291:. When WWII started, union activity was limited to Filipino workers, while the internment of Japanese workers was brought about. Many of the cannery workers were enlisting in the military or finding jobs in defense industries, while governmental emergency controls banned strikes and initiated a wage freeze. Another wave of immigrants arrived at the canneries in the 1970s, and a separate organization was established called the Alaska Cannery Workers Association (ACWA). Local 37 was reformed, and by 1980, reformers had gained control of the union, which was changed to IBU/ILWU, Region 37 in 1987, which was actually a merging of the Longshoremen's Union and the Inland Boatmen's Union of the Pacific.
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79:, Filipinos became American nationals and had the ability to migrate to the U.S. to find a better life, while providing cheap labor for the agriculture and fish cannery industries. A significant number first started being recruited for work by contractors for the salmon canneries and mines in Alaska. In the canneries, Filipinos worked with other groups of
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scholar, " a
Filipino can expect help and protection from his family and kin group, he also has obligations to them." Americans were constantly worried about losing their jobs, and many people who would otherwise works together in groups competed with each other over jobs and security. In 1935, the Welch Bill was funded with $ 300,000 to
152:. Because of the images portrayed by American educators in the Philippines, some Filipinos were under the impression that a way into American society was easily obtained through marriage, often taking up with "women of color," and avoiding white women because of the social problems that might stir up. In
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rooms to save money before sailing back up north to work in the canneries from late spring to late summer. The population of
Alaskeros in Washington grew between 1910 and 1930 from 1,700 to 3,500. Nearly 1,000 Filipinos were recruited by Japanese and Chinese nationals in 1921 to work in the Alaskan
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as well as the difference in wages between the U.S. and the
Philippines left them to be taken advantage of. The contractors would sell them items that were supposed to be compensated to the workers, such as food, work supplies, bedding and lodging. Sometimes, the contractors would take off without
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elsewhere that left little time for classes or even no time at all for school. Luckily, because of the strong sense of community in the
Filipino culture, many Alaskeros were able to rely on their traditional system of mutual aid to help pull them through these hard times. Explained by a Filipino
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Filipinos- offering to send them back to the
Philippines free of charge should they volunteer to go back. Only 5% of Filipinos took up the offer. The ones that remained had their legal status changed by the U.S. government, through the
123:. This was mainly due to the fact of contractor positions were being held by mainly Japanese and Chinese employees. They entered into the canning industry before the Filipinos, and they held onto these jobs, while Filipinos worked as
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Alaskeros faced less discrimination in Alaska than in the Lower 48, mostly due to the native
Eskimos and the large Asian community that was already present in the area. Some cannery workers lived in Alaska permanently, marrying
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and stand up for their rights. The
Cannery Workers and Farm Laborer Union was created on June 19, 1933, in Seattle, representing Filipino laborers in Alaska's canneries. Shortly after, CWFLU was chartered as Local 18527 by the
236:, from nationals to aliens, rendering them exempt from any sort of government aid. This action also limited immigration of Filipinos to 50 per year. This did not restrict them from being able to serve in the
83:
loading and unloading trucks; and line jobs consisting of sorting, gutting, cleaning, and packing fish. The tasks of maintenance and operations were assigned to the whites. After negotiations of the
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paying
Filipino laborers their wages at the end of the season, leaving them without any money, and with no way to leave. Some Filipino foremen would charge the workers half a month's wages as a
244:, which also provided for the nonquota of immigration for the Filipino-Americans' relatives. Filipinos made up the second largest group of immigrants after Mexicans by 1975.
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of laborers in the canneries. It wasn't until two union leaders were murdered in 1936 did
Filipinos rally behind the union for higher wages, better hours, and sanitary
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implications, and established residency rights for thousands of
Filipino Americans who entered the U.S. before the Philippines gained their independence in 1946.
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in mechanized plants. Filipinos were dependent on whatever the Chinese and Japanese contractors made available to them, and their lack of proficiency in the
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Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History : An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History
415:
Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History : An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History
340:
Asian Americans: An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History : An Encyclopedia of Social, Cultural, Economic, and Political History
56:
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222:. Filipino students made up a large part of the cannery workers and were among those in the group that were hit the hardest, having to take up
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Encyclopedia of Diasporas: Immigrant and Refugee Cultures Around the World. Volume I: Overviews and Topics; Volume II: Diaspora Communities
264:(AFL). By 1937, CWFLU had integrated with the United Cannery, Agricultural, Packinghouse, and Allied Workers of America (UCAPAW) under the
927:
240:, or even being called up under the draft in 1942. These restrictions on immigration were dissolved in 1952 with the introduction of the
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fisheries, and by the mid-1930s, they had become the dominant population in the canneries. Despite this fact, very few Filipinos became
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for the cannery job. Unfortunately, mistreatment of fellow ethnics by more competent workers is a common occurrence in the
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Creating Masculinity in Los Angeles's Little Manila: Working-Class Filipinos and Popular Culture in the United States
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in effect, Filipinos arrived to the U.S. in significant numbers, taking the place of a large amount of the
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during the rest of the year. The Alaskeros were instrumental in the formation of the first Filipino-led
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became the homequarters for Alaskeros during the cold months of the year. They would share hotel and
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women and establishing their own communities there. In 1935, they formed the Filipino Community of
543:, by Veltisezar Bautista. Chapter 11: The Alaska Pioneers. 2005, 2nd edition. Bookhaus Publishers.
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to come to a head. Whites tried to drive out Filipinos from their communities. The incident near
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was eliminated, and from that point on, hiring for the canneries was done through the
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Organizing Asian-American Labor: The Pacific Coast Canned-Salmon Industry, 1870-1942
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Organizing Asian-American Labor: The Pacific Coast Canned-Salmon Industry, 1870-1942
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for low-skilled jobs like those in the Alaskan cannery deteriorated after the
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310:"Cannery Workers' and Farm Laborers' Union 1933-39: Their Strength in Unity"
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1922-1975. .11 cubic foot plus 7 sound cassettes and 14 photographs.
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targeted a Filipino dance club, beating many and killing one. The
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Filipino Cannery Unionism Across Three Generations 1930s-1980s
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The Filipino Americans: Their History, Culture and Traditions
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Zhao, Xhiaojian; Park Phd, Edward J.W. (November 26, 2013).
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Zhao, Xiaojian; Park PhD, Edward J.W. (November 26, 2013).
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119:, as they were halted from advancing past the position of
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Patascil, Judy; Guevarra, Rudy Jr.; Tuyay, Felix (2010).
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Cannery Workers and Farm Laborers Union Local 7 Records.
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In the beginning, the CWFLU was very slow to unite the
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Ember, Carol R.; Ember, Melvin; Skoggard, Ian (2005).
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Zhao, Xiaojian; Park PhD, Edward J.W. (Nov 26, 2013).
449:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 246.
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Pacific Northwest Labor History Association Records.
199:, who was jailed along with 30 other Alaskeros over
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535:, Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project.
312:. Seattle Civil Rights and Labor History Project.
255:and a volatile work environment led Alaskeros to
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1393:History of labor relations in the United States
725:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act
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357:. Temple University Press. pp. 128–131.
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370:Filipino American Lives (Google eBook)
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28:and their descendants. They worked in
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510:1947-2015. 2.19 cubic feet (4 boxes).
502:Chris D. Mensalvas Papers, 1935-1974.
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492:4.65 cubic feet, 17 microfilm reels.
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527:"The Alaskeros: pioneers from afar"
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39:during the summer, and on farms in
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387:. Lerner Publications. p. 72.
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504:.25 cubic feet, 1 sound cassette.
490:Carlos Bulosan Papers, 1914-1976.
1373:Asian-American culture in Alaska
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611:Department of Alaska (1867–1884)
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327:. Arcadia Publishing. p. 9.
108:Seattle's International District
99:labor workers in the canneries.
24:seasonal migrant workers in the
1398:Pre-statehood history of Alaska
621:Territory of Alaska (1912–1959)
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398:Friday, Chris (June 11, 2010).
368:Espiritu, Yen (June 17, 2010).
353:Friday, Chris (June 11, 2010).
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218:in 1929, in the onset of the
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428:España-Maram, Linda (2013).
262:American Federation of Labor
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464:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 82–83.
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174:Watsonville, California
77:Treaty of Paris in 1898
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184:responded by amending
75:to the U.S. under the
383:Frank, Sarah (2005).
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89:Chinese Exclusion Act
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242:McCarran-Walter Act
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378:
369:
363:
354:
348:
339:
333:
324:
318:
303:
274:
251:
248:Unionization
210:
190:
142:
134:finder's fee
106:
66:
17:
15:
1347:New Zealand
1321:Switzerland
1291:Netherlands
1118:South Korea
903:Los Angeles
899:California
888:By location
342:. ABC-CLIO.
117:contractors
1367:Categories
1132:South Asia
601:Prehistory
295:References
289:union hall
229:repatriate
178:vigilantes
170:race riots
158:Washington
154:California
49:California
41:Washington
1342:Australia
1194:West Asia
1180:Singapore
1170:Indonesia
1106:Hong Kong
1094:East Asia
934:Virginia
924:New York
733:oil spill
676:Fairbanks
201:communist
140:society.
33:canneries
18:Alaskeros
1306:Portugal
1185:Thailand
1175:Malaysia
1154:Pakistan
1144:Maldives
1066:template
1034:Americas
920:Michigan
743:timeline
666:Klondike
478:Archives
257:unionize
97:Japanese
22:Filipino
1335:Oceania
1281:Ireland
1271:Germany
1261:Belgium
1256:Austria
1201:Bahrain
1076:History
1006:Nigeria
862:History
841:Theater
826:Fashion
816:Cuisine
804:Culture
138:migrant
121:foreman
93:Chinese
63:History
1316:Sweden
1301:Poland
1296:Norway
1276:Greece
1266:France
1249:Europe
1231:Turkey
1211:Kuwait
1206:Israel
1123:Taiwan
1056:Mexico
1046:Canada
1041:Brazil
1016:Uganda
989:Africa
915:Hawaii
895:Alaska
867:Health
850:Topics
836:Sports
150:Juneau
146:Eskimo
81:Asians
67:After
47:, and
45:Oregon
37:Alaska
30:salmon
1352:Palau
1311:Spain
1286:Italy
1221:Qatar
1149:Nepal
1139:India
1113:Japan
1101:China
1001:Libya
996:Egypt
831:Music
821:Dance
212:Wages
69:Spain
53:union
1216:Oman
1087:Asia
1051:Cuba
671:Nome
270:ILWU
156:and
95:and
20:are
16:The
811:Art
35:in
1369::
43:,
974:e
967:t
960:v
789:e
782:t
775:v
570:e
563:t
556:v
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