998:, an admirer of Malaspina, wrote, "this able navigator is more famous for his misfortunes than for his discoveries." There was some contemporary publication, but it took two hundred years for the bulk of the records of the expedition to be published. The notes made by the expedition's botanist, Luis Née, while he was at Port Jackson in 1793, were published in 1800. Dionisio Alcalá Galiano's journal of his survey of the straits between Vancouver Island and the mainland, carried out as part of the Malaspina expedition, was published in 1802 with all mention of Malaspina's name excised. In 1809, José Espinosa y Tello published the astronomical and geodesic observations made during the expedition in a two-volume work that also contained an abbreviated narrative of the voyage. This narrative was translated into Russian and published by Admiral Adam von Krusenstern in St. Petersburg in 1815. The journal of Malaspina's voyage was first published in Russian translation by Krusenstern in successive issues of the official journal of the Russian Admiralty between 1824 and 1827 (a copy of the manuscript had been obtained by the Russian ambassador in Madrid in 1806). The journal of Francisco Xavier de Viana, second-in-command of the
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peaceable approach of drawing attention to the commercial opportunity the new colony offered for a trade in food and livestock from Chile and the development of a viable trade route linking that country with the
Philippines. Having seen carts and even ploughs being drawn by convicts for want of draught animals in the colony, and having eaten meals with the colonists at which beef and mutton were regarded as rare luxuries, Malaspina saw the trade in Chilean livestock as the key to a profitable commerce. He proposed that an agreement be signed with London for an Association of Traders, and for an agent of the colony to be resident in Chile. Conscious that the policy he was proposing was a bold and imaginative one in the face of Spain's traditional insistence on a national monopoly of trade and other relations within her empire, Malaspina declared that "this affair is exceedingly favourable to the commercial balance of our Colonies," and it would have the advantage of calming and tranquilizing "a lively, turbulent and even insolent neighbour....not with sacrifices on our part but rather with many and very considerable profits."
1187:; Malaspina usually spelt his name “Alexandro”, a form which, as well as being standard orthography in his day, would have had the advantage for him of being pronounceable in both Italian and Spanish. On occasion, he also used the forms “Alessandro” or “Alejandro”. When he wrote in English, he signed himself “Alexander”, and when writing in French, “Alexandre”: this was in accord with the convention of the day, where names were translated into the language being used. He used the variant spellings according to the language in which he was writing. Changes in Spanish orthography made since his time by the Real Academia Española have made “Alejandro” the standard form in Spanish, and likewise the orthographic rules of the Accademia della Repubblica Italiana make the modern standard Italian form “Alessandro”. for writers in English, “Alexandro” has the convenience of obviating the need to choose between the exclusively Italian and Spanish versions of his name.
1888:, Tomo IX, Barcelona, Lunwerg Editores, 1999, p.48; «Путешествіе въ Южно море, къ Западнимъ берегамъ Америки и островамъ Маріанскимъ и Фнлипинскимъ, совершенное подъ командою Каролевско-Испанского Флота Капитановъ Малеспини и Бустаманте», (‘Voyage to the South Sea, West coast of America and the Mariana and Philippine islands, under the overall command of Spanish Royal Navy Captains Malaspina and Bustamante’), Записки, издаваемыя Государственнымъ Адмиралтейскимъ Департментомъ, относящiяся къ Мореплаванію, Наукамъ и Словесности (Zapiski, izdavayemiya Gosudarstvennim Admiralteiskim Departmentom, otnosyashchiyasya k' Moryeplavaniyu, Naukam i Slovesnosti / Notices issued by the State Admiralty Department relating to Navigation, Science and Literature), VI, 1824, pp.188-276; VII, 1824, pp.121-223; VIII, 1825, pp.176-272; IX, 1825, pp.1-292; XII, 1827, pp.29-191, 29-191; XIII, 1827, pp.10-178.
1980:«Путешествіе въ Южно море, къ Западнимъ берегамъ Америки и островамъ Маріанскимъ и Фнлипинскимъ, совершенное подъ командою Каролевско-Испанского Флота Капитановъ Малеспини и Бустаманте», (‘Voyage to the South Sea, West coast of America and the Mariana and Philippine islands, under the overall command of Spanish Royal Navy Captains Malaspina and Bustamante’), Записки, издаваемыя Государственнымъ Адмиралтейскимъ Департментомъ, относящiяся къ Мореплаванію, Наукамъ и Словесности (Zapiski, izdavayemiya Gosudarstvennim Admiralteiskim Departmentom, otnosyashchiyasya k' Moryeplavaniyu, Naukam i Slovesnosti / Notices issued by the State Admiralty Department relating to Navigation, Science and Literature), VI, 1824, pp.188–276; VII, 1824, pp.121–223; VIII, 1825, pp.176–272; IX, 1825, pp.1–292; XII, 1827, pp.29–191
1967:«Извѣстіе о Испанской Экспедиціи Предпринятой лдя Откытіи въ 1791, 1792 и 1793 годахъ подъ командою Капитана Малеспине», Записки, издаваемыя Государственнымъ Адмиралтейскимъ Департментомъ, относящiяся къ Мореплаванію, Наукамъ и Словесности (‘News on the Spanish Discovery Expedition of 1791, 1792 and 1793 commanded by Captain Malespina’, Notices issued by the State Admiralty Department relating to Navigation, Science and Literature), II, 1815, pp.256–260. During his own voyage to the North Pacific of 1803 to 1806, Krusenstern surveyed the west coast of Japan in May 1805 and on his resulting chart made the generous gesture of naming a prominent cape on the coast of Hokkaido "after the unfortunate Spanish navigator Malespina " (A.J. von Krusenstern,
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113:
767:. The Spanish government was eager for the Nootka to agree formally that the land upon which the Spanish outpost stood had been ceded freely and legally. This desire had to do with Spain's negotiations with Britain than over Nootka Sound and the Pacific Northwest. Malaspina was able to acquire exactly what the government wanted. After weeks of negotiations the principal Nootka chief, Maquinna, agreed that the Spanish would always remain owners of the land they then occupied, and that they had acquired it with all due propriety. The outcome of the Nootka Convention depended in part on this pact.
42:
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Joseph Banks, saying: "I here express the public testimony of a grateful soul for the very extraordinary humanity and kindness with which the
English in their new Colony welcomed us wandering vagabonds, Ulysses' companions. A Nation renowned throughout the world, which has left nothing untried, will also overcome with the happiest omens, by the most assiduous labour and by its own determined spirit the great obstacles opposing it in the foundation of what may one day become another Rome."
754:(Nootka peoples). The relationship between the Spanish and the Nootkas was at its lowest point when Malaspina arrived. Malaspina and his crew were able greatly to improve the relationship, which was one of their objectives and reasons for stopping in the first place. Owing in part to Malaspina's ability to bequeath generous gifts from his well-supplied ships about to return to Mexico, the friendship between the Spanish and the Nootkas was strengthened. The gaining of the Nootka chief
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peacetime from the development of a contraband commerce and in war time as a base for
British naval operations. Muñoz said: "The colonists will be able to fit out lucrative privateers so as to cut all communication between the Philippines and both Americas.... These possessions will have a navy of their own, obtaining from the Southern region whatever is necessary to establish it, and when they have it ready formed they will be able to invade our nearby possessions
130:
1002:, was published in Montevideo in 1849. Bustamante's journal was published in 1868 in the official journal of the Directorate of Hydrography. An abbreviated account of the Malaspina expedition, consisting mostly of his journal, "Diario de Viaje," was published in Madrid in 1885 by Pedro de Novo y Colson. Malaspina's journal was published in another edition in Madrid in 1984. The definitive version of the expedition was finally published in Spain by the
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620:. Some of the leading scientists of the day accompanied Malaspina. The scientific data collected during the expedition surpassed that of Cook, but due to changed political circumstances in Spain Malaspina was jailed upon return and the reports and collections locked up and banned from publication. The expedition and its findings remained obscure and nearly unstudied by historians until the late 20th century.
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929:. Malaspina's medical officer, Pedro González, was convinced that fresh oranges and lemons were essential for preventing scurvy. Only one outbreak occurred, during a 56-day trip across the open sea. Five sailors came down with symptoms, one seriously. After three days at Guam all five were healthy again. James Cook had made great progress against the disease, but other British captains, such as
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his plan. José de
Espinoza y Tello, one of the officers of the Malaspina expedition, subsequently confirmed the importance of the information sent by O'Higgins in stimulating the Government to initiate an extensive program of exploration in the Pacific. The prompt acceptance of Malaspina's proposal was stimulated by news that the Russian government was preparing the
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933:, found his accomplishment difficult to replicate. It had been known since the mid-18th century that citrus fruit was effective, but for decades it was impractical to store fruit or fruit juice for long periods on ships without losing the necessary ascorbic acid. Spain's large empire and many ports of call made it easier to acquire fresh fruit.
969:. He was accused by Prime Minister Godoy of being part of a conspiracy to overthrow him, and arrested on November 23 on charges of plotting against the state. After an inconclusive trial on April 20, 1796, Charles IV decreed that Malaspina be stripped of rank and imprisoned in the isolated fortress of San Antón in
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investigated. The maps were also linked to the baseline established by
Captain Cook, allowing calibration between Spanish and British charts. Botanical studies were carried out, including an attempt to make a type of beer out of spruce needles that was hoped to have anti-scorbutic properties for combating
1300:, New Haven and London, Yale University Press, 1973, p.115, and in Robert J. King, "Ambrose Higgins and the Malaspina Expedition", presented at the International Conference of the Association of Iberian and Latin American Studies of Australasia (AILASA 99), La Trobe University, Melbourne, July 1999. At:
1296:"Noticia de las principales expediciones hechas por nuestras pilotos del Departamiento de San Blas al reconocimiento de la costa noroeste de America, desde el año de 1774 hasta el 1791, extractada de los diarios originales de aquellos navegantes", Novo y Colson, Viaje, p.428; cited in Warren L. Cook,
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from whence with the greatest ease a crossing of two or three months through healthy climates, and a secure navigation, could bring to our defenceless coasts two or three thousand castaway bandits to serve interpolated with an excellent body of regular troops. It would not be surprising that in this
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s return to Spain, Malaspina, in partnership with José de
Bustamante and advised by Francisco Muñoz y San Clemente, produced a proposal for an expedition along the lines set out in OHiggins's memorandum. A short time later, on 14 October 1788, Malaspina was informed of the government's acceptance of
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this most talented
Italian, have known his equanimity in both good and bad fortune; it is without doubt most bitter for those who witnessed the end from close by and who, moreover, had to admire his fortitude in suffering patiently to the very last the most severe pains of a long intestinal illness.
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In
September 1795, he sent his writings to the Spanish government, but the latter judged their publication to be inopportune in the then existing political situation. Disenchanted, Malaspina led a philosophical-literary polemic in the Madrid press on the meaning of beauty in nature, and at the same
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In addition to the expedition's work with the
Nootkas, astronomical observations were made to fix the location of Nootka Sound and calibrate the expedition's chronometers. Nootka Sound was surveyed and mapped with an accuracy far greater than had previously been available. Unexplored channels were
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The expedition was under the "dual command" of
Malaspina and Bustamante. Although in time the expedition became known as the Malaspina's, Bustamante was never considered subordinate. Malaspina insisted on their equality, yet Bustamante early acknowledged Malaspina as the "chief of the expedition."
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Pontremoli, 9 April 1810: Today at 10 o'clock in the evening the learned and famous navigator Signore Alexandro Malaspina of Mulazzo passed from this life. Such a loss cannot fail to be felt far and wide by all those who, placing high value on the importance of the nautical and travel accounts of
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in successive issues of the official journal of the Russian Admiralty between 1824 and 1827). A large portion of the documents meant to be used as source material for the publication of Malaspina's expedition remained scattered in archives to the present day. A significant number of documents are
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While recognizing the strategic threat it posed to Spain's Pacific possessions in time of war, Malaspina wrote: "It is not the concern of these paragraphs to demonstrate in detail the many schemes for these projected plunderings, so much as the easiest ways of preventing them." He preferred the
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The recently founded English colony had been included in the expedition's itinerary in response to a memorandum drawn up in September 1788 by one of Malaspina's fellow naval officers, Francisco Muñoz y San Clemente, who warned of the dangers it posed to the Spanish possessions in the Pacific in
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Australia, which had been established by the British in 1788. During the expedition's stay at Sydney Cove, New South Wales, in March–April 1793, Thaddäus Haenke carried out observations and made collections relating to the natural history of the place, as he reported to the colony's patron, Sir
2308:, Real Academia Hispano-Americana, 1989. In the contribution to this work by Pablo Anton Sole, "Los Padrones de Cumplimiento Pascual de la Expedición Malaspina: 1790–1794", pp. 173–238, the names of all of the 450 personnel who took part in the several stages of the expedition are listed.
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case—the women also sharing the risks as well as the sensual pleasures of the men—the history of the invasions of the Huns and Alans in the most fertile provinces of Europe would be revived in our surprised colonies....The pen trembles to record the image, however distant, of such disorders.
1971:, translated by Richard Belgrave Hoppner, London, John Murray, 1813, Vol.II, p.38). This cape already bore the Japanese name, Tampake Misaki (now Ofuyu Misaki, the northern point of Ishikari Bay) and Krusenstern’s "Cape Malespina" failed to replace the Japanese name on the charts.
2085:, Andrew David, Felipe Fernandez-Armesto, Carlos Novi and Glyndwr Williams (eds.), translated by Sylvia Jamieson, London and Madrid, Hakluyt Society in association with the Museo Naval, 3rd series, no.8, Volume I, 2001, no.11, Volume II, 2003 and no.13, Volume III, 2005.
965:. In September 1795 he began trying to influence the Spanish government with such proposals. Unfortunately Malaspina had lost the support he used to have at the royal court before his voyage and the political situation had changed radically, due in part to the
988:
Because of Spain's conflict with revolutionary France, there were no funds in the naval budget for publishing his seven-volume account of the 1789–94 expeditions: it remained unpublished until the late 19th century (apart from a Russian translation by
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trust was particularly significant, as he was one of the most powerful chiefs of the region and had been very wary of the Spanish when Malaspina arrived. His friendship strengthened the Spanish claim to Nootka Sound, which was in question after the
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and Ministerio de Defensa in nine volumes from 1987 to 1999. The second volume of this series, Malaspina's journal, was published in an annotated English translation by the Hakluyt Society in association with the Museo Naval between 2001 and 2005.
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During its visit to Port Jackson, twelve drawings were done by members of the expedition, which are a valuable record of the settlement in its early years, especially as among them are the only depictions of the convict settlers from this period.
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Pedro Normande to Floridablanca, St. Petersburg, 16 February 1787, Archivo Histórico Nacional (Madrid), Estado, legajo 4289; copy held at Library of Congress Manuscripts Division, Foreign Copying Project Reproductions; quoted in Anthony H. Hull,
574:. The two corvettes were constructed by the shipbuilder Tómas Muñoz at the La Carraca shipyard. They were both 306 tons burden and 36 metres long, with a normal load displacement of 4.2 metres. They were launched together on April 8, 1789.
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The drawings and paintings done by members of the expedition were described by Carmen Sotos Serrano in 1982. The 4,000-odd manuscripts relating to the expedition were catalogued by María Dolores Higueras Rodríguez between 1989 and 1994.
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time took part in a secret conspiracy to overthrow Manuel Godoy. In his examination of the political situation in the Spanish colonies Malaspina had decided that Spain should free its colonies and form a confederation of states bound by
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Juanma Sánchez Arteaga (2022). Lo bello en la naturaleza. Alejandro Malaspina : estética, filosofía natural y blancura en el ocaso de la Ilustración (1795-1803). Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas. ISBN
2343:. Atti del Congresso Internazionale, nel bicentenario della massima impresa di Alessandro Malaspina, tenutosi a Mulazzo, Castiglione del Terziere e Lerici dal 24 al 26 settembre 1993, Mulazzo, Centro di Studi Malaspiniani, 1995.
977:. Malaspina remained in the prison from 1796 to 1802. During his incarceration he wrote a variety of essays on topics such as aesthetics, economics, and literary criticism. Francesco Melzi d'Eril and later, through him,
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Carlo Ferrari / Dario Manfredi, Dallo "Zibaldone Ferrari" nuovi elementi sulle letture di Alessandro Malaspina (1796-1810) Estratto dall'"Archivio Storico per le Province Parmensi". Quarta serie, vol. XL - Anno
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Mercedes Palau Baquero & Antonio Orozco Acuaviva (eds.), Malaspina '92: I Jornadas Internacionales – Madrid, Cádiz, La Coruña. 17–25 de Septiembre de 1992, Cádiz, Real Academia Hispano-Americana, 1994.
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Viaje politico cientifico alrededor del mundo por las corbetas Descubierta y Atrevida, al mando de los capitanes de navio, don Alejandro Malaspina y don José de Bustamante y Guerra, desde 1789 a 1794
1628:, Madrid, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 1992, pp.453–8. Peter Barber, "Malaspina and George III, Brambila, and Watling: Three discovered drawings of Sydney and Parramatta by Fernando Brambila",
486:, had six months before recommended that Spain organize an expedition to the Pacific similar to those led by Lapérouse and Cook. O'Higgins had made this recommendation following the visit of the
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during a trip to the Philippines. As with his first trip to the Philippines the route went by the Cape of Good Hope in both directions. In 1785, back in Spain, Malaspina, on board the brigantine
870:..." In the confidential report he wrote following his visit, Malaspina echoed the warning from Muñoz, writing of the "terrible" future danger for Spain from the English colony at Port Jackson,
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In 1792, Malaspina's expedition sailed from Mexico across the Pacific Ocean. They stopped briefly at Guam before arriving at the Philippines, where they spent several months, mostly at
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campaigned for Malaspina's release. He was finally freed at the end of 1802 but was exiled from Spain. He left for his hometown of Mulazzo via the port of Genoa, and settled in nearby
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approached the Spanish government. The explorers proposed a scientific-political expedition that would visit nearly all the Spanish possessions in America and Asia. The Spanish king,
739:
Knowing that Cook had previously surveyed the coast west of Prince William Sound and found no passage, Malaspina ceased his search at that point and sailed to the Spanish outpost at
819:. Both were officers subordinate to Malaspina. The ships were to have been commanded by two pilots of San Blas, Mexico, but Malaspina arranged for his own officers to replace them.
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721:. Spanish scholars made a study of the tribe, recording information on social mores, language, economy, warfare methods, and burial practices. Artists with the expedition,
439:, took part in hydrographic surveys and mapping of parts of the coast of Spain. During the same year he was named Lieutenant of the Company of the Guardiamarinas of Cádiz.
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1920:, Berlin, 1803 and Dresden, 1804, pp.3 25, and by Fischer into French, "Visite des Espagnols à la Nouvelle Galles Meridionale: Fragment d'un Voyage inédit de Malaspina",
2766:
2258:, Atti del Convegno Internazionale de Studi, Roma, 29 settembre-1 ottobre 1997, Genova-Brigati, Centro italiano per gli Studi storico-geografici, 1999, pp. 485–159.
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During the five years of this expedition Malaspina fixed the measurements of America's western coast with a precision never before achieved. He measured the height of
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The first appearance of an incurable illness occurred in 1807. Alessandro Malaspina died in Pontremoli on April 9, 1810, at the age of 55. His death was noted in the
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775:. The expedition ships took on water and wood, and provided the Spanish outpost with many useful goods, including medicines, food, various tools and utensils, and a
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729:, produced portraits of tribal members and scenes of Tlingit daily life. A glacier between Yakutat Bay and Icy Bay was subsequently named after Malaspina. The
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From Montevideo Malaspina took a long route through the central Atlantic Ocean to Spain, reaching Cádiz on September 21, 1794. He had spent 62 months at sea.
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62 Meses A Bordo: La expedición Malaspina según el diario del Teniente de Navío Don Antonio de Tova Arredondo, 2.o Comandante de la "Atrevida" 1789–1794
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and outlined plans for its construction. In addition, Malaspina's expedition was the first major long distance sea voyage that experienced virtually no
2895:
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Archivo Histórico Nacional (Madrid), Estado, legajo 4289. Also at Archivo Nacional de Chile, Fondo Vicuña Mackenna, vol.304, D, ff.5–26. Published in
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in the Canadian city of Nanaimo, British Columbia took their names indirectly from the explorer (although these names have been recently changed to
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Italiano in Spagna, Spagnolo in Italia: Alessandro Malaspina (1754–1810) e la più importante spedizione scientifica marittima del Secolo dei Luni
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Robert J. King, "Puerto del Pendulo, Doubtful Sound: The Malaspina Expedition’s Visit to New Zealand in Quest of the True Figure of the Earth",
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Robert J. King, "Puerto del Pendulo, Doubtful Sound: The Malaspina Expedition’s Visit to New Zealand in Quest of the True Figure of the Earth",
1981:
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in the region of latitude 60 degrees N, newly thought to have been discovered many years previously. Malaspina had been planning to sail to
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By the time Malaspina reached Mexico it was 1791, and there he received a dispatch from the king of Spain, ordering him to search for a
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207:
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Lo bello en la naturaleza. Alejandro Malaspina : estética, filosofía natural y blancura en el ocaso de la Ilustración (1795-1803)
706:, Alaska (then known as Port Mulgrave), where the rumored passage was said to exist. Finding only an inlet, he carefully surveyed the
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Bibliografia sobre Alejandro Malaspina y acerca de la expedicion Malaspina y de los marinos y cientificos que en ella participaron
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Between 1774 and 1786 he took part in a number of naval battles and received many promotions. In January 1775, aboard the frigate
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1794:"De las tertulias a la conspiración: la disputa por la belleza y las amistades peligrosas de Alejandro Malaspina en Madrid"
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Malaspina's expedition spent a fortnight at Nootka Sound. While at Nootka, the expedition's scientists made a study of the
17:
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at the southern end of New Zealand's South Island, mapping and carrying out gravity experiments. Then Malaspina sailed to
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2313:
Malaspina y Bustamante '94: II Jornadas Internacionales Conmemorativas del regreso de la Expedición a Cádiz, 1794–1994
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Robert J. King and Victoria Ibáñez, "A Letter from Thaddaeus Haenke to Sir Joseph Banks, Sydney Cove, 15 April 1793",
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Viaje politico y cientifico a la América Meridional, a las costas del mar Pacífico y a las Islas Marianas y Filipinas
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Mariana Cuesta Domingo, "Espinosa y Tello y su viaje complementario al de Malaspina," in Paz Martin Ferrero (ed.),
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Antonio Joseph Cavanilles, "Observaciones sobre el suelo, naturales y plantas de Puerto Jackson y Bahia Botanica",
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The Secret History of the Convict Colony: Alexandro Malaspina's report on the British settlement of New South Wales
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From 15 September 1786 to 18 May 1788 Malaspina made a commercial circumnavigation of the world on behalf of the
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Dario Manfredi, "Adam J. Krusenstern y la primera edición del viaje de Malaspina. San Petersburgo (1824–1827)",
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al mando de los capitanes de navio, don Alejandro Malaspina y don José de Bustamante y Guerra, desde 1789 a 1794
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Memorias sobre las Obervaciones Astronomicas, hechas por los Navegantes Españoles en Distintos Lugares del Globo
3149:
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Robert J. King, "Francisco Muñoz y San Clemente and his Reflexions on the English Settlements of New Holland",
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2039:, Madrid, 1885. The section of this work relating to the visit to Dusky Sound was published in Robert McNab,
1985:
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Robert J. King, "Science and Spycraft: The Malaspina Expedition in New Zealand and New South Wales, 1793",
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After departing Nootka Sound the two ships sailed south, stopping at the Spanish settlement and mission at
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1043:. In 1805 he received the title of Advising Auditor of the Council of State of the Kingdom of Italy. The
990:
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2350:, Instituto de Cultural"Juan Gil Albert", 1965 (Diputación Provincial, Col. Ensayo y Investigación: 32).
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Robin Inglis, "Successors and rivals to Cook: the French and the Spaniards", in Glyndwr Williams (ed.),
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of southern Chile were carefully mapped before the expedition rounded Cape Horn. Then they surveyed the
816:
401:, in September 1782, Malaspina served on a "floating battery." In December of the same year, aboard the
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received him at court in December 1806. Shortly afterwards he was admitted to the Columban Society in
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1916:, No.3, 1800; translated into German by Christian Augustus Fischer, "Die Spanier in Neu Sud Wallis",
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3547:
2398:
Circumnavigation expedition Malaspina. Global change and exploration of the ocean's biodiversity
1076:
339:
1514:
2746:
2466:
2380:
1547:
995:
794:
406:
278:
81:
1988:. Dario Manfredi, «Sulla Prima Edizione del Viaggio di Malaspina, S. Pietroburgo, 1824–1827»,
1740:
1734:
1452:
1446:
1421:
1388:
736:
also accompanied the expedition, during which he collected and described numerous new plants.
3264:
2598:
1850:
1705:
1699:
1245:
1003:
751:
570:
490:
expedition to Concepción in March 1786, and presumably discussed it with Malaspina while the
483:
616:
The expedition had explicitly scientific goals, as had the recent voyages of James Cook and
3517:
3512:
3114:
3024:
2880:
2593:
2588:
2254:
Dario Manfredi, "Sulla Prima Edizione del Viaggio di Malaspina S. Pietroburgo, 1824–1827",
1688:, Madrid, Biblioteca de Camarote «Revista General de Marina», 1943 y Editorial Naval, 1988.
783:
711:
564:
534:
524:
199:
161:
2355:
Trafalgar y Alcalá Galiano: jornadas internacionales, Cabra, 17 al 23 de octubre de 2005,
640:
479:
347:
8:
2731:
2710:
1897:
1219:
1092:
962:
950:
668:
500:
425:
101:
289:
Carlo Morello and Caterina Meli Lupi di Soragna. From 1762 to 1765, his family lived in
2583:
2416:
2263:
Alessandro Malaspina e Fabio Ala Ponzone: Lettere dal Vecchio e Nuovo Mondo (1788–1803)
1815:
1540:
1507:
1414:
1381:
1032:
1020:
378:
326:
302:
2375:
1624:, 7 April 1962; Carmen Sotos Serrano, "Nuevas obras de Fernando Brambila en Londres",
602:
540:
Two corvettes were built under Malaspina's direction specifically for the expedition:
3269:
2953:
2083:
The Malaspina Expedition, 1789–1794: the Journal of the Voyage by Alejandro Malaspina
1819:
1769:
1744:
1721:
1709:
1592:
1551:
1518:
1481:
1456:
1425:
1392:
1251:
1172:
1119:
966:
957:. At first all was well and Malaspina was promoted to fleet-brigadier in March 1795.
918:
914:
798:
764:
699:
687:
659:
in order to resolve conflicting data on their location. The two captains reunited at
606:
374:
282:
183:
2277:
Il Viaggio Attorno al Mondo di Malaspina con la Fregata di S.M.C.«Astrea», 1786–1788
1331:, University of Alabama PhD thesis, UMI microfilm, pp.113–7; and in Warren L. Cook,
1272:
Il Viaggio Attorno al Mondo di Malaspina con la Fregata di S.M.C.«Astrea», 1786–1788
3456:
2875:
2503:
2482:
2439:
2268:
Dario Manfredi, "Sugli Studi e sulle Navigazioni ‘minori’di Alessandro Malaspina",
1838:
1805:
1084:
1023:, Malaspina concerned himself with local politics. In December 1803 he organized a
930:
900:
896:
744:
195:
191:
41:
776:
503:
to the North Pacific, which had as one objective the claiming of territory around
3338:
3274:
1493:
1184:
974:
954:
854:
811:
652:
410:
2003:
Diario del viage explorador de las corbetas expañolas "Descubierta" y "Atrevida"
1542:
Malaspina & Galiano: Spanish Voyages to the Northwest Coast, 1791 & 1792
1509:
Malaspina & Galiano: Spanish Voyages to the Northwest Coast, 1791 & 1792
1416:
Malaspina & Galiano: Spanish Voyages to the Northwest Coast, 1791 & 1792
1383:
Malaspina & Galiano: Spanish Voyages to the Northwest Coast, 1791 & 1792
726:
3444:
2534:
2341:
Malaspina '93: Alessandro Malaspina e la sua spedizione scientifica (1789–1794)
2109:
Catálogo crítico de los documentos de la Expedición Malaspina en el Museo Naval
1130:
842:
722:
718:
215:
2306:
La Expedición Malaspina (1789–1794), Bicentenario de la Salida de Cádiz, Cádiz
1898:
Vaughan, Thomas; E.A.P. Crownhart-Vaughan; Mercedes Palau de Iglesias (1977).
655:. Continuing north, Bustamante mapped the coast while Malaspina sailed to the
431:
From March 1783, to July 1784, Malaspina was second-in-command of the frigate
3466:
1992:, Genova, Centro italiano per gli Studi storico-geografici, 1999, pp.485–159.
1810:
1088:
760:
508:
203:
187:
133:
2404:
Alessandro Malaspina. Polymath Virtual Library, Fundación Ignacio Larramendi
837:
After Bustamante's return the expedition left the Philippines and sailed to
648:
3432:
2393:
1111:
1036:
922:
846:
740:
628:
504:
452:
322:
2389:
1834:
2736:
1664:
1329:
Spanish and Russian Rivalry in the North Pacific Regions of the New World
1306:
838:
703:
676:
456:
370:
227:
223:
198:
from 1786 to 1788, then, from 1789 to 1794, a scientific expedition (the
2213:
Actas del simposium CCL aniversario nacimiento de Joseph Celestino Mutis
970:
883:
Returning east across the Pacific Ocean the expedition spent a month at
733:
2462:
2174:
Spanish Scientists in the New World: The Eighteenth Century Expeditions
1024:
982:
921:, later named after him. He demonstrated the feasibility of a possible
891:. From there they sailed to Callao, Peru, then Talcahuanco, Chile. The
636:
624:
610:
589:
with the return to Spain from Tonga omitted. The route of Bustamante's
559:
243:
97:
2220:
Diario General del Viaje Corbeta Atrevida por José Bustamante y Guerra
1882:
Diario General del Viaje Corbeta Atrevida por José Bustamante y Guerra
129:
3395:
2357:
Madrid, Agencia Española de Cooperación Internacional, 2006, Series:
1842:
994:
lost, and those that survive are often in a rough, semi-edited form.
884:
695:
667:. There investigations were made into the political situation of the
471:
447:
261:
255:
249:
231:
211:
151:
2399:
2353:
Emilio Soler Pascual y Asociación Cultural Dionisio Alcalá-Galiano,
1658:, vols.41 no.4 & 42, no.1, Fall/Winter 2006, pp.76–87. Also at:
1358:
581:
2471:
1048:
978:
790:
755:
730:
672:
2388:
Alexandro Malaspina Research Centre. Vancouver Island University.
2279:, La Spezia, Memorie della Accademia Lunigianese di Scienze, 1988.
1274:, Memorie della Accademia Lunigianese di Scienze, La Spezia, 1988.
907:) and the coast of Patagonia before stopping again at Montevideo.
598:
550:(meaning "Discovery" and "Daring" or "Bold"). Malaspina commanded
1040:
290:
286:
274:
77:
2215:, Cádiz, Diputación Provincial de Cádiz, 1986, pp. 197–204.
1575:
1333:
Flood Tide of Empire: Spain and the Pacific Northwest, 1543 1819
1104:
1095:
and adjoining Malaspina Inlet nearby, which are the location of
1123:
926:
892:
850:
823:
772:
707:
691:
660:
421:
2029:
Viaje politico cientifico alrededor del mundo por las corbetas
888:
831:
671:. The expedition then continued north, mapping the coast, to
644:
474:
and, returning, the Cape of Good Hope. In February 1787, the
310:
277:, a small principality ruled by his family, then part of the
235:
116:
2408:
1798:
Asclepio. Revista de historia de la medicina y de la ciencia
793:(or "goletas") to conduct more detailed explorations of the
2179:
Edith C. Galbraith, "Malaspina's Voyage around the World",
1768:. Madrid: Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas.
679:
to investigate the archives and political situation of the
664:
219:
1900:
Voyages of Enlightenment: Malaspina on the Northwest Coast
1943:
en el año 1792 para reconocer el Estrecho de Juan de Fuca
1019:
In Pontremoli, which by then was part of the short-lived
537:, a promoter of science in the Spanish Empire, approved.
377:
in both directions. During the voyage he was promoted to
2197:, Woodbridge, The Boydell Press, 2004, pp. 161–178.
2056:
Mercedes Palau, Aránzazu Zabala and Blanca Sáiz (eds.),
2301:, Tomo III, Madrid y Barcelona, Lunwerg Editores, 1992.
1143:
European and American voyages of scientific exploration
1110:
There is also a Malaspina Peak and Malaspina Lake near
2290:, Tomo VI, Madrid y Barcelona, Lunwerg Editores, 1994.
2256:
Giovanni Caboto e le Vie dell’Atlantico settentrionale
2237:, Tomo IV, Madrid y Barcelona, Lunwerg Editores, 1992.
2231:
Trabajos Cientificos y Correspondencia de Tadeo Haenke
2226:, Tomo IX, Madrid y Barcelona, Lunwerg Editores, 1999.
2043:, Invercargill, William South, 1907, pp.49–56; and in
1990:
Giovanni Caboto e le Vie dell’Atlantico settentrionale
1922:
Annales des Voyages, de la Géographie et de l'Histoire
826:. During this period Malaspina sent Bustamante in the
635:. After rounding Cape Horn, the expedition stopped at
466:. During this voyage he was in command of the frigate
3416:
1133:
in Fiordland, explored by him in 1793, has his name.
717:
At Yakutat Bay, the expedition made contact with the
2096:
Los Pintores de la Expedición de Alejandro Malaspina
1217:
917:
in Alaska and explored gigantic glaciers, including
1697:
1656:
Mains’l Haul, A Journal of Pacific Maritime History
1150:, Spanish Navy explorer contemporary with Malaspina
1114:on Vancouver Island, just southeast of the town of
1103:region. Vancouver Island University is home to the
2027:Museo Naval MS 753; Pedro de Novo y Colson (ed.),
1539:
1506:
1413:
1380:
936:
789:In 1792, back in Mexico, Malaspina dispatched two
482:in Chile, whose military governor, the Irish-born
2284:Trabajos Astronomicos, Geodesicos e Hidrograficos
1732:
1444:
593:was mostly the same, but deviated in some places.
3464:
2111:, three volumes, Madrid, Museo Naval, 1989–1994.
1958:, Madrid, Imprenta Real, Tomos I & II, 1809.
1335:, New Haven, Yale University Press, 1973, p.116.
1880:, Madrid, 1885; Mª Dolores Higueras Rodriguez,
1791:
1763:
702:. Instead, he sailed from Acapulco directly to
631:, investigating the political situation of the
309:and spent about a year living on the island of
2348:La Conspiración Malaspina, 1795–1796, Alicante
2329:, Tomo VII, Barcelona, Lunwerg Editores, 1996.
1620:Robert Langdon, "They Came to Spy on Sydney",
1357:. Malaspina University-College. Archived from
558:. The names were chosen by Malaspina to honor
2424:
2336:, Ediciones El Museo Universal, Madrid, 1992.
2244:, (Lima), Año 8, núm.8, 2000, pp. 65–82.
2183:, vol.3, no.3, October 1924, pp. 215 37.
2098:, Madrid, Real Academia de la Historia, 1982.
2060:, Ediciones El Museo Universal, Madrid, 1984.
1591:, Sydney, Allen & Unwin Australia, 1990.
585:This map shows the route of Malaspina's ship
1835:"Malaspina's Meditation on Beauty in Nature"
1736:Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration
1478:Alejandro Malaspina: Portrait of a Visionary
1448:Pathfinders: A Global History of Exploration
1247:Alejandro Malaspina: Portrait of a Visionary
1169:Alejandro Malaspina: Portrait of a Visionary
618:Jean-François de Galaup, comte de La Pérouse
529:In September 1788, Alessandro Malaspina and
513:Spanish expeditions to the Pacific Northwest
369:, Malaspina made a round-trip voyage to the
2383:the Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online
2073:, Barcelona, Lunwerg, tomos 1–9, 1987–1999.
2005:, Montevideo, Cerrito de la Victoria, 1849.
1546:. University of Washington Press. pp.
1513:. University of Washington Press. pp.
1420:. University of Washington Press. pp.
358:and in 1776 was promoted to ship's ensign (
338:, Malaspina took part of the expedition to
3553:Spanish people in the colonial Philippines
2649:Ippolito Malaspina (Marchese di Fosdinovo)
2455:
2431:
2417:
2195:Captain Cook: Explorations and Assessments
2190:, Vancouver Maritime Museum Society, 1992.
1387:. University of Washington Press. p.
609:after crossing South America by land from
601:on July 30, 1789. The bohemian naturalist
518:
305:in Rome. In 1773 he was accepted into the
40:
2560:Sum Mala Spina Malis Sum Bona Spina Bonis
2295:Diario y Trabajos Botánicos de Luis Née,
1935:Relación del Viage, hecho por las Goletas
1809:
1574:, no.65, 2010, pp.1–18. Downloadable at:
945:Alessandro Malaspina by José María Galván
675:, Mexico. A team of officers was sent to
182:(November 5, 1754 – April 9, 1810) was a
3538:Spanish history in the Pacific Northwest
2394:https://archive-it.org/collections/11555
2176:, Seattle, Univ. Washington Press, 1981.
1902:. Oregon Historical Society. p. 16.
1475:
1243:
1213:
1166:
940:
580:
446:
313:where he learned the basics of sailing.
2699:Marquises of Massa and lords of Carrara
2390:https://web.viu.ca/black/amrc/index.htm
2325:, Museo Naval y Ministerio de Defensa,
2311:Antonio Orozco Acuaviva et al. (eds.),
2251:, Torino, Nuova Eri Edizioni Rai, 1992.
2233:, Museo Naval y Ministerio de Defensa,
2181:California Historical Society Quarterly
2016:Anuario de la Dirrección de Hidrografía
1884:, Museo Naval y Ministerio de Defensa,
1285:Revista chilena de historia y geografía
1211:
1209:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1197:
1195:
1193:
1154:
1083:and the High School at VIU), by way of
605:missed the boat, but joined in 1790 in
389:and shortly thereafter was promoted to
14:
3608:19th-century military history of Spain
3603:18th-century military history of Spain
3465:
2286:,Museo Naval y Ministerio de Defensa,
1739:. W.W. Norton & Company. pp.
1698:Caso, Adolph; Marion E. Welsh (1978).
1537:
1504:
1451:. W.W. Norton & Company. pp.
1411:
1378:
1349:
1347:
1345:
1343:
1341:
409:. He was soon promoted once again, to
365:From 1777 to 1779, aboard the frigate
301:. From 1765 to 1773 he studied at the
2412:
2297:Museo Naval y Ministerio de Defensa,
2069:Museo Naval y Ministerio de Defensa,
2014:J. Bustamante y Guerra, "Relación…",
1924:, Paris, Tome IX X, 1809, pp.340 355.
1832:
1787:
1785:
1661:"Alexandro Malaspina Research Centre"
1626:Homenaje al Profesor Hernández Perera
1303:"Alexandro Malaspina Research Centre"
2222:, Museo Naval Ministerio de Defensa
1480:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 52.
1250:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. 27.
1226:from the original on 29 January 2008
1220:"A Biography of Alexandro Malaspina"
1190:
1171:. McGill-Queen's Press. p. xi.
949:In December 1794 Malaspina met with
507:that was also claimed by Spain (see
3245:Painters, Scolptures and Architects
3075:Castello di Montechiaro (Rivergaro)
3070:Castello di Montechiaro (Fivizzano)
2272:, XVI-XVII, 1987–1988, p. 159.
2018:, Madrid, vol.VI, 1868, pp.240–364.
1338:
1129:In New Zealand, Malaspina Reach of
1105:Alexandro Malaspina Research Centre
1077:Malaspina International High School
442:
354:. In July 1775 he participated the
346:. Shortly after he was promoted to
253:. He signed his letters in Spanish
24:
3618:Italian explorers of South America
3498:Spanish explorers of South America
3493:Spanish explorers of North America
3488:Italian explorers of North America
2654:Carlo Francesco Agostino Malaspina
2327:La Expedición Malaspina, 1789–1794
2299:La Expedición Malaspina, 1789–1794
2288:La Expedición Malaspina, 1789–1794
2235:La Expedición Malaspina, 1789–1794
2224:La Expedición Malaspina, 1789–1794
2071:La Expedición Malaspina, 1789–1794
1886:La Expedición Malaspina, 1789-1794
1782:
1733:Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006).
1445:Fernandez-Armesto, Felipe (2006).
633:Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata
295:Giovanni Fogliani Sforza d'Aragona
25:
3629:
3558:Spanish people of Italian descent
3334:Chiesa di San Remigio (Fosdinovo)
3100:Castello di Santo Stefano d'Aveto
3000:Castello di Calice al Cornoviglio
2777:Maria Beatrice d'Este (1750-1829)
2369:
2188:Spain and the North Pacific Coast
2045:Historical Records of New Zealand
2041:Murihiku and the Southern Islands
1611:, vol.23, no.2, 1996, pp.255–259.
1218:John Black & Dario Manfredi.
1051:with the title of Addomesticato.
494:was at Concepción. Following the
325:in 1774 and received the rank of
259:, which is usually modernized to
3568:Prisoners and detainees of Spain
3508:Spanish explorers of the Pacific
3503:Italian explorers of the Pacific
3450:
3438:
3426:
2552:
2547:
2270:Cronaca e Storia di Val di Magra
1792:Sánchez Arteaga, Juanma (2021).
1764:Sánchez Arteaga, Juanma (2022).
1645:, vol. 25, no.1, 1999, pp.55–76.
1222:. Malaspina University-College.
464:Royal Company of the Philippines
405:, Malaspina participated in the
385:. In January 1780 he was in the
316:
285:. Alessandro's parents were the
206:, exploring and mapping much of
186:who spent most of his life as a
128:
111:
2720:Sovereigns of Massa and Carrara
2304:Antonio Orozco Acuaviva (ed.),
2282:Luis Rafael Martínez-Cañavate,
2218:Mª Dolores Higueras Rodriguez,
2161:
2143:
2126:, No.33, 24 Aprile 1810, pag.2"
2114:
2107:Mª Dolores Higueras Rodríguez,
2101:
2088:
2076:
2063:
2050:
2021:
2008:
1995:
1974:
1961:
1948:
1927:
1906:
1891:
1870:
1826:
1757:
1726:
1691:
1678:
1648:
1635:
1614:
1601:
1581:
1564:
1531:
1498:
1469:
1438:
1405:
937:Political controversy and exile
763:and resolved in the subsequent
293:with Alessandro's great-uncle,
3473:18th-century Italian explorers
3150:Castello Malaspiniano (Bobbio)
3140:Castello Malaspina (Fosdinovo)
1372:
1320:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1237:
1160:
887:, the northern archipelago of
786:, before returning to Mexico.
208:the west coast of the Americas
13:
1:
3563:Grand Duchy of Tuscany people
3533:Explorers of British Columbia
3483:Circumnavigators of the globe
3040:Castello di Isola del Cantone
3035:Castello di Groppo San Pietro
2727:Antonio Alberico II Malaspina
2706:Antonio Alberico II Malaspina
2690:Antonio Alberico II Malaspina
2499:Malaspina dello Spino Fiorito
2478:Oberto II (Margrave of Milan)
2438:
1576:http://search.informit.com.au
1355:"Captain Alexandro Malaspina"
1014:
268:
3010:Castello di Castel del Piano
2680:Antonio Alberico I Malaspina
2604:Antonio Alberico I Malaspina
2376:Biography by Dario Mandfredi
2242:Derroteros de la Mar del Sur
1073:Malaspina University-College
420:In 1782 he was suspected of
7:
3593:19th-century Italian people
3588:18th-century Italian people
3583:19th-century Spanish people
3578:18th-century Spanish people
3145:Castello Malaspina di Varzi
2959:Palazzo Venerosi Pesciolini
2772:Maria Teresa Cybo-Malaspina
2762:Alberico III Cybo-Malaspina
2629:Giuseppe Malaspina (nobile)
2517:Malaspina dello Spino Secco
2265:, Bologna, il Mulino, 1999.
2001:Francisco Xavier de Viana,
1701:They Too Made America Great
1609:Archives of Natural History
1287:, no.107, 1946, pp.387–401.
1136:
1081:Vancouver Island University
1029:Napoleonic Italian Republic
597:The expedition sailed from
531:José de Bustamante y Guerra
428:, but was not apprehended.
342:, which was under siege by
10:
3634:
3368:Duchy of Massa and Carrara
2934:Palazzo Boldieri-Malaspina
2793:Giovanna Novella Malaspina
2752:Alberico II Cybo-Malaspina
2673:Lords of Massa and Carrara
2522:Conrad Malaspina (The Old)
1914:Anales de Historia Natural
1538:Cutter, Donald C. (1991).
1505:Cutter, Donald C. (1991).
1412:Cutter, Donald C. (1991).
1379:Cutter, Donald C. (1991).
1148:José de Moraleda y Montero
1091:and the mainland, and the
522:
387:Battle of Cape Santa Maria
3388:
3360:
3347:
3326:
3309:
3296:
3284:Philosofers and Humanists
3283:
3257:
3244:
3231:
3214:
3183:
2967:
2926:
2913:
2869:Military-men and Warlords
2868:
2832:
2819:
2806:
2785:
2767:Alderano I Cybo-Malaspina
2742:Alberico I Cybo-Malaspina
2719:
2698:
2672:
2574:
2567:
2545:
2491:
2446:
2047:, 1908, Vol.I, pp.417 29.
1933:Dionisio Alcalá Galiano,
1704:. Branden Books. p.
1632:, Vol.XI, 1993, pp.31–55.
1630:Australian Journal of Art
1622:The Sydney Morning Herald
1097:Malaspina Provincial Park
1067:
407:fighting at Cape Espartel
241:Malaspina was christened
167:
157:
147:
139:
122:
107:
87:
64:
56:
48:
39:
32:
3165:Fortezza delle Verrucole
3160:Fortezza della Verrucola
2664:Carlo Emanuele Malaspina
2315:, Madrid, Rustica, 1996.
1984:; XIII, 1827, pp.10–178
1954:Josef Espinosa y Tello,
1876:Pedro de Novo y Colson,
1811:10.3989/asclepio.2021.28
1684:Lorenzo Sanfeliú Ortiz,
817:Cayetano Valdés y Flores
681:Viceroyalty of New Spain
399:Great Siege of Gibraltar
172:Great Siege of Gibraltar
3373:Marchesato di Fosdinovo
3170:Rocca Malaspina (Massa)
3155:Fortezza della Brunella
2833:Bishops and Archbishops
2757:Carlo II Cybo-Malaspina
2293:Felix Muñoz Garmendia,
2153:, no.65, 2010, pp.1-18.
1643:British Library Journal
1476:Kendrick, John (2003).
1244:Kendrick, John (2003).
1167:Kendrick, John (2003).
807:Dionisio Alcalá Galiano
519:Expedition of 1789–1794
196:voyage around the world
3598:19th-century explorers
3543:Spanish naval officers
3110:Castello di Scaldasole
3080:Castello di Montemassi
3055:Castello di Madrignano
2949:Palazzo Ducale (Massa)
2939:Palazzo Cybo Malaspina
2747:Carlo I Cybo-Malaspina
2659:Gabriele III Malaspina
2467:Adalberto the Margrave
2346:Emilio Soler Pascual,
2094:Carmen Sotos Serrano,
1969:Voyage round the World
1858:Cite journal requires
1065:
996:Alexander von Humboldt
946:
904:
877:
795:Strait of Juan de Fuca
657:Juan Fernández Islands
594:
459:
451:Spanish Landing Site,
321:Malaspina entered the
279:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
273:Malaspina was born in
247:, the Italian form of
82:Grand Duchy of Tuscany
3378:Marchesato di Tresana
3265:Raimbaut de Vaqueiras
3125:Castello di Torriglia
3015:Castello di Codiponte
3005:Castello di Casarasco
2624:Galeotto II Malaspina
2614:Gabriele II Malaspina
2599:Spinetta II Malaspina
2576:Marquise of Fosdinovo
2172:Iris H.W. Engstrand,
1118:; and the well-known
1060:
944:
872:
623:Malaspina stopped at
584:
470:. His route went via
450:
424:and denounced to the
299:the viceroy of Sicily
188:Spanish naval officer
140:Years of service
3401:Castelli lunigianesi
3196:Villa la Rinchiostra
3115:Castle of Serravalle
3105:Castello di Sassalbo
3060:Castello di Malgrate
3030:Castello di Grondola
3025:Castello di Compiano
2881:Alessandro Malaspina
2860:Gherardino Malaspina
2639:Giacomo II Malaspina
2594:Gabriele I Malaspina
2589:Galeotto I Malaspina
2359:Ciencias y humanismo
2321:Juan Pimentel Igea,
2186:Robin Inglis (ed.),
1833:Black, John (2011).
1298:Flood Tide of Empire
1155:Notes and references
1099:and are part of the
991:Adam von Krusenstern
784:Monterey, California
712:Prince William Sound
525:Malaspina Expedition
379:frigate-lieutenant (
200:Malaspina Expedition
162:Malaspina Expedition
52:Alessandro Malaspina
18:Alessandro Malaspina
3573:People from Mulazzo
3528:Explorers of Mexico
3523:Explorers of Alaska
3406:Pace di Castelnuovo
3175:Torre di Castruccio
3095:Castello di Rivalta
3090:Castello di Regnano
3085:Castello di Oramala
3050:Castello di Lusuolo
3045:Castello di Levanto
2985:Castello di Ameglia
2732:Ricciarda Malaspina
2711:Ricciarda Malaspina
2685:Giacomo I Malaspina
2609:Giacomo I Malaspina
2339:Blanca Sáiz (ed.),
2124:Gazzetta Universale
1918:Spanische Miszellen
1093:Malaspina Peninsula
963:international trade
953:and Prime Minister
853:). on the coast of
669:Viceroyalty of Peru
501:Mulovsky expedition
426:Spanish Inquisition
391:ship's lieutenant (
381:teniente de fragata
323:Royal Navy of Spain
281:, a fiefdom of the
180:Alejandro Malaspina
60:Alexandro Malaspina
34:Alejandro Malaspina
3120:Castello di Suvero
3065:Castello di Moneta
3020:Castello di Comano
2995:Castello di Bastia
2990:Castello di Arcola
2980:Castello di Agnino
2901:Moroello Malaspina
2891:Ippolito Malaspina
2855:Gabriele Malaspina
2845:Aragonio Malaspina
2798:Marcella Malaspina
2644:Pasquale Malaspina
2584:Spinetta Malaspina
2323:Examines Politicos
2208:978-84-00-11002-4.
1056:Gazzetta di Genova
1033:Kingdom of Etruria
1021:Kingdom of Etruria
947:
765:Nootka Conventions
595:
484:Ambrosio O'Higgins
460:
413:capitán de fragata
350:alférez de fragata
303:Clementine College
226:, and stopping in
190:. Under a Spanish
3478:Spanish explorers
3414:
3413:
3322:
3321:
3270:Guilhem de la Tor
3227:
3226:
3135:Castello di Viano
3130:Castello di Varsi
2975:Castello del Dego
2968:Castles and Forts
2954:Palazzo Malaspina
2944:Palazzo Dessilani
2909:
2908:
2886:Bernabò Malaspina
2850:Barnaba Malaspina
2840:Bernabò Malaspina
2619:Lorenzo Malaspina
2562:
2543:
2542:
2229:Victoria Ibáñez,
1775:978-84-00-11002-4
1120:Malaspina Glacier
1058:, 18 April 1810:
967:French Revolution
919:Malaspina Glacier
915:Mount Saint Elias
799:Strait of Georgia
700:Pacific Northwest
698:, as well as the
688:Northwest Passage
607:Santiago de Chile
411:frigate-captain (
393:teniente de navío
375:Cape of Good Hope
283:Holy Roman Empire
202:) throughout the
194:, he undertook a
177:
176:
16:(Redirected from
3625:
3613:Malaspina family
3455:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3442:
3441:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3422:
3242:
3241:
2924:
2923:
2896:Obizzo Malaspina
2876:Albert Malaspina
2634:Andrea Malaspina
2572:
2571:
2558:
2556:
2551:
2504:Opizzo Malaspina
2483:Albert Malaspina
2453:
2452:
2433:
2426:
2419:
2410:
2409:
2275:Dario Manfredi,
2261:Dario Manfredi,
2247:Dario Manfredi,
2156:
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2137:
2128:. Archived from
2118:
2112:
2105:
2099:
2092:
2086:
2080:
2074:
2067:
2061:
2054:
2048:
2025:
2019:
2012:
2006:
1999:
1993:
1978:
1972:
1965:
1959:
1952:
1946:
1931:
1925:
1910:
1904:
1903:
1895:
1889:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1861:
1856:
1854:
1846:
1843:10.25316/IR-2741
1830:
1824:
1823:
1813:
1789:
1780:
1779:
1761:
1755:
1754:
1730:
1724:
1722:Internet Archive
1719:
1695:
1689:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1672:
1663:. Archived from
1652:
1646:
1639:
1633:
1618:
1612:
1605:
1599:
1587:Robert J. King,
1585:
1579:
1568:
1562:
1561:
1545:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1512:
1502:
1496:
1491:
1473:
1467:
1466:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1419:
1409:
1403:
1402:
1386:
1376:
1370:
1369:
1367:
1366:
1351:
1336:
1324:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1305:. Archived from
1294:
1288:
1281:
1275:
1270:Dario Manfredi,
1268:
1262:
1261:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1231:
1215:
1188:
1182:
1164:
1085:Malaspina Strait
1045:Queen of Etruria
931:George Vancouver
897:Falkland Islands
869:
841:. They explored
745:Vancouver Island
443:Circumnavigation
360:alférez de navío
356:siege of Algiers
348:frigate-ensign (
192:royal commission
132:
124:
115:
94:
75:November 5, 1754
74:
72:
44:
30:
29:
27:Spanish explorer
21:
3633:
3632:
3628:
3627:
3626:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3439:
3437:
3427:
3425:
3417:
3415:
3410:
3384:
3356:
3343:
3339:Massa Cathedral
3318:
3305:
3292:
3279:
3275:Dante Alighieri
3253:
3240:
3223:
3210:
3201:Villa Malaspina
3191:Villa di Agnano
3179:
2963:
2922:
2905:
2864:
2828:
2815:
2802:
2781:
2715:
2694:
2668:
2563:
2557:
2539:
2487:
2448:
2442:
2437:
2372:
2164:
2159:
2148:
2144:
2135:
2133:
2120:
2119:
2115:
2106:
2102:
2093:
2089:
2081:
2077:
2068:
2064:
2055:
2051:
2026:
2022:
2013:
2009:
2000:
1996:
1979:
1975:
1966:
1962:
1953:
1949:
1945:, Madrid, 1802.
1932:
1928:
1911:
1907:
1896:
1892:
1875:
1871:
1859:
1857:
1848:
1847:
1831:
1827:
1790:
1783:
1776:
1762:
1758:
1751:
1731:
1727:
1716:
1696:
1692:
1683:
1679:
1670:
1668:
1659:
1653:
1649:
1640:
1636:
1619:
1615:
1606:
1602:
1586:
1582:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1536:
1532:
1525:
1503:
1499:
1488:
1474:
1470:
1463:
1443:
1439:
1432:
1410:
1406:
1399:
1377:
1373:
1364:
1362:
1353:
1352:
1339:
1325:
1321:
1312:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1258:
1242:
1238:
1229:
1227:
1216:
1191:
1179:
1165:
1161:
1157:
1139:
1070:
1017:
955:Manuel de Godoy
951:King Charles IV
939:
867:
855:New South Wales
805:, commanded by
647:, and again at
643:in present-day
603:Thaddäus Haenke
554:and Bustamante
527:
521:
445:
373:, rounding the
340:relieve Melilla
319:
271:
184:Tuscan explorer
96:
92:
76:
70:
68:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3631:
3621:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3548:Spanish exiles
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3460:
3459:
3447:
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3412:
3411:
3409:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3392:
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3380:
3375:
3370:
3364:
3362:
3358:
3357:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3330:
3328:
3327:Resting places
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3313:
3311:
3307:
3306:
3304:
3303:
3300:
3298:
3294:
3293:
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3287:
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3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3261:
3259:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3239:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3228:
3225:
3224:
3222:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3211:
3209:
3208:
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3112:
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3067:
3062:
3057:
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3047:
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3037:
3032:
3027:
3022:
3017:
3012:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2971:
2969:
2965:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2930:
2928:
2921:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2911:
2910:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2870:
2866:
2865:
2863:
2862:
2857:
2852:
2847:
2842:
2836:
2834:
2830:
2829:
2827:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2804:
2803:
2801:
2800:
2795:
2789:
2787:
2783:
2782:
2780:
2779:
2774:
2769:
2764:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2723:
2721:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2713:
2708:
2702:
2700:
2696:
2695:
2693:
2692:
2687:
2682:
2676:
2674:
2670:
2669:
2667:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2580:
2578:
2569:
2565:
2564:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2540:
2538:
2537:
2535:Cybo-Malaspina
2531:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2524:
2513:
2512:
2509:
2508:
2507:
2506:
2495:
2493:
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2488:
2486:
2485:
2480:
2475:
2469:
2459:
2457:
2450:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2435:
2428:
2421:
2413:
2407:
2406:
2401:
2396:
2386:
2378:
2371:
2370:External links
2368:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2351:
2344:
2337:
2330:
2319:
2316:
2309:
2302:
2291:
2280:
2273:
2266:
2259:
2252:
2245:
2238:
2227:
2216:
2209:
2199:
2198:
2191:
2184:
2177:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2142:
2113:
2100:
2087:
2075:
2062:
2049:
2020:
2007:
1994:
1973:
1960:
1947:
1926:
1905:
1890:
1869:
1860:|journal=
1825:
1804:(2): 570–583.
1781:
1774:
1756:
1749:
1725:
1714:
1690:
1677:
1647:
1634:
1613:
1600:
1580:
1563:
1556:
1550:–76, 108–109.
1530:
1523:
1497:
1486:
1468:
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1437:
1430:
1404:
1397:
1371:
1337:
1319:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1256:
1236:
1189:
1177:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1131:Doubtful Sound
1101:Sunshine Coast
1069:
1066:
1016:
1013:
938:
935:
905:Islas Malvinas
843:Doubtful Sound
752:Nuu-chah-nulth
723:Tomas de Suria
710:coast west to
663:, the port of
651:, the port of
639:, the port of
523:Main article:
520:
517:
444:
441:
318:
315:
307:Order of Malta
270:
267:
218:, crossing to
216:Gulf of Alaska
175:
174:
169:
165:
164:
159:
155:
154:
149:
145:
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141:
137:
136:
126:
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119:
109:
105:
104:
95:(aged 55)
89:
85:
84:
66:
62:
61:
58:
54:
53:
50:
46:
45:
37:
36:
33:
26:
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3:
2:
3630:
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3397:
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3247:
3243:
3237:
3236:
3234:
3230:
3220:
3219:
3217:
3213:
3207:
3206:Villa Massoni
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3182:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3168:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
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3091:
3088:
3086:
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3081:
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3073:
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3068:
3066:
3063:
3061:
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3056:
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3051:
3048:
3046:
3043:
3041:
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2972:
2970:
2966:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2931:
2929:
2925:
2919:
2918:
2916:
2912:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2871:
2867:
2861:
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2843:
2841:
2838:
2837:
2835:
2831:
2825:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2805:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2791:
2790:
2788:
2784:
2778:
2775:
2773:
2770:
2768:
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2724:
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2712:
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2704:
2703:
2701:
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2610:
2607:
2605:
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2597:
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2573:
2570:
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2500:
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2496:
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801:. These were
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779:thermometer.
778:
777:Réaumur scale
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317:Naval service
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2914:Architecture
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2162:Bibliography
2150:
2145:
2134:. Retrieved
2130:the original
2123:
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2103:
2095:
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2065:
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2031:Descubierta
2028:
2023:
2015:
2010:
2002:
1997:
1989:
1982:Записки, XII
1976:
1968:
1963:
1955:
1950:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1929:
1921:
1917:
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1872:
1851:cite journal
1828:
1801:
1797:
1765:
1759:
1735:
1728:
1720:; online at
1700:
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1665:the original
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1500:
1494:Google Books
1492:; online at
1477:
1471:
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1382:
1374:
1363:. Retrieved
1359:the original
1332:
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1311:. Retrieved
1307:the original
1297:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1246:
1239:
1228:. Retrieved
1185:Google Books
1183:; online at
1168:
1162:
1128:
1122:in southern
1112:Nootka Sound
1109:
1071:
1061:
1055:
1053:
1039:epidemic in
1037:yellow fever
1027:between the
1018:
1009:
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987:
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948:
923:Panama Canal
912:
909:
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847:Port Jackson
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741:Nootka Sound
738:
727:José Cardero
716:
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629:Buenos Aires
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336:Santa Teresa
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179:
178:
168:Battles/wars
93:(1810-04-09)
3518:1810 deaths
3513:1754 births
2737:Giulio Cybo
2456:Main branch
2202:Non-English
1004:Museo Naval
839:New Zealand
704:Yakutat Bay
677:Mexico City
587:Descubierta
552:Descubierta
543:Descubierta
535:Charles III
457:New Zealand
371:Philippines
228:New Zealand
224:Philippines
3467:Categories
3297:Scientists
2463:Obertenghi
2136:2014-09-12
2122:"See also
2035:Atrevida,
1941:Mexicana,
1671:2010-02-11
1365:2008-02-05
1313:2010-02-11
1230:2008-02-05
1116:Gold River
1087:, between
1025:quarantine
1015:Later life
983:Pontremoli
756:Maquinna's
649:Valparaíso
641:Concepción
637:Talcahuano
625:Montevideo
611:Montevideo
571:Resolution
560:James Cook
480:Concepción
478:called at
269:Early life
244:Alessandro
108:Allegiance
98:Pontremoli
71:1754-11-05
49:Birth name
3457:Biography
3396:Lunigiana
3310:Musicians
2820:Cardinlas
2440:Malaspina
2151:The Globe
1837:: 18 pg.
1820:244096152
1572:The Globe
1035:during a
971:La Coruña
834:, China.
791:schooners
696:Kamchatka
565:Discovery
488:Lapérouse
472:Cape Horn
403:San Justo
344:Moroccans
262:Alejandro
256:Alexandro
250:Alexander
232:Australia
212:Cape Horn
152:Brigadier
143:1774–1795
2786:Consorts
2472:Oberto I
2447:Dynastic
1224:Archived
1137:See also
1049:Florence
1031:and the
1000:Atrevida
979:Napoleon
828:Atrevida
815:, under
812:Mexicana
797:and the
734:Luis Née
731:botanist
673:Acapulco
653:Santiago
591:Atrevida
556:Atrevida
547:Atrevida
433:Asunción
222:and the
158:Commands
123:Service/
3445:History
3419:Portals
3389:Related
3348:Heraldy
3232:Patrons
2927:Palaces
2167:English
1741:297–298
1517:, 109.
1453:305–307
1041:Livorno
975:Galicia
901:Spanish
719:Tlingit
708:Alaskan
496:Astrea'
291:Palermo
287:Marquis
275:Mulazzo
214:to the
78:Mulazzo
3184:Villas
2807:Saints
2568:People
1937:Sutil
1818:
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1747:
1712:
1595:
1554:
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1484:
1459:
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1395:
1254:
1175:
1124:Alaska
1068:Legacy
927:scurvy
893:fjords
885:Vava'u
868:
851:Sydney
824:Manila
809:, and
773:scurvy
692:Hawaii
661:Callao
492:Astrea
476:Astrea
468:Astrea
422:heresy
367:Astrea
234:, and
125:branch
3433:Italy
3258:Poets
3215:Altro
2449:lines
2365:1988.
1816:S2CID
889:Tonga
832:Macau
803:Sutíl
645:Chile
599:Cádiz
311:Malta
236:Tonga
210:from
117:Spain
1864:help
1770:ISBN
1745:ISBN
1710:ISBN
1593:ISBN
1552:ISBN
1519:ISBN
1482:ISBN
1457:ISBN
1426:ISBN
1393:ISBN
1252:ISBN
1173:ISBN
1075:and
725:and
694:and
665:Lima
627:and
568:and
545:and
511:and
437:Vivo
220:Guam
148:Rank
88:Died
65:Born
1839:doi
1806:doi
1515:105
1422:4–5
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69:(
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