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troopers and about 100 civilians armed with hunting rifles who had been mustered by
Wallace from Selma. Lingo ignored the pleas of Birmingham police chief Jamie Moore to leave the city, instead setting his subordinates loose in the city in what federal officials concluded was a deliberate effort by Wallace to provoke incidents that the race-baiting governor, who in his January 1963 inauguration had promised
165:. When white business leaders in Birmingham and civil rights leaders announced a desegregation accord on May 7, 1963, Lingo almost immediately ordered state troopers to cease their work with municipal officers to keep the peace on city streets, despite law enforcement intelligence that there was a plan to dynamite the hotel where the Rev.
133:, Lingo had limited experience in law enforcement, but "had a reputation indispensable for Wallace .... He was known as 'hell on niggers' and a man who seemed to relish confrontation." His anger was not limited to Blacks and "his own recruits learned to stay out of his path; he was a dangerously unstable man ...."
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He ran an intelligence operation that used police power to compile dossiers on civil rights workers. The operation was used to intimidate, blackmail or otherwise discredit several Black applicants who would have desegregated the
University of Alabama, but failed when investigators, acting on the
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was staying. After the motel and the home of King's brother were bombed on May 12, 1963, authorities and civil rights leaders at first struggled to control conflict in the streets. As order was on the verge of being restored, Lingo, under the orders of
Wallace, returned to the city with state
189:
in Selma on March 7, 1965, in what would become known as Bloody Sunday. He later claimed that he had "argued for two days" in favor of allowing the march, but was overruled "by my superior," presumably
Wallace. "I was made the scapegoat," he said.
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Also in May 1963, Lingo led troopers in confronting civil rights marchers who were protesting the murder of
William L. Moore, who was killed while protesting segregation. The troopers used an electric cattle prod on the protesters.
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could use to justify further repression. Ultimately, King and other civil rights leaders were able to calm the streets through their own efforts.
512:
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285:"It's not enough to disavow the Klan: Racists and Republicans have years of experience disavowing Klan, but supporting racist politics"
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The politics of rage: George
Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
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The politics of rage: George
Wallace, the origins of the new conservatism, and the transformation of American politics
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396:"Albert Lingo, Led Alabama's Police: Highway Patrol Chief During Civil Rights Marches Dies at 59"
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orders of
Wallace, could find nothing useful in the history or family backgrounds of
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He resigned as director effective
October 1, 1965, and later ran for election to be
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Lingo played a central role in
Wallace's attempt to thwart racial peace during the
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as "an addled racist" who derailed the state of Alabama's investigation into the
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Barber, Rev. Dr. William J. II; Wilson-Hartgrove, Jonathan (March 6, 2016).
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106:(January 22, 1910 – August 19, 1969) was appointed in 1963 by Alabama Gov.
466:, August 18, 1969, and "Ex-state official--Heart ailment fatal to Lingo",
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and was widely seen as a Klan-sympathizer. Lingo was described by
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Lingo is also linked to the racist violence that accompanied the
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Director of the Alabama Department of Public Safety 1963-1965
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Lingo died of heart disease at age 59 on August 17, 1969.
424:, American Southern Publishing, Northport, Ala., 1966.
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361:. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 125–127.
154:due to either incompetence or in order to protect
238:http://crdl.usg.edu/people/l/lingo_albert_j_1910/
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254:. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 125.
185:. He led troopers who beat protesters on the
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462:"Ex-Trooper Chief, Lingo, Dies at 59",
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333:"Rounding Up the 16th Street Suspects"
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136:Lingo was reportedly a member of the
513:State cabinet secretaries of Alabama
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240:, Digital Library of Georgia, 2009.
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152:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
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523:20th-century American politicians
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331:Raines, Howell (July 13, 1997).
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533:American state police officers
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232:Civil Rights Digital Library:
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449:"Lingo Bids For Negro Vote",
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518:People from Clayton, Alabama
234:Biography of Albert J. Lingo
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528:Selma to Montgomery marches
183:Selma to Montgomery marches
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548:Deaths from heart disease
470:, August 18, 1969, p. 24.
433:"Col. Al Lingo Resigns",
211:Jefferson County, Alabama
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89:Alabama Highway Patrolman
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543:American segregationists
312:"The Birmingham Bombing"
484:Albert Lingo's FBI file
357:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
250:Carter, Dan T. (1995).
129:According to historian
118:that characterized the
538:American police chiefs
464:Birmingham Post-Herald
172:"segregation forever,"
167:Martin Luther King Jr.
146:editorial page editor
112:Alabama Highway Patrol
440:, September 17, 1965.
120:Civil Rights Movement
213:, but was defeated.
187:Edmund Pettus Bridge
468:The Birmingham News
163:Birmingham campaign
63:Birmingham, Alabama
16:American politician
400:The New York Times
337:The New York Times
317:The New York Times
143:The New York Times
453:, April 13, 1966.
422:The Wallace Story
402:. August 18, 1969
310:(July 24, 1983).
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508:1969 deaths
503:1910 births
78:Citizenship
70:Nationality
497:Categories
438:Advertiser
435:Montgomery
220:References
200:James Hood
124:U.S. South
86:Occupation
37:1910-01-22
290:Salon.com
406:March 4,
377:32739924
270:32739924
73:American
207:sheriff
122:in the
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81:U.S.A.
408:2021
373:OCLC
363:ISBN
344:2019
266:OCLC
256:ISBN
198:and
52:Died
31:Born
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