprisings against the Ottomans. The 1555

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The violence of the 70s resulted in the military takeover of 1980 whose purges hurt Alevis harder than others because of their leftist commitment, and the

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in southern Turkey local Sunnis went on a rampage, slaughtering scores of leftist Alevis from the nearby villages in the worst massacre in living memory.

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identity may have been adopted to this end, since the Bektashis were technically Sunni and tolerated by the court. After the 1826 disbanding of the

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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

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in the next days. During the four-day lasting unrest, a total of 23 people were killed and more than 400 were injured at three different places.

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live. The riots began after a provocative gunned attack on several cafés at the same time, and spread over other places in Istanbul and also in

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found them on the "wrong" side of the Ottoman / Iranian border, as subjects of an Ottoman court which viewed them with suspicion. Massacres of

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ethnic group, primarily Turkish-speaking but also including Kurdish communities, concentrated in rural Anatolia. (One writer speculates that

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locals. The state security services did not interfere and the prosecution against leaders of the riot was not energetically pursued.

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centre was restored and reopened in 1964 as a museum, with annual celebrations in August for tourists in memory of the Saint.

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Ismail instigated a series of revolts culminating in a general Anatolian uprising against the Ottomans, whose Sultan

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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Turkish Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

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s, whose own hierarchy was in disarray. Some Alevi groups accepted this Bektashi authority, while others did not.

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Turkish minority and killed more than half a hundred of them. More than 200 were injured. Another target was the

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mounted a major expedition 1502–1503 which pushed the Safavids and many of their Turkmen followers into Iran.

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Turkish state politics after the military takeover encouraged Sunni-orthodox and nationalist unity ideology.

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and became the hereditary spiritual leaders of the rural Alevis; and the Babagan, those faithful to the path

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nature (he claimed divinity), of which selections came to be included in Alevi scriptural compilations, the

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Nazmi Sevgen, Zazalar ve Kızılbaşlar: Coğrafya-Tarih-Hukuk-Folklor-Teogoni, Kalan Yayınları, Ağustos 1999,

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were killed and thousands more were taken into exile, depopulating the province. A key component of the

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Aykan Erdemir, "Tradition and Modernity: Alevis' Ambiguous Terms and Turkey's Ambivalent Subjects",

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Amoretti, Biancamaria Scarcia; Matthee, Rudi. (2009). "Ṣafavid Dynasty". In Esposito, John L. (ed.)

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a message of revolt against the Sunni Ottomans in Anatolia, claiming that Ismā`il was the awaited

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Zwischen Glaube, Nation und neuer Gemeinschaft: Alevitische Identität in der Türkei der Gegenwart

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Hadji Bektach, un mythe et ses avatars. Genèse et évolution du soufisme populaire en Turquie.

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Clashes between or within civilizations? Meeting of cultures in Anatolia and Western Europe

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1995 Gazi Quarter riots were events that occurred in March 1995 at the Gazi Quarter, a

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province by the Turkish Army in the summer of 1937 and the spring of 1938 thousands of

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Religion und kollektive Identität im gegenwärtigen Diskurs der anatolischen Aleviten

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and Anatolia became the scene of protracted warfare between Ottomans and Safavids.

1694:. The religion of the Iranian populace, however, fell under the domination of Shia 1379: 1277: 957: 857: 782: 772: 717: 697: 602: 519: 424: 246: 241: 7825:"Überall ist Taksim: Zehntausende demonstrieren in Köln gegen Erdogan" (in German) 5249: 3249: 2992: 1807: 1625: 1569: 9076: 9009: 8989: 8920: 8915: 8860: 8833: 8744: 8717: 8395: 8360: 7791: 7419: 6869: 6830: 6730: 6448: 5985: 5240: 3568: 3200: 3187: 3177: 3173: 3115: 2969: 2944: 2940: 2901: 2757: 2602: 2509: 2499: 2289: 2279: 1936: 1675: 1613: 1111: 932: 777: 762: 727: 592: 577: 481: 386: 376: 336: 331: 7328:

The Safavids, as Iranians of Kurdish ancestry and of nontribal background (...)"

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who dominated the official Bektashi Sufi order with its elected leadership.

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The Pursuit of Pleasure: Drugs and Stimulants in Iranian History, 1500-1900

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During the violent suppression of the rebellion of the local population of

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Of Kurdish ancestry, the Ṣafavids started as a Sunnī mystical order (...)"

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More recently Istanbul municipal leaders from the Islamic political party

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takes place in this context. Apparently a 16th-century folk musician from

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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

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of their Mediterranean subjects. During the long rivalry with Safavid

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van Bruinessen, Martin (1997). "Aslını İnkâr Eden Haramzâdedir!

63: 8761: 7954: 7949: 7690:

A modern history of the Kurds, By David McDowall, page 415, at

7180: 6879: 6724: 6692: 6142: 6006: 5359: 5119: 4274: 3347: 3343: 3305: 3269: 3261: 3216: 3105: 3079: 3034: 2843: 2838: 2833: 2828: 2732: 2595: 2529: 2439: 2404: 2327: 2265: 2223:, before its institutional expression became illegal and their 2174: 1976:

appreciate his protest against the Turkish establishment, over

1950: 1786: 1684: 1637: 1609: 1602: 1485: 1313: 1219: 1179: 1139: 1031: 996: 862: 757: 539: 529: 391: 381: 316: 301: 236: 231: 226: 134: 2962: 7906:, London: England Alevi Cultural Centre & Cem Evi, 2006, 6122: 5865: 5746: 4405: 3391: 3367: 3294: 3265: 3227: 3223: 3119: 3112: 3072: 3045: 3042: 2991:

political allies of Alevi background. In 1978 in the city of

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Les Kurdes et leur histoire - Sabri Cigerli - Google Livres

3340:

recent plan to expand Ottoman architecture on Taksim Square

3219:, intellectuals, and a Dutch anthropologist) attending the 3132: 2932: 2524: 2479: 2464: 2419: 2098: 2052: 1695: 1656: 1628: 1617: 1538: 1535: 1471: 1436: 657: 276: 2305: 2196: 1425: 1350:

of "The Sultan Höyüğü Foundation" from the successors of

431: 1904:

The consequences of Qizilbash-Sunni division in Anatolia

7742:"Ergenekon zanlısı, Gazi mahallesi provokatörü çıktı -" 1488:, and their tombs were serving as pilgrimage centres. 59: 55:

a machine-translated version of the Turkish article.

7485: 2211:

The influences of secularization process on Alevism

1984:

The emergence of Ishikism and Yazdanism in Anatolia

1707:The influences of Safavids on Anatolian Kizilbashs 7716:Çaldıran'dan Çorum'a Anadolu'da Alevi Katliamları 7508: 1821:, each determined to include it in their Empire. 9126: 7449: 3386:The schematic history of the development of the 7425: 3129:(CHP). Many victims were youngsters and women. 7373: 2136: 1365: 84:accompanying your translation by providing an 46:Click for important translation instructions. 33:expand this article with text translated from 7932: 7718:; Ant Yayınları, 2. Auflage, 1993; S. 133–134 7601:. Weeklyzaman.com. 2011-10-14. Archived from 7479: 2909: 1361:and Sultan had sent many gifts to this tekke. 1285: 7345:The Oxford Encyclopedia of the Islamic World 7274: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7264: 7262: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7242: 7240: 7238: 7236: 7234: 7232: 7230: 3226:Festival were burned to death in a hotel by 2365: 2286:The Adnan Menderes Government Administration 2266:The Adnan Menderes Government Administration 2017:Under Ottoman rule the Alevis emerged as an 7228: 7226: 7224: 7222: 7220: 7218: 7216: 7214: 7212: 7210: 2963:Alevi unrest and its consequences in Turkey 2025:'s Kurds converted to Alevism from another 7939: 7925: 7843:, London and Hartford, 1937 (out of print) 7815:, 11 July 2010, retrieved 11 January 2011. 7785:Aleviler Kılıçdaroğlu’nu nereye taşıyacak? 2916: 2902: 1855:Selim I period and the battle of Chaldiran 1511: 1405: 1292: 1278: 7486:Rana Birden Çorbacıoğlu, Zeynep Alemdar. 7433:"THE CONCEPT OF MAHDI IN TWELVER SHIʿISM" 7335:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. VIII, Fasc. 1 2999:Incidents before 1980 Turkish coup d'état 1428:representation with the qualification of 7904:Alevism-Bektashism: A Brief Introduction 7686: 7684: 7457:"Pir Sultan Abdal Monument and Festival" 7207: 7194: 7179: 3326: 3215:on 2 July 1993, when thirty-six people ( 3205:The inter-communal violence reached its 3181: 3133:Incidents after 1980 Turkish coup d'état 3071:of over seven hundred civilians, mostly 3067:Maraş Massacre of December 1978 was the 3041:and Zazaki (Kirmanjki, Kirdki) speaking 3006: 2242: 2214: 2154: 2099:Turkish Republic period – Modern history 2053:The emergence of a new Bektashi identity 1945: 1911: 1841: 1793: 1757: 1754:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam 1593: 1547:"Bel evlâdları" (children of the loins), 1419: 1397:centuries with their religious warriors 1333: 813:Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam 7857:, 2005, vol.41, no.6, pp. 937–951. 7848:The Darvishes of Oriental Spiritualism, 7564: 7531: 2117: 1450:"keramet" (qaramat – miraculous powers) 9127: 8869: 7599:"Can Kurds rely on the Turkish state?" 7326:. Princeton University Press. p. 18; " 2306:The influence of sufi orders on Alevis 1813:Anatolia became a battlefield between 1702:beliefs of the Turkish warrior class. 1635:In the early 16th century, a militant 1551:"Yol evlâdları" (children of the path) 7920: 7681: 7333:Savory, Roger. (2008). "EBN BAZZĀZ". 7164: 7162: 7150: 7148: 7136: 7134: 7122: 7120: 7108: 7072: 7070: 7052: 7032: 7022: 7020: 7007: 6996: 6981: 6979: 6967: 6927: 6893: 6883: 6878: 6876: 6868: 6866: 6854: 6838: 6829: 6809: 6803: 6801: 6799: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6777: 6775: 6773: 6761: 6755: 6753: 6740: 6723: 6721: 6719: 6700: 6698: 6686: 6670: 6650: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6622: 6616: 6614: 6612: 6606: 6600: 6594: 6582: 6573: 6571: 6569: 6553: 6551: 6549: 6540: 6534: 6522: 6520: 6514: 6508: 6506: 6504: 6498: 6492: 6490: 6488: 6482: 6470: 6464: 6458: 6441: 6424: 6422: 6414: 6412: 6400: 6372: 6370: 6368: 6366: 6360: 6354: 6348: 6342: 6316: 6302: 6300: 6298: 6296: 6294: 6277: 6261: 6251: 6244: 6242: 6240: 6228: 6222: 6216: 6214: 6212: 6210: 6208: 6206: 6204: 6202: 6200: 6198: 6196: 6184: 6166: 6150: 6148: 6136: 6134: 6121: 6119: 6114: 6084: 6082: 6070: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6036: 6030: 6020: 6018: 6016: 6000: 5984: 5968: 5966: 5951: 5942: 5936: 5930: 5924: 5918: 5916: 5914: 5908: 5906: 5904: 5898: 5896: 5894: 5888: 5882: 5880: 5878: 5873: 5864: 5862: 5857: 5855: 5850: 5848: 5843: 5815: 5809: 5803: 5777: 5775: 5773: 5767: 5754: 5745: 5743: 5738: 5736: 5731: 5729: 5724: 5706: 5704: 5698: 5692: 5674: 5672: 5670: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5654: 5648: 5632: 5630: 5618: 5616: 5604: 5598: 5596: 5591: 5585: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5571: 5569: 5567: 5565: 5559: 5557: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5541: 5539: 5533: 5525: 5509: 5492: 5490: 5488: 5474: 5472: 5467: 5445: 5443: 5441: 5439: 5433: 5427: 5421: 5419: 5401: 5399: 5397: 5391: 5385: 5369: 5363: 5354: 5352: 5350: 5345: 5343: 5331: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5291: 5277: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5261: 5255: 5253: 5248: 5239: 5237: 5228: 5219: 5217: 5207: 5189: 5187: 5181: 5175: 5157: 5151: 5145: 5143: 5141: 5135: 5109: 5100: 5091: 5082: 5080: 5070: 5052: 5050: 5044: 5042: 5040: 5022: 5016: 5010: 5008: 5006: 5000: 4988: 4986: 4974: 4972: 4964: 4947: 4936: 4934: 4924: 4900: 4898: 4886: 4880: 4864: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4848: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4829: 4820: 4811: 4809: 4804: 4802: 4793: 4759: 4757: 4745: 4739: 4727: 4725: 4723: 4705: 4697: 4685: 4683: 4675: 4666: 4664: 4659: 4647: 4627: 4625: 4623: 4617: 4615: 4613: 4595: 4593: 4591: 4585: 4583: 4581: 4575: 4565: 4563: 4556: 4554: 4549: 4536: 4534: 4521: 4519: 4514: 4476: 4474: 4468: 4466: 4464: 4430: 4422: 4417: 4415: 4413: 4404: 4391: 4389: 4387: 4382: 4380: 4378: 4360: 4342: 4340: 4338: 4332: 4330: 4328: 4326: 4324: 4322: 4316: 4314: 4312: 4300: 4294: 4271: 4269: 4257: 4255: 4253: 4248: 4230: 4224: 4218: 4212: 4206: 4204: 4202: 4196: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4184: 4182: 4180: 4178: 4176: 4158: 4156: 4154: 4152: 4150: 4133: 4126: 4119: 4104: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4076: 4074: 4072: 4070: 4064: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4056: 4050: 4048: 4015: 4013: 4008: 3992: 3990: 3983: 3981: 3953: 3951: 3949: 3947: 3941: 3939: 3923: 3921: 3919: 3901: 3899: 3867: 3865: 3855: 3834: 3821: 3795: 3789: 3787: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3765: 3763: 3761: 3749: 3735: 3733: 3731: 3729: 3727: 3725: 3723: 3718: 3716: 3711: 3704: 3702: 3687: 3676: 3652: 3650: 3644: 3642: 3640: 3628: 3616: 3604: 3602: 3600: 3583: 3581: 3578: 3567: 3558: 3551: 3513: 3511: 3499: 3497: 3495: 3475: 3463: 3445: 3440: 3433: 3426: 3424: 3419: 3412: 3233: 2219:Atatürk in 1923, with members of the 1980:(whom they identify with the Turks). 1541:order founded in the 13th century by 1446:"bereket" (baraqat – spiritual power) 1327:is that of a community of Muslims of 9095: 9083: 1881: 1869:The successor of Bayezid II, Sultan 1824: 15: 7897:Extremist Shiites: the Ghulat Sects 7827:Spiegel online Politik. 2013-06-22. 3082:. The direct perpetrators were the 3022: 2276:Democrat Party (Turkey, historical) 96:{{Translated|tr|Aleviliğin tarihi}} 13: 7899:, Syracuse University Press, 1988. 7734: 7200:The History of Hayrullah Affandy, 3194: 2335: 1655:after their distinctive headgear. 1508:fighting each other for hegemony. 14: 9166: 7624:"16. Turkey/Kurds (1922-present)" 3318:peace at home, peace in the world 3145:a separately identifiable group. 3056: 2109:History of the Republic of Turkey 1452:due to their special nearness to 9106: 9094: 9082: 9071: 9070: 9058: 8462:Court of Jurisdictional Disputes 7948: 3360:The historical emergence of the 3279: 2885: 2162:, the first president of Turkey. 1768:, who was highly revered by the 1261: 126: 20: 9107: 7841:The Bektashi order of dervishes 7818: 7801: 7759: 7721: 7708: 7697: 7668: 7637: 7616: 7591: 7558: 7525: 3100:Çorum Massacre occurred in the 3089: 1662:was a hereditary leader of the 823:Shiism in Persia after Safavids 197:Prophet Muḥammad ibn `Abd Allāh 7488:"ALEVIS AND THE TURKISH STATE" 7405: 7367: 7355: 7314: 7301: 7275:David Zeidan (December 1995). 2366: 818:Shia in Persia before Safavids 552:Crucial figures and influences 94:You may also add the template 1: 9145:History of religion in Turkey 7902:Ali Yaman and Aykan Erdemir, 7833: 7769:, Kürt değil, Zaza kökenli. ( 7188: 1804:Ottoman persecution of Alevis 1563: 1372:Islamization of Turkic tribes 8953:Intangible cultural heritage 8299:Southeastern Anatolia Region 8131:Proclamation of the republic 7532:Sammali, Jacqueline (1995). 7383:. Boston: Brill. p. 7. 7347:. Oxford University Press. " 1680:conversion of Iran to Shiism 1392:Bektashism and folk religion 7: 8224:Ancient peoples of Anatolia 3108:between May and July 1980. 2251:(with white suit at center) 2227:lodge was changed into the 2137:Alevi perception of Atatürk 1698:clerics who downplayed the 1670:who led his (predominantly 1641:Shia order emerged, called 1366:Origins and medieval period 1357:received high gratitude of 10: 9171: 8055:Conquest of Constantinople 3237: 3198: 3163: 3142:The 1980 military takeover 3093: 3060: 3026: 2294: 2269: 2140: 2121: 2102: 2075: 2047:" (dissimulation, secrecy) 1987: 1885: 1858: 1828: 1797: 1743: 1567: 1515: 1409: 1369: 1354:(Bābā Eliyās al-Khorāsānī) 1331:and neighbouring regions. 613:Abu al-Hassan al-Kharaqani 58:Machine translation, like 9054: 8787: 8703: 8596: 8562:The constitutional system 8522: 8477: 8422: 8413: 8307: 8255: 8246: 8199: 8166: 8116: 8094:Second Constitutional Era 8079:Decline and modernization 8035: 7996: 7970: 7961: 7411:See Ali Yaman's article " 7184:Alevis amongst Shia Islam 7102: 7100: 7098: 7090: 7084: 7082: 7080: 7068: 7064: 7058: 7050: 7046: 7044: 7042: 7040: 7038: 6994: 6992: 6961: 6959: 6957: 6951: 6945: 6939: 6937: 6935: 6925: 6921: 6919: 6917: 6915: 6913: 6907: 6905: 6903: 6901: 6899: 6887: 6852: 6836: 6823: 6821: 6817: 6807: 6805: 6797: 6793: 6785: 6783: 6771: 6767: 6738: 6736: 6717: 6715: 6684: 6682: 6664: 6658: 6648: 6644: 6638: 6626: 6624: 6620: 6618: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6602: 6598: 6596: 6580: 6578: 6567: 6565: 6547: 6528: 6526: 6518: 6516: 6512: 6510: 6502: 6500: 6496: 6494: 6486: 6484: 6480: 6476: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6454: 6439: 6437: 6394: 6392: 6390: 6384: 6382: 6380: 6364: 6362: 6358: 6356: 6352: 6350: 6346: 6344: 6340: 6336: 6334: 6332: 6330: 6328: 6322: 6308: 6306: 6292: 6290: 6259: 6249: 6234: 6232: 6226: 6224: 6220: 6218: 6194: 6190: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6100: 6098: 6090: 6088: 6080: 6076: 6068: 6064: 6058: 6046: 6042: 6034: 6032: 5998: 5996: 5982: 5949: 5934: 5932: 5928: 5926: 5922: 5920: 5912: 5910: 5902: 5900: 5892: 5890: 5871: 5869: 5837: 5835: 5833: 5827: 5825: 5823: 5813: 5811: 5807: 5805: 5801: 5797: 5795: 5793: 5787: 5785: 5783: 5771: 5769: 5718: 5716: 5714: 5702: 5700: 5696: 5694: 5690: 5686: 5680: 5668: 5666: 5658: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5602: 5600: 5577: 5575: 5563: 5561: 5553: 5551: 5547: 5545: 5537: 5535: 5529: 5523: 5521: 5486: 5484: 5461: 5459: 5453: 5437: 5435: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5423: 5417: 5413: 5411: 5409: 5407: 5395: 5393: 5383: 5381: 5367: 5365: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5309: 5307: 5303: 5301: 5297: 5295: 5289: 5285: 5283: 5275: 5273: 5265: 5263: 5246: 5244: 5226: 5224: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5185: 5183: 5179: 5177: 5173: 5169: 5163: 5155: 5153: 5149: 5147: 5139: 5137: 5107: 5089: 5087: 5064: 5062: 5060: 5048: 5046: 5038: 5034: 5028: 5020: 5018: 5014: 5012: 5004: 5002: 4943: 4918: 4916: 4912: 4910: 4908: 4896: 4892: 4884: 4882: 4878: 4874: 4872: 4870: 4862: 4860: 4852: 4850: 4827: 4825: 4787: 4779: 4771: 4769: 4767: 4755: 4751: 4743: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4721: 4717: 4711: 4673: 4671: 4657: 4641: 4635: 4621: 4619: 4611: 4607: 4601: 4589: 4587: 4579: 4577: 4508: 4506: 4504: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4472: 4470: 4462: 4458: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4448: 4446: 4444: 4442: 4436: 4426: 4368: 4366: 4364: 4358: 4350: 4348: 4336: 4334: 4320: 4318: 4298: 4296: 4292: 4246: 4222: 4220: 4216: 4214: 4210: 4208: 4200: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4168: 4162: 4148: 4146: 4131: 4129: 4124: 4117: 4115: 4113: 4094: 4092: 4088: 4086: 4082: 4080: 4068: 4066: 4054: 4052: 4042: 4032: 4024: 4006: 3975: 3973: 3971: 3969: 3965: 3963: 3961: 3945: 3943: 3937: 3933: 3931: 3929: 3917: 3913: 3907: 3895: 3889: 3887: 3881: 3853: 3851: 3849: 3832: 3830: 3828: 3815: 3813: 3811: 3803: 3793: 3791: 3779: 3775: 3773: 3771: 3759: 3755: 3709: 3685: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3662: 3658: 3656: 3648: 3646: 3638: 3634: 3626: 3622: 3614: 3610: 3576: 3565: 3563: 3556: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3537: 3535: 3529: 3521: 3509: 3505: 3493: 3489: 3487: 3485: 3483: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3438: 3431: 3417: 3310:Republican People's Party 3248:neighborhood in the then 3127:Republican People's Party 2029:sect.) Led by hereditary 2014:" as their family names. 903:Kalender Çelebi rebellion 35:the corresponding article 8545:Ministry of the Interior 8530:Administrative divisions 8089:First Constitutional Era 7748:(in Turkish). 2008-07-04 7727:Martin van Bruinessen, " 7694:, accessed on 1 May 2011 7202:Hayrullah Efendi Tarihi, 7157:Ghulam Hussain Miya Khan 7115:Syed Jafar Ahmad Shirazi 3312:, a strict supporter of 3166:1980 Turkish coup d'état 2947:(Hizmet/Servis movement) 2259:1960 Turkish coup d'état 2086:Suleyman the Magnificent 1897:Suleyman the Magnificent 1779:the chief executive post 1348:Geyikli Baba Alevî Tekke 1129:Other influential groups 908:Nur Ali Halife rebellion 8492:Parliamentary elections 8294:Eastern Anatolia Region 8289:Central Anatolia Region 7971:Ancient and Middle Ages 7674:George J Andreopoulos, 7565:Cigerli, Sabri (1999). 7322:Matthee, Rudi. (2005). 7277:"The Alevi of Anatolia" 2959:out of their villages. 1865:The Battle of Chaldiran 1666:Sufi order centered in 1512:Baktashiyyah sufi order 1468:were revered as Saints 1406:Ṭarīqah roots of Alevis 105:For more guidance, see 8663:Science and technology 8497:Presidential elections 7978:Prehistory of Anatolia 7855:Middle Eastern Studies 7309:Theology of Discontent 7185: 4939:Ḥamdān Qarmaṭ'l-ʾAšʿaṯ 3373:and other related non- 3191: 3019: 2340: 2262: 2232: 2163: 2049:about their religion. 1958: 1920: 1851: 1790: 1632: 1440: 1362: 558:Khadija bint Khuwaylid 8658:Free trade agreements 8540:Intelligence Services 8337:North Anatolian Fault 7862:Alevi Bektaşi Tarihi, 7839:John Kingsley Birge, 7461:memorializeturkey.com 7437:Encyclopaedia Iranica 7413:Kizilbash Alevi Dedes 7183: 3327:Some recent reactions 3314:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 3185: 3164:Further information: 3011:Primary actor of the 3010: 2339: 2295:Further information: 2246: 2218: 2160:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2158: 2151:Mustafa Kemal Atatürk 2076:Further information: 2065:its authority to the 1949: 1915: 1845: 1794:Ottoman Empire period 1766:Sultân Bayezid-i Velî 1761: 1597: 1423: 1337: 898:Baba Zünnun Rebellion 893:Persecution of Alevis 663:Sadr al-Din al-Qunawi 107:Knowledge:Translation 78:copyright attribution 9155:Shia Islam in Turkey 9042:World heritage sites 8567:Turkish Armed Forces 8452:Constitutional Court 8366:Flora and vegetation 8344:Environmental issues 8332:East Anatolian Fault 8279:Mediterranean Region 7890:Uyur İdik Uyardılar, 7864:Can Yayınları, 1996. 7798:, 13 September 2010. 7125:Progressive Dawoodis 6246:Al-Mustanṣir bi-Llāh 2118:Alevism and Kemalism 1578:Haydar Safavi Sultan 703:Shah Nimatullah Wali 683:Safi-ad-din Ardabili 623:Khoja Akhmet Yassawi 133:Part of a series on 8611:Banking and Finance 8229:History of Anatolia 8126:War of Independence 8118:Republic of Türkiye 8015:Battle of Manzikert 7892:Cem Yayınevi, 1993. 7813:Hürriyet Daily News 3186:The victims of the 2935:orders such as the 2253:and members of the 1955:Battle of Chaldiran 1848:Battle of Chaldiran 1352:Bābā Rāss’ūl-Allāh 943:Auspicious Incident 923:Battle of Chaldiran 8668:Telecommunications 8457:Court of Cassation 8158:Multi-party period 8067:Ottoman Old Regime 7988:Byzantine Anatolia 7983:Classical Anatolia 7850:1927, 1st Edition. 7790:2013-10-12 at the 7771:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 7767:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 7418:2013-10-22 at the 7186: 7153:Atba-i-Malak Badar 7143:A. Qadir Ebrahimji 7139:Atba-i-Malak Vakil 7010:A . Hussain Jivaji 5991:Iran, Islamic Rep. 4813:Fātimā al-Ma‘sūmah 4419:Muhammad "al-Imām" 3291:Kemal Kılıçdaroğlu 3240:Gazi Quarter riots 3234:Gazi Quarter riots 3192: 3020: 2345:Abdul Qadir Gilani 2341: 2263: 2233: 2201:Hajji Bektash Wali 2164: 2105:Republic of Turkey 1959: 1921: 1852: 1791: 1633: 1622:Commander-in-chief 1518:Hajji Bektash Wali 1441: 1376:Great Seljuk State 1363: 1342:’s inspections at 1185:Yazidis in Armenia 983:Gazi Quarter riots 938:Kuyucu Murad Pasha 643:Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar 628:Abdul-Qadir Gilani 573:Salman the Persian 86:interlanguage link 9122: 9121: 9050: 9049: 8592: 8591: 8535:Foreign relations 8509:Political parties 8409: 8408: 8242: 8241: 8234:History of Thrace 8136:Atatürk's reforms 8027:Anatolian beyliks 7878:, Leiden, 1998 , 7807:Faruk Bildirici, 7783:, İdris Gürsoy, 7495:turkishpolicy.com 7178: 7177: 7174: 7173: 7170: 7169: 7160: 7146: 7132: 7118: 7018: 7001: 6990: 6977: 6864: 6848: 6751: 6734: 6713: 6696: 6680: 6563: 6452: 6435: 6420: 6410: 6288: 6174: 6160: 6146: 6132: 6014: 5994: 5978: 5964: 5642: 5628: 5614: 5519: 5503: 5482: 5379: 5341: 5214: 5123: 5093:Mūsā al-Mūbārraqā 5077: 4984: 4966:Muhammad al-Taqī 4958: 4941: 4931: 4800: 4695: 4661:Muhammad al-Aftah 4543: 4532: 4516:Isma'il ibn Jafar 4288: 4277: 4267: 4250:Muhammad al-Baqir 4244: 4144: 4018:Ibn al-Hanifiyyah 4004: 3877: 3863: 3858:Khawlah b. Ja'far 3847: 3713:Fatimah bint Asad 3700: 3579:Fatimah bint Qays 3553:Aminah bint Wahab 3404: 3102:province of Çorum 2926: 2925: 2368:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 2301:Laïcité in Turkey 2094:Shahkulu Uprising 2033:and sometimes by 1978:Haji Bektash Veli 1892:Shahkulu Uprising 1882:Suleyman I period 1825:Bayezid II period 1720:(red-heads) were 1612:, founder of the 1543:Haji Bektash Veli 1302: 1301: 1107:Arabati Baba Teḱe 953:Koçgiri Rebellion 913:Şahkulu Rebellion 883:Celali rebellions 853:Abbasid Caliphate 828:Umayyad Caliphate 768:Arabati Baba Teḱe 653:Haji Bektash Veli 588:Dhul-Nun al-Misri 402:Düşkünlük Meydanı 287:Al-Insān al-Kāmil 192:Haqq–Muhammad–Ali 118: 117: 47: 43: 9162: 9110: 9109: 9098: 9097: 9086: 9085: 9074: 9073: 9062: 8867: 8866: 8752:Cities and towns 8733:Turkish language 8688:Turkish Airlines 8504:Electoral system 8467:Council of State 8420: 8419: 8354:Waste management 8284:Black Sea Region 8262: 8253: 8252: 8207:Turkic migration 8153:One-party period 8022:Sultanate of Rum 7968: 7967: 7953: 7952: 7941: 7934: 7927: 7918: 7917: 7874:Irène Mélikoff, 7860:Burhan Kocadağ, 7828: 7822: 7816: 7805: 7799: 7763: 7757: 7756: 7754: 7753: 7738: 7732: 7725: 7719: 7712: 7706: 7701: 7695: 7688: 7679: 7672: 7666: 7665: 7663: 7662: 7656: 7650:. Archived from 7649: 7641: 7635: 7634: 7632: 7631: 7620: 7614: 7613: 7611: 7610: 7595: 7589: 7588: 7586: 7585: 7562: 7556: 7555: 7553: 7552: 7529: 7523: 7512: 7506: 7505: 7503: 7501: 7492: 7483: 7477: 7476: 7474: 7472: 7463:. Archived from 7453: 7447: 7446: 7444: 7443: 7429: 7423: 7409: 7403: 7402: 7371: 7365: 7359: 7353: 7318: 7312: 7305: 7299: 7298: 7296: 7294: 7289:on 23 April 2012 7285:. Archived from 7272: 7205: 7198: 7151: 7137: 7123: 7109: 7008: 6997: 6982: 6971: 6861:Nizārī Ismā'īlīs 6858: 6842: 6745: 6728: 6704: 6690: 6674: 6557: 6446: 6429: 6415: 6404: 6282: 6168: 6154: 6140: 6126: 6004: 5988: 5972: 5955: 5636: 5622: 5608: 5513: 5497: 5476: 5373: 5335: 5212:(Raḍī ʿAbdillāh) 5210: 5113: 5073: 4978: 4952: 4937: 4927: 4798: 4689: 4680:Athnā‘ashariyyah 4668:Ibrāhim ibn Mūsā 4541: 4526: 4282: 4272: 4261: 4236: 4138: 3998: 3986:Hasan al Mujtaba 3868: 3856: 3841: 3694: 3410: 3409: 3385: 3382: 3381: 3357: 3356: 3283: 3252:district, today 3029:Dersim Rebellion 3023:Dersim rebellion 3013:Dersim Rebellion 2918: 2911: 2904: 2892:Islam portal 2890: 2889: 2888: 2823:Topics in Sufism 2495:Sufi metaphysics 2371: 2370: 2330: 2324: 2323: 2310: 2309: 2067:village Bektashi 1963:Pir Sultan Abdal 1380:Sultanate of Rum 1294: 1287: 1280: 1268:Islam portal 1266: 1265: 1264: 958:Dersim Rebellion 858:Babak Khorramdin 788:Börklüce Mustafa 783:Sheikh Bedreddin 773:Pir Sultan Abdal 718:Ali Mirza Safavi 698:Imadaddin Nasimi 693:Sadr al-Dīn Mūsā 603:Mansur Al-Hallaj 583:Jābir ibn Hayyān 425:The Twelve Imams 247:Wahdat al-mawjud 167: 159: 130: 125: 120: 119: 97: 91: 64:Google Translate 45: 41: 24: 23: 16: 9170: 9169: 9165: 9164: 9163: 9161: 9160: 9159: 9125: 9124: 9123: 9118: 9046: 8865: 8861:Women in Turkey 8829:Law enforcement 8783: 8779:Life expectancy 8745:Islam in Turkey 8699: 8588: 8550:National Police 8518: 8473: 8405: 8396:Turkish Riviera 8303: 8260: 8259: 8238: 8195: 8162: 8141:Language reform 8112: 8031: 7992: 7957: 7947: 7945: 7867:Karin Vorhoff, 7836: 7831: 7823: 7819: 7806: 7802: 7792:Wayback Machine 7764: 7760: 7751: 7749: 7740: 7739: 7735: 7726: 7722: 7713: 7709: 7702: 7698: 7689: 7682: 7673: 7669: 7660: 7658: 7654: 7647: 7643: 7642: 7638: 7629: 7627: 7622: 7621: 7617: 7608: 7606: 7597: 7596: 7592: 7583: 7581: 7579: 7563: 7559: 7550: 7548: 7546: 7530: 7526: 7513: 7509: 7499: 7497: 7490: 7484: 7480: 7470: 7468: 7467:on 14 July 2014 7455: 7454: 7450: 7441: 7439: 7431: 7430: 7426: 7420:Wayback Machine 7410: 7406: 7391: 7372: 7368: 7360: 7356: 7319: 7315: 7306: 7302: 7292: 7290: 7273: 7208: 7204:vol 3, page 80. 7199: 7195: 7191: 7012: 6984: 6983:Ali bin Ibrāhim 6832: 6744: 6727: 6445: 6428: 6281: 6125: 5986:Velayat-e-faqih 5496: 5241:Hasan al-Askari 5075:(Taqī Muhammad) 4951: 4797: 4558: 4540: 4525: 4384:Ja'far al-Sadiq 4278: 4259:Zayd ash-Shahīd 4235: 4137: 4127:Jayda al-Sindhi 4121:Zayn al-'Abidin 3840: 3693: 3329: 3324: 3323: 3322: 3321: 3286: 3285: 3284: 3264:, where mostly 3242: 3236: 3203: 3201:Sivas incidents 3197: 3195:Sivas incidents 3190:on July 2, 1993 3188:Sivas incidents 3180: 3178:Hizmet movement 3135: 3098: 3092: 3065: 3059: 3031: 3025: 3001: 2965: 2922: 2886: 2884: 2879: 2878: 2824: 2816: 2815: 2796: 2788: 2787: 2758:Haqqani Anjuman 2598: 2588: 2587: 2543: 2535: 2534: 2510:Sufi psychology 2500:Sufi philosophy 2356: 2348: 2347:, Baghdad, Iraq 2326: 2325: 2314: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2282: 2270:Main articles: 2268: 2213: 2177:saw Atatürk as 2153: 2141:Main articles: 2139: 2130: 2122:Main articles: 2120: 2111: 2103:Main articles: 2101: 2096: 2055: 2041:they practiced 1996: 1988:Main articles: 1986: 1937:Peace of Amasya 1906: 1894: 1886:Main articles: 1884: 1867: 1859:Main articles: 1857: 1833: 1827: 1810: 1798:Main articles: 1796: 1756: 1710: 1708: 1676:Safavid dynasty 1614:Safavid dynasty 1592: 1568:Main articles: 1566: 1528: 1516:Main articles: 1514: 1496:Turkmen states 1466:" (Sufi orders) 1418: 1410:Main articles: 1408: 1394: 1370:Main articles: 1368: 1338:As a result of 1322:History of the 1306:History of the 1298: 1262: 1260: 1255: 1254: 1130: 1122: 1121: 1112:Javad Nurbakhsh 1002: 988: 987: 933:Abaza rebellion 808: 798: 797: 763:Demir Baba Teke 728:Nur-Ali Khalifa 633:Ahmed ar-Rifa'i 593:Bayazid Bastami 578:Uwais al-Qarani 553: 545: 544: 500: 492: 491: 427: 417: 416: 352: 342: 341: 242:Wahdat al-wujud 207:Islamic prophet 177: 165: 161: 160: 132: 123: 114: 113: 112: 95: 89: 48: 25: 21: 12: 11: 5: 9168: 9158: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9120: 9119: 9117: 9116: 9104: 9092: 9080: 9068: 9055: 9052: 9051: 9048: 9047: 9045: 9044: 9039: 9034: 9029: 9024: 9019: 9018: 9017: 9007: 9002: 8997: 8992: 8987: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8978:Radio stations 8975: 8970: 8960: 8955: 8950: 8945: 8940: 8935: 8930: 8925: 8924: 8923: 8913: 8908: 8903: 8898: 8897: 8896: 8891: 8881: 8875: 8873: 8864: 8863: 8858: 8853: 8848: 8847: 8846: 8841: 8836: 8826: 8821: 8820: 8819: 8809: 8804: 8803: 8802: 8791: 8789: 8785: 8784: 8782: 8781: 8776: 8771: 8770: 8769: 8764: 8759: 8749: 8748: 8747: 8737: 8736: 8735: 8725: 8720: 8715: 8713:Turkish people 8709: 8707: 8701: 8700: 8698: 8697: 8696: 8695: 8690: 8685: 8678:Transportation 8675: 8670: 8665: 8660: 8655: 8654: 8653: 8648: 8643: 8638: 8628: 8623: 8618: 8613: 8608: 8602: 8600: 8594: 8593: 8590: 8589: 8587: 8586: 8585: 8584: 8579: 8574: 8564: 8559: 8558: 8557: 8552: 8542: 8537: 8532: 8526: 8524: 8520: 8519: 8517: 8516: 8511: 8506: 8501: 8500: 8499: 8494: 8483: 8481: 8475: 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7886: 7872: 7871:, Berlin, 1995 7865: 7858: 7851: 7844: 7835: 7832: 7830: 7829: 7817: 7800: 7758: 7733: 7731:", 2003, p. 3. 7720: 7707: 7696: 7680: 7667: 7636: 7615: 7590: 7577: 7557: 7544: 7524: 7507: 7478: 7448: 7424: 7404: 7389: 7366: 7354: 7352: 7351: 7341: 7331: 7313: 7300: 7206: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7176: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7168: 7166: 7165: 7163: 7161: 7149: 7147: 7135: 7133: 7121: 7119: 7106: 7105: 7103: 7101: 7099: 7097: 7095: 7093: 7091: 7089: 7087: 7085: 7083: 7081: 7079: 7077: 7074: 7073: 7071: 7069: 7067: 7065: 7063: 7061: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7049: 7047: 7045: 7043: 7041: 7039: 7037: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7023: 7021: 7019: 7006: 7004: 7002: 6999:Hebtiahs Bohra 6995: 6993: 6991: 6980: 6978: 6965: 6964: 6962: 6960: 6958: 6956: 6954: 6952: 6950: 6948: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6940: 6938: 6936: 6934: 6932: 6929: 6928: 6926: 6924: 6922: 6920: 6918: 6916: 6914: 6912: 6910: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6902: 6900: 6898: 6896: 6894: 6891: 6890: 6888: 6885: 6884: 6882: 6877: 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4720: 4718: 4716: 4714: 4712: 4710: 4708: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4699: 4698: 4696: 4684: 4682: 4674: 4672: 4670: 4665: 4663: 4658: 4656: 4654: 4645: 4644: 4642: 4640: 4638: 4636: 4634: 4632: 4629: 4628: 4626: 4624: 4622: 4620: 4618: 4616: 4614: 4612: 4610: 4608: 4606: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4598: 4596: 4594: 4592: 4590: 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4580: 4578: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4555: 4553: 4551:Musa al-Kadhim 4548: 4546: 4544: 4535: 4533: 4520: 4518: 4512: 4511: 4509: 4507: 4505: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4481: 4478: 4477: 4475: 4473: 4471: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4459: 4457: 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4437: 4435: 4433: 4431: 4428: 4427: 4424: 4423: 4421: 4416: 4414: 4412: 4403: 4401: 4399: 4390: 4388: 4386: 4381: 4379: 4376: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4369: 4367: 4365: 4362: 4361: 4359: 4357: 4355: 4353: 4351: 4349: 4347: 4345: 4343: 4341: 4339: 4337: 4335: 4333: 4331: 4329: 4327: 4325: 4323: 4321: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4313: 4310: 4309: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4301: 4299: 4297: 4295: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4270: 4268: 4256: 4254: 4252: 4247: 4245: 4228: 4226: 4225: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4211: 4209: 4207: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4199: 4197: 4195: 4193: 4191: 4189: 4187: 4185: 4183: 4181: 4179: 4177: 4174: 4173: 4171: 4169: 4167: 4165: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4153: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4145: 4132: 4130: 4128: 4125: 4123: 4118: 4116: 4114: 4112: 4103: 4100: 4098: 4097: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4089: 4087: 4085: 4083: 4081: 4079: 4077: 4075: 4073: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4065: 4063: 4061: 4059: 4057: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4046: 4045: 4043: 4041: 4039: 4037: 4034: 4033: 4031: 4029: 4027: 4025: 4023: 4021: 4014: 4012: 4007: 4005: 3995:Husayn ibn Ali 3991: 3989: 3982: 3979: 3978: 3976: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3962: 3960: 3958: 3955: 3954: 3952: 3950: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3932: 3930: 3928: 3926: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3900: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3888: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3879: 3878: 3866: 3864: 3854: 3852: 3850: 3848: 3837:Ali al Murtaza 3833: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3819: 3818: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3810: 3808: 3806: 3804: 3802: 3800: 3797: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3790: 3788: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3776: 3774: 3772: 3770: 3768: 3766: 3764: 3762: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3754: 3752: 3750: 3747: 3746: 3744: 3742: 3740: 3737: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3730: 3728: 3726: 3724: 3722: 3717: 3715: 3710: 3708: 3703: 3701: 3686: 3684: 3674: 3673: 3671: 3669: 3667: 3665: 3663: 3661: 3659: 3657: 3654: 3653: 3651: 3649: 3647: 3645: 3643: 3641: 3639: 3637: 3635: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3627: 3625: 3623: 3621: 3619: 3617: 3615: 3613: 3611: 3609: 3607: 3605: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3597: 3595: 3593: 3591: 3588: 3587: 3582: 3580: 3577: 3575: 3566: 3564: 3562: 3557: 3555: 3549: 3548: 3546: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3538: 3536: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3518: 3515: 3514: 3512: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3504: 3502: 3500: 3498: 3496: 3494: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3474: 3472: 3470: 3468: 3466: 3464: 3461: 3460: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3452: 3450: 3447: 3446: 3444: 3439: 3437: 3435:Abdul-Muttalib 3432: 3430: 3425: 3423: 3418: 3416: 3406: 3405: 3378: 3377: 3352:Western Europe 3328: 3325: 3288: 3287: 3278: 3277: 3276: 3275: 3274: 3238:Main article: 3235: 3232: 3199:Main article: 3196: 3193: 3134: 3131: 3124:social-liberal 3096:Çorum Massacre 3094:Main article: 3091: 3088: 3063:Maraş Massacre 3061:Main article: 3058: 3057:Maraş massacre 3055: 3027:Main article: 3024: 3021: 3000: 2997: 2964: 2961: 2924: 2923: 2921: 2920: 2913: 2906: 2898: 2895: 2894: 2881: 2880: 2877: 2876: 2871: 2866: 2861: 2856: 2851: 2846: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2825: 2822: 2821: 2818: 2817: 2814: 2813: 2808: 2806:Notable modern 2803: 2797: 2794: 2793: 2790: 2789: 2786: 2785: 2780: 2775: 2770: 2765: 2760: 2755: 2750: 2745: 2740: 2735: 2730: 2725: 2720: 2715: 2710: 2705: 2700: 2695: 2690: 2685: 2680: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2655: 2650: 2645: 2640: 2635: 2630: 2625: 2620: 2615: 2610: 2605: 2599: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2586: 2585: 2580: 2575: 2570: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2550: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2537: 2536: 2533: 2532: 2527: 2522: 2517: 2512: 2507: 2502: 2497: 2492: 2490:Sufi cosmology 2487: 2482: 2477: 2472: 2467: 2462: 2457: 2452: 2447: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2407: 2402: 2397: 2392: 2387: 2382: 2377: 2372: 2363: 2357: 2354: 2353: 2350: 2349: 2342: 2332: 2331: 2307: 2304: 2272:Adnan Menderes 2267: 2264: 2255:Democrat Party 2248:Adnan Menderes 2229:Mevlana Museum 2212: 2209: 2138: 2135: 2119: 2116: 2100: 2097: 2054: 2051: 1985: 1982: 1961:The career of 1905: 1902: 1883: 1880: 1856: 1853: 1829:Main article: 1826: 1823: 1800:Ottoman Empire 1795: 1792: 1709: 1706: 1704: 1565: 1562: 1513: 1510: 1407: 1404: 1367: 1364: 1300: 1299: 1297: 1296: 1289: 1282: 1274: 1271: 1270: 1257: 1256: 1253: 1252: 1247: 1242: 1237: 1232: 1227: 1222: 1217: 1215:Zoroastrianism 1212: 1207: 1202: 1197: 1192: 1187: 1182: 1177: 1172: 1167: 1162: 1157: 1152: 1147: 1142: 1137: 1131: 1128: 1127: 1124: 1123: 1120: 1119: 1114: 1109: 1104: 1099: 1097:Jelali revolts 1094: 1089: 1084: 1079: 1074: 1069: 1064: 1062:Khalwati order 1059: 1054: 1049: 1044: 1039: 1034: 1029: 1024: 1019: 1014: 1009: 1003: 994: 993: 990: 989: 986: 985: 980: 978:Sivas Massacre 975: 973:Çorum Massacre 970: 968:Maraş Massacre 965: 960: 955: 950: 945: 940: 935: 930: 925: 920: 915: 910: 905: 900: 895: 890: 885: 880: 875: 870: 865: 860: 855: 850: 845: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 809: 804: 803: 800: 799: 796: 795: 790: 785: 780: 775: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 733:Kaygusuz Abdal 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 705: 700: 695: 690: 685: 680: 675: 670: 665: 660: 655: 650: 645: 640: 635: 630: 625: 620: 615: 610: 605: 600: 598:Ibn al-Rawandi 595: 590: 585: 580: 575: 570: 565: 560: 554: 551: 550: 547: 546: 543: 542: 537: 532: 527: 522: 517: 512: 507: 501: 498: 497: 494: 493: 490: 489: 484: 479: 474: 469: 464: 459: 454: 449: 444: 439: 434: 428: 423: 422: 419: 418: 415: 414: 409: 404: 399: 394: 389: 384: 379: 374: 369: 364: 359: 353: 348: 347: 344: 343: 340: 339: 334: 329: 324: 319: 314: 309: 304: 299: 294: 289: 284: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 249: 244: 239: 234: 229: 224: 219: 214: 209: 204: 199: 194: 189: 184: 178: 175: 174: 171: 170: 116: 115: 111: 110: 103: 92: 70: 67: 56: 49: 30: 29: 28: 26: 19: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9167: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9140:Alevi history 9138: 9136: 9133: 9132: 9130: 9115: 9114: 9105: 9103: 9102: 9093: 9091: 9090: 9081: 9079: 9078: 9069: 9067: 9066: 9061: 9057: 9056: 9053: 9043: 9040: 9038: 9035: 9033: 9030: 9028: 9025: 9023: 9020: 9016: 9013: 9012: 9011: 9008: 9006: 9003: 9001: 8998: 8996: 8993: 8991: 8988: 8986: 8983: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8965: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8936: 8934: 8931: 8929: 8926: 8922: 8919: 8918: 8917: 8914: 8912: 8909: 8907: 8904: 8902: 8899: 8895: 8892: 8890: 8887: 8886: 8885: 8882: 8880: 8877: 8876: 8874: 8872: 8868: 8862: 8859: 8857: 8854: 8852: 8849: 8845: 8842: 8840: 8837: 8835: 8832: 8831: 8830: 8827: 8825: 8822: 8818: 8815: 8814: 8813: 8810: 8808: 8805: 8801: 8798: 8797: 8796: 8793: 8792: 8790: 8786: 8780: 8777: 8775: 8772: 8768: 8765: 8763: 8760: 8758: 8755: 8754: 8753: 8750: 8746: 8743: 8742: 8741: 8738: 8734: 8731: 8730: 8729: 8726: 8724: 8721: 8719: 8716: 8714: 8711: 8710: 8708: 8706: 8702: 8694: 8691: 8689: 8686: 8684: 8681: 8680: 8679: 8676: 8674: 8671: 8669: 8666: 8664: 8661: 8659: 8656: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8637: 8634: 8633: 8632: 8629: 8627: 8624: 8622: 8619: 8617: 8614: 8612: 8609: 8607: 8604: 8603: 8601: 8599: 8595: 8583: 8580: 8578: 8575: 8573: 8570: 8569: 8568: 8565: 8563: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8551: 8548: 8547: 8546: 8543: 8541: 8538: 8536: 8533: 8531: 8528: 8527: 8525: 8521: 8515: 8512: 8510: 8507: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8493: 8490: 8489: 8488: 8485: 8484: 8482: 8480: 8476: 8468: 8465: 8463: 8460: 8458: 8455: 8453: 8450: 8449: 8448: 8445: 8441: 8438: 8437: 8436: 8433: 8431: 8428: 8427: 8425: 8421: 8418: 8416: 8412: 8402: 8399: 8397: 8394: 8392: 8389: 8387: 8384: 8382: 8379: 8377: 8374: 8372: 8369: 8367: 8364: 8362: 8359: 8355: 8352: 8350: 8349:Air pollution 8347: 8346: 8345: 8342: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8329: 8328: 8325: 8321: 8318: 8317: 8316: 8313: 8312: 8310: 8306: 8300: 8297: 8295: 8292: 8290: 8287: 8285: 8282: 8280: 8277: 8275: 8274:Aegean Region 8272: 8270: 8267: 8266: 8264: 8258: 8254: 8251: 8249: 8245: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8220: 8219:Turkification 8217: 8213: 8210: 8209: 8208: 8205: 8204: 8202: 8198: 8192: 8189: 8185: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8177: 8175: 8172: 8171: 8169: 8165: 8159: 8156: 8154: 8151: 8147: 8144: 8142: 8139: 8138: 8137: 8134: 8132: 8129: 8127: 8124: 8123: 8121: 8119: 8115: 8107: 8104: 8103: 8102: 8099: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8085: 8082: 8081: 8080: 8077: 8073: 8070: 8069: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8056: 8053: 8052: 8051: 8050:Classical Age 8048: 8046: 8043: 8042: 8040: 8038: 8034: 8028: 8025: 8023: 8020: 8016: 8013: 8012: 8011: 8010:Seljuk Empire 8008: 8007: 8005: 8003: 7999: 7995: 7989: 7986: 7984: 7981: 7979: 7976: 7975: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7960: 7956: 7951: 7942: 7937: 7935: 7930: 7928: 7923: 7922: 7919: 7913: 7912:975-98065-3-3 7909: 7905: 7901: 7898: 7895:Matti Moosa, 7894: 7891: 7887: 7885: 7884:90-04-10954-4 7881: 7877: 7873: 7870: 7866: 7863: 7859: 7856: 7852: 7849: 7845: 7842: 7838: 7837: 7826: 7821: 7814: 7810: 7804: 7797: 7793: 7789: 7786: 7782: 7780: 7776: 7772: 7768: 7762: 7747: 7743: 7737: 7730: 7724: 7717: 7711: 7705: 7700: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7677: 7671: 7657:on 2013-05-21 7653: 7646: 7640: 7625: 7619: 7605:on 2014-11-29 7604: 7600: 7594: 7580: 7578:9782738476623 7574: 7570: 7569: 7561: 7547: 7545:9782738437723 7541: 7537: 7536: 7528: 7521: 7520:975-8424-00-9 7517: 7511: 7496: 7489: 7482: 7466: 7462: 7458: 7452: 7438: 7434: 7428: 7421: 7417: 7414: 7408: 7400: 7396: 7392: 7390:90-04-10861-0 7386: 7382: 7377: 7370: 7364: 7358: 7350: 7346: 7342: 7340: 7336: 7332: 7329: 7325: 7321: 7320: 7317: 7310: 7304: 7288: 7284: 7283: 7278: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7265: 7263: 7261: 7259: 7257: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7243: 7241: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7233: 7231: 7229: 7227: 7225: 7223: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7215: 7213: 7211: 7203: 7197: 7193: 7182: 7167: 7158: 7154: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7126: 7116: 7112: 7111:Jafari Bohras 7107: 7104: 7096: 7094: 7092: 7088: 7086: 7078: 7076: 7075: 7066: 7062: 7060: 7056: 7054: 7048: 7036: 7034: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7025: 7016: 7011: 7005: 7003: 7000: 6988: 6975: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6955: 6953: 6949: 6947: 6943: 6941: 6933: 6931: 6930: 6923: 6911: 6909: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6889: 6886: 6881: 6874: 6871: 6862: 6857: 6850: 6846: 6841: 6834: 6828: 6825: 6819: 6815: 6813: 6812: 6795: 6791: 6789: 6769: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6749: 6743: 6732: 6726: 6711: 6708: 6703: 6694: 6689: 6678: 6673: 6669: 6666: 6662: 6660: 6656: 6654: 6653: 6646: 6642: 6640: 6636: 6634: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6576: 6561: 6560:Ḥ. bin Sabbah 6556: 6545: 6543: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6530: 6525: 6478: 6474: 6472: 6469: 6467: 6450: 6444: 6433: 6427: 6419: 6416:Muḥammad ibn 6408: 6403: 6399: 6396: 6388: 6386: 6378: 6376: 6375: 6338: 6326: 6324: 6320: 6318: 6315: 6312: 6310: 6305: 6286: 6280: 6275: 6273: 6271: 6268: 6264: 6257: 6256:Nasir Khusraw 6254: 6247: 6239: 6236: 6231: 6192: 6188: 6186: 6183: 6180: 6178: 6177: 6172: 6167:Other Alevis 6164: 6162: 6158: 6153: 6144: 6139: 6130: 6124: 6117: 6113: 6110: 6104: 6096: 6094: 6092: 6087: 6078: 6074: 6072: 6066: 6062: 6060: 6056: 6054: 6044: 6040: 6038: 6029: 6026: 6024: 6023: 6012: 6008: 6003: 5992: 5987: 5980: 5976: 5971: 5962: 5959: 5954: 5947: 5945: 5941: 5939: 5887: 5885: 5876: 5867: 5860: 5853: 5846: 5842: 5839: 5831: 5829: 5821: 5819: 5818: 5799: 5791: 5789: 5781: 5779: 5766: 5763: 5761: 5760: 5757: 5752: 5750: 5748: 5741: 5734: 5727: 5723: 5720: 5712: 5710: 5709: 5688: 5684: 5682: 5678: 5676: 5653: 5651: 5640: 5635: 5626: 5621: 5612: 5607: 5594: 5590: 5588: 5532: 5528: 5517: 5512: 5507: 5505: 5501: 5495: 5480: 5479:Baktāsh’īyyah 5475:ʿAlī Al-Aʿlā 5470: 5466: 5463: 5457: 5455: 5451: 5449: 5448: 5415: 5405: 5403: 5390: 5388: 5377: 5372: 5361: 5357: 5348: 5339: 5334: 5330: 5327: 5320: 5287: 5281: 5279: 5260: 5258: 5251: 5242: 5235: 5231: 5222: 5215: 5213: 5206: 5203: 5195: 5193: 5192: 5171: 5167: 5165: 5161: 5159: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5127: 5126: 5121: 5117: 5112: 5105: 5103: 5098: 5096: 5094: 5085: 5078: 5076: 5069: 5066: 5058: 5056: 5055: 5036: 5032: 5030: 5026: 5024: 4999: 4996: 4994: 4992: 4991: 4982: 4977: 4970: 4969: 4962: 4960: 4956: 4950: 4945: 4940: 4932: 4930: 4923: 4920: 4914: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4894: 4890: 4888: 4876: 4868: 4866: 4847: 4844: 4842: 4841: 4832: 4831:Ishaq al-Turk 4823: 4818: 4816: 4814: 4807: 4796: 4792: 4789: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4777: 4775: 4773: 4765: 4763: 4762: 4753: 4749: 4747: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4719: 4715: 4713: 4709: 4707: 4704: 4701: 4700: 4693: 4688: 4681: 4678: 4669: 4662: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4646: 4643: 4639: 4637: 4633: 4631: 4630: 4609: 4605: 4603: 4599: 4597: 4574: 4571: 4569: 4568: 4561: 4552: 4547: 4545: 4539: 4530: 4524: 4517: 4513: 4510: 4502: 4500: 4492: 4490: 4482: 4480: 4479: 4460: 4440: 4438: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4425: 4420: 4411: 4407: 4402: 4400: 4398: 4394: 4385: 4377: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4363: 4356: 4354: 4352: 4346: 4344: 4311: 4308: 4306: 4304: 4303: 4290: 4286: 4281: 4276: 4265: 4260: 4251: 4243: 4239: 4233: 4229: 4227: 4175: 4172: 4170: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4142: 4136: 4122: 4111: 4107: 4101: 4099: 4047: 4044: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4035: 4030: 4028: 4026: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4011: 4002: 3997: 3996: 3988: 3987: 3980: 3977: 3967: 3959: 3957: 3956: 3935: 3927: 3925: 3915: 3911: 3909: 3905: 3903: 3898: 3893: 3891: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3876: 3872: 3862: 3861:al-Hanafiyyah 3859: 3845: 3839: 3838: 3826: 3825: 3820: 3817: 3809: 3807: 3805: 3801: 3799: 3798: 3777: 3769: 3767: 3757: 3753: 3751: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3741: 3739: 3738: 3721: 3714: 3707: 3698: 3692: 3691: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3672: 3666: 3660: 3655: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3624: 3620: 3618: 3612: 3608: 3606: 3599: 3596: 3594: 3592: 3590: 3589: 3586: 3574: 3570: 3561: 3554: 3550: 3547: 3541: 3533: 3531: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3519: 3517: 3516: 3507: 3503: 3501: 3491: 3479: 3477: 3471: 3467: 3465: 3462: 3459: 3457: 3455: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3415: 3411: 3408: 3407: 3403: 3400: 3396: 3393: 3389: 3384: 3383: 3380: 3379: 3376: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3359: 3358: 3355: 3353: 3349: 3345: 3341: 3336: 3335: 3319: 3315: 3311: 3307: 3304:President of 3303: 3299: 3296: 3292: 3282: 3273: 3271: 3267: 3263: 3259: 3256:district, of 3255: 3251: 3250:Gaziosmanpaşa 3247: 3246:working-class 3241: 3231: 3229: 3225: 3222: 3218: 3214: 3210: 3209: 3202: 3189: 3184: 3179: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3146: 3143: 3139: 3130: 3128: 3125: 3121: 3118:targeted the 3117: 3114: 3111: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3087: 3085: 3081: 3077: 3074: 3070: 3064: 3054: 3051: 3050:Turkification 3047: 3044: 3040: 3036: 3030: 3017: 3014: 3009: 3005: 2996: 2994: 2993:Kahramanmaraş 2988: 2985: 2981: 2975: 2973: 2971: 2960: 2958: 2952: 2949: 2948: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2931: 2919: 2914: 2912: 2907: 2905: 2900: 2899: 2897: 2896: 2893: 2883: 2882: 2875: 2872: 2870: 2867: 2865: 2862: 2860: 2857: 2855: 2852: 2850: 2847: 2845: 2842: 2840: 2837: 2835: 2832: 2830: 2827: 2826: 2820: 2819: 2812: 2809: 2807: 2804: 2802: 2801:Notable early 2799: 2798: 2795:List of sufis 2792: 2791: 2784: 2781: 2779: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2756: 2754: 2751: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2739: 2736: 2734: 2731: 2729: 2726: 2724: 2721: 2719: 2716: 2714: 2711: 2709: 2706: 2704: 2701: 2699: 2696: 2694: 2691: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2681: 2679: 2676: 2674: 2671: 2669: 2666: 2664: 2661: 2659: 2656: 2654: 2651: 2649: 2646: 2644: 2641: 2639: 2636: 2634: 2631: 2629: 2626: 2624: 2621: 2619: 2616: 2614: 2611: 2609: 2606: 2604: 2601: 2600: 2597: 2592: 2591: 2584: 2581: 2579: 2576: 2574: 2571: 2569: 2566: 2564: 2561: 2559: 2556: 2554: 2551: 2549: 2546: 2545: 2539: 2538: 2531: 2528: 2526: 2523: 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1233: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1223: 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1211: 1208: 1206: 1203: 1201: 1198: 1196: 1193: 1191: 1188: 1186: 1183: 1181: 1178: 1176: 1173: 1171: 1168: 1166: 1163: 1161: 1158: 1156: 1153: 1151: 1148: 1146: 1143: 1141: 1138: 1136: 1133: 1132: 1126: 1125: 1118: 1115: 1113: 1110: 1108: 1105: 1103: 1100: 1098: 1095: 1093: 1092:Chepni people 1090: 1088: 1085: 1083: 1080: 1078: 1075: 1073: 1070: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1060: 1058: 1055: 1053: 1050: 1048: 1045: 1043: 1042:Mevlevi Order 1040: 1038: 1035: 1033: 1030: 1028: 1025: 1023: 1020: 1018: 1015: 1013: 1010: 1008: 1005: 1004: 1001: 998: 992: 991: 984: 981: 979: 976: 974: 971: 969: 966: 964: 961: 959: 956: 954: 951: 949: 946: 944: 941: 939: 936: 934: 931: 929: 926: 924: 921: 919: 916: 914: 911: 909: 906: 904: 901: 899: 896: 894: 891: 889: 886: 884: 881: 879: 876: 874: 871: 869: 868:Kaykhusraw II 866: 864: 861: 859: 856: 854: 851: 849: 848:Ishaq al-Turk 846: 844: 841: 839: 836: 834: 831: 829: 826: 824: 821: 819: 816: 814: 811: 810: 807: 806:Alevi history 802: 801: 794: 791: 789: 786: 784: 781: 779: 776: 774: 771: 769: 766: 764: 761: 759: 756: 754: 751: 749: 746: 744: 741: 739: 736: 734: 731: 729: 726: 724: 721: 719: 716: 714: 713:Shaykh Haydar 711: 709: 708:Shaykh Junayd 706: 704: 701: 699: 696: 694: 691: 689: 686: 684: 681: 679: 676: 674: 671: 669: 666: 664: 661: 659: 656: 654: 651: 649: 646: 644: 641: 639: 636: 634: 631: 629: 626: 624: 621: 619: 618:Yusuf Hamdani 616: 614: 611: 609: 608:Nasir Khusraw 606: 604: 601: 599: 596: 594: 591: 589: 586: 584: 581: 579: 576: 574: 571: 569: 566: 564: 561: 559: 556: 555: 549: 548: 541: 538: 536: 533: 531: 528: 526: 523: 521: 518: 516: 513: 511: 508: 506: 503: 502: 496: 495: 488: 485: 483: 480: 478: 475: 473: 470: 468: 465: 463: 460: 458: 455: 453: 450: 448: 445: 443: 440: 438: 435: 433: 430: 429: 426: 421: 420: 413: 410: 408: 405: 403: 400: 398: 395: 393: 390: 388: 385: 383: 380: 378: 375: 373: 370: 368: 365: 363: 360: 358: 355: 354: 351: 346: 345: 338: 335: 333: 330: 328: 325: 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