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105:
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of the pituitary and adenomas/adenocarcinomas of the adrenal cortex in both sexes, mammary gland tumors and endometrial carcinomas in females, and C-cell adenomas/adenocarcinomas of the thyroid gland and tumors of the hematopoietic system in males. Second, Lewis rats are prone to develop a spontaneous transplantable lymphatic leukaemia. Lastly, when in advanced age, they sometimes develop spontaneous glomerular sclerosis.
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768:
868:
587:
217:
482:
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stock in the early 1950s. Characteristics include albino coloring, docile behavior, and low fertility. The Lewis rat suffers from several spontaneous pathologies: first, they can suffer from high incidences of neoplasms, with the rat's lifespan mainly determined by this. The most common are adenomas
625:
The Wistar rat is currently one of the most popular rats used for laboratory research. It is characterized by its wide head, long ears, and a tail length that is always less than its body length. The
Sprague Dawley and Long–Evans were developed from Wistars. Wistars are more active than others like
879:
was bred to be a genetic model for research on obesity and hypertension. They are named after Lois M. Zucker and
Theodore F. Zucker, pioneer researchers in the study of the genetics of obesity. There are two types of Zucker rat: a lean Zucker rat, denoted as the dominant trait (Fa/Fa) or (Fa/fa);
830:
rat (or RCS rat) is the first known animal with inherited retinal degeneration. Although the genetic defect was not known for many years, it was identified in the year 2000 as a mutation in the gene MERTK. This mutation results in defective retinal pigment epithelium phagocytosis of photoreceptor
207:
in 2012 showed that the albinos descended from hooded rats and all the albinos descended from a single ancestor. As there is evidence that the hooded rat was known as the "Japanese rat" in the early 20th century, Kuramoto concluded that one or more
Japanese hooded rats might have been brought to
519:
tumors occurred in the rats from a single supplier. The researchers found that the incidence of tumors in
Sprague Dawleys from different suppliers varied as much from each other as from the other strains of rats. The authors of the study "stressed the need for extreme caution in evaluation of
2597:
Takaya, K.; Ogawa, Y.; Isse, N.; Okazaki, T.; Satoh, N.; Masuzaki, H.; Mori, K.; Tamura, N.; Hosoda, K.; Nakao, K. (August 1996). "Molecular cloning of rat leptin receptor isoform complementary DNAs--identification of a missense mutation in Zucker fatty (fa/fa) rats".
814:
2415:
Kikkawa, S.; Yamamoto, T.; Misaki, K.; Ikeda, Y.; Okado, H.; Ogawa, M.; Woodhams, P. L.; Terashima, T. (August 2003). "Missplicing resulting from a short deletion in the reelin gene causes reeler-like neuronal disorders in the mutant shaking rat
Kawasaki".
1929:
Horiuchi, N.; Suda, T.; Sasaki, S.; Takahashi, H.; Shimazawa, E.; Ogata, E. (December 1976). "Absence of regulatory effects of 1alpha25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 on 25-hydroxyvitamin D metabolism in rats constantly infused with parathyroid hormone".
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was claimed to increase the occurrence of tumor in these rats. However, since these rats are known to grow tumors at a high (and very variable) rate, the study was considered flawed in design and its findings unsubstantiated.
1884:
538:
of the rat's tail in research. The rat's tail works as a variable heat exchanger. The tail's blood flow allows for thermoregulation to take place because it is under control of sympathetic vasoconstrictor nerves.
716:, biobreeding rats are used as an animal model for Type 1 diabetes. The strain re-capitulates many of the features of human type 1 diabetes and has contributed greatly to the research of T1DM pathogenesis.
650:, frequently in behavioral research, especially in alcohol research. Long-Evans consume alcohol in a much higher rate compared to other strains, thus require less time for these behavioral studies.
746:, which helps control kidney function. The rats were being raised for laboratory use by Henry Schroeder and technician Tim Vinton, who noticed that the litter of 17 drank and urinated excessively.
670:
used extensively in medical and nutritional research. Its main advantage is its calmness and ease of handling. This breed of rat was first produced by the
Sprague Dawley farms (later to become the
2030:
267:
760:
Hairless laboratory rats provide researchers with valuable data regarding compromised immune systems and genetic kidney diseases. It is estimated that there are over 25 genes that cause
570:. By having this kind of population, it is possible to conduct experiments on the roles of genes, or conduct experiments that exclude variations in genetics as a factor. By contrast, "
783:
Fuzzy rats were identified in 1976 in a
Pennsylvania lab. The leading cause of death among fz/fz rats is ultimately a progressive kidney failure that begins around the age of 1 year.
2146:
Kim, H.; Panteleyev, A. A.; Jahoda, C. A.; Ishii, Y.; Christiano, A. M. (December 2004). "Genomic organization and analysis of the hairless gene in four hypotrichotic rat strains".
473:
regard aspects of these in rats as more relevant to humans and easier to observe than in mice, giving impetus to the development of genetic research techniques applicable to rats.
208:
Europe or the
Americas and an albino rat that emerged as a product of the breeding of these hooded rats was the common ancestor of all the albino laboratory rats in use today.
40:
1614:
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646:
several Wistar females with a wild gray male. Long-Evans rats are white with a black hood, or occasionally white with a brown hood. They are utilized as a multipurpose
1130:
372:) in many ways: they are calmer and significantly less likely to bite, they can tolerate greater crowding, they breed earlier and produce more offspring, and their
1170:
181:
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Research applications include transplantation research, induced arthritis and inflammation, experimental allergic encephalitis, and STZ-induced diabetes.
2600:
2038:
1932:
1719:
780:. The lack of this organ severely compromises their immune system, with infections of the respiratory tract and eyes increasing the most dramatically.
566:", in reference to rodents, is a group in which all members are, as nearly as possible, genetically identical. In rats, this is accomplished through
416:
2459:
Aikawa, H.; Nonaka, I.; Woo, M.; Tsugane, T.; Esaki, K. (1988). "Shaking rat
Kawasaki (SRK): a new neurological mutant rat in the Wistar strain".
2242:
Ferguson, F. G.; Irving, G. W.; Stedham, M. A. (August 1979). "Three variations of hairlessness associated with albinism in the laboratory rat".
972:
and development. The production of knockout rats became technically feasible in 2008, through work financed by $ 120 million in funding from the
1967:
Sukov, W.; Barth, D. S. (June 1998). "Three-dimensional analysis of spontaneous and thalamically evoked gamma oscillations in auditory cortex".
1521:
1491:
1460:
1429:
2644:
2109:
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412:
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are unnecessary or a population with genetic variation is required, and these rats are usually referred to as "stocks" rather than "strains".
547:
occurs when the tail temperature decreases allowing heat to be conserved. Thermoregulation in the rat tail has been used to study metabolism.
2004:
1666:
408:
1827:"Studies on the effect of experimental nonketotic diabetes mellitus on antibacterial defense. I. Demonstration of a defect in phagocytosis"
420:
1005:
708:
The biobreeding rat (a.k.a. the biobreeding diabetes-prone rat or BBDP rat) is an inbred strain that spontaneously develops autoimmune
2805:
155:. Over the next 30 years, rats were used for several more experiments and eventually the laboratory rat became the first animal
2653:
977:
859:
mouse. Shaking rat
Kawasaki was first described in 1988. This and the Lewis rat are well-known stocks developed from Wistar rats.
151:
varieties. The first time one of these albino mutants was brought into a laboratory for a study was in 1828 for an experiment on
1714:
1667:
International Committee on Standardized Genetic Nomenclature for Mice / Rat Genome and Nomenclature Committee (January 2016).
2836:
1876:"Matrix metalloproteinase-2, -9 and -13 are involved in fibronectin degradation of rat lung granulomatous fibrosis caused by
1738:
1243:
927:
nature and excessive hunger; however, food intake does not fully explain the hyperlipidemia or overall body composition.
47:
laboratory rat with its red eyes and white fur is an iconic model organism for scientific research in a variety of fields
678:, in 1925. The name was originally hyphenated, although the brand styling today (Sprague Dawley, the trademark used by
271:
2771:
2561:
2191:
Festing, M. F.; May, D.; Connors, T. A.; Lovell, D.; Sparrow, S. (July 1978). "An athymic nude mutation in the rat".
1774:
1535:
1505:
1474:
1443:
1412:
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hairlessness in laboratory rats. The more common ones are denoted as rnu (Rowett nude), fz (fuzzy), and shn (shorn).
143:
to kill them all. Over time, breeding the rats for these contests may have produced variations in color, notably the
2329:
786:
Shorn rats were bred from Sprague Dawley rats in Connecticut in 1998. They also suffer from severe kidney problems.
610:). More than half of all laboratory rat strains are descended from the original colony established by physiologist
2372:
D'Cruz, P. M.; Yasumura, D.; Weir, J.; Matthes, M. T.; Abderrahim, H.; LaVail, M. M.; Vollrath, D. (March 2000).
1125:
528:
2722:
1227:
1204:
1135:
1105:
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These rats typically have a longer tail in proportion to their body length than Wistars. They were used in the
627:
1396:
Global Environmental Challenges of the Twenty-first Century: Resources, Consumption, and Sustainable Solutions
2798:
973:
957:
446:
251:
2343:
2755:
2066:
1770:"The Wistar rat as a right choice: Establishing mammalian standards and the ideal of a standardized mammal"
1435:
309:
139:
Rat-baiting was a popular sport, which involved filling a pit with rats and timing how long it took for a
1218:
Suckow, Mark A.; Weisbroth, Steven H.; Franklin, Craig L. (2005). "Chapter one: Historical Foundations".
598:
in 1906 for use in biological and medical research, and is notably the first rat developed to serve as a
68:
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2351:
2325:
1969:
500:
17:
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2843:
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1022:
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77:
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in 1903. The first rat colony in America used for nutrition research was started in January 1908 by
2944:
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2791:
2777:
2378:
1673:
981:
742:. It has a naturally occurring genetic mutation that makes specimens unable to produce the hormone
739:
355:
350:
31:
1668:
2900:
2103:
Mordes, J. P.; Bortell, R.; Blankenhorn, E. P.; Rossini, A. A.; Greiner, D. L. (1 January 2004).
1527:
1400:
1305:
1092:
Krinke, George J; Bullock, Gillian R.; Krinke, G. (15 June 2000). "History, Strains and Models".
611:
2949:
2893:
989:
985:
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The historical importance of this species to scientific research is reflected by the amount of
2008:
847:(reelin) gene. This results in the lowered expression of reelin protein, essential for proper
2461:
316:
283:
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tumors among rats from the same source raised in different laboratories. All but one of the
453:
research subjects, although they still lag behind mice, which lend themselves better to the
2879:
2200:
1608:Škop, Vojtěch; Liu, Naili; Guo, Juen; Gavrilova, Oksana; Reitman, Marc L. (1 August 2020).
1001:
900:
892:, capable of weighing up to 1 kilogram (2.2 lb) — more than twice the average weight.
885:
449:. This was the first in a series of developments that have begun to make rats tractable as
275:
1296:
Mac Kenzie, William; Garner, F. (1973). "Comparison of Neoplasms in Six Sources of Rats".
8:
2907:
2886:
1033:
965:
840:
458:
454:
431:
359:
73:
44:
2204:
2539:
2486:
2441:
2374:"Mutation of the receptor tyrosine kinase gene Mertk in the retinal dystrophic RCS rat"
2224:
2173:
1906:
1875:
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1826:
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93:
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or "lines" of rats specifically for experimentation. Most are derived from the albino
2867:
2718:
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studies conducted at different laboratories and/or on rats from different sources."
2923:
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2657:
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2521:
2490:
2470:
2425:
2387:
2284:
2228:
2208:
2157:
2148:
2118:
2075:
1978:
1941:
1901:
1893:
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1838:
1783:
1742:
1724:
1639:
1623:
1580:
1564:
1309:
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761:
755:
735:
671:
595:
563:
544:
535:
396:
320:
255:
204:
200:
196:
189:
176:, there was a widespread practice of keeping rats as a domesticated pet during the
59:
2543:
1746:
2708:
2062:"Editor in Chief of Food and Chemical Toxicology answers questions on retraction"
1568:
931:
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336:
299:
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81:
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404:
247:
239:
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2080:
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1982:
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180:
and in the 18th century guidebooks on keeping domestic rats were published by
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1635:
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1321:
1313:
961:
908:
424:
385:
328:
2526:
2505:
1158:(1903) "Psychical development of the white rat", Ph.D. University of Chicago
642:
The Long–Evans rat is an outbred rat developed by Long and Evans in 1915 by
128:
would not only make money by trapping the rodents, but also by selling them
2830:
2613:
2575:
2437:
2401:
2169:
2132:
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1953:
1915:
1803:
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993:
943:
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365:
344:
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156:
85:
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2373:
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2271:
Moemeka, A. N.; Hildebrandt, A. L.; Radaskiewicz, P.; King, T. R. (1998).
2123:
2104:
1990:
1860:
1842:
1329:
1074:
1055:
594:
The Wistar rat is an outbred albino rat. This breed was developed at the
2850:
2257:
2220:
1553:"Thermoregulatory Control of Sympathetic Fibres Supplying the Rat's Tail"
1497:
924:
916:
912:
743:
603:
231:
133:
125:
108:
2707:
Suckow, Mark A.; Weisbroth, Steven H.; Franklin, Craig L., eds. (2005).
2662:
2639:
2105:"Rat models of type 1 diabetes: genetics, environment, and autoimmunity"
124:) ran rampant and this infestation fueled the industry of rat-catching.
2474:
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852:
667:
643:
567:
521:
516:
466:
400:
340:
324:
220:
193:
177:
166:
148:
144:
89:
2429:
964:. Knockout rats can mimic human diseases, and are important tools for
162:
2913:
2506:"The Zucker fatty rat as a genetic model of obesity and hypertension"
2273:"Shorn (shn): A new mutation causing hypotrichosis in the Norway rat"
2212:
920:
682:) is not. The average litter size of the Sprague Dawley rat is 11.0.
631:
504:
496:
488:
1551:
Owens, N. C.; Ootsuka, Y.; Kanosue, K.; McAllen, R. M. (2002–2009).
1493:
Improving Reading Skills: Contemporary Readings for College Students
930:
A growing internet trend has begun to associate the Zucker rat with
511:
tumors. There were even significant variations in the incidences of
2819:
997:
713:
658:
575:
462:
450:
369:
279:
234:
suggested that the rate of learning could be measured by rats in a
199:
collected from all parts of the world carried out by a team led by
129:
2270:
1610:"The contribution of the mouse tail to thermoregulation is modest"
1462:
Living with the Earth: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy
305:
104:
1274:
690:
571:
508:
442:
427:
are also available, but are not as commonly used as inbred mice.
152:
140:
2408:
1669:"Rules and Guidelines for Nomenclature of Mouse and Rat Strains"
822:
A Royal College of Surgeons rat undergoing visual acuity testing
776:
Rowett nude rats, first identified in 1953 in Scotland, have no
2102:
1550:
934:. The two have no relation except in rapid change of physique.
867:
856:
855:
development. Its phenotype is similar to the widely researched
777:
767:
679:
543:
occurs when the tail temperature increases, causing heat loss.
381:
332:
331:
to study internal effects on organs and the brain, such as for
115:
2504:
Kurtz, T. W.; Morris, R. C.; Pershadsingh, H. A. (June 1989).
503:
and found highly significant differences in the incidences of
2873:
2371:
1523:
Sovereignty, Colonialism and the Indigenous Nations: A Reader
586:
389:
377:
373:
173:
39:
1715:"The Wistar Institute Archives: Rats (Not Mice) and History"
1615:
American Journal of Physiology. Endocrinology and Metabolism
1928:
844:
470:
403:, which is still widely used. Other common strains are the
235:
2414:
1200:
The oestrous cycle in the rat and its associated phenomena
880:
and the characteristically obese (or fatty) Zucker rat or
216:
1825:
Drachman, R. H.; Root, R. K.; Wood, W. B. (August 1966).
531:, British biologists had eaten laboratory rats, creamed.
63:
2145:
1171:
Biographical Memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences
666:
The Sprague Dawley is an outbred, multipurpose breed of
2706:
2503:
2190:
1217:
461:. Many investigators who wish to trace observations on
2749:
2596:
2458:
923:. Obesity in Zucker rats is primarily linked to their
730:
The Brattleboro rat is a strain that was developed by
250:
and then, nutritive requirements of rats were used by
2813:
2241:
1094:
The Laboratory Rat (Handbook of Experimental Animals)
294:
until it closed in 1994. Rats have long been used in
72:(Domestic Norwegian rat) which are bred and kept for
2637:
1244:"43rd Annual Pathology of Laboratory Animals Course"
634:
are other well-known stocks developed from Wistars.
2638:Kava, R.; Greenwood, M. R.; Johnson, P. R. (1990).
2601:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1933:
Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications
1607:
1091:
795:The Lewis rat was developed by Margaret Lewis from
2452:
2023:
1351:
487:Traversing complex terrain under the influence of
1354:Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed
339:research. Laboratory rats not sacrificed may be
2936:
1824:
1295:
806:
2312:
2310:
2308:
1885:International Journal of Experimental Pathology
1196:
911:, and gain weight from an increase in both the
602:at a time when laboratories primarily used the
2679:"A Typical Day in the Life of Mark Zuckerberg"
1298:JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute
980:, and work accomplished by the members of the
30:"Lab rat" redirects here. For other uses, see
2799:
2059:
534:Scientists have also spent time studying the
323:. Laboratory rats are frequently subject to
2305:
1168:Day, H. G. (1974). "Elmer Verner McCollum".
960:rat with a single gene turned off through a
441:. In October 2003, researchers succeeded in
2264:
1452:
1340:
1053:
2806:
2792:
2235:
2184:
1966:
1483:
1421:
1119:
1117:
1056:"Use of House Mice in Biomedical Research"
1047:
99:
2661:
2525:
2391:
2288:
2122:
2079:
2053:
1905:
1850:
1643:
1584:
1386:
1073:
2654:Institute for Laboratory Animal Research
2555:
2553:
2336:
1874:Hsu, C. C.; Lai, S. C. (December 2007).
1692:
1123:
1087:
1085:
1004:technology, are being commercialized by
984:(KORC). Knockout rat disease models for
978:Rat Genome Sequencing Project Consortium
866:
843:mutant that has a short deletion in the
810:
766:
657:
585:
475:
349:
304:
215:
161:
103:
38:
2633:
2631:
1458:
1346:
1114:
834:
368:differ from wild rats (various spp. of
14:
2937:
1873:
1767:
1731:
1712:
1489:
1427:
895:Obese Zucker rats have high levels of
618:, and genetic researcher/embryologist
574:" populations are used when identical
499:in Sprague Dawleys from six different
2787:
2559:
2550:
2497:
1428:McComb, David G. (1 September 1997).
1392:
1082:
1054:Vandenbergh, J. G. (1 January 2000).
839:The shaking rat Kawasaki (SRK) is an
653:
550:
319:on it: roughly 50% more than that on
300:Crocker Institute for Cancer Research
2628:
2418:The Journal of Comparative Neurology
1831:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
1660:
1167:
1124:Kuramoto, Takashi (November 2012).
84:, rats have served as an important
24:
2700:
2007:. 12 December 1998. Archived from
1126:"Origin of Albino Laboratory Rats"
738:, Vermont, beginning in 1961, for
719:
697:
529:food rationing due to World War II
272:University of California, Berkeley
268:Institute for Experimental Biology
211:
25:
2961:
2732:
1775:Journal of the History of Biology
1197:Long, J. A.; Evans H. M. (1922).
637:
2676:
2060:Wallace Hayes, A. (March 2014).
1898:10.1111/j.1365-2613.2007.00554.x
937:
555:For varieties bred as pets, see
27:Rat used for scientific research
2670:
2590:
2365:
2139:
2096:
1997:
1960:
1922:
1867:
1818:
1761:
1739:"The Wistar Institute: History"
1713:Clause, B. T. (February 1998).
1706:
1601:
1544:
1514:
1490:Spears, Deanne (29 July 2003).
1289:
884:(ZDF rat), which is actually a
796:
749:
159:for purely scientific reasons.
2560:Davis, Amy J. (January 1997).
1768:Clause, Bonnie Tocher (1993).
1431:Annual Editions: World History
1262:
1236:
1211:
1205:University of California Press
1190:
1161:
1149:
1136:National Institute of Genetics
628:spontaneously hypertensive rat
457:techniques typically used for
13:
1:
1040:
974:National Institutes of Health
948:A knockout rat (also spelled
862:
807:Royal College of Surgeons rat
734:and technician Tim Vinton in
672:Sprague Dawley Animal Company
581:
2756:Medical College of Wisconsin
2067:Food and Chemical Toxicology
2031:"Sprague Dawley Outbred Rat"
1946:10.1016/0006-291X(76)90202-3
1569:10.1113/jphysiol.2002.023770
1436:McGraw-Hill Higher Education
790:
310:Morris water navigation test
258:to determine the details of
7:
2762:Index of Inbred Rat Strains
2005:"Online Medical Dictionary"
1878:Angiostrongylus cantonensis
1459:Peacock, Kent Alan (1996).
1011:
614:, scientific administrator
266:of rats was studied at the
238:; a suggestion employed by
226:The rat found early use in
69:Rattus norvegicus domestica
10:
2966:
2518:American Heart Association
2352:Charles River Laboratories
2326:Charles River Laboratories
1970:Journal of Neurophysiology
1628:10.1152/ajpendo.00133.2020
941:
903:in their bloodstream, are
753:
723:
701:
557:Fancy rat § Varieties
554:
395:Scientists have bred many
29:
2826:
2727:– via Google Books.
2245:Laboratory Animal Science
2162:10.1007/s00335-004-2383-3
2081:10.1016/j.fct.2014.01.006
1983:10.1152/jn.1998.79.6.2875
1557:The Journal of Physiology
1334:National Cancer Institute
1023:Animal testing on rodents
882:Zucker diabetic fatty rat
828:Royal College of Surgeons
2778:Knock Out Rat Consortium
2379:Human Molecular Genetics
2318:"Research Animal Models"
1674:Mouse Genome Informatics
1401:Rowman & Littlefield
1393:Lorey, David E. (2003).
982:Knock Out Rat Consortium
740:Dartmouth Medical School
278:and Joseph A. Long. The
32:Lab rat (disambiguation)
2562:"The Heart of a Zucker"
2527:10.1161/01.hyp.13.6.896
2290:10.1093/jhered/89.3.257
2277:The Journal of Heredity
1528:Carolina Academic Press
1306:Oxford University Press
1131:Bio Resource Newsletter
612:Henry Herbert Donaldson
445:two laboratory rats by
282:of rats was studied by
132:or, more commonly, for
100:Origins of rat breeding
2614:10.1006/bbrc.1996.1133
2328:. 2021. Archived from
1745:. 2007. Archived from
1314:10.1093/jnci/50.5.1243
966:studying gene function
958:genetically engineered
872:
823:
772:
689:, where the herbicide
663:
591:
495:A 1972 study compared
492:
362:
312:
298:; for instance at the
223:
169:
111:
48:
2462:Acta Neuropathologica
2124:10.1093/ilar.45.3.278
1843:10.1084/jem.124.2.227
1530:. 2005. p. 772.
1075:10.1093/ilar.41.3.133
870:
821:
770:
661:
626:Sprague Dawleys. The
589:
486:
353:
308:
284:William Ernest Castle
264:reproductive function
219:
182:Youso Tamanokakehashi
165:
107:
42:
2640:"Zucker (fa/fa) Rat"
1727:on 16 December 2006.
1469:Canada. p. 71.
1002:zinc-finger nuclease
905:resistant to insulin
835:Shaking rat Kawasaki
501:commercial suppliers
459:genetic manipulation
276:Herbert McLean Evans
2887:Medicago truncatula
2767:Jacskson Laboratory
2751:Rat Genome Database
2663:10.1093/ilar.32.3.4
2574:(1). Archived from
2393:10.1093/hmg/9.4.645
2205:1978Natur.274..365F
2035:Harlan Laboratories
1702:. 15 February 2019.
1034:Rat Genome Database
990:Alzheimer's disease
986:Parkinson's disease
841:autosomal recessive
491:inputs to its brain
455:embryonic stem cell
423:black hooded rats.
360:flowerpot technique
343:or, in some cases,
252:Thomas Burr Osborne
228:laboratory research
118:, wild brown rats (
74:scientific research
2710:The Laboratory Rat
2567:Research PennState
2475:10.1007/bf00686973
2041:on 26 October 2012
2011:on 2 December 2008
1788:10.1007/BF01061973
1749:on 17 October 2008
1679:Jackson Laboratory
1360:Penguin Publishing
1308:(OUP): 1243–1257.
1220:The Laboratory Rat
873:
824:
773:
756:Hairless fancy rat
732:Henry A. Schroeder
676:Madison, Wisconsin
664:
662:Sprague Dawley rat
654:Sprague Dawley rat
616:Milton J. Greenman
592:
551:Stocks and strains
493:
363:
313:
292:Harvard University
244:Ph.D. dissertation
224:
186:Chingan Sodategusa
170:
112:
94:biomedical science
80:for research than
78:less commonly used
49:
2932:
2931:
2773:Rat Model Summary
2430:10.1002/cne.10761
2199:(5669): 365–366.
1720:Mendel Newsletter
1348:Diamond, Jared M.
1250:on 16 August 2000
1100:. pp. 3–16.
1028:Morris water maze
962:targeted mutation
819:
771:A Rowett nude rat
484:
434:Rattus norvegicus
260:protein nutrition
121:Rattus norvegicus
16:(Redirected from
2957:
2808:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2728:
2713:(2nd ed.).
2694:
2693:
2691:
2689:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2665:
2635:
2626:
2625:
2594:
2588:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2557:
2548:
2547:
2529:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2456:
2450:
2449:
2412:
2406:
2405:
2395:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2340:
2334:
2333:
2314:
2303:
2302:
2292:
2268:
2262:
2261:
2239:
2233:
2232:
2213:10.1038/274365a0
2188:
2182:
2181:
2149:Mammalian Genome
2143:
2137:
2136:
2126:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2083:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2046:
2037:. Archived from
2027:
2021:
2020:
2018:
2016:
2001:
1995:
1994:
1977:(6): 2875–2884.
1964:
1958:
1957:
1926:
1920:
1919:
1909:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1854:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1756:
1754:
1743:Wistar Institute
1735:
1729:
1728:
1723:. Archived from
1710:
1704:
1703:
1700:"Outbred Stocks"
1696:
1690:
1689:
1687:
1685:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1647:
1622:(2): E438–E446.
1605:
1599:
1598:
1588:
1548:
1542:
1541:
1518:
1512:
1511:
1487:
1481:
1480:
1456:
1450:
1449:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1390:
1384:
1383:
1357:
1350:(January 2006).
1344:
1338:
1337:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1270:"Genome Project"
1266:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1255:
1246:. Archived from
1240:
1234:
1233:
1215:
1209:
1208:
1194:
1188:
1187:
1165:
1159:
1153:
1147:
1146:
1144:
1142:
1121:
1112:
1111:
1089:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1051:
1018:Laboratory mouse
831:outer segments.
820:
736:West Brattleboro
596:Wistar Institute
545:Vasoconstriction
536:thermoregulation
485:
447:nuclear transfer
415:albino strains,
288:Bussey Institute
256:Lafayette Mendel
205:Kyoto University
201:Takashi Kuramoto
190:Genetic analysis
114:In 18th-century
88:for research in
21:
2965:
2964:
2960:
2959:
2958:
2956:
2955:
2954:
2945:Laboratory rats
2935:
2934:
2933:
2928:
2822:
2816:model organisms
2812:
2780:(archived copy)
2735:
2725:
2703:
2701:Further reading
2698:
2697:
2687:
2685:
2683:The Independent
2675:
2671:
2636:
2629:
2595:
2591:
2581:
2579:
2558:
2551:
2502:
2498:
2457:
2453:
2413:
2409:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2332:on 24 May 2013.
2316:
2315:
2306:
2269:
2265:
2240:
2236:
2189:
2185:
2156:(12): 975–981.
2144:
2140:
2101:
2097:
2058:
2054:
2044:
2042:
2029:
2028:
2024:
2014:
2012:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1965:
1961:
1927:
1923:
1872:
1868:
1823:
1819:
1766:
1762:
1752:
1750:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1711:
1707:
1698:
1697:
1693:
1683:
1681:
1665:
1661:
1606:
1602:
1549:
1545:
1538:
1520:
1519:
1515:
1508:
1500:. p. 463.
1488:
1484:
1477:
1457:
1453:
1446:
1438:. p. 239.
1426:
1422:
1415:
1403:. pp. 210
1391:
1387:
1377:
1345:
1341:
1294:
1290:
1280:
1278:
1268:
1267:
1263:
1253:
1251:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1216:
1212:
1195:
1191:
1166:
1162:
1154:
1150:
1140:
1138:
1122:
1115:
1108:
1090:
1083:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1014:
946:
940:
932:Mark Zuckerberg
890:leptin receptor
888:(fa/fa) of the
886:recessive trait
865:
851:lamination and
837:
811:
809:
793:
758:
752:
728:
726:Brattleboro rat
722:
720:Brattleboro rat
710:type 1 diabetes
706:
704:Biobreeding rat
700:
698:Biobreeding rat
687:SĂ©ralini affair
656:
640:
620:Helen Dean King
584:
560:
553:
522:carcinogenicity
513:adrenal medulla
476:
354:Deprivation of
337:pharmacological
321:laboratory mice
296:cancer research
230:in five areas:
214:
212:Use in research
102:
82:laboratory mice
52:Laboratory rats
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2963:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2904:
2897:
2890:
2883:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2847:
2840:
2833:
2827:
2824:
2823:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2769:
2758:
2747:
2734:
2733:External links
2731:
2730:
2729:
2723:
2715:Academic Press
2702:
2699:
2696:
2695:
2669:
2627:
2589:
2578:on 22 May 2002
2549:
2496:
2469:(4): 366–372.
2451:
2424:(3): 303–315.
2407:
2386:(4): 645–651.
2364:
2335:
2304:
2283:(3): 257–260.
2263:
2252:(4): 459–464.
2234:
2183:
2138:
2117:(3): 278–291.
2095:
2052:
2022:
1996:
1959:
1940:(4): 869–875.
1921:
1892:(6): 437–443.
1866:
1837:(2): 227–240.
1817:
1782:(2): 329–349.
1760:
1730:
1705:
1691:
1659:
1600:
1563:(3): 849–858.
1543:
1536:
1513:
1506:
1482:
1475:
1467:Harcourt Brace
1451:
1444:
1420:
1413:
1385:
1375:
1339:
1288:
1261:
1235:
1228:
1210:
1189:
1160:
1156:John B. Watson
1148:
1113:
1106:
1098:Academic Press
1081:
1068:(3): 133–135.
1045:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1038:
1037:
1030:
1025:
1020:
1013:
1010:
976:(NIH) via the
970:drug discovery
942:Main article:
939:
936:
907:without being
864:
861:
836:
833:
808:
805:
792:
789:
788:
787:
784:
781:
751:
748:
724:Main article:
721:
718:
702:Main article:
699:
696:
655:
652:
648:model organism
639:
638:Long–Evans rat
636:
600:model organism
583:
580:
552:
549:
469:to underlying
425:Inbred strains
405:Sprague Dawley
386:adrenal glands
248:Elmer McCollum
240:John B. Watson
213:
210:
101:
98:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2962:
2951:
2950:Animal models
2948:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2940:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2909:
2905:
2903:
2902:
2898:
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2895:
2891:
2889:
2888:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2869:
2865:
2863:
2862:Fission yeast
2860:
2858:
2857:Budding yeast
2855:
2853:
2852:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2844:Chlamydomonas
2841:
2839:
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2834:
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2720:
2716:
2712:
2711:
2705:
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2684:
2680:
2673:
2664:
2659:
2656:(ILAR): 4–8.
2655:
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2159:
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2006:
2000:
1992:
1988:
1984:
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1976:
1972:
1971:
1963:
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1574:
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1539:
1537:9780890893333
1533:
1529:
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1507:9780072830705
1503:
1499:
1495:
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1478:
1476:9780774733779
1472:
1468:
1464:
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1455:
1447:
1445:9780697392930
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1416:
1414:9780842050494
1410:
1406:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1382:
1378:
1376:9780143036555
1372:
1368:
1365:
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1356:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1327:
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1067:
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1029:
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1024:
1021:
1019:
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1007:
1003:
999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
979:
975:
971:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
945:
938:Knockout rats
935:
933:
928:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
909:hyperglycemic
906:
902:
898:
893:
891:
887:
883:
878:
869:
860:
858:
854:
850:
846:
842:
832:
829:
804:
801:
798:
785:
782:
779:
775:
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769:
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747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
727:
717:
715:
711:
705:
695:
692:
688:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
660:
651:
649:
645:
644:crossbreeding
635:
633:
629:
623:
621:
617:
613:
609:
605:
601:
597:
588:
579:
577:
573:
569:
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558:
548:
546:
542:
537:
532:
530:
525:
523:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
490:
474:
472:
468:
464:
460:
456:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
435:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
402:
398:
393:
392:are smaller.
391:
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
366:Domestic rats
361:
357:
352:
348:
346:
342:
338:
334:
330:
329:microdialysis
326:
322:
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311:
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110:
106:
97:
95:
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83:
79:
75:
71:
70:
65:
61:
57:
53:
46:
41:
37:
33:
19:
2918:
2906:
2899:
2892:
2885:
2878:
2866:
2849:
2842:
2835:
2831:Lambda phage
2772:
2761:
2750:
2742:
2739:"Rat Genome"
2709:
2688:21 September
2686:. Retrieved
2682:
2677:Cain, Aine.
2672:
2649:
2645:ILAR Journal
2643:
2608:(1): 75–83.
2605:
2599:
2592:
2580:. Retrieved
2576:the original
2571:
2565:
2513:
2510:Hypertension
2509:
2499:
2466:
2460:
2454:
2421:
2417:
2410:
2383:
2377:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2347:
2338:
2330:the original
2321:
2280:
2276:
2266:
2249:
2243:
2237:
2196:
2192:
2186:
2153:
2147:
2141:
2114:
2110:ILAR Journal
2108:
2098:
2071:
2065:
2055:
2043:. Retrieved
2039:the original
2025:
2013:. Retrieved
2009:the original
1999:
1974:
1968:
1962:
1937:
1931:
1924:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1869:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1779:
1773:
1763:
1751:. Retrieved
1747:the original
1733:
1725:the original
1718:
1708:
1694:
1682:. Retrieved
1672:
1662:
1619:
1613:
1603:
1560:
1556:
1546:
1522:
1516:
1492:
1485:
1461:
1454:
1430:
1423:
1404:
1395:
1388:
1381:creamed rat.
1380:
1366:
1353:
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1279:. Retrieved
1273:
1264:
1254:15 September
1252:. Retrieved
1248:the original
1238:
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1139:. Retrieved
1129:
1093:
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1061:ILAR Journal
1059:
1049:
1032:
994:hypertension
953:
949:
947:
944:Knockout rat
929:
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759:
750:Hairless rat
729:
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641:
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608:Mus musculus
607:
593:
561:
541:Vasodilation
533:
526:
494:
433:
430:Much of the
429:
394:
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225:
171:
157:domesticated
138:
126:Rat-catchers
119:
113:
86:animal model
67:
55:
51:
50:
36:
2880:Arabidopsis
2851:Tetrahymena
2520:: 896–901.
2344:"Lewis Rat"
2074:: 394–395.
2015:15 December
1498:McGraw-Hill
1362:. pp.
1281:17 February
1178:: 263–335.
1141:20 December
925:hyperphagic
901:cholesterol
744:vasopressin
604:house mouse
409:Fischer 344
345:become pets
232:W. S. Small
184:(1775) and
134:rat-baiting
109:Rat-baiting
66:subspecies
2939:Categories
2901:Drosophila
2894:C. elegans
2868:Neurospora
2776:database,
2765:database,
2724:0080454321
2582:6 December
2516:(6 Pt 2).
2348:CRiver.com
2322:CRiver.com
2045:25 October
1753:9 November
1684:5 December
1229:0080454321
1107:012426400X
1041:References
877:Zucker rat
871:Zucker rat
863:Zucker rat
853:cerebellum
754:See also:
668:albino rat
590:Wistar rat
582:Wistar rat
568:inbreeding
517:testicular
467:physiology
432:genome of
417:Long–Evans
401:Wistar rat
358:using the
341:euthanized
325:dissection
317:literature
221:Dissection
194:albino rat
178:Edo period
90:psychology
18:Albino rat
2914:Zebrafish
1796:0022-5010
1636:0193-1849
1577:0022-3751
1322:1460-2105
1006:SAGE Labs
954:knock-out
950:knock out
921:fat cells
791:Lewis rat
762:recessive
576:genotypes
505:endocrine
497:neoplasms
489:electrode
439:sequenced
437:has been
356:REM sleep
2820:genetics
2446:21608635
2438:12820163
2402:10699188
2178:36747187
2170:15599556
2133:15229375
2090:24407018
1954:15625855
1916:18039280
1812:12428625
1804:11623164
1654:32691633
1595:12231643
1184:11615648
1012:See also
1000:, using
998:diabetes
968:and for
714:NOD mice
630:and the
463:behavior
413:Holtzman
370:Rodentia
280:genetics
242:for his
188:(1787).
130:for food
76:. While
56:lab rats
2908:Xenopus
2837:E. coli
2622:8769097
2536:2786848
2491:5806299
2483:3176902
2299:9656468
2229:4206930
2201:Bibcode
1991:9636093
1907:2517339
1861:4380670
1852:2180468
1645:7473913
1586:2290547
1330:4712589
1275:Ensembl
956:) is a
712:. Like
691:RoundUp
572:outbred
527:During
509:mammary
451:genetic
443:cloning
397:strains
382:kidneys
286:at the
270:at the
197:strains
192:of 117
153:fasting
141:terrier
62:of the
60:strains
2814:Major
2744:Nature
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917:number
897:lipids
857:reeler
849:cortex
797:Wistar
778:thymus
680:Envigo
564:strain
421:Lister
419:, and
390:hearts
388:, and
378:livers
374:brains
333:cancer
262:. The
167:Hooded
149:hooded
145:albino
116:Europe
45:albino
2924:Mouse
2874:Maize
2652:(3).
2540:S2CID
2487:S2CID
2442:S2CID
2225:S2CID
2174:S2CID
1808:S2CID
1304:(5).
674:) in
632:Lewis
471:genes
174:Japan
2719:ISBN
2690:2024
2618:PMID
2584:2008
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2047:2012
2017:2007
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1792:ISSN
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1686:2018
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2209:doi
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1942:doi
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