599:
614:, founder of a local Ku Klux Klan organization, was hired as a speechwriter for Wallace's campaign. Carter became a key member of Wallace's staff, resulting in "a new, fiery, hard-hitting style of campaigning". Due to his connection to acts of racial violence, Carter was kept in the background during the campaign; however, his speeches proved to be popular among Wallace supporters. Wallace's racial politicking and support of segregation resonated with Alabama voters and in 1962 he was elected governor, receiving more votes than any previous Alabama gubernatorial candidate.
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America's future. This view was reinforced in 1965 when King delivered a speech in front of the
Alabama State Capitol in which he directly replied to Wallace's call for continued segregation, saying he believed "segregation is on its death bed in Alabama, and the only thing uncertain about it is how costly Wallace and the segregationists will make the funeral".
37:
730:
Journalist Bob Ingram recalls that when
Wallace first saw the "segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever" line that Carter had written for his inaugural address, Wallace was pleased, saying "I like that line. I like it, and I'm going to use it." However, later in life Wallace changed
696:
later recalled that upon hearing the inaugural address "That day, my heart sank. I knew his defense of 'states' rights' was really a defense of the status quo in
Alabama." Civil rights demonstrators marching in Alabama later that year showed their opposition to Wallace and his policies of segregation
650:
The speech also presented the case that racial differences were similar to political or religious differences. Wallace argued that people had "racial or cultural freedom" that gave them the right to live in a culture of segregation, in the same way they had freedom to choose their political party and
721:
King's vision of a positive future was a sharp contrast to
Wallace's demand to prolong the discrimination that had long prevented many Americans from exercising their civil rights. King portrayed segregation and its supporting rationale of states' rights as relics of the past that would not exist in
740:
Regardless of his feelings at the time, the sentiments expressed in his inaugural address were blamed for creating "a climate that allowed for violent reprisals against those seeking to end racial discrimination". Wallace's defiant endorsement of segregation proved to be his most memorable piece of
716:
I have a dream that one day, down in
Alabama, with its vicious racists, with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of "interposition" and "nullification" – one day, right there in Alabama, little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white
735:
I didn't write those words about segregation now, tomorrow and forever. I saw them in the speech written for me and planned to skip over them. But the wind-chill factor was 5 below zero when I gave that speech. I started reading just to get it over and read those words without thinking. I have
642:
Both Carter and
Wallace realized that would be the phrase for which his speech would be remembered. The "tyranny" Wallace referred to was his way of characterizing the federal government's attempts at integration in Alabama. This was one of the central themes of his speech—that by implementing
689:, Alabama's newly elected Attorney General, warned that to disobey federal orders "can only bring disgrace upon our state". Business leaders worried that politicians were furthering a national image of Alabama as a place of "reaction, rebellion and riots, of bigotry, bias and backwardness".
606:
Wallace's new stance on racial issues became apparent in 1959, when he was the only local circuit court judge who refused to turn over voting records to a federal commission investigating discrimination against black voters. Threatened with jail, Wallace eventually complied and released the
617:
After his election, Wallace wanted to make it clear he intended to keep his campaign promise to fight against integration. Carter spent several weeks writing the inaugural address, and on
January 14, 1963, after taking the oath of office, Wallace delivered it from the portico of the
589:
After this defeat, Wallace determined that in order to be elected governor, he would have to change his position on racial issues, and told one of his campaign officials "I was out-niggered by John
Patterson. And I'll tell you here and now, I will never be out-niggered again."
651:
religious denomination. The "great freedom of our
American founding fathers", Wallace claimed, was that "each race, within its own framework has the freedom to teach, to instruct, to develop, to ask for and receive deserved help from others of separate racial stations".
703:
responded to
Wallace's inaugural address with a series of speeches. In the first three months of 1963 he traveled to 16 different cities, speaking about the need to take action against the injustices of segregation. Later that year, King gave his historic
643:
desegregation laws and policies, the federal government was oppressing the people of Alabama and depriving them of their rights. During his term as governor, Wallace would receive national attention as he continued to frame segregation as a
607:
registration documents; however, his defiance earned him notoriety and signaled his new political position. Opposition to black voter registration efforts would become a part of his platform when Wallace ran for governor in 1962.
245:
677:
all covered Wallace's speech. Wallace's national profile would continue to grow during his first year in office, and in the fall of 1963 he capitalized on his prominence by announcing his candidacy for U.S. President.
567:. During this time, Wallace was known as a moderate on racial issues and was associated with the progressive, liberal faction of Alabama politics. During the 1958 gubernatorial campaign, Wallace spoke out against the
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In the name of the greatest people that have ever trod this earth, I draw the line in the dust and toss the gauntlet before the feet of tyranny, and I say segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation
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the attempts of the federal government to enforce laws prohibiting racial segregation in Alabama's public schools and other institutions. The speech is most infamous for the phrase "
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Previous Alabama governors had run successfully on moderate platforms similar to the one Wallace adopted in 1958. However, the growing Civil Rights Movement, especially the
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The racially charged rhetoric in his inaugural address secured Wallace's base of support in Alabama. It also gave him national headlines;
610:
During that campaign, Wallace blamed integration for increases in crime and unemployment, as well as racial disturbances in other states.
112:
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three years earlier, had left white Alabamians feeling "under siege", and Patterson won the race for governor by a large margin.
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Although popular with his supporters, the sentiments expressed in Wallace's inaugural address drew criticism from proponents of
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as well as those who viewed direct opposition to the federal government as a strategy that was unlikely to be successful.
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Many who supported desegregation saw Wallace's speech as "indefensibly racist and demagogic". Civil rights leader
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by chanting "Ol' Wallace, you never can jail us all. Ol' Wallace, segregation is bound to fall."
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84:
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his views on segregation and came to regret his famous phrase, calling it his "biggest mistake".
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1457:
15-page PDF image of original proportional-spaced typed address, with handwritten corrections.
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political rhetoric and demonstrated the fierce opposition facing the Civil Rights Movement.
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accepted the endorsement of the KKK and made racial issues a major part of his campaign.
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issue, and integration as something imposed upon the South by the federal government.
571:, and although he endorsed segregation, his centrist views won him the support of the
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1134:
From Jim Crow to Civil Rights: The Supreme Court and the Struggle for Racial Equality
1017:
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712:. The only individual mentioned in that speech is Wallace (though not by name):
705:
552:
508:
1443:. Alabama Department of Archives and History. January 14, 1963. Archived from
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2006:
531:", which became a rallying cry for those opposed to integration and the
3857:
3515:
3445:
3415:
3285:
3260:
3205:
3105:
2720:
2690:
1344:
Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement
693:
380:
184:
3835:
3305:
3290:
957:
Humanities: The Magazine of the National Endowment for the Humanities
1246:
The Cotton Plantation South Since the Civil War: Since the Civil War
1157:
Torricelli, Robert G.; Andrew Carroll; Doris Kearns Goodwin (2000).
3195:
1114:
673:
543:
3784:
1460:
1161:
In Our Own Words: Extraordinary Speeches of the American Century
3852:
2587:
984:
826:
572:
862:. Alabama Department of Archives and History. Archived from
763:. Alabama Department of Archives and History. Archived from
1404:
Montgomery, Michael Riley; George Wallace (March 2, 1992).
919:
Liberalism's Last Hurrah: The Presidential Campaign of 1964
1223:"Reverend James Orange, Civil Rights Activist, Dies at 65"
761:"The 1963 Inaugural Address of Governor George C. Wallace"
602:
Entrance to the State Capitol, where the address was given
529:
segregation now, segregation tomorrow, segregation forever
593:
1403:
987:"George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire - Asa Carter"
860:"Alabama Governor George Wallace, Gubernatorial History"
829:"George Wallace: Settin' the Woods on Fire (transcript)"
4037:
Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam
3815:"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"
4061:
African American founding fathers of the United States
2414:
Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement
2279:
John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights
511:
delivered an inaugural address on January 14, 1963 at
1886:
1441:"The Inaugural Address of Governor George C. Wallace"
1701:
519:. At this time in his career, Wallace was an ardent
106:
4109:
Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument
1221:Boone, Christian; Ernie Suggs (February 21, 2008).
4348:History of racial segregation in the United States
1158:
985:Mccabe, Daniel; Paul Stekler; Steve Fayer (2000).
946:
854:
852:
850:
827:Mccabe, Daniel; Paul Stekler; Steve Fayer (2000).
551:Prior to his first campaign for governor in 1958,
630:, a fact that was pointedly noted in the speech.
4294:
2645:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
1220:
796:Racism to Redemption: The Path of George Wallace
2635:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
2568:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
2459:Green v. County School Board of New Kent County
847:
4114:Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument
1016:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 15–16.
201:Shuttlesworth v. Birmingham Board of Education
4022:List of lynching victims in the United States
2360:Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States
1872:
1687:
1476:
755:
753:
92:
2489:Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights
1298:
1296:
2538:Council for United Civil Rights Leadership
1879:
1865:
1694:
1680:
1483:
1469:
1127:
1125:
788:
786:
784:
782:
750:
626:had been sworn in as the President of the
405:University of Alabama desegregation crisis
351:Smith v. Young Men's Christian Association
213:Armstrong v. Birmingham Board of Education
99:
85:
35:
4094:Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument
1316:"Martin Luther King Jr. - I Have A Dream"
915:
563:and later as judge in the Third Judicial
449:Tuskegee High School desegregation crisis
4338:January 1963 events in the United States
4129:King Center for Nonviolent Social Change
2169:University of Georgia desegregation riot
1725:Original Ku Klux Klan of the Confederacy
1625:Crisis: Behind a Presidential Commitment
1406:"Confessions of A Former Segregationist"
1370:
1368:
1293:
1188:
1186:
1136:. Oxford University Press. p. 407.
980:
978:
940:
822:
820:
818:
792:
597:
542:
309:Martin Luther King Jr. residence bombing
246:Gaston Motel and King residence bombings
4043:Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence
3780:"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"
3775:"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"
1718:George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address
1131:
1122:
947:Michael J. Klarman (March–April 2004).
779:
22:George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address
4295:
3957:African-American women in the movement
2409:White House Conference on Civil Rights
2240:"Segregation now, segregation forever"
1377:"The Rehabilitation of George Wallace"
1347:. W. W. Norton & Company. p.
1302:
1275:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p.
1036:
1011:
884:
594:1962–63 campaign and Inaugural Address
460:Lee v. Macon County Board of Education
344:U.S. v. Montgomery County Board of Ed.
2398:Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections
1860:
1675:
1464:
1374:
1365:
1340:
1268:
1243:
1192:
1183:
1014:George Wallace: Conservative Populist
1005:
975:
878:
815:
80:
4166:St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument
2630:Regional Council of Negro Leadership
2578:Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party
2524:Committee on Appeal for Human Rights
2001:Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company
1926:Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore
1375:Rowan, Carl T. (September 5, 1991).
633:During the speech Wallace declared:
2573:Lowndes County Freedom Organization
2509:Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters
2179:Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address
1318:. American Rhetoric. Archived from
1272:Martin Luther King, Jr: A Biography
279:Shuttlesworth v. City of Birmingham
195:First Bethel Baptist Church bombing
13:
4017:African-American churches attacked
2583:Montgomery Improvement Association
2558:Georgia Council on Human Relations
2543:Council of Federated Organizations
2514:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
2272:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
2230:Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot
2036:1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom
1940:McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents
1764:The Vengeance Trail of Josey Wales
1490:
1193:Lewis, John (September 16, 1998).
256:16th Street Baptist Church bombing
159:George Wallace's Inaugural Address
14:
4359:
4089:Birmingham Civil Rights Institute
3962:Jews in the civil rights movement
1433:
1076:"North Denounced by Gov. Wallace"
888:George Wallace: American Populist
622:. This was the exact place where
16:Speech in Montgomery, Alabama, US
4283:Civil rights movement portal
4276:
4124:Freedom Riders National Monument
3866:The Kingdom of God Is Within You
2378:1965 Selma to Montgomery marches
2337:1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests
2224:Second Emancipation Proclamation
1843:The Reconstruction of Asa Carter
1703:Asa Carter a.k.a. Forrest Carter
561:Alabama House of Representatives
4151:Mississippi Civil Rights Museum
4139:Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial
2615:National Council of Negro Women
2553:Deacons for Defense and Justice
1397:
1334:
1308:
1262:
1237:
1214:
1150:
1118:. January 28, 1963. p. 34.
1105:
1101:. January 25, 1963. p. 15.
1088:
1084:. January 15, 1963. p. 16.
1068:
1042:
1030:
304:Robert Graetz residence bombing
2031:Mansfield school desegregation
1165:. Simon and Schuster. p.
1050:"On This Day - August 4, 1972"
909:
717:girls as sisters and brothers.
332:New York Times Co. v. Sullivan
1:
4161:National Voting Rights Museum
4104:Civil Rights Movement Archive
3903:Lynching in the United States
3790:"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"
2245:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
2218:University of Chicago sit-ins
1985:Davis v. Prince Edward County
1744:The Rebel Outlaw: Josey Wales
1612:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
744:
628:Confederate States of America
538:
478:Murder of William Lewis Moore
410:Stand in the Schoolhouse Door
358:Gilmore v. City of Montgomery
315:Gilmore v. City of Montgomery
4343:Political history of Alabama
4328:Anti-black racism in Alabama
4156:National Civil Rights Museum
4012:March on Washington Movement
3997:Dexter Avenue Baptist Church
2466:Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.
1815:The Education of Little Tree
1774:Watch for Me on the Mountain
1754:The Education of Little Tree
1132:Klarman, Michael J. (2004).
654:
575:. In contrast, his opponent
559:, served as a member of the
376:Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson
7:
3800:"This Little Light of Mine"
2548:Dallas County Voters League
2494:Atlanta Negro Voters League
2257:Letter from Birmingham Jail
1964:Brown v. Board of Education
1012:Rohler, Lloyd Earl (2004).
371:Selma to Montgomery marches
338:Selma to Montgomery marches
266:Murder of Virgil Lamar Ware
261:Shooting of Johnny Robinson
230:Gober v. City of Birmingham
128:Alabama Pupil Placement Law
10:
4364:
4134:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
4002:Holt Street Baptist Church
3972:16th Street Baptist Church
2956:Annie Bell Robinson Devine
2600:Nashville Student Movement
2530:An Appeal for Human Rights
1632:American Independent Party
1587:1976 presidential campaign
1582:1972 presidential campaign
1577:1968 presidential campaign
1572:1964 presidential campaign
1248:. JHU Press. p. 257.
1244:Aiken, Charles S. (2003).
1195:"Forgiving George Wallace"
891:. Da Capo Press. pp.
488:Murder of Jonathan Daniels
454:Murder of Sammy Younge Jr.
47:January 14, 1963
4303:1963 in American politics
4272:
4174:
4076:
3890:
3823:
3765:
3744:
3631:Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson
3601:Modjeska Monteith Simkins
2673:
2665:Women's Political Council
2660:Wednesdays in Mississippi
2655:United Auto Workers (UAW)
2640:Southern Regional Council
2610:Northern Student Movement
2519:Committee for Freedom Now
2479:
2426:Memphis sanitation strike
2392:Voting Rights Act of 1965
2314:
2135:Savannah Protest Movement
2097:
1955:
1916:Journey of Reconciliation
1908:
1895:
1826:
1805:The Return of Josey Wales
1785:
1734:
1709:
1599:
1564:
1533:
1524:
1498:
793:Riechers, Maggie (2000).
736:regretted it all my life.
725:
483:Murder of Willie Brewster
427:Tuskegee merchant boycott
120:
58:
43:
34:
26:
21:
2499:Atlanta Student Movement
2448:Civil Rights Act of 1968
2373:1964–1965 Scripto strike
2354:Civil Rights Act of 1964
2252:1963 Birmingham campaign
2145:Civil Rights Act of 1960
2069:Civil Rights Act of 1957
1341:Davis, Townsend (1999).
916:Donaldson, Gary (2003).
885:Lesher, Stephan (1995).
473:Murder of Willie Edwards
326:Connecticut Freedom Ride
165:United States v. Wallace
148:United States v. Alabama
4051:Voter Education Project
3805:"We Shall Not Be Moved"
3466:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
2901:Josephine Dobbs Clement
2327:Chester school protests
2322:Twenty-fourth Amendment
2284:Detroit Walk to Freedom
2026:Tallahassee bus boycott
1947:Baton Rouge bus boycott
991:The American Experience
922:. M.E. Sharpe. p.
833:The American Experience
708:speech in front of the
251:Birmingham riot of 1963
4264:Movement photographers
3506:Bernice Johnson Reagon
3226:Martin Luther King Sr.
3221:Martin Luther King Jr.
2791:William Holmes Borders
2563:Highlander Folk School
2453:Poor People's Campaign
2306:St. Augustine movement
2156:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
2079:Katz Drug Store sit-in
2050:Royal Ice Cream sit-in
2012:Montgomery bus boycott
1795:The Outlaw Josey Wales
1607:1963 Inaugural Address
738:
719:
701:Martin Luther King Jr.
640:
603:
584:Montgomery bus boycott
548:
547:George Wallace in 1968
443:Gomillion v. Lightfoot
386:Murder of Viola Liuzzo
292:Montgomery bus boycott
190:Birmingham bus boycott
154:Original Freedom Rides
4099:Civil Rights Memorial
3987:Bethel Baptist Church
3636:Charles Kenzie Steele
3081:Audrey Faye Hendricks
2986:Myrlie Evers-Williams
2966:Patricia Stephens Due
2936:Abraham Lincoln Davis
2871:Colia Lafayette Clark
2625:Operation Breadbasket
2620:National Urban League
2367:Katzenbach v. McClung
2235:Atlanta's Berlin Wall
1888:Civil rights movement
1661:George Wallace Tunnel
1269:Burns, Roger (2006).
1095:"New Note In Dixie".
733:
714:
635:
620:Alabama State Capitol
601:
546:
533:civil rights movement
523:, and as governor he
272:Katzenbach v. McClung
224:Birmingham bus attack
109:Civil Rights Movement
64:Alabama State Capitol
29:civil rights movement
4144:other King memorials
4119:Freedom Rides Museum
4056:1960s counterculture
4007:Edmund Pettus Bridge
3686:Walter Francis White
3591:Alexander D. Shimkin
2105:New Year's Day March
2074:Ministers' Manifesto
1921:Executive Order 9981
381:Murder of James Reeb
219:Anniston bus bombing
4333:Inaugural addresses
3882:Mary McLeod Bethune
3843:Sermon on the Mount
3810:"We Shall Overcome"
3391:William Lewis Moore
3171:Frank Minis Johnson
3146:Richie Jean Jackson
3101:Donald L. Hollowell
2906:Charles E. Cobb Jr.
2711:Gwendolyn Armstrong
2706:William G. Anderson
2686:Victoria Gray Adams
2650:The Freedom Singers
2504:Black Panther Party
2289:March on Washington
2202:Garner v. Louisiana
2163:Boynton v. Virginia
1643:An Assassin's Diary
1447:on January 20, 2016
1382:The Washington Post
1322:on November 1, 2016
1112:"Now ... Forever".
963:on February 1, 2017
803:on January 17, 2009
505:governor of Alabama
236:Birmingham campaign
172:Hamilton v. Alabama
68:Montgomery, Alabama
4199:Michael Eric Dyson
4084:In popular culture
3967:Fifth Circuit Four
3951:Loving v. Virginia
3944:Hernandez v. Texas
3923:Buchanan v. Warley
3915:Separate but equal
3909:Plessy v. Ferguson
3872:Frederick Douglass
3706:Robert F. Williams
3616:Kelly Miller Smith
3596:Fred Shuttlesworth
3521:Frederick D. Reese
3501:George Raymond Jr.
3491:A. Philip Randolph
3471:Fay Bellamy Powell
3386:Queen Mother Moore
3271:Z. Alexander Looby
3216:Coretta Scott King
3161:Barbara Rose Johns
3141:Jimmie Lee Jackson
3066:William E. Harbour
2846:Stokely Carmichael
2761:Randolph Blackwell
2431:King assassination
2420:Loving v. Virginia
2404:March Against Fear
2384:How Long, Not Long
2262:Children's Crusade
2213:Cambridge movement
2150:Ax Handle Saturday
2115:Greensboro sit-ins
2042:Give Us the Ballot
1846:(2011 documentary)
1628:(1963 documentary)
1511:George Wallace Jr.
1200:The New York Times
1081:The New York Times
662:The New York Times
604:
549:
392:City of Tuscaloosa
321:Montgomery sit-ins
286:City of Montgomery
241:Children's Crusade
207:Birmingham sit-ins
179:City of Birmingham
134:NAACP v. Patterson
4290:
4289:
4067:Eyes on the Prize
3982:A.G. Gaston Motel
3977:Kelly Ingram Park
3937:Sweatt v. Painter
3621:Mary Louise Smith
3581:Cleveland Sellers
3566:Michael Schwerner
3531:Gloria Richardson
3311:Thurgood Marshall
3231:Bernard Lafayette
2961:John Wesley Dobbs
2475:
2474:
2194:Birmingham attack
2174:Rock Hill sit-ins
2125:Sibley Commission
2120:Nashville sit-ins
1992:Gebhart v. Belton
1978:Briggs v. Elliott
1971:Bolling v. Sharpe
1932:Sweatt v. Painter
1854:
1853:
1669:
1668:
1617:Foster Auditorium
1595:
1594:
1358:978-0-393-31819-7
1286:978-0-313-33686-7
1255:978-0-8018-7309-6
1176:978-0-7434-1052-6
1143:978-0-19-512903-8
1023:978-0-313-31119-2
953:: 50 Years Later"
933:978-0-7656-1119-2
902:978-0-201-40798-3
866:on March 22, 2016
513:the state capitol
496:
495:
75:
74:
4355:
4281:
4280:
4244:Charles M. Payne
4229:Steven F. Lawson
4219:David Halberstam
4189:Clayborne Carson
3930:Hocutt v. Wilson
3877:W. E. B. Du Bois
3726:Sammy Younge Jr.
3711:Q. V. Williamson
3676:Wyatt Tee Walker
3541:Bernice Robinson
3486:Lincoln Ragsdale
3476:Rodney N. Powell
3371:Douglas E. Moore
3246:Sanford R. Leigh
3181:J. Charles Jones
3056:Fannie Lou Hamer
2971:Joseph Ellwanger
2931:Jonathan Daniels
2921:Claudette Colvin
2911:Annie Lee Cooper
2896:Kathleen Cleaver
2891:Eldridge Cleaver
2866:Shirley Chisholm
2756:Gloria Blackwell
2347:workers' murders
2294:"I Have a Dream"
2189:Anniston bombing
2140:Greenville Eight
2055:Little Rock Nine
2018:Browder v. Gayle
1906:
1905:
1881:
1874:
1867:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1837:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1786:Film adaptations
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1727:
1720:
1696:
1689:
1682:
1673:
1672:
1531:
1530:
1516:Cornelia Wallace
1485:
1478:
1471:
1462:
1461:
1456:
1454:
1452:
1428:
1427:
1425:
1423:
1414:. Archived from
1401:
1395:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1372:
1363:
1362:
1338:
1332:
1331:
1329:
1327:
1312:
1306:
1305:, pp. 18–19
1300:
1291:
1290:
1266:
1260:
1259:
1241:
1235:
1234:
1232:
1230:
1225:. Operation Hope
1218:
1212:
1211:
1209:
1207:
1190:
1181:
1180:
1164:
1154:
1148:
1147:
1129:
1120:
1119:
1109:
1103:
1102:
1092:
1086:
1085:
1072:
1066:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1056:. August 4, 1972
1046:
1040:
1034:
1028:
1027:
1009:
1003:
1002:
1000:
998:
982:
973:
972:
970:
968:
959:. Archived from
944:
938:
937:
913:
907:
906:
882:
876:
875:
873:
871:
856:
845:
844:
842:
840:
824:
813:
812:
810:
808:
799:. Archived from
790:
777:
776:
774:
772:
767:on June 16, 2019
757:
710:Lincoln Memorial
687:Richmond Flowers
467:Other localities
437:Tuskegee sit-ins
421:City of Tuskegee
298:Browder v. Gayle
141:NAACP v. Alabama
123:State of Alabama
115:
101:
94:
87:
78:
77:
54:
52:
39:
19:
18:
4363:
4362:
4358:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4353:
4352:
4308:1963 in Alabama
4293:
4292:
4291:
4286:
4275:
4268:
4249:Thomas E. Ricks
4239:Diane McWhorter
4224:Vincent Harding
4209:Adam Fairclough
4176:
4170:
4072:
4027:Freedom Schools
3886:
3819:
3767:
3761:
3752:Omaha, Nebraska
3740:
3656:Hartman Turnbow
3646:Dorothy Tillman
3606:Glenn E. Smiley
3586:Charles Sherrod
3546:Jo Ann Robinson
3421:Charles Neblett
3411:Elijah Muhammad
3376:Harriette Moore
3336:Floyd McKissick
3321:Franklin McCain
3256:Stanley Levison
3121:T. R. M. Howard
3071:Vincent Harding
3001:Walter Fauntroy
2886:Xernona Clayton
2836:John H. Calhoun
2821:Aurelia Browder
2811:Stanley Branche
2806:Raylawni Branch
2786:Joseph E. Boone
2771:Ezell Blair Jr.
2766:Unita Blackwell
2741:Harry Belafonte
2681:Ralph Abernathy
2669:
2605:Nation of Islam
2481:
2471:
2310:
2267:Birmingham riot
2208:Albany Movement
2130:Atlanta sit-ins
2110:Sit-in movement
2093:
2089:Biloxi wade-ins
2061:Cooper v. Aaron
1951:
1897:
1891:
1885:
1855:
1850:
1840:
1833:
1822:
1812:
1802:
1792:
1781:
1771:
1761:
1751:
1741:
1730:
1723:
1716:
1705:
1700:
1670:
1665:
1591:
1560:
1520:
1506:Lurleen Wallace
1494:
1489:
1450:
1448:
1439:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1419:
1402:
1398:
1388:
1386:
1373:
1366:
1359:
1339:
1335:
1325:
1323:
1314:
1313:
1309:
1301:
1294:
1287:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1242:
1238:
1228:
1226:
1219:
1215:
1205:
1203:
1191:
1184:
1177:
1155:
1151:
1144:
1130:
1123:
1111:
1110:
1106:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1059:
1057:
1048:
1047:
1043:
1035:
1031:
1024:
1010:
1006:
996:
994:
983:
976:
966:
964:
945:
941:
934:
914:
910:
903:
883:
879:
869:
867:
858:
857:
848:
838:
836:
825:
816:
806:
804:
791:
780:
770:
768:
759:
758:
751:
747:
728:
657:
624:Jefferson Davis
596:
541:
497:
492:
432:Alabama Act 140
116:
107:
105:
71:
66:
50:
48:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4361:
4351:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4323:George Wallace
4320:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4288:
4287:
4273:
4270:
4269:
4267:
4266:
4261:
4259:Akinyele Umoja
4256:
4251:
4246:
4241:
4236:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4186:
4180:
4178:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4158:
4153:
4148:
4147:
4146:
4136:
4131:
4126:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4101:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4080:
4078:
4074:
4073:
4071:
4070:
4063:
4058:
4053:
4048:
4047:
4046:
4034:
4029:
4024:
4019:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3947:
3940:
3933:
3926:
3919:
3918:
3917:
3905:
3900:
3894:
3892:
3888:
3887:
3885:
3884:
3879:
3874:
3869:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3855:
3848:Mahatma Gandhi
3845:
3840:
3839:
3838:
3827:
3825:
3821:
3820:
3818:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3802:
3797:
3792:
3787:
3782:
3777:
3771:
3769:
3763:
3762:
3760:
3759:
3757:South Carolina
3754:
3748:
3746:
3742:
3741:
3739:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3703:
3698:
3696:Hosea Williams
3693:
3688:
3683:
3681:Hollis Watkins
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3653:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3633:
3628:
3623:
3618:
3613:
3611:A. Maceo Smith
3608:
3603:
3598:
3593:
3588:
3583:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3561:Bernie Sanders
3558:
3553:
3551:Angela Russell
3548:
3543:
3538:
3536:David Richmond
3533:
3528:
3526:Walter Reuther
3523:
3518:
3513:
3511:Cordell Reagon
3508:
3503:
3498:
3496:George Raymond
3493:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3456:Charles Person
3453:
3448:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3428:
3426:Huey P. Newton
3423:
3418:
3413:
3408:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3388:
3383:
3381:Harry T. Moore
3378:
3373:
3368:
3366:Cecil B. Moore
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3346:James Meredith
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3193:
3188:
3183:
3178:
3176:Clarence Jones
3173:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3143:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3116:Zilphia Horton
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3086:Lola Hendricks
3083:
3078:
3076:Dorothy Height
3073:
3068:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3046:Lawrence Guyot
3043:
3038:
3036:Jack Greenberg
3033:
3028:
3023:
3021:Andrew Goodman
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2993:
2988:
2983:
2978:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2953:
2948:
2946:Joseph DeLaine
2943:
2938:
2933:
2928:
2923:
2918:
2916:Dorothy Cotton
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2861:J. L. Chestnut
2858:
2853:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2833:
2828:
2823:
2818:
2813:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2796:Amelia Boynton
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2716:Arnold Aronson
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2677:
2675:
2671:
2670:
2668:
2667:
2662:
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2622:
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2612:
2607:
2602:
2597:
2596:
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2455:
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2438:
2428:
2423:
2416:
2411:
2406:
2401:
2394:
2389:
2388:
2387:
2375:
2370:
2363:
2356:
2351:
2350:
2349:
2342:Freedom Summer
2339:
2334:
2332:Bloody Tuesday
2329:
2324:
2318:
2316:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2303:
2302:
2301:
2296:
2286:
2281:
2276:
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2269:
2264:
2259:
2249:
2248:
2247:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2198:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2159:
2152:
2147:
2142:
2137:
2132:
2127:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2095:
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2092:
2091:
2086:
2081:
2076:
2071:
2066:
2065:
2064:
2052:
2047:
2046:
2045:
2033:
2028:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2009:
2004:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1988:
1981:
1974:
1959:
1957:
1953:
1952:
1950:
1949:
1944:
1936:
1928:
1923:
1918:
1912:
1910:
1903:
1893:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1852:
1851:
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1838:
1830:
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1654:George Wallace
1649:
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1492:George Wallace
1488:
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1459:
1458:
1435:
1434:External links
1432:
1430:
1429:
1418:on May 1, 2009
1396:
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1333:
1307:
1292:
1285:
1261:
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1175:
1149:
1142:
1121:
1104:
1087:
1067:
1041:
1029:
1022:
1004:
974:
951:Brown v. Board
939:
932:
908:
901:
877:
846:
814:
778:
748:
746:
743:
727:
724:
706:I Have A Dream
671:magazine, and
656:
653:
645:states' rights
595:
592:
577:John Patterson
553:George Wallace
540:
537:
521:segregationist
509:George Wallace
494:
493:
491:
490:
485:
480:
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463:
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451:
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434:
429:
418:
417:
415:Bloody Tuesday
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168:
161:
156:
151:
144:
137:
130:
121:
118:
117:
104:
103:
96:
89:
81:
73:
72:
62:
60:
56:
55:
45:
41:
40:
32:
31:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4360:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4313:1963 speeches
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4300:
4298:
4285:
4284:
4279:
4271:
4265:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4255:
4254:Timothy Tyson
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4237:
4235:
4232:
4230:
4227:
4225:
4222:
4220:
4217:
4215:
4212:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4184:Taylor Branch
4182:
4181:
4179:
4173:
4167:
4164:
4162:
4159:
4157:
4154:
4152:
4149:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4140:
4137:
4135:
4132:
4130:
4127:
4125:
4122:
4120:
4117:
4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
4105:
4102:
4100:
4097:
4095:
4092:
4090:
4087:
4085:
4082:
4081:
4079:
4075:
4069:
4068:
4064:
4062:
4059:
4057:
4054:
4052:
4049:
4044:
4040:
4039:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4032:Freedom songs
4030:
4028:
4025:
4023:
4020:
4018:
4015:
4013:
4010:
4008:
4005:
4003:
4000:
3998:
3995:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3952:
3948:
3946:
3945:
3941:
3939:
3938:
3934:
3932:
3931:
3927:
3925:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3913:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3898:Jim Crow laws
3896:
3895:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3850:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3833:
3832:
3829:
3828:
3826:
3822:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3801:
3798:
3796:
3795:"Oh, Freedom"
3793:
3791:
3788:
3786:
3783:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3770:
3764:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3749:
3747:
3743:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3721:Whitney Young
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3702:
3701:Kale Williams
3699:
3697:
3694:
3692:
3689:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3661:Albert Turner
3659:
3657:
3654:
3652:
3651:A. P. Tureaud
3649:
3647:
3644:
3642:
3639:
3637:
3634:
3632:
3629:
3627:
3624:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3607:
3604:
3602:
3599:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3589:
3587:
3584:
3582:
3579:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3556:Bayard Rustin
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3429:
3427:
3424:
3422:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3412:
3409:
3407:
3406:William Moyer
3404:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3341:Joseph McNeil
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Charles McDew
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3316:Benjamin Mays
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3301:Vivian Malone
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3276:Joseph Lowery
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Clyde Kennard
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3191:Vernon Jordan
3189:
3187:
3186:Matthew Jones
3184:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3151:T. J. Jemison
3149:
3147:
3144:
3142:
3139:
3137:
3136:Jesse Jackson
3134:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3079:
3077:
3074:
3072:
3069:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3042:
3039:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3027:
3026:Robert Graetz
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3016:Golden Frinks
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2982:
2979:
2977:
2976:Charles Evers
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2957:
2954:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2934:
2932:
2929:
2927:
2926:Vernon Dahmer
2924:
2922:
2919:
2917:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2881:Septima Clark
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2854:
2852:
2849:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2819:
2817:
2814:
2812:
2809:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2801:Bruce Boynton
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2726:James Baldwin
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2696:Mathew Ahmann
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2678:
2676:
2672:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2594:
2593:Youth Council
2591:
2590:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2564:
2561:
2559:
2556:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2531:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
2478:
2468:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2460:
2456:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2421:
2417:
2415:
2412:
2410:
2407:
2405:
2402:
2400:
2399:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2385:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2368:
2364:
2362:
2361:
2357:
2355:
2352:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2343:
2340:
2338:
2335:
2333:
2330:
2328:
2325:
2323:
2320:
2319:
2317:
2313:
2307:
2304:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2291:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2282:
2280:
2277:
2273:
2270:
2268:
2265:
2263:
2260:
2258:
2255:
2254:
2253:
2250:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2225:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:Freedom Rides
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2158:
2157:
2153:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2143:
2141:
2138:
2136:
2133:
2131:
2128:
2126:
2123:
2121:
2118:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2106:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2082:
2080:
2077:
2075:
2072:
2070:
2067:
2063:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2056:
2053:
2051:
2048:
2043:
2039:
2038:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2024:
2020:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1966:
1965:
1961:
1960:
1958:
1954:
1948:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1929:
1927:
1924:
1922:
1919:
1917:
1914:
1913:
1911:
1909:Prior to 1954
1907:
1904:
1901:
1894:
1889:
1882:
1877:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1863:
1862:
1859:
1845:
1844:
1839:
1836:
1832:
1831:
1829:
1827:Miscellaneous
1825:
1817:
1816:
1811:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1784:
1776:
1775:
1770:
1766:
1765:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1750:
1746:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1733:
1726:
1722:
1719:
1715:
1714:
1712:
1708:
1704:
1697:
1692:
1690:
1685:
1683:
1678:
1677:
1674:
1662:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1651:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1640:
1639:
1638:
1637:Arthur Bremer
1635:
1633:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1622:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1613:
1610:
1608:
1605:
1604:
1602:
1598:
1588:
1585:
1583:
1580:
1578:
1575:
1573:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1536:
1534:Gubernatorial
1532:
1529:
1527:
1523:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1486:
1481:
1479:
1474:
1472:
1467:
1466:
1463:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1437:
1417:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1385:. p. A21
1384:
1383:
1378:
1371:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1350:
1346:
1345:
1337:
1321:
1317:
1311:
1304:
1299:
1297:
1288:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1273:
1265:
1257:
1251:
1247:
1240:
1224:
1217:
1202:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1187:
1178:
1172:
1168:
1163:
1162:
1153:
1145:
1139:
1135:
1128:
1126:
1117:
1116:
1108:
1100:
1099:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1077:
1071:
1055:
1051:
1045:
1039:, p. 174
1038:
1033:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1008:
992:
988:
981:
979:
962:
958:
954:
952:
943:
935:
929:
925:
921:
920:
912:
904:
898:
894:
890:
889:
881:
865:
861:
855:
853:
851:
834:
830:
823:
821:
819:
802:
798:
797:
789:
787:
785:
783:
766:
762:
756:
754:
749:
742:
737:
732:
723:
718:
713:
711:
707:
702:
698:
695:
690:
688:
684:
679:
676:
675:
670:
669:
664:
663:
652:
648:
646:
639:
634:
631:
629:
625:
621:
615:
613:
608:
600:
591:
587:
585:
580:
578:
574:
570:
566:
565:Circuit Court
562:
558:
554:
545:
536:
534:
530:
526:
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
502:
489:
486:
484:
481:
479:
476:
474:
471:
470:
469:
468:
462:
461:
457:
455:
452:
450:
447:
445:
444:
440:
438:
435:
433:
430:
428:
425:
424:
423:
422:
416:
413:
411:
408:
406:
403:
401:
400:
399:Lucy v. Adams
396:
395:
394:
393:
387:
384:
382:
379:
377:
374:
372:
369:
368:
367:
366:
365:City of Selma
360:
359:
355:
353:
352:
348:
346:
345:
341:
339:
336:
334:
333:
329:
327:
324:
322:
319:
317:
316:
312:
310:
307:
305:
302:
300:
299:
295:
293:
290:
289:
288:
287:
281:
280:
276:
274:
273:
269:
267:
264:
262:
259:
257:
254:
252:
249:
247:
244:
242:
239:
237:
234:
232:
231:
227:
225:
222:
220:
217:
215:
214:
210:
208:
205:
203:
202:
198:
196:
193:
191:
188:
186:
183:
182:
181:
180:
174:
173:
169:
167:
166:
162:
160:
157:
155:
152:
150:
149:
145:
143:
142:
138:
136:
135:
131:
129:
126:
125:
124:
119:
114:
110:
102:
97:
95:
90:
88:
83:
82:
79:
69:
65:
61:
57:
46:
42:
38:
33:
30:
25:
20:
4274:
4214:David Garrow
4194:John Dittmer
4065:
3992:Brown Chapel
3949:
3942:
3935:
3928:
3921:
3907:
3864:
3716:Andrew Young
3671:A. T. Walden
3666:C. T. Vivian
3626:Maxine Smith
3461:Homer Plessy
3441:James Orange
3396:Irene Morgan
3351:William Ming
3331:Ralph McGill
3266:Viola Liuzzo
3251:Jim Letherer
3236:James Lawson
3166:Vernon Johns
3156:Esau Jenkins
3111:Myles Horton
3061:Fred Hampton
3051:Prathia Hall
3041:Dick Gregory
3011:Marie Foster
3006:James Forman
2996:James Farmer
2981:Medgar Evers
2941:Angela Davis
2876:Ramsey Clark
2856:James Chaney
2851:Johnnie Carr
2831:Ralph Bunche
2826:H. Rap Brown
2816:Ruby Bridges
2776:Joanne Bland
2751:Claude Black
2731:Marion Barry
2701:Muhammad Ali
2528:
2464:
2457:
2418:
2396:
2365:
2358:
2239:
2200:
2161:
2154:
2084:Kissing Case
2059:
2016:
1999:
1990:
1983:
1976:
1969:
1962:
1938:
1930:
1841:
1813:
1803:
1793:
1772:
1762:
1752:
1742:
1717:
1652:
1641:
1623:
1606:
1565:Presidential
1449:. Retrieved
1445:the original
1420:. Retrieved
1416:the original
1409:
1399:
1387:. Retrieved
1380:
1343:
1336:
1324:. Retrieved
1320:the original
1310:
1271:
1264:
1245:
1239:
1227:. Retrieved
1216:
1204:. Retrieved
1198:
1160:
1152:
1133:
1113:
1107:
1096:
1090:
1079:
1070:
1058:. Retrieved
1053:
1044:
1032:
1013:
1007:
995:. Retrieved
990:
965:. Retrieved
961:the original
956:
950:
942:
918:
911:
887:
880:
868:. Retrieved
864:the original
837:. Retrieved
832:
805:. Retrieved
801:the original
795:
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569:Ku Klux Klan
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27:Part of the
4234:Doug McAdam
4204:Chuck Fager
3831:Nonviolence
3736:James Zwerg
3731:Bob Zellner
3691:Roy Wilkins
3641:Hank Thomas
3576:Pete Seeger
3571:Bobby Seale
3436:Jack O'Dell
3431:Edgar Nixon
3361:Amzie Moore
3356:Jack Minnis
3296:Mae Mallory
3281:Clara Luper
3241:Bernard Lee
3131:Cecil Ivory
3126:Ruby Hurley
3096:Oliver Hill
3091:Aaron Henry
2991:Chuck Fager
2951:Dave Dennis
2841:Guy Carawan
2781:Julian Bond
2746:James Bevel
2736:Daisy Bates
2007:Emmett Till
1890:(1954–1968)
1835:Josey Wales
1657:(1997 film)
1303:Rohler 2004
1037:Lesher 1995
4318:Asa Carter
4297:Categories
4177:historians
3858:Satyagraha
3824:Influences
3516:James Reeb
3451:James Peck
3446:Rosa Parks
3416:Diane Nash
3286:Danny Lyon
3261:John Lewis
3206:A. D. King
3106:James Hood
2721:Ella Baker
2691:Zev Aelony
1422:January 3,
1389:January 3,
1326:January 2,
1229:January 2,
1206:January 1,
1060:January 2,
997:January 1,
967:January 1,
870:January 1,
839:January 1,
807:January 1,
771:January 2,
745:References
694:John Lewis
612:Asa Carter
539:Background
525:challenged
517:Montgomery
499:Following
185:Bombingham
51:1963-01-14
3836:Padayatra
3785:"Kumbaya"
3745:By region
3401:Bob Moses
3306:Bob Mants
3291:Malcolm X
3211:C.B. King
3031:Fred Gray
2674:Activists
2315:1964–1968
2098:1960–1963
1956:1954–1959
1526:Elections
655:Reactions
3766:Movement
3196:Tom Kahn
2480:Activist
1900:timeline
1710:Activism
1451:June 16,
1115:Newsweek
1054:BBC News
674:Newsweek
638:forever.
557:Democrat
59:Location
3891:Related
3481:Al Raby
2436:funeral
2299:Big Six
1600:Related
893:158–159
113:Alabama
49: (
4077:Legacy
3853:Ahimsa
2482:groups
1943:(1950)
1935:(1950)
1896:Events
1818:(1997)
1808:(1986)
1798:(1976)
1777:(1978)
1767:(1976)
1757:(1976)
1747:(1973)
1735:Novels
1499:Family
1355:
1283:
1252:
1173:
1140:
1020:
930:
899:
726:Legacy
4175:Noted
3768:songs
2588:NAACP
2441:riots
993:. PBS
835:. PBS
573:NAACP
1556:1982
1551:1974
1546:1970
1541:1962
1453:2017
1424:2009
1411:Time
1391:2009
1353:ISBN
1328:2009
1281:ISBN
1250:ISBN
1231:2009
1208:2009
1171:ISBN
1138:ISBN
1098:Time
1062:2009
1018:ISBN
999:2009
969:2009
928:ISBN
897:ISBN
872:2009
841:2009
809:2009
773:2009
668:Time
555:, a
70:, US
44:Date
1167:228
515:in
503:as
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