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1308:, which pronounced the aether to be "superfluous". In a later interview, Einstein said of the MichelsonâMorley experiment, "I was not conscious it had influenced me directly ... I guess I just took it for granted that it was true." Regardless of Einstein's specific knowledge, the experiment is today considered the canonical experiment in regards to showing the lack of a detectable aether.
1135:. The experimental setup was as follows: Light generated from a source is directed towards a rotating mirror through a slit on a fixed plate; the rotating mirror reflects the incoming light and at a certain angle, towards the direction where another fixed flat mirror is placed whose surface is perpendicular to the incoming ray of light; the rotating mirror should have rotated by an angle
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light can be modeled by a random sample from a distribution with unknown expectation and finite variance; thus, the speed of light is represented by the expectation of the model distribution and the ultimate goal is to estimate the expectation of the model distribution on the acquired dataset. The law of large numbers suggests to estimate the expectation by the sample mean.
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1464:"Albert Abraham Michelson was born in this city on December 19, 1852. He was a professor at the University of Chicago, a Nobel laureate, who, with his famous experiments on the speed of light, started a new era in the development of physics. This plaque was placed to celebrate the foundation of great physics." A commemorative plaque in
1337:
960:, with his more adequately funded project, obtained a value of 299,860 ± 30 km/s, just at the extreme edge of consistency with Michelson's. Michelson continued to "refine" his method and in 1883 published a measurement of 299,853 ± 60 km/s, rather closer to that of his mentor.
782:, at the age of 78. The University of Chicago Residence Halls remembered Michelson and his achievements by dedicating 'Michelson House' in his honor. Case Western Reserve has dedicated a Michelson House to him, and Michelson Hall (an academic building of science classrooms, laboratories and offices) at the
2903:
appears to reference the experiment on first glanceâ"together with the unsuccessful attempts to discover any motion of the earth relatively to the 'light medium', suggest that the phenomena of electrodynamics as well as of mechanics possess no properties corresponding to the idea of absolute rest"âit
1509:
was in the store of his father, first on Main Street, Murphys, CA across from the Sperry & Perry Hotel and after the 1859 fire, in a store next to the hotel. His aunt Bertha Meyers owned a house on Main Street toward the east end of town and
Michelson probably visited her family there frequently.
1226:
and apply subsequent corrections. For instance, he adopted a steel measuring tape with a said length of 100 feet and he intended to measure tens of times across the distance; still, he measured its length against a copy of the official standard yard to find out it as 100.006 feet, thus eliminating a
1103:
and Fred
Pearson to perform a measurement in a 1.6 km tube 3 feet in diameter at the Irvine Ranch near Santa Ana, California. In multiple reflections the light path was increased to 5 miles. For the first time in history the speed of light was measured in an almost perfect vacuum of 0.5 mm
790:
in
Ridgecrest, California, is named for him. There is a display in the publicly accessible area of the Lab which includes facsimiles of Michelson's Nobel Prize medal, the prize document, and examples of his diffraction gratings. In 2017, a newly renovated physics research center at the University of
1930:
Michelson's biographers stress, that our hero was not conspicuous by religiousness. His father was a free-thinker and
Michelson grew up in non-religious family and have no opportunity to acknowledge the belief of his forebears. He was agnostic through his whole life and only for the short period he
1230:
Aside from the efforts to reduce as much as possible the systematic errors, repeated measurements were performed at multiple levels to obtain more accurate results. As R.J. MacKay and R.W. Oldford remarked in their article, 'It is clear that
Michelson appreciated the power of averaging to
1250:
for repeated measurements with the assumption of independence or identical distributions is unrealistic. In the case of light speed study, each measurement is approached as the sum of quantity of interest and measurement error. In the absence of systematic error, the measurement error of speed of
1419:
are detected using a
Michelson interferometer with a laser light source. In 2020 there were three Michelson interferometer gravitational wave detectors operational, and a fourth under construction. These Michelson interferometers have arms 4 kilometers in length, set at 90 degree angles to each
1513:
New Beast
Theater Works in collaboration with High Concept Laboratories produced a 'semi-opera' about Michelson, his obsessive working style and its effect on his family life. The production ran from February 11 to February 26, 2011, in Chicago at The Building Stage. Michelson was portrayed by
1420:
other, with the light passing through 1 m diameter vacuum tubes running their entire length. A passing gravitational wave will slightly stretch one arm as it shortens the other. This is precisely the motion to which these
Michelson interferometers are most sensitive. As of 2020 fifteen
1374:
Beginning in the 1970s, astronomical interferometry was revived, with the configurations using two (or more) separate apertures (with diameters small compared to their separation) being often referred to as "Michelson
Stellar Interferometry". This was to distinguish it from
794:
Numerous awards, lectures, and honors have been created in Albert A. Michelson's name. Some of the current awards and lectures named for
Michelson include the following: the Bomem-Michelson Award and Lecture annually presented until 2017 by the Coblentz Society; the
1862:
National Academy of Sciences, Washington, DC, 1938, Vol. XIX) quotes (on p. 128) Michelson's sister, the novelist Miriam Michelson, as having written of her parents in a letter to Millikan that "both Albert Michelson's father and mother were born of Jewish
949:
Michelson's formal experiments took place in June and July 1879. He constructed a frame building along the north sea wall of the Naval Academy to house the machinery. Michelson published his result of 299,910 ± 50 km/s in 1879 before joining
1387:
interferometer configuration of which the interferometer used in the MichelsonâMorley experiment was an instance. Michelson's concept of interfering light from two relatively small apertures separated by a substantial distance (but with that distance, or
1289:. Surprised, Michelson repeated the experiment with greater and greater precision over the next years, but continued to find no ability to measure the aether. The MichelsonâMorley results were immensely influential in the physics community, leading
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for measuring the speed of light, using improved optics and a longer baseline. He conducted some preliminary measurements using largely improvised equipment in 1878, about the same time that his work came to the attention of
995:
of 299,781 ± 10 km/s. Though this result has subsequently been shown to be severely biased by the poor electrical standards in use at the time, it seems to have set a fashion for rather lower measured values.
1025:
Famous as the measurement is, it was beset by problems, not least of which was the haze created by the smoke from forest fires which blurred the mirror image. It is also probable that the intensively detailed work of the
541:(modern-day Strzelno, Poland), to Jewish parents, the son of Samuel Michelson and his wife, Rozalia PrzyĆubska. He moved to the US with his parents in 1855, at the age of two. He grew up in the mining towns of
1968:
Morley was deeply religious. His original training had been in theology and he only turned to chemistry, a self-taught hobby, when he was unable to enter the ministry. Michelson, by contrast, was a religious
1371:, producing interference fringes observed through the eyepiece. The measurement of stellar diameters and the separations of binary stars took up an increasing amount of Michelson's life after this.
1393:
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of mercury. Michelson died with only 36 of the 233 measurement series completed and the experiment was subsequently beset by geological instability and condensation problems before the result of
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reduce variability in measurement', it is clear that Michelson had in mind the property that averages vary less which should be formally described as: the standard deviation of the average of
1344:
implements Michelson's stellar interferometer (1920). Mirrors on that stage (not visible in picture) redirect starlight from two smaller apertures up to 20 feet (6m) apart into the telescope.
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Michelson sought another measurement, but this time in an evacuated tube to avoid difficulties in interpreting the image owing to atmospheric effects. In 1929, he began a collaboration with
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tapes. With the baseline length established in 1924, measurements were carried out over the next two years to obtain the published value of 299,796 ± 4 km/s.
1502:, where Michelson lived with his parents prior to leaving for the Naval Academy. In a voice-over at the end of the episode, Greene mentions Michelson's 1907 Nobel Prize.
2541:. "In 1877, he married Margaret Hemingway, daughter of a wealthy New York stockbroker and lawyer. This marriage lasted twenty years and produced two sons and a daughter."
3345:(contains notes on the lectures of Albert A. Michelson, including courses taught by Michelson: Mechanics and Wave Motion, Electricity and Magnetism, and Physical Optics)
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by the time the ray of light travels back and is reflected again towards the fixed plate (the distance between the fixed mirror and the rotating one is recorded as
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1536:(ed. O. Alan Weltzien, 2008), it is an appreciation of Michelson from Maclean's vantage point as a graduate student regularly watching him play billiards.
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1367:. A periscope arrangement was used to direct light from two subpupils, separated by up to 20 feet (6m), into the main pupil of the 100 inch (2.5m)
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1222:, which seems simple; yet based on the limitation of the measurement technology at that time, great efforts were made by Michelson to reduce
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and Lecture, along with the Michelson Lecture Series, and the Michelson Postdoctoral Prize Lectureship, all of which are given annually by
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728:"for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid". He also won the
639:, as part of a class demonstration in 1877. His Annapolis experiment was refined, and in 1879, he measured the speed of light in air to be
282:
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553:. He spent his high school years in San Francisco in the home of his aunt, Henriette Levy (née Michelson), who was the mother of author
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509:, becoming the first American to win the Nobel Prize in a science. He was the founder and the first head of the physics departments of
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1987:
On the religious question, Michelson disagreed with both these men. He had renounced any belief that moral issues were at stake in ...
1057:, using similar optical instrumentation. These instruments and related collaborations included the participation of fellow physicists
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in Washington DC to assist with his measurements there. Thus began a long professional collaboration and friendship between the two.
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In 1877 Michelson married Margaret Hemingway, daughter of a wealthy New York stockbroker and lawyer and the niece of his commander
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Michelson was fascinated by light all his life. Once asked why he studied light, he reputedly said, "because it's so much fun".
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604:. In the following year he obtained leave of absence to continue his studies in Europe. He visited the Universities of
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1486:) helps the 16-year-old Michelson (portrayed by 25-year-old Douglas Lambert (1936â1986)) obtain an appointment to the
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independent random variables is less than that of a single random variable by a factor of the square root of
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Bulletin de la SociĂ©tĂ© des sciences et des lettres de ĆĂłdĆș: SĂ©rie, Recherches sur les dĂ©formations, Volumes 39â42
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In the 1890s Michelson built a mechanical device called the harmonic analyzer, for computing coefficients of
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The precision of their equipment allowed Michelson and Morley to be the first to get precise values for the
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713:, and in 1892 was appointed professor and the first head of the department of physics at the newly organized
132:
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1239:. To realize that, he also strived to have each measurement not influencing each other, thus being mutually
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493:(surname pronunciation anglicized as "Michael-son"; December 19, 1852 â May 9, 1931) was a German-American
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In November 1929, at the French Academy of Sciences, Michelson's death was erroneously announced, see
549:, where his father was a merchant. His family was non-religious, and Michelson himself was a lifelong
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During June and early July 1879, Michelson refined experimental arrangements from those developed by
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AA. Michelson and E. W. Morley, Amer. J. Sci.34, 427 (1887); Phil Mag. 24, 463 (1887).
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The Ethereal Aether: A History of the MichelsonâMorleyâMiller Aether-Drift Experiments, 1880â1930
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James, I. (2009). Driven to Innovate: A Century of Jewish Mathematicians and Physicists p. 101.
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made the first measurement of the diameter of a star other than the Sun. Michelson had invented
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came to the attention of Michelson, possibly giving him considerable motivation. See the book
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The period after 1927 marked the advent of new measurements of the speed of light using novel
946:, director of the Nautical Almanac Office who was already advanced in planning his own study.
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Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light Made at the U.S. Naval Academy, Annapolis
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The Book of Nothing: Vacuums, Voids, and the Latest Ideas About the Origins of the Universe
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until 1879. In 1879, he was posted to the Nautical Almanac Office, Washington (part of the
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1900:"APS Physics | FIP | Albert Abraham Michelson: "A Pole - well up in Arithmetic""
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in the measurement of stellar diameters and in measuring the separations of binary stars.
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began two years of painstaking measurement of the baseline using the recently available
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has been shown that Einstein was referring to a different category of experiments here.
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William Polk Jesse student notebooks, 1919â1921, Niels Bohr Library & Archives
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The U.S. Naval Academy Observatory Programs and Times Gone By: A Tale of Two Domes
3278:"Billiards Is a Good Game": Gamesmanship and America's First Nobel Prize Scientist
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2254:. Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, University of Waterloo (Canada).
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Application of basic statistical principles in Michelson's study of speed of light
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Détermination expérimentale de la valeur du mÚtre en longueurs d'ondes lumineuses
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A Modern Introduction to Probability and Statistics: Understanding Why and How
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Michelson was fascinated with the sciences, and the problem of measuring the
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was aware of the MichelsonâMorley results when he developed his theory of
771:
in the reserve in May 1919 and was recalled briefly to active duty in the
724:
In 1907, Michelson had the honor of being the first American to receive a
6969:
6874:
6794:
6554:
6509:
6420:
6396:
6330:
6163:
6080:
6038:
5913:
5677:
5340:
5224:
5140:
5052:
5008:
4968:
4747:
4743:
4663:
4576:
4548:
4348:
4316:
4118:
3876:
3760:
3568:
3512:
3504:
3480:
3234:
1401:
1286:
974:. He rejoined the U.S. Navy in World War I, when this portrait was taken.
752:
581:
3267:
1336:
1151:
while the number of revolutions per second of the mirror is recorded as
999:
From 1920, Michelson started planning a definitive measurement from the
6929:
6719:
6599:
6499:
6402:
6014:
5782:
5770:
5605:
5200:
5116:
5096:
4939:
4887:
4500:
4436:
4392:
4229:
4145:
4035:
4003:
3688:
3616:
1552:
marks the path of Michelson's experiments measuring the speed of light.
1364:
937:, Michelson started planning a repeat of the rotating-mirror method of
875: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
670:
in 1881. In 1883 he accepted a position as professor of physics at the
573:
3149:. Paris : Gauthier-Villars et fils, 1894. (French translation of
2860:
Dekking, F. M.; Kraaikamp, C.; LopuhaÀ, H. P.; Meester, L. E. (2005).
1490:, despite the opposition of the bigoted town schoolteacher (played by
1206:
While at plain sight, four measured quantities are involved: distance
6779:
4588:
4560:
4396:
3332:
2307:"UChicago names building after pioneering physicist Albert Michelson"
1361:
971:
675:
650:
kilometres per second, and estimated the speed of light in vacuum as
628:
593:
494:
3197:
Three Glimpses of Albert Abraham Michelson at the Peak of His Career
850:
6679:
4336:
2925:
1465:
550:
530:
89:
5556:
1928:. SociĂ©tĂ© des sciences et des lettres de ĆĂłdĆș. 2003. p. 162.
3208:
Michelson's Life and Works from the American Institute of Physics
1482:("Look to the Stars", broadcast March 18, 1962), Ben Cartwright (
1478:
1034:
of June 29, 1925, which was an estimated magnitude of 6.3 on the
589:
315:
3225:
From USNA to Nobel: Albert A. Michelson's Life and Contributions
5737:
830:
In 1899, he married Edna Stanton. They raised three daughters.
577:
97:
7111:
Recipients of the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
6486:
2859:
1096:
devices, all substantially lower than Michelson's 1926 value.
2295:
http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?4KY28.118/183/100/598/5/588
1278:
1254:
1019:
666:. After two years of studies in Europe, he resigned from the
2291:
http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?4KY28.118/97/100/598/5/588
2167:
In 1879 a letter from James Clerk Maxwell to the astronomer
3827:
3338:
USNA Guide to the Albert A. Michelson Collection, 1803â1989
745:
2762:"Measurement of the velocity of light in a partial vacuum"
1392:, now often as long as hundreds of meters) is employed at
7131:
Members of the United States National Academy of Sciences
3333:
University of Chicago Special Collections Research Center
1424:
had been observed using these Michelson interferometers.
775:
before being released from service on 30 September 1921.
751:
He returned to military service in the closing months of
2105:"Nineteenth century astronomy at the U.S. Naval Academy"
2025:"Nineteenth century astronomy at the U.S. Naval Academy"
1532:
wrote an essay "Billiards is a Good Game"; published in
1300:
There has been some historical controversy over whether
690:
which failed to detect evidence of the existence of the
3085:
The Master of Light: A Biography of Albert A. Michelson
2916:, "Einstein, Michelson, and the 'Crucial' Experiment",
2445:"Awards & Scholarships: AA Michelson Award Winners"
2421:. Case Western Reserve University. 2017. Archived from
2252:"Michelson's 1879 determinations of the speed of light"
1983:
The Master of Light: A Biography of Albert A. Michelson
1434:
Ball-and-disk integrator § Invention and early use
803:; the A.A. Michelson Award presented every year by the
3310:
Nineteenth Century Astronomy at the U.S. Naval Academy
2966:
2560:(online ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
2554:
den Boer, Marten (1999). "Michelson, Albert Abraham".
2759:
933:
As early as 1869, while serving as an officer in the
3003:. The University of Chicago Magazine. Archived from
2760:
Michelson, A. A.; Pease, F. G.; Pearson, F. (1935).
1657:
1297:
equations as a means of explaining the null result.
978:
3183:
Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light
3151:
Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light
2671:"A Geodetic Measurement of Unusually High Accuracy"
1804:"Guide to the Albert A. Michelson Papers 1891â1969"
1637:
American Association for the Advancement of Science
1340:The horizontal structure mounted at the top of the
920:
Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light
909:
Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light
791:Chicago was renamed in honor of Michelson as well.
678:, Ohio, and concentrated on developing an improved
3082:
2680:. Coast and Geodetic Survey: 68â74. Archived from
2335:. Nimitz Library, US Naval Academy. Archived from
2102:
2022:
1834:"Michelson, Albert A. (Albert Abraham), 1852-1931"
1277:. Their experiment for the expected motion of the
3378:
3322:Guide to the Albert A. Michelson Papers 1891â1969
2945:
1442:and drawing graphs of their partial sums. He and
1045:also influenced the affirmation attempts of peer
7141:Honorary members of the USSR Academy of Sciences
7017:
3203:National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir
3199:This video includes audio of Michelson speaking.
1505:The home in which Michelson lived as a child in
1476:In Season 3 Episode 26 of the television series
1319:gave a theoretical explanation, introducing the
1087:
3243:including the Nobel Lecture, December 12, 1907
2766:Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory
2669:Garner, C. L., Captain (retired) (April 1949).
2012:Nimitz Library's Virtual Exhibits â LibExhibits
1876:. American Institute of Physics. Archived from
1455:
1315:in the atomic spectral lines for which in 1916
1218:and rotating mirror revolution per second
983:In 1906, a novel electrical method was used by
568:awarded Michelson a special appointment to the
5338:
3029:. National Academy of Sciences. Archived from
1942:
1360:which was used to measure the diameter of the
1326:
7171:Members of the American Philosophical Society
6472:
5723:
5542:
5324:
3813:
3364:
2920:, Vol. 60, No. 2 (Summer, 1969), pp. 133â197
2819:Oldford, R. W.; MacKay, R. J. (August 2000).
2818:
2755:
2753:
2172:
2103:Shankland, Paul D.; Orchiston, Wayne (2002).
2023:Shankland, Paul D.; Orchiston, Wayne (2002).
1931:was a member of the 21st lodge in Washington.
807:; the Albert A. Michelson Award given by the
786:also bears his name. Michelson Laboratory at
717:. In 1902, he was elected as a member of the
3230:Michelson House at the University of Chicago
2705:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2112:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
2032:Journal of Astronomical History and Heritage
1985:. University of Chicago Press. p. 106.
1616:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
1446:published a paper about this machine in the
1119:values, was published posthumously in 1935.
738:Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society
7176:Presidents of the American Physical Society
5739:Presidents of the American Physical Society
2232:(4). Optical Society of America: 14. 1978.
1269:of Western Reserve University, now part of
7151:Hall of Fame for Great Americans inductees
6479:
6465:
5730:
5716:
5549:
5535:
5331:
5317:
3820:
3806:
3371:
3357:
3238:
3080:
2750:
2419:"Michelson Postdoctoral Prize Lectureship"
1255:MichelsonâMorley interferometry experiment
60:
7146:Lowell High School (San Francisco) alumni
2836:
2566:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1301131
2359:"The ABB Sponsored Bomem-Michelson Award"
1720:
1718:
1007:, a prominent bump on the south ridge of
970:Albert A. Michelson while serving in the
891:Learn how and when to remove this message
7116:American people of German-Jewish descent
2638:
2636:
2553:
1631:, the National Academy of Sciences, the
1543:
1459:
1335:
1189:; speed of light can be derived as
1071:
962:
913:
902:
701:In 1889 Michelson became a professor at
7071:Case Western Reserve University faculty
3315:
2998:
2900:On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies
1992:
1265:In 1887 he collaborated with colleague
1016:United States Coast and Geodetic Survey
14:
7018:
3019:
2897:Note that while Einstein's 1905 paper
2678:U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Journal
2668:
2650:from the original on December 22, 2021
2549:
2547:
1980:
1715:
1379:, but should not be confused with the
1011:("Old Baldy"), some 22 miles distant.
576:at the Academy, Michelson excelled in
6460:
5711:
5530:
5312:
3801:
3352:
3259:Works by or about Albert A. Michelson
2633:
1952:. Random House Digital, Inc. p.
1681:List of Naval Academy Nobel Laureates
1411:
925:
7136:Foreign members of the Royal Society
7061:Humboldt University of Berlin alumni
3103:
2976:Albert Michelson's Harmonic Analyzer
2644:"Albert A. Michelson â Biographical"
1874:"Albert Abraham Michelson 1852â1931"
1738:
1736:
1734:
1539:
1427:
1356:and built such an instrument at the
873:adding citations to reliable sources
844:
827:. They had two sons and a daughter.
788:Naval Air Weapons Station China Lake
572:in 1869. During his four years as a
497:known for his work on measuring the
30:Not to be confused with the athlete
2950:(1898). "A New Harmonic Analyzer".
2544:
2505:"Michelson Memorial Lecture Series"
24:
7096:United States Naval Academy alumni
3140:. Chicago: University Press. 1907.
2999:Maclean, Norman F. (Summer 1975).
2222:"Optics at the U.S. Naval Academy"
1754:from the original on July 25, 2021
1728:, University of Texas Press, 2013.
1605:, the French astronomical society.
25:
7192:
7166:Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
7056:People from the Province of Posen
3280:; reprinted in Lapham's Quarterly
3190:
2888:, University of Texas Press, 1972
2132:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2002.02.07
2052:10.3724/SP.J.1440-2807.2002.02.07
1731:
1115:, consistent with the prevailing
979:Mount Wilson and Lookout Mountain
840:
833:He is a great uncle of physicist
166:MichelsonâGaleâPearson experiment
7156:20th-century American physicists
7076:American experimental physicists
6488:Hall of Fame for Great Americans
3174:
3159:
2479:Navy League of the United States
1702:Michelson and the Speed of Light
1660:
1394:modern operational observatories
1227:systematic error, albeit small.
849:
809:Navy League of the United States
471:
397:
204:
176:Michelson stellar interferometer
3245:Recent Advances in Spectroscopy
3220:U.S. Naval Academy and The Navy
3089:. University of Chicago Press.
3045:
2992:
2960:
2939:
2930:
2907:
2891:
2878:
2853:
2812:
2720:"Michelson's Last Experiment".
2713:
2662:
2620:
2590:
2576:
2527:
2497:
2467:
2437:
2411:
2393:Case Western Reserve University
2381:
2351:
2325:
2299:
2283:
2258:
2244:
2214:
2188:
2161:
2096:
2066:
2016:
2005:
1981:Livingston, Dorothy Michelson.
1974:
1936:
1271:Case Western Reserve University
918:Concluding page of Michelson's
860:needs additional citations for
801:Case Western Reserve University
598:United States Naval Observatory
515:Case Western Reserve University
329:Case Western Reserve University
221:
200:
7091:Recipients of the Copley Medal
5445:Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran
2180:. Scientific American Library.
1918:
1892:
1866:
1856:
1826:
1796:
1774:"Albert A. Michelson, Physics"
1766:
1676:List of Jewish Nobel laureates
1627:Michelson was a member of the
1608:1922 â Honorary Member of the
1603:Société astronomique de France
719:American Philosophical Society
672:Case School of Applied Science
557:. His sister was the novelist
511:Case School of Applied Science
27:American physicist (1852â1931)
13:
1:
7106:University of Chicago faculty
3577:Edward Albert Sharpey-Schafer
3074:
2786:10.1126/science.81.2091.100-a
2730:(1899): 10â14. May 22, 1931.
1088:Michelson, Pease, and Pearson
7181:Recipients of Franklin Medal
5559:National Academy of Sciences
3250:Works by Albert A. Michelson
2074:"USNO â Our Command History"
1691:
1593:National Academy of Sciences
1456:Michelson in popular culture
1241:independent random variables
989:National Bureau of Standards
696:astronomical interferometers
360:Other academic advisors
7:
7101:United States Navy officers
7081:American optical physicists
5997:Charles Christian Lauritsen
3665:Charles Thomson Rees Wilson
3053:"Albert Michelson | Optica"
2974:; Carpenter, Bruce (2014).
2953:American Journal of Science
2557:American National Biography
2475:"Albert A. Michelson Award"
1653:
1601:, the highest award of the
1550:United States Naval Academy
1518:. The play was directed by
1468:, Poland, installed by the
1449:American Journal of Science
1354:astronomical interferometry
1327:Astronomical interferometry
1275:MichelsonâMorley experiment
1261:MichelsonâMorley experiment
1043:MichelsonâMorley experiment
784:United States Naval Academy
694:. He later moved on to use
688:MichelsonâMorley experiment
505:. In 1907, he received the
503:MichelsonâMorley experiment
452:United States Naval Academy
161:MichelsonâMorley experiment
129:United States Naval Academy
10:
7197:
7126:Jewish American physicists
7036:Nobel laureates in Physics
6770:Henry Wadsworth Longfellow
5866:William Francis Gray Swann
3327:September 7, 2019, at the
3167:Light waves and their uses
3137:Light waves and their uses
3113:. Berkeley: Heyday Books.
3081:Livingston, D. M. (1973).
3001:"Billiards is a good game"
2736:10.1126/science.73.1899.10
2449:Computer Measurement Group
1644:Computer Measurement Group
1610:Optical Society of America
1431:
1331:
1258:
991:to obtain a value for the
805:Computer Measurement Group
421:United States Navy Reserve
29:
6710:Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.
6705:Oliver Wendell Holmes Sr.
6495:
6433:Sylvester James Gates Jr.
6305:
6150:
5989:
5846:
5777:Edward Leamington Nichols
5745:
5565:
5454:
5435:
5416:
5391:
5367:
5348:
4949:
4606:
4295:
4073:
3839:
3601:Charles Scott Sherrington
3593:Frederick Gowland Hopkins
3387:
2864:. Springer. p. 248.
1633:American Physical Society
1534:The Norman Maclean Reader
1422:gravitational wave events
1293:to devise his now-famous
818:
631:, he conducted his first
470:
465:
461:
457:
447:
437:
429:
408:
392:
387:
373:
359:
347:
321:
311:
304:
239:
231:
184:
138:
124:
105:
71:
59:
41:
7046:Clark University faculty
7041:American Nobel laureates
6895:William Tecumseh Sherman
6585:George Washington Carver
6170:Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.
6003:John Hasbrouck Van Vleck
5831:Thomas Corwin Mendenhall
5426:Albert Abraham Michelson
3609:Charles Algernon Parsons
3128:
2806:Astrophysics Data System
1708:
1507:Murphys Camp, California
1444:S. W. Stratton
1381:Michelson interferometer
1358:Mount Wilson Observatory
1032:Santa Barbara earthquake
1001:Mount Wilson Observatory
907:Page one of Michelson's
627:in particular. While at
482:Albert Abraham Michelson
171:Michelson interferometer
76:Albert Abraham Michelson
18:Albert Abraham Michelson
6975:John Greenleaf Whittier
6590:William Ellery Channing
6188:Arthur Leonard Schawlow
5944:Arthur Jeffrey Dempster
5932:Percy Williams Bridgman
5807:Robert Andrews Millikan
2572:(subscription required)
2313:. University of Chicago
1522:with music composed by
1470:Polish Physical Society
1321:fine-structure constant
686:carried out the famous
524:
501:and especially for the
295:Duddell Medal and Prize
7086:History of Los Angeles
6960:James McNeill Whistler
6890:Augustus Saint-Gaudens
6805:Matthew Fontaine Maury
6087:John Archibald Wheeler
5974:Francis Wheeler Loomis
5908:John Torrence Tate Sr.
5795:Benjamin Osgood Peirce
5753:Henry Augustus Rowland
5460:Nobel Prize recipients
5437:Physiology or Medicine
5428:(United States/Poland)
5401:Ernesto Teodoro Moneta
3833:Nobel Prize in Physics
3737:Geoffrey Ingram Taylor
3521:Pierre Paul Ămile Roux
3268:IMDB: Bonanza episode
3213:July 16, 2012, at the
3181:French translation of
2946:Michelson, Albert A.;
2884:Swenson, Loyd S. Jr.,
2626:Michelson, Albert A. "
2511:. 2017. Archived from
2481:. 2016. Archived from
2451:. 2017. Archived from
2395:. 2017. Archived from
2365:. 2017. Archived from
2333:"Michelson Remembered"
2078:U.S. Naval Observatory
1724:Loyd S. Swenson, Jr.,
1577:Nobel Prize in Physics
1553:
1530:Norman Fitzroy Maclean
1498:was set in and around
1473:
1377:speckle interferometry
1348:In 1920 Michelson and
1345:
1267:Edward Williams Morley
1084:
1003:, using a baseline to
975:
922:
911:
797:MichelsonâMorley Award
726:Nobel Prize in Physics
529:Michelson was born in
507:Nobel Prize in Physics
259:Nobel Prize in Physics
6910:Harriet Beecher Stowe
6880:Franklin D. Roosevelt
6610:James Fenimore Cooper
6570:William Cullen Bryant
6545:Alexander Graham Bell
6290:Jerome Isaac Friedman
5968:J. Robert Oppenheimer
5789:William Francis Magie
5765:Arthur Gordon Webster
3545:Horace Tabberer Brown
3449:Alfred Russel Wallace
3297:on September 22, 2008
2838:10.1214/ss/1009212817
2598:"The Master of Light"
2238:10.1364/ON.4.4.000014
2196:"raman-scattering.eu"
1906:on September 21, 2019
1704:, Doubleday. New York
1648:A. A. Michelson Award
1583:Elliott Cresson Medal
1547:
1500:Virginia City, Nevada
1463:
1339:
1075:
966:
917:
906:
767:. He was promoted to
715:University of Chicago
547:Virginia City, Nevada
519:University of Chicago
364:Georg Hermann Quincke
354:Hermann von Helmholtz
339:University of Chicago
265:Elliott Cresson Medal
7051:People from Strzelno
6940:Booker T. Washington
6850:Alice Freeman Palmer
6830:William T. G. Morton
6775:James Russell Lowell
6254:Donald N. Langenberg
6242:Nicolaas Bloembergen
6111:Edward Mills Purcell
6021:Raymond Thayer Birge
5819:Joseph Sweetman Ames
3753:Edgar Douglas Adrian
3393:Josiah Willard Gibbs
3316:Archival collections
3110:920 O'Farrell Street
3027:"Henry Draper Medal"
2389:"Michelson Lectures"
2270:search.amphilsoc.org
2266:"APS Member History"
2000:920 O'Farrell Street
1814:on September 7, 2019
1808:www.lib.uchicago.edu
1778:www.lib.uchicago.edu
1748:www.history.navy.mil
1404:and the U.S. Navy's
1383:which is one common
869:improve this article
780:Pasadena, California
757:Lieutenant Commander
748:is named after him.
433:1873â1881; 1918â1921
203: 1877;
133:University of Berlin
117:Pasadena, California
6955:George Westinghouse
6925:Henry David Thoreau
6835:John Lothrop Motley
6810:Albert A. Michelson
6690:Nathaniel Hawthorne
6640:Ralph Waldo Emerson
6625:James Buchanan Eads
6427:Philip H. Bucksbaum
6319:William F. Brinkman
6206:Mildred Dresselhaus
6129:Joseph Edward Mayer
6105:Luis Walter Alvarez
6069:John Harry Williams
5896:Harrison M. Randall
5854:Karl Taylor Compton
5759:Albert A. Michelson
5624:Albert A. Michelson
3625:William Henry Bragg
3457:George William Hill
3441:Albert A. Michelson
3235:Albert A. Michelson
3033:on January 26, 2013
2948:Stratton, Samuel W.
2825:Statistical Science
2778:1935Sci....81..100M
2608:on February 2, 2020
2515:on October 22, 2017
2485:on October 19, 2018
2455:on October 22, 2017
2369:on October 23, 2017
2339:on October 22, 2017
2124:2002JAHH....5..165S
2044:2002JAHH....5..165S
1880:on February 3, 2016
1784:on October 21, 2017
1726:The Ethereal Aether
1417:Gravitational waves
1295:Lorentz contraction
618:Ăcole Polytechnique
151:Hyperfine structure
43:Albert A. Michelson
7066:American agnostics
6885:Theodore Roosevelt
6825:Samuel F. B. Morse
6685:Alexander Hamilton
6630:Thomas Alva Edison
6540:Henry Ward Beecher
6525:John James Audubon
6391:Malcolm R. Beasley
6355:Arthur Bienenstock
6230:James A. Krumhansl
6176:Lewis M. Branscomb
6063:William V. Houston
6033:Henry DeWolf Smyth
5962:Lee Alvin DuBridge
5902:Lyman James Briggs
5890:Floyd K. Richtmyer
5557:Presidents of the
3697:Thomas Hunt Morgan
3681:Henry Hallett Dale
3657:John Scott Haldane
3641:George Ellery Hale
3237:on Nobelprize.org
3105:Levy, Harriet Lane
3007:on August 17, 2018
2509:U.S. Naval Academy
1599:Prix Jules Janssen
1589:Henry Draper Medal
1554:
1488:U.S. Naval Academy
1474:
1412:Gravitational wave
1346:
1306:special relativity
1085:
1055:special relativity
1051:general relativity
976:
935:United States Navy
926:Early measurements
923:
912:
825:William T. Sampson
813:U.S. Naval Academy
778:Michelson died in
773:9th Naval District
765:Bureau of Ordnance
734:Henry Draper Medal
692:luminiferous ether
570:U.S. Naval Academy
545:, California, and
539:Kingdom of Prussia
430:Service years
416:United States Navy
368:Marie Alfred Cornu
271:Henry Draper Medal
190:Margaret Hemingway
94:Kingdom of Prussia
7013:
7012:
6945:George Washington
6900:John Philip Sousa
6735:Thomas J. Jackson
6725:Washington Irving
6670:William C. Gorgas
6655:Benjamin Franklin
6620:Charlotte Cushman
6505:John Quincy Adams
6454:
6453:
6385:Michael S. Turner
6224:Val Logsdon Fitch
6194:Maurice Goldhaber
6158:William A. Fowler
6093:Charles H. Townes
5980:Isidor Isaac Rabi
5813:Henry A. Bumstead
5705:
5704:
5690:Ralph J. Cicerone
5600:Alexander Agassiz
5524:
5523:
5306:
5305:
3795:
3794:
3561:Ernest Rutherford
3380:Copley Medallists
3291:"NAWS China Lake"
3270:Look to the Stars
3254:Project Gutenberg
3120:978-0-930588-91-5
3096:978-0-226-48711-3
2687:on March 25, 2009
2539:978-1-906165-22-2
2202:on March 24, 2012
2178:Einstein's Legacy
2149:on August 8, 2017
1963:978-0-375-72609-5
1863:parents ..."
1844:on March 22, 2019
1540:Honors and awards
1492:William Schallert
1428:Harmonic analyzer
1317:Arnold Sommerfeld
1248:statistical model
1224:systematic errors
1009:Mount San Antonio
901:
900:
893:
763:, serving in the
682:. In 1887 he and
614:CollĂšge de France
586:technical drawing
555:Harriet Lane Levy
479:
478:
374:Doctoral students
306:Scientific career
283:Gold Medal of RAS
86:December 19, 1852
66:Michelson in 1907
16:(Redirected from
7188:
7121:Jewish agnostics
6785:Edward MacDowell
6740:Thomas Jefferson
6675:Ulysses S. Grant
6635:Jonathan Edwards
6605:Grover Cleveland
6520:Susan B. Anthony
6481:
6474:
6467:
6458:
6457:
6361:Cherry A. Murray
6278:D. Allan Bromley
6248:Ernest M. Henley
6236:Eugen Merzbacher
6212:Robert R. Wilson
6051:Victor Weisskopf
6045:George Uhlenbeck
5920:George B. Pegram
5732:
5725:
5718:
5709:
5708:
5636:William Campbell
5612:William H. Welch
5551:
5544:
5537:
5528:
5527:
5462:
5333:
5326:
5319:
5310:
5309:
5299:
5283:
5267:
5251:
5235:
5219:
5203:
5187:
5171:
5159:
5143:
5131:
5119:
5103:
5091:
5075:
5059:
5047:
5035:
5019:
5003:
4987:
4971:
4942:
4926:
4914:
4898:
4882:
4866:
4854:
4842:
4830:
4822:
4814:
4798:
4782:
4766:
4754:
4738:
4730:
4718:
4706:
4698:
4682:
4670:
4654:
4638:
4622:
4599:
4583:
4571:
4555:
4539:
4531:
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4511:
4503:
4495:
4487:
4471:
4455:
4439:
4431:
4419:
4411:
4399:
4383:
4371:
4355:
4343:
4331:
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4311:
4288:
4280:
4272:
4264:
4256:
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4240:
4232:
4224:
4223:
4217:
4216:
4210:
4209:
4203:
4195:
4187:
4175:
4163:
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4148:
4136:
4128:
4127:
4121:
4113:
4105:
4097:
4085:
4066:
4054:
4046:
4038:
4030:
4022:
4014:
4006:
3998:
3990:
3989:
3983:
3971:
3963:
3961:Kamerlingh Onnes
3955:
3947:
3939:
3931:
3919:
3911:
3903:
3895:
3887:
3879:
3863:
3851:
3822:
3815:
3808:
3799:
3798:
3788:
3780:
3777:George de Hevesy
3772:
3764:
3756:
3748:
3740:
3732:
3724:
3716:
3708:
3700:
3692:
3684:
3676:
3668:
3660:
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3644:
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3628:
3620:
3612:
3604:
3596:
3588:
3580:
3572:
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3556:
3548:
3540:
3532:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3500:
3492:
3484:
3476:
3468:
3460:
3452:
3444:
3436:
3433:Ălie Metchnikoff
3428:
3425:Dmitri Mendeleev
3420:
3412:
3404:
3396:
3373:
3366:
3359:
3350:
3349:
3306:
3304:
3302:
3293:. Archived from
3276:Norman Maclean:
3263:Internet Archive
3242:
3178:
3163:
3141:
3124:
3100:
3088:
3068:
3067:
3065:
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3017:
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2704:
2696:
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2666:
2660:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2640:
2631:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2615:
2613:
2604:. Archived from
2594:
2588:
2587:
2580:
2574:
2573:
2569:
2551:
2542:
2531:
2525:
2524:
2522:
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2432:
2430:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2374:
2363:Coblentz Society
2355:
2349:
2348:
2346:
2344:
2329:
2323:
2322:
2320:
2318:
2303:
2297:
2287:
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2276:
2262:
2256:
2255:
2248:
2242:
2241:
2218:
2212:
2211:
2209:
2207:
2198:. Archived from
2192:
2186:
2181:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2154:
2148:
2142:. Archived from
2109:
2100:
2094:
2093:
2091:
2089:
2080:. Archived from
2070:
2064:
2063:
2029:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1990:
1989:
1978:
1972:
1971:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1922:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1911:
1902:. Archived from
1896:
1890:
1889:
1887:
1885:
1870:
1864:
1860:
1854:
1853:
1851:
1849:
1840:. Archived from
1830:
1824:
1823:
1821:
1819:
1810:. Archived from
1800:
1794:
1793:
1791:
1789:
1780:. Archived from
1770:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1740:
1729:
1722:
1670:
1668:Biography portal
1665:
1664:
1663:
1646:gives an annual
1369:Hooker Telescope
1350:Francis G. Pease
1342:Hooker Telescope
1281:relative to the
1202:
1188:
1183:
1169:
1129:Hippolyte Fizeau
1114:
1112:
1109:
1101:Francis G. Pease
1067:Robert Shankland
1005:Lookout Mountain
896:
889:
885:
882:
876:
853:
845:
736:in 1916 and the
703:Clark University
665:
663:
657:
655:
649:
647:
644:
600:), to work with
566:Ulysses S. Grant
559:Miriam Michelson
492:
475:
403:
401:
400:
349:Doctoral advisor
334:Clark University
225:
223:
208:
206:
202:
112:
85:
83:
64:
54:
39:
38:
32:Albert Michelsen
21:
7196:
7195:
7191:
7190:
7189:
7187:
7186:
7185:
7016:
7015:
7014:
7009:
6985:Frances Willard
6920:Sylvanus Thayer
6870:Edgar Allan Poe
6855:Francis Parkman
6765:Abraham Lincoln
6745:John Paul Jones
6665:Josiah W. Gibbs
6580:Andrew Carnegie
6565:Phillips Brooks
6530:George Bancroft
6491:
6485:
6455:
6450:
6439:Frances Hellman
6337:Marvin L. Cohen
6325:Myriam Sarachik
6313:George Trilling
6301:
6296:James S. Langer
6272:J.R. Schrieffer
6182:Herman Feshbach
6146:
6141:Chien-Shiung Wu
6123:Philip M. Morse
6057:Frederick Seitz
5985:
5950:Harvey Fletcher
5842:
5741:
5736:
5706:
5701:
5666:Frederick Seitz
5654:Alfred Richards
5648:Frank B. Jewett
5618:Charles Walcott
5570:Alexander Bache
5561:
5555:
5525:
5520:
5458:
5450:
5431:
5412:
5387:
5384:(Great Britain)
5382:Rudyard Kipling
5363:
5344:
5337:
5307:
5302:
5286:
5270:
5254:
5238:
5222:
5206:
5190:
5174:
5162:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5106:
5094:
5078:
5062:
5050:
5038:
5022:
5006:
4990:
4974:
4958:
4951:
4945:
4929:
4917:
4901:
4892:Cohen-Tannoudji
4885:
4869:
4857:
4845:
4833:
4825:
4817:
4801:
4785:
4769:
4757:
4741:
4733:
4721:
4709:
4701:
4685:
4673:
4657:
4641:
4625:
4613:
4602:
4586:
4574:
4558:
4542:
4534:
4522:
4514:
4506:
4498:
4490:
4474:
4458:
4442:
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4422:
4414:
4402:
4386:
4374:
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4334:
4326:
4314:
4302:
4291:
4283:
4275:
4267:
4259:
4251:
4243:
4235:
4227:
4221:
4220:
4214:
4213:
4207:
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4198:
4190:
4178:
4166:
4158:
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4151:
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4131:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4108:
4100:
4088:
4080:
4069:
4057:
4049:
4041:
4033:
4025:
4017:
4009:
4001:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3974:
3966:
3958:
3950:
3942:
3934:
3922:
3914:
3906:
3898:
3890:
3882:
3866:
3854:
3846:
3835:
3826:
3796:
3791:
3783:
3775:
3767:
3759:
3751:
3743:
3735:
3729:Joseph Barcroft
3727:
3721:Robert Robinson
3719:
3711:
3703:
3695:
3687:
3679:
3671:
3663:
3655:
3647:
3639:
3633:Arthur Schuster
3631:
3623:
3615:
3607:
3599:
3591:
3585:Albert Einstein
3583:
3575:
3567:
3559:
3551:
3543:
3537:William Bayliss
3535:
3529:Hendrik Lorentz
3527:
3519:
3511:
3503:
3495:
3487:
3479:
3471:
3463:
3455:
3447:
3439:
3431:
3423:
3417:William Crookes
3415:
3407:
3399:
3391:
3383:
3377:
3329:Wayback Machine
3318:
3300:
3298:
3289:
3215:Wayback Machine
3193:
3186:
3179:
3170:
3164:
3134:
3131:
3121:
3097:
3077:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3059:
3051:
3050:
3046:
3036:
3034:
3025:
3024:
3020:
3010:
3008:
2997:
2993:
2986:
2965:
2961:
2944:
2940:
2935:
2931:
2912:
2908:
2896:
2892:
2883:
2879:
2872:
2858:
2854:
2817:
2813:
2772:(2091): 100â1.
2758:
2751:
2719:
2718:
2714:
2698:
2697:
2690:
2688:
2684:
2673:
2667:
2663:
2653:
2651:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2625:
2621:
2611:
2609:
2596:
2595:
2591:
2582:
2581:
2577:
2571:
2552:
2545:
2532:
2528:
2518:
2516:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
2473:
2472:
2468:
2458:
2456:
2443:
2442:
2438:
2428:
2426:
2425:on May 13, 2017
2417:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2399:on May 13, 2017
2387:
2386:
2382:
2372:
2370:
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2356:
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2330:
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2288:
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2259:
2250:
2249:
2245:
2220:
2219:
2215:
2205:
2203:
2194:
2193:
2189:
2169:David Peck Todd
2166:
2162:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2107:
2101:
2097:
2087:
2085:
2084:on June 6, 2011
2072:
2071:
2067:
2027:
2021:
2017:
2010:
2006:
1997:
1993:
1979:
1975:
1964:
1941:
1937:
1924:
1923:
1919:
1909:
1907:
1898:
1897:
1893:
1883:
1881:
1872:
1871:
1867:
1861:
1857:
1847:
1845:
1838:history.aip.org
1832:
1831:
1827:
1817:
1815:
1802:
1801:
1797:
1787:
1785:
1772:
1771:
1767:
1757:
1755:
1742:
1741:
1732:
1723:
1716:
1711:
1694:
1666:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1565:Matteucci Medal
1542:
1458:
1436:
1430:
1414:
1334:
1329:
1302:Albert Einstein
1291:Hendrik Lorentz
1263:
1257:
1214:, displacement
1190:
1181:
1171:
1156:
1155:. In this way,
1125:
1110:
1107:
1105:
1090:
1063:Hendrik Lorentz
1047:Albert Einstein
1041:The now-famous
1028:geodetic survey
981:
928:
897:
886:
880:
877:
866:
854:
843:
835:Peter Michelson
821:
661:
659:
653:
651:
645:
642:
640:
527:
484:
425:
398:
396:
388:Military career
380:
378:Robert Millikan
366:
343:
300:
247:Matteucci Medal
227:
224: 1899)
219:
215:
211:
210:
207: 1898)
198:
194:
191:
180:
131:
125:Alma mater
120:
114:
110:
101:
96:(now Strzelno,
87:
81:
79:
78:
77:
67:
55:
46:
44:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
7194:
7184:
7183:
7178:
7173:
7168:
7163:
7158:
7153:
7148:
7143:
7138:
7133:
7128:
7123:
7118:
7113:
7108:
7103:
7098:
7093:
7088:
7083:
7078:
7073:
7068:
7063:
7058:
7053:
7048:
7043:
7038:
7033:
7028:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7007:
7002:
7000:Orville Wright
6997:
6995:Woodrow Wilson
6992:
6990:Roger Williams
6987:
6982:
6977:
6972:
6967:
6962:
6957:
6952:
6950:Daniel Webster
6947:
6942:
6937:
6932:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6915:Gilbert Stuart
6912:
6907:
6902:
6897:
6892:
6887:
6882:
6877:
6872:
6867:
6862:
6860:George Peabody
6857:
6852:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6832:
6827:
6822:
6817:
6815:Maria Mitchell
6812:
6807:
6802:
6797:
6792:
6787:
6782:
6777:
6772:
6767:
6762:
6757:
6752:
6747:
6742:
6737:
6732:
6730:Andrew Jackson
6727:
6722:
6717:
6712:
6707:
6702:
6697:
6692:
6687:
6682:
6677:
6672:
6667:
6662:
6657:
6652:
6650:Stephen Foster
6647:
6645:David Farragut
6642:
6637:
6632:
6627:
6622:
6617:
6612:
6607:
6602:
6597:
6592:
6587:
6582:
6577:
6575:Luther Burbank
6572:
6567:
6562:
6560:Louis Brandeis
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6517:
6512:
6507:
6502:
6496:
6493:
6492:
6484:
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6476:
6469:
6461:
6452:
6451:
6449:
6448:
6442:
6436:
6430:
6424:
6418:
6412:
6406:
6400:
6394:
6388:
6382:
6379:Robert L. Byer
6376:
6370:
6364:
6358:
6352:
6346:
6340:
6334:
6328:
6322:
6316:
6309:
6307:
6303:
6302:
6300:
6299:
6293:
6287:
6284:Andrew Sessler
6281:
6275:
6269:
6266:C. Kumar Patel
6263:
6260:Burton Richter
6257:
6251:
6245:
6239:
6233:
6227:
6221:
6215:
6209:
6203:
6200:Robert Marshak
6197:
6191:
6185:
6179:
6173:
6167:
6161:
6154:
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5991:
5987:
5986:
5984:
5983:
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5971:
5965:
5959:
5953:
5947:
5941:
5938:Albert W. Hull
5935:
5929:
5926:George Stewart
5923:
5917:
5911:
5905:
5899:
5893:
5887:
5884:Robert W. Wood
5881:
5878:Arthur Compton
5875:
5869:
5863:
5857:
5850:
5848:
5844:
5843:
5841:
5840:
5834:
5828:
5825:Theodore Lyman
5822:
5816:
5810:
5804:
5801:Ernest Merritt
5798:
5792:
5786:
5780:
5774:
5768:
5762:
5756:
5749:
5747:
5743:
5742:
5735:
5734:
5727:
5720:
5712:
5703:
5702:
5700:
5699:
5693:
5687:
5681:
5675:
5672:Philip Handler
5669:
5663:
5657:
5651:
5645:
5639:
5633:
5627:
5621:
5615:
5609:
5603:
5597:
5591:
5585:
5582:William Rogers
5579:
5573:
5566:
5563:
5562:
5554:
5553:
5546:
5539:
5531:
5522:
5521:
5519:
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5508:
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5498:
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5410:
5404:
5397:
5395:
5389:
5388:
5386:
5385:
5378:
5376:
5365:
5364:
5362:
5361:
5358:Eduard Buchner
5354:
5352:
5346:
5345:
5336:
5335:
5328:
5321:
5313:
5304:
5303:
5301:
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5284:
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5120:
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4899:
4883:
4867:
4855:
4843:
4831:
4823:
4815:
4799:
4783:
4767:
4755:
4739:
4731:
4719:
4707:
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1432:Main article:
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1259:Main article:
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3442:
3438:
3434:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3402:
3401:Joseph Lister
3398:
3394:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3381:
3374:
3369:
3367:
3362:
3360:
3355:
3354:
3351:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3330:
3326:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3311:
3308:
3296:
3292:
3288:
3286:
3283:
3281:
3279:
3274:
3272:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3260:
3257:
3255:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3241:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3212:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3198:
3195:
3194:
3184:
3177:
3172:
3168:
3162:
3157:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3138:
3133:
3132:
3122:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3102:
3098:
3092:
3087:
3086:
3079:
3078:
3062:September 13,
3058:
3054:
3048:
3032:
3028:
3022:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2987:
2981:
2977:
2973:
2972:Krantz, Steve
2969:
2968:Hammack, Bill
2963:
2955:
2954:
2949:
2942:
2933:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2910:
2902:
2901:
2894:
2887:
2881:
2873:
2867:
2863:
2856:
2848:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2830:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2807:
2803:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2787:
2783:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2767:
2763:
2756:
2754:
2745:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2716:
2708:
2702:
2683:
2679:
2672:
2665:
2649:
2645:
2639:
2637:
2629:
2623:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2593:
2585:
2579:
2567:
2563:
2559:
2558:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2476:
2470:
2454:
2450:
2446:
2440:
2424:
2420:
2414:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2384:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2354:
2338:
2334:
2328:
2312:
2311:UChicago News
2308:
2302:
2296:
2292:
2286:
2271:
2267:
2261:
2253:
2247:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2227:
2223:
2217:
2201:
2197:
2191:
2184:
2179:
2175:
2174:Schwinger, J.
2170:
2164:
2145:
2141:
2137:
2133:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2117:
2113:
2106:
2099:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2045:
2041:
2037:
2033:
2026:
2019:
2013:
2008:
2001:
1995:
1988:
1984:
1977:
1970:
1965:
1959:
1955:
1951:
1950:
1945:
1939:
1932:
1927:
1921:
1910:September 21,
1905:
1901:
1895:
1879:
1875:
1869:
1859:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1829:
1813:
1809:
1805:
1799:
1783:
1779:
1775:
1769:
1753:
1749:
1745:
1739:
1737:
1735:
1727:
1721:
1719:
1714:
1703:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1687:
1686:List of Poles
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1669:
1658:
1651:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1629:Royal Society
1623:
1619:
1617:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1604:
1600:
1596:
1594:
1590:
1586:
1584:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1572:
1568:
1566:
1562:
1560:
1559:Rumford Prize
1556:
1555:
1551:
1546:
1537:
1535:
1531:
1527:
1525:
1521:
1517:
1511:
1508:
1503:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1480:
1471:
1467:
1462:
1453:
1451:
1450:
1445:
1441:
1435:
1425:
1423:
1418:
1409:
1407:
1403:
1399:
1395:
1391:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1372:
1370:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1355:
1351:
1343:
1338:
1324:
1322:
1318:
1314:
1309:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1268:
1262:
1252:
1249:
1244:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1228:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1193:
1187:
1179:
1175:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:LĂ©on Foucault
1130:
1120:
1118:
1117:electro-optic
1102:
1097:
1095:
1094:electro-optic
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1059:Dayton Miller
1056:
1052:
1049:'s theory of
1048:
1044:
1039:
1037:
1036:Richter scale
1033:
1029:
1023:
1021:
1017:
1014:In 1922, the
1012:
1010:
1006:
1002:
997:
994:
990:
986:
973:
969:
965:
961:
959:
958:Simon Newcomb
955:
953:
947:
945:
944:Simon Newcomb
940:
939:LĂ©on Foucault
936:
931:
921:
916:
910:
905:
895:
892:
884:
874:
870:
864:
863:
858:This section
856:
852:
847:
846:
838:
836:
831:
828:
826:
816:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
792:
789:
785:
781:
776:
774:
770:
766:
762:
761:Naval Reserve
758:
754:
753:World War One
749:
747:
743:
739:
735:
732:in 1907, the
731:
727:
722:
720:
716:
712:
711:Massachusetts
708:
704:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
684:Edward Morley
681:
677:
673:
669:
638:
634:
630:
626:
621:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
602:Simon Newcomb
599:
595:
591:
587:
583:
579:
575:
571:
567:
562:
560:
556:
552:
548:
544:
543:Murphy's Camp
540:
536:
532:
522:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
491:
487:
483:
474:
469:
464:
460:
456:
453:
450:
446:
443:
440:
436:
432:
428:
422:
419:
417:
414:
413:
411:
407:
404:United States
395:
391:
386:
383:
379:
376:
372:
369:
365:
362:
358:
355:
352:
350:
346:
340:
337:
335:
332:
330:
327:
326:
324:
320:
317:
314:
310:
307:
303:
296:
293:
290:
287:
284:
281:
278:
275:
272:
269:
266:
263:
260:
257:
254:
251:
248:
245:
244:
242:
238:
234:
230:
187:
183:
177:
174:
172:
169:
167:
164:
162:
159:
157:
154:
152:
149:
147:
144:
143:
141:
137:
134:
130:
127:
123:
118:
108:
104:
99:
95:
91:
74:
70:
63:
58:
53:
49:
40:
37:
33:
19:
7161:Metrologists
6980:Emma Willard
6965:Walt Whitman
6935:Lillian Wald
6905:Joseph Story
6865:William Penn
6845:Thomas Paine
6820:James Monroe
6809:
6715:Mark Hopkins
6695:Joseph Henry
6615:Peter Cooper
6595:Rufus Choate
6550:Daniel Boone
6535:Clara Barton
6409:Laura Greene
6373:Barry Barish
6349:Leo Kadanoff
6218:Sidney Drell
6099:John Bardeen
6009:Enrico Fermi
5758:
5660:Detlev Bronk
5642:Frank Lillie
5623:
5576:Joseph Henry
5490:
5425:
4736:von Klitzing
4728:Van der Meer
3908:
3745:Oswald Avery
3713:Thomas Lewis
3673:Arthur Evans
3440:
3409:Eduard Suess
3301:September 3,
3299:. Retrieved
3295:the original
3277:
3269:
3244:
3182:
3166:
3150:
3144:
3136:
3109:
3084:
3060:. Retrieved
3056:
3047:
3037:February 19,
3035:. Retrieved
3031:the original
3021:
3009:. Retrieved
3005:the original
2994:
2975:
2962:
2951:
2941:
2932:
2917:
2909:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2880:
2861:
2855:
2828:
2824:
2814:
2804:– via
2769:
2765:
2727:
2721:
2715:
2701:cite journal
2689:. Retrieved
2682:the original
2677:
2664:
2652:. Retrieved
2622:
2610:. Retrieved
2606:the original
2601:
2592:
2578:
2555:
2529:
2517:. Retrieved
2513:the original
2499:
2489:December 25,
2487:. Retrieved
2483:the original
2469:
2457:. Retrieved
2453:the original
2439:
2427:. Retrieved
2423:the original
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2397:the original
2383:
2371:. Retrieved
2367:the original
2353:
2341:. Retrieved
2337:the original
2327:
2315:. Retrieved
2310:
2301:
2285:
2273:. Retrieved
2269:
2260:
2246:
2229:
2225:
2216:
2204:. Retrieved
2200:the original
2190:
2177:
2163:
2153:November 26,
2151:. Retrieved
2144:the original
2115:
2111:
2098:
2086:. Retrieved
2082:the original
2068:
2035:
2031:
2018:
2007:
1999:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1976:
1967:
1948:
1938:
1929:
1925:
1920:
1908:. Retrieved
1904:the original
1894:
1882:. Retrieved
1878:the original
1868:
1858:
1846:. Retrieved
1842:the original
1837:
1828:
1816:. Retrieved
1812:the original
1807:
1798:
1786:. Retrieved
1782:the original
1777:
1768:
1756:. Retrieved
1747:
1725:
1701:
1641:
1626:
1571:Copley Medal
1533:
1528:
1524:Joshua Dumas
1516:Jon Stutzman
1512:
1504:
1495:
1484:Lorne Greene
1477:
1475:
1447:
1437:
1415:
1389:
1384:
1373:
1347:
1310:
1299:
1264:
1245:
1236:
1232:
1229:
1219:
1215:
1211:
1207:
1205:
1199:
1195:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1173:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1126:
1113:11 km/s
1098:
1091:
1081:Auguste LĂ©on
1079:portrait by
1040:
1024:
1013:
998:
982:
956:
948:
932:
929:
919:
908:
887:
878:
867:Please help
862:verification
859:
832:
829:
822:
793:
777:
750:
740:in 1923. A
730:Copley Medal
723:
700:
622:
563:
528:
481:
480:
322:Institutions
305:
277:Albert Medal
253:Copley Medal
214:Edna Stanton
111:(1931-05-09)
36:
7031:1931 deaths
7026:1852 births
6970:Eli Whitney
6875:Walter Reed
6795:Horace Mann
6555:Edwin Booth
6510:Jane Addams
6421:David Gross
6397:Sam Aronson
6331:Helen Quinn
6164:George Pake
6081:Felix Bloch
6039:Jesse Beams
5914:John Zeleny
5692:(2005â2016)
5686:(1993â2005)
5680:(1981â1993)
5678:Frank Press
5674:(1969â1981)
5668:(1962â1969)
5662:(1950â1962)
5656:(1947â1950)
5650:(1939â1947)
5644:(1935â1939)
5638:(1931â1935)
5632:(1927â1931)
5626:(1923â1927)
5620:(1917â1923)
5614:(1913â1917)
5608:(1907â1913)
5602:(1901â1907)
5596:(1895â1900)
5590:(1883â1895)
5584:(1879â1882)
5578:(1868â1878)
5572:(1863â1867)
5341:Nobel Prize
4780:Steinberger
4696:K. Siegbahn
4688:Bloembergen
4409:Chamberlain
4142:Schrödinger
4052:M. Siegbahn
3981:W. H. Bragg
3977:W. L. Bragg
3761:G. H. Hardy
3569:Horace Lamb
3513:James Dewar
3505:Ivan Pavlov
3481:Felix Klein
3382:(1901â1950)
2519:October 22,
2459:October 22,
2429:October 22,
2403:October 22,
2373:October 22,
2343:October 22,
2317:January 22,
2226:Optics News
2183:2012 e-book
1884:January 27,
1744:"Michelson"
1520:David Maral
1287:null result
633:experiments
582:climatology
109:May 9, 1931
7020:Categories
6930:Mark Twain
6750:James Kent
6720:Elias Howe
6600:Henry Clay
6500:John Adams
6403:Homer Neal
5860:Henry Gale
5783:Henry Crew
5771:Carl Barus
5606:Ira Remsen
5369:Literature
5297:L'Huillier
5261:Hasselmann
5217:Strickland
5185:Kosterlitz
5109:Perlmutter
4848:Brockhouse
4553:Schrieffer
4425:Hofstadter
4377:C. N. Yang
4134:Heisenberg
4111:De Broglie
3689:Niels Bohr
3617:Max Planck
3075:References
3011:August 16,
2691:August 13,
2612:January 7,
2038:(2): 165.
1758:August 17,
1385:laboratory
1365:Betelgeuse
1077:Autochrome
985:E. B. Rosa
664: mi/s
656: km/s
620:in Paris.
612:, and the
610:Heidelberg
574:midshipman
564:President
517:) and the
393:Allegiance
82:1852-12-19
6780:Mary Lyon
6490:inductees
6151:1976â2000
6027:E. Wigner
5990:1951â1975
5847:1926â1950
5746:1899â1925
5360:(Germany)
5350:Chemistry
5343:laureates
5281:Zeilinger
5101:Novoselov
5069:Kobayashi
4993:Abrikosov
4840:J. Taylor
4820:de Gennes
4812:R. Taylor
4704:K. Wilson
4652:R. Wilson
4636:Van Vleck
4607:1976â2000
4597:Rainwater
4593:Mottelson
4569:Josephson
4517:Gell-Mann
4481:Schwinger
4469:Prokhorov
4429:Mössbauer
4389:Cherenkov
4381:T. D. Lee
4305:Cockcroft
4296:1951â1975
4095:C. Wilson
4074:1926â1950
4020:Guillaume
3909:Michelson
3869:Becquerel
3840:1901â1925
3829:Laureates
2978:. Blurb.
2847:0883-4237
2602:The Attic
2140:110077408
2060:110077408
1969:agnostic.
1848:August 2,
1818:August 2,
1788:August 2,
1692:Biography
1591:from the
1452:in 1898.
1362:red giant
1273:, in the
1210:, radius
972:U.S. Navy
968:Lt. Cmdr.
769:Commander
707:Worcester
676:Cleveland
629:Annapolis
594:chemistry
495:physicist
466:Signature
442:Commander
6680:Asa Gray
6015:H. Bethe
5447:(France)
5409:(France)
5289:Agostini
5177:Thouless
5169:McDonald
5157:Nakamura
5125:Wineland
5057:GrĂŒnberg
5013:Politzer
4997:Ginzburg
4985:Giacconi
4965:Ketterle
4920:'t Hooft
4904:Laughlin
4896:Phillips
4876:Osheroff
4804:Friedman
4776:Schwartz
4772:Lederman
4692:Schawlow
4668:Weinberg
4477:Tomonaga
4369:Brattain
4361:Shockley
4270:Blackett
4262:Appleton
4254:Bridgman
4201:Lawrence
4181:Davisson
4161:Chadwick
4044:Millikan
4028:Einstein
3917:Lippmann
3885:Rayleigh
3877:M. Curie
3873:P. Curie
3325:Archived
3211:Archived
3107:(1996).
2802:28035563
2794:17816642
2744:17843974
2648:Archived
2176:(1986).
1946:(2002).
1752:Archived
1654:See also
1635:and the
1466:Strzelno
1396:such as
1390:baseline
987:and the
881:May 2017
580:, heat,
551:agnostic
232:Children
5698:(2016â)
5418:Physics
5403:(Italy)
5277:Clauser
5241:Penrose
5225:Peebles
5181:Haldane
5149:Akasaki
5137:Englert
5129:Haroche
5113:Schmidt
5073:Maskawa
5025:Glauber
5017:Wilczek
5001:Leggett
4981:Koshiba
4961:Cornell
4952:present
4936:Kroemer
4932:Alferov
4924:Veltman
4908:Störmer
4828:Charpak
4808:Kendall
4792:Dehmelt
4760:Bednorz
4660:Glashow
4648:Penzias
4644:Kapitsa
4616:Richter
4589:A. Bohr
4565:Giaever
4545:Bardeen
4509:Alvarez
4493:Kastler
4485:Feynman
4365:Bardeen
4329:Zernike
4321:Purcell
4091:Compton
4036:N. Bohr
3925:Marconi
3857:Lorentz
3849:Röntgen
3831:of the
3331:at the
3261:at the
2821:"Light"
2774:Bibcode
2723:Science
2654:July 9,
2584:"Links"
2275:May 19,
2206:June 2,
2120:Bibcode
2088:June 2,
2040:Bibcode
1700:(1960)
1620:1923 â
1614:1923 â
1597:1922 â
1587:1916 â
1581:1912 â
1575:1907 â
1569:1907 â
1563:1903 â
1557:1888 â
1496:Bonanza
1479:Bonanza
1332:Optical
952:Newcomb
759:in the
744:on the
635:on the
590:physics
531:Strelno
316:Physics
226:
218:
209:
197:
193:
185:Spouses
90:Strelno
6447:(2023)
6441:(2022)
6435:(2021)
6429:(2020)
6423:(2019)
6417:(2018)
6411:(2017)
6405:(2016)
6399:(2015)
6393:(2014)
6387:(2013)
6381:(2012)
6375:(2011)
6369:(2010)
6363:(2009)
6357:(2008)
6351:(2007)
6345:(2006)
6339:(2005)
6333:(2004)
6327:(2003)
6321:(2002)
6315:(2001)
6298:(2000)
6292:(1999)
6286:(1998)
6280:(1997)
6274:(1996)
6268:(1995)
6262:(1994)
6256:(1993)
6250:(1992)
6244:(1991)
6238:(1990)
6232:(1989)
6226:(1987)
6220:(1986)
6214:(1985)
6208:(1984)
6202:(1983)
6196:(1982)
6190:(1981)
6184:(1980)
6178:(1979)
6172:(1978)
6166:(1977)
6160:(1976)
6143:(1975)
6137:(1974)
6131:(1973)
6125:(1972)
6119:(1971)
6113:(1970)
6107:(1969)
6101:(1968)
6095:(1967)
6089:(1966)
6083:(1965)
6077:(1964)
6071:(1963)
6065:(1962)
6059:(1961)
6053:(1960)
6047:(1959)
6041:(1958)
6035:(1957)
6029:(1956)
6023:(1955)
6017:(1954)
6011:(1953)
6005:(1952)
5999:(1951)
5982:(1950)
5976:(1949)
5970:(1948)
5964:(1947)
5958:(1946)
5952:(1945)
5946:(1944)
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5928:(1941)
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5916:(1940)
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5898:(1937)
5892:(1936)
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5874:(1933)
5868:(1931)
5862:(1929)
5856:(1927)
5839:(1925)
5833:(1923)
5827:(1921)
5821:(1919)
5815:(1918)
5809:(1916)
5803:(1914)
5797:(1913)
5791:(1911)
5785:(1909)
5779:(1907)
5773:(1905)
5767:(1903)
5761:(1901)
5755:(1899)
5293:Krausz
5287:2023:
5273:Aspect
5271:2022:
5265:Manabe
5257:Parisi
5255:2021:
5245:Genzel
5239:2020:
5233:Queloz
5223:2019:
5213:Mourou
5209:Ashkin
5207:2018:
5201:Thorne
5197:Barish
5191:2017:
5175:2016:
5165:Kajita
5163:2015:
5147:2014:
5135:2013:
5123:2012:
5107:2011:
5095:2010:
5079:2009:
5063:2008:
5051:2007:
5041:Mather
5039:2006:
5033:HĂ€nsch
5023:2005:
5007:2004:
4991:2003:
4975:2002:
4969:Wieman
4959:2001:
4930:2000:
4918:1999:
4902:1998:
4886:1997:
4872:D. Lee
4870:1996:
4864:Reines
4858:1995:
4846:1994:
4834:1993:
4826:1992:
4818:1991:
4802:1990:
4788:Ramsey
4786:1989:
4770:1988:
4764:MĂŒller
4758:1987:
4752:Rohrer
4748:Binnig
4742:1986:
4734:1985:
4724:Rubbia
4722:1984:
4716:Fowler
4710:1983:
4702:1982:
4686:1981:
4676:Cronin
4674:1980:
4658:1979:
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4626:1977:
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4581:Hewish
4575:1974:
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4549:Cooper
4543:1972:
4535:1971:
4525:Alfvén
4523:1970:
4515:1969:
4507:1968:
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4461:Townes
4459:1964:
4453:Jensen
4445:Wigner
4443:1963:
4437:Landau
4435:1962:
4423:1961:
4417:Glaser
4415:1960:
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4387:1958:
4375:1957:
4359:1956:
4347:1955:
4335:1954:
4327:1953:
4315:1952:
4309:Walton
4303:1951:
4286:Powell
4284:1950:
4278:Yukawa
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4260:1947:
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4109:1929:
4101:1928:
4089:1927:
4083:Perrin
4081:1926:
4060:Franck
4058:1925:
4050:1924:
4042:1923:
4034:1922:
4026:1921:
4018:1920:
4010:1919:
4004:Planck
4002:1918:
3996:Barkla
3994:1917:
3975:1915:
3967:1914:
3959:1913:
3951:1912:
3943:1911:
3935:1910:
3923:1909:
3915:1908:
3907:1907:
3899:1906:
3893:Lenard
3891:1905:
3883:1904:
3867:1903:
3861:Zeeman
3855:1902:
3847:1901:
3787:(1950)
3779:(1949)
3771:(1948)
3763:(1947)
3755:(1946)
3747:(1945)
3739:(1944)
3731:(1943)
3723:(1942)
3715:(1941)
3707:(1940)
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3691:(1938)
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3643:(1932)
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3603:(1927)
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3435:(1906)
3427:(1905)
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3411:(1903)
3403:(1902)
3395:(1901)
3185:(1894)
3169:(1907)
3117:
3093:
2982:
2868:
2845:
2800:
2792:
2742:
2570:
2537:
2138:
2058:
1998:Levy,
1960:
1283:aether
1083:, 1921
1065:, and
819:Family
742:crater
606:Berlin
578:optics
409:Branch
402:
312:Fields
297:(1929)
291:(1923)
285:(1923)
279:(1920)
273:(1916)
267:(1912)
261:(1907)
255:(1907)
249:(1903)
240:Awards
119:, U.S.
98:Poland
6306:2001â
5491:1907
5393:Peace
5339:1907
5229:Mayor
5193:Weiss
5153:Amano
5141:Higgs
5117:Riess
5089:Smith
5085:Boyle
5065:Nambu
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5009:Gross
4977:Davis
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4940:Kilby
4852:Shull
4836:Hulse
4744:Ruska
4680:Fitch
4664:Salam
4561:Esaki
4537:Gabor
4501:Bethe
4465:Basov
4405:SegrĂš
4393:Frank
4353:Kusch
4341:Bothe
4317:Bloch
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4230:Stern
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4119:Raman
4064:Hertz
4012:Stark
3953:Dalén
3929:Braun
3129:Works
2798:S2CID
2685:(PDF)
2674:(PDF)
2147:(PDF)
2136:S2CID
2108:(PDF)
2056:S2CID
2028:(PDF)
2002:, 47.
1709:Notes
1402:CHARA
1279:Earth
1157:tan(2
1020:invar
755:as a
658:, or
535:Posen
513:(now
488:
220:(
216:
199:(
195:
50:
5516:1912
5511:1911
5506:1910
5501:1909
5496:1908
5486:1906
5481:1905
5476:1904
5471:1903
5466:1902
5373:1907
5249:Ghez
5097:Geim
5053:Fert
5029:Hall
4912:Tsui
4860:Perl
4796:Paul
4632:Mott
4620:Ting
4577:Ryle
4529:NĂ©el
4397:Tamm
4349:Lamb
4337:Born
4238:Rabi
4222:1942
4215:1941
4208:1940
4169:Hess
4153:1934
4126:1931
3988:1916
3969:Laue
3945:Wien
3303:2010
3115:ISBN
3091:ISBN
3064:2024
3039:2011
3013:2018
2980:ISBN
2918:Isis
2866:ISBN
2843:ISSN
2790:PMID
2740:PMID
2707:link
2693:2009
2656:2022
2614:2020
2535:ISBN
2521:2017
2491:2018
2461:2017
2431:2017
2405:2017
2375:2017
2345:2017
2319:2021
2293:and
2277:2021
2208:2011
2155:2017
2090:2011
1958:ISBN
1912:2019
1886:2016
1850:2019
1820:2019
1790:2019
1760:2022
1642:The
1494:).
1406:NPOI
1398:VLTI
1161:) =
1131:and
1053:and
746:Moon
668:Navy
616:and
608:and
592:and
584:and
525:Life
490:FRAS
448:Unit
438:Rank
205:div.
106:Died
72:Born
52:FRAS
5081:Kao
4888:Chu
3252:at
2922:doi
2833:doi
2782:doi
2770:522
2732:doi
2562:doi
2234:doi
2128:doi
2048:doi
1954:136
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