540:
559:
500:
282:
528:
2301:
63:
47:
603:
was charged with the supervision of the al-Zahiriyya
Library. … Its collection consisted at that time of the surviving manuscripts from different small libraries in Syria. … The collection grew from 2,465 manuscripts to 22,000 volumes between 1919 and 1945." In 1949 a legal deposit law decreed that
539:
420:
was required to see to its completion. This may have been accomplished in 1281, with the mausoleum's decoration probably being the last element to be executed. The architect of the complex was
Ibrahim ibn Ghana’im al-Muhandis, who was also responsible for building
558:
462:(honeycomb or stalactite-like forms) culminating in a shell-like hood, considered one of the most accomplished examples of its kind in Syria. The portal and exterior of the building also demonstrates alternating layers of dark and light stone, known as
591:
was nationally recognized by the Syrian state and opened to the public in 1880 or 1881. It continued to consolidate collections throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century and became the
National Library. It played a part in the
604:
two copies of every work published in Syria be deposited in the library. The law was not enforced until July 1983, when a presidential decree required the deposit of 5 copies of each work published by a Syrian author. In 1984 the
499:
408:(Saladin), and Salah ad-Din himself had spent part of his childhood there. It was remodeled into a madrasa and funerary complex. When al-Sa'id himself died in 1280, he was buried in the same mausoleum as his father.
574:
The madrasa had a library from the outset. Its first books were donated by the mother of al-Sa'id
Barakah as part of the madrasa's endowment. It was only turned into a "general library" in 1876 or 1877 by Sheikh
2350:
481:
nearby, illustrating scenes of trees and palaces. However, their craftsmanship is of somewhat lesser quality, suggesting that this skill was in decline compared to earlier periods. The
2370:
493:), the marble dadoes, and (to a lesser extent) the mosaic friezes of the mausoleum were decorative elements that would recur throughout the Mamluk period after Baybars.
489:) also features an elaborate composition of marble mosaic paneling forming geometric and foliated patterns. The muqarnas portal (the earliest example of which is the
416:
Construction of the complex began in 1277 but did not finish until later. It was still unfinished when al-Sa'id died and was buried here in 1280, and the new sultan
2325:
1764:
1749:
2216:
364:) in Damascus after drinking a poisoned cup that was intended for someone else. His death was kept a secret and he was temporarily buried in the
2335:
83:
1107:
948:
376:, but his son judged that he should be buried in a more prestigious location near the great mosque and near the tombs of illustrious
1574:
306:) was a political and military leader of major historical importance. He played an important role in the establishment of a new
1569:
1370:
2340:
1769:
369:
527:
2191:
1779:
579:
and Salim al-Bukhari, who collected thousands of items for the library. He was helped in part by the governor of
Damascus,
17:
469:
The mausoleum is covered by a large dome and its interior is boldly decorated with marble paneling along its lower walls (
1610:
649:(d. 889). As of 2011, the library's holdings included some 100,000 holdings, 13,000 manuscripts, and 50,000 periodicals.
1774:
1287:
1691:
864:
1592:
1100:
1079:
2365:
2251:
2176:
1864:
1181:
1020:
368:
while arrangements could be made for his permanent burial and for a transition of power to his 18-year-old son
2355:
2281:
2271:
2256:
1759:
1519:
1385:
2345:
2286:
2266:
2261:
2231:
1943:
1411:
1244:
2360:
2330:
1833:
1724:
1686:
1524:
1476:
1375:
2117:
2019:
1808:
1093:
2276:
2241:
2171:
1849:
1784:
1754:
1744:
1729:
605:
466:
masonry. Today, the portal and the mausoleum are the best-preserved historical parts of the complex.
2146:
1938:
1161:
646:
600:
323:
2236:
2221:
2186:
2131:
1514:
1156:
2246:
2201:
2196:
2092:
1823:
1421:
1280:
1214:
1176:
236:
212:
281:
1350:
1171:
1166:
490:
2226:
2112:
1995:
1874:
1734:
1564:
1489:
1466:
1451:
1426:
1390:
1327:
1254:
1224:
1186:
1151:
1146:
1136:
673:
381:
186:
31:
8:
2206:
2181:
2000:
1977:
1958:
1739:
1681:
1676:
1559:
1446:
1431:
1416:
1406:
1360:
1337:
1317:
1249:
1229:
1209:
1204:
678:
663:
470:
429:
389:
365:
354:, which paved the way for the later final demise of the Crusader presence in the region.
351:
331:
182:
477:
along its upper walls. The mosaics are reminiscent of the more famous ones found in the
432:, the funerary complex of Baybars served multiple functions, which were outlined in its
2037:
1933:
1509:
1504:
1456:
1219:
1141:
993:
668:
629:
338:. During his reign, he undertook a series of effective campaigns against the remaining
976:
Tamari, Steve; Hudson, Leila (1996). "Historical
Research and Resources in Damascus".
2304:
2166:
2161:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1602:
1499:
1461:
1441:
1436:
1365:
1273:
1239:
1234:
1016:
997:
417:
1953:
1948:
1828:
1584:
985:
801:
616:
576:
393:
139:
505:
The entrance portal of the madrasa complex, composed of different coloured stone (
2211:
2156:
2151:
1813:
1551:
1534:
1494:
1380:
1322:
1044:
1026:
755:
377:
339:
227:
203:
119:
458:). The complex included a monumental portal with a broad canopy of stone-carved
438:(trust agreement for charitable foundations under Islamic law). It included two
1987:
1869:
1792:
1635:
1630:
1529:
1332:
1312:
634:
584:
478:
397:
334:
in 1260 (often cited as a turning point in history) he rose to the position of
164:
989:
2319:
2141:
2126:
2077:
1900:
1854:
1640:
1345:
327:
98:
85:
805:
2136:
2102:
2027:
1859:
1645:
1484:
1355:
1030:
580:
372:. Baybars had reportedly expressed a desire to be buried near the town of
2052:
1905:
1818:
2087:
2062:
1982:
1655:
915:
The
Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture
792:
Leiser, Gary (1984). "The
Endowment of the Al-Zahiriyya in Damascus".
2097:
2005:
1650:
154:
1085:
608:
became the Syrian national library, replacing al-Zahiriyah
Library.
2047:
1660:
1296:
1196:
1116:
517:
459:
251:
67:
2032:
1895:
1073:
698:
658:
612:
588:
549:
439:
405:
373:
347:
346:, conquering a number of important cities and fortresses such as
299:
286:
263:
247:
150:
564:
A section of the glass mosaics along the walls of the mausoleum.
2082:
2072:
2067:
1910:
1890:
1128:
545:
512:
482:
474:
451:
443:
343:
335:
307:
259:
46:
2057:
2042:
1120:
593:
507:
486:
463:
360:
357:
Baybars died unexpectedly in July 1277 in his palace (called
319:
315:
311:
255:
71:
62:
641:
by Abu `Ubaydah Ahmad ibn
Muhammad Al-Harawi (d. 1010), and
2351:
Buildings and structures inside the walled city of Damascus
1265:
902:. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. pp. 71–72.
434:
385:
326:(1250–1517). After playing a central role in repelling the
276:
611:
The manuscript department includes over 13,000 classical
794:
Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient
724:
L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves 1250-1517
258:. It was established in 1277, taking its name from the
552:, with marble mosaic paneling and glass mosaics above.
293:
587:
sultan to collect books from around the region. The
241:
217:
2371:
13th-century establishments in the Mamluk Sultanate
1765:
Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology
1750:
International University for Science and Technology
1011:Christof Galli (2001), "Middle Eastern Libraries",
949:"Damascus' Cultural Heritage: Al-Zahiriyya Library"
304:
al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari
384:. On al-Sa'id's orders, the governor of Damascus,
27:Historic monument and mausoleum in Damascus, Syria
2317:
2217:2002 West Asian Football Federation Championship
30:For the madrasa of the same name in Aleppo, see
928:Markus, Hattstein; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011).
302:, also known as Rukn Uddin Baybrus (full name:
1010:
869:Discover Islamic Art, Museum With No Frontiers
756:"Baybars I | Mamlūk sultan of Egypt and Syria"
1281:
1101:
1013:International Dictionary of Library Histories
1049:
975:
927:
900:The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800
425:the palace of Baybars in Damascus, in 1264.
411:
51:Entrance to Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa and Library
404:, had originally belonged to the father of
2326:Buildings and structures completed in 1277
1288:
1274:
1108:
1094:
898:Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan (1995).
897:
596:that was ongoing in Syria in that period.
1043:Bibliography for Alternative Sources of
1015:, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers,
978:Middle East Studies Association Bulletin
829:
736:
454:), and the sultan's mausoleum (called a
388:Aydamur, purchased a house opposite the
280:
277:The funerary complex of al-Zahir Baybars
1575:Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul
14:
2318:
1570:Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition
1082:, Manar al-Athar digital photo archive
1059:(25th ed.), De Gruyter Saur, 2011
791:
1770:Higher Institute of Music in Damascus
1269:
1115:
1089:
971:
969:
943:
941:
939:
912:
847:
533:The exterior of the mausoleum's dome.
2336:Buildings and structures in Damascus
1780:National Institute of Administration
1500:Ibn 'Arabi Mosque (Salimiyya Mosque)
893:
891:
889:
887:
885:
843:
841:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
750:
748:
721:
627:. Other notable manuscripts include
741:. University of Pennsylvania Press.
739:The History of the Mongol Conquests
615:manuscripts, the oldest being Imam
294:Background: Sultan al-Zahir Baybars
231:
207:
24:
1775:Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts
1080:Images of the Mausoleum of Baybars
1076:(includes pictures and floor plan)
966:
936:
906:
862:
25:
2382:
1067:
882:
838:
812:
772:
745:
699:"Madrasa al-Zahiriyya (Damascus)"
2300:
2299:
1611:Syriac Cathedral of Saint George
557:
538:
526:
498:
273:), who is buried in this place.
174:Ibrahim ibn Ghana’im al-Muhandis
61:
45:
1074:Madrasa al-Zahiriyya at ArchNet
1037:
1004:
921:
834:. Flammarion. pp. 107–110.
322:for a long period known as the
268:
856:
730:
715:
691:
569:
485:(a wall niche symbolizing the
473:) and a large frieze of glass
13:
1:
2257:January 2012 al-Midan bombing
1760:Arab International University
684:
583:, who used an edict from the
2341:Mamluk architecture in Syria
2232:2008 Arab Capital of Culture
1412:Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra Madrasa
1295:
7:
2192:International Film Festival
1834:Four Seasons Hotel Damascus
1725:National Museum of Damascus
1687:Sulayman Pasha Caravansarai
1525:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya Mosque
1371:Tomb of the Unknown Soldier
930:Islam: Art and Architecture
652:
594:Arabic literary renaissance
242:
218:
10:
2387:
1809:Bakdash (ice cream parlor)
932:. h.f.ullman. p. 192.
246:), is an Islamic library,
29:
2295:
2111:
2018:
1970:
1926:
1919:
1883:
1842:
1801:
1785:Damascus Community School
1755:Syrian Private University
1745:Syrian Virtual University
1730:Al-Assad National Library
1715:
1669:
1623:
1601:
1583:
1550:
1543:
1475:
1399:
1303:
1195:
1127:
990:10.1017/S0026318400032983
913:Rabat, Nasser O. (1995).
852:. Routledge. p. 199.
830:Degeorge, Gérard (2004).
450:(school for teaching the
412:The madrasa and mausoleum
382:Mausoleum of Salah ad-Din
285:The mausoleum chamber of
192:
178:
170:
160:
146:
134:
126:
114:
77:
56:
44:
39:
1939:Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex
1682:As'ad Pasha Caravansarai
1342:Grand Serail of Damascus
1057:World Guide to Libraries
647:Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari
639:al-Jam bayn al-gharibayn
491:Bimaristan of Nur al-Din
232:مَدْرَسَة الظَّاهِرِيَّة
2237:2008 Arab League summit
2222:2004 WABA Champions Cup
2187:World Military Cup 1977
1789:Lycée Charles de Gaulle
1670:Souqs and caravanserais
1560:Chapel of Saint Ananias
806:10.1163/156852084X00029
760:Encyclopedia Britannica
737:Saunders, J.J. (2001).
396:neighbourhood near the
380:sultans, including the
99:33.512361°N 36.305139°E
2197:1981 Azbakiyah bombing
1963:Al-Fayhaa Sports Arena
1824:Beit al-Mamlouka Hotel
1422:Al-Mujahidiyah Madrasa
865:"Madrasa al-Zahiriyya"
452:sayings of the Prophet
290:
179:Architectural style(s)
2366:Education in Damascus
2177:International Airport
1692:Al-Harir Caravansarai
1400:Madrasas and takiyyas
1351:Nur al-Din Bimaristan
428:Like many subsequent
284:
243:Madrasah aẓ-Ẓāhirīyah
222:), also known as the
2356:Madrasas in Damascus
1875:Yusuf al-Azma Square
1735:Damascus Opera House
1565:Chapel of Saint Paul
1467:Sulaymaniyya Takiyya
1452:Al-Zahiriyah Library
1427:Al-Qilijiyah Madrasa
1391:October War Panorama
1328:Mausoleum of Saladin
1245:Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra
848:Burns, Ross (2005).
722:Clot, André (2009).
674:Mausoleum of Saladin
548:of the mausoleum of
515:inscriptions, and a
400:. The house, called
398:Great Umayyad Mosque
224:Madrasa al-Zahiriyya
219:Maktaba al-Ẓāhirīyya
104:33.512361; 36.305139
32:Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa
18:Al-Zahiriyah Library
2346:Mausoleums in Syria
2267:April 2012 bombings
2262:March 2012 bombings
2207:1992 Pan Arab Games
2182:1976 Pan Arab Games
2020:Municipal districts
1959:Al-Muhafaza Stadium
1865:Sabaa Bahrat Square
1843:Streets and squares
1740:Damascus University
1677:Jaqmaq Caravansarai
1593:Mariamite Cathedral
1447:Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa
1432:Al-Rukniyah Madrasa
1417:Al-Fathiyah Madrasa
1407:Al-Adiliyah Madrasa
1361:Hejaz Train Station
1338:Citadel of Damascus
850:Damascus: A History
679:Mamluk Architecture
664:Al-Adiliyah Madrasa
487:direction of prayer
366:Citadel of Damascus
352:Krak des Chevaliers
332:Battle of Ain Jalut
250:, and mausoleum in
95: /
2361:National libraries
2331:Libraries in Syria
1934:Abbasiyyin Stadium
1457:Nur al-Din Madrasa
1220:Nur al-Din Madrasa
1000:– via JSTOR.
953:worldbulletin.net/
669:Nur al-Din Madrasa
430:Mamluk foundations
291:
2313:
2312:
2282:July 2012 bombing
2272:May 2012 bombings
2252:2011–2012 clashes
2014:
2013:
1944:Al-Fayhaa Stadium
1707:Al-Buzuriyah Souq
1702:Al-Hamidiyah Souq
1697:Midhat Pasha Souq
1619:
1618:
1603:Oriental Orthodox
1515:Sayyidah Ruqayyah
1462:Salimiyya Takiyya
1442:Salimiyya Madrasa
1437:Al-Sahiba Madrasa
1376:Temple of Jupiter
1366:Statue of Saladin
1263:
1262:
1235:Al-Sahiba Madrasa
423:al-Qasr al-Ablaq,
418:al-Mansur Qalawun
390:'Adiliyya Madrasa
310:-based regime in
240:
216:
200:Zahiriyya Library
196:
195:
120:Al-Malik al-Sa'id
40:Zahiriyya Library
16:(Redirected from
2378:
2303:
2302:
2242:2008 car bombing
1954:Tishreen Stadium
1949:Al-Jalaa Stadium
1924:
1923:
1829:Blue Tower Hotel
1585:Eastern Orthodox
1548:
1547:
1318:Khan As'ad Pasha
1290:
1283:
1276:
1267:
1266:
1162:Al-Shadbakhtiyah
1110:
1103:
1096:
1087:
1086:
1061:
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1034:
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1001:
973:
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945:
934:
933:
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919:
918:
910:
904:
903:
895:
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879:
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863:Daiber, Verena.
860:
854:
853:
845:
836:
835:
827:
810:
809:
789:
770:
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767:
766:
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743:
742:
734:
728:
727:
719:
713:
712:
710:
709:
695:
643:Gharib al-hadith
625:Kitab al-fada'il
617:Ahmad ibn Hanbal
606:Al-Assad Library
577:Tahir al-Jazairi
561:
542:
530:
502:
370:al-Sa'id Barakah
324:Mamluk Sultanate
314:that would rule
300:Al-Zahir Baybars
272:
271: 1260–1277
270:
264:Baybars al-Zahir
245:
235:
233:
221:
211:
209:
140:al-Zahir Baybars
122:(son of Baybars)
110:
109:
107:
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105:
100:
96:
93:
92:
91:
88:
66:
65:
49:
37:
36:
21:
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2316:
2315:
2314:
2309:
2291:
2115:
2107:
2010:
1966:
1915:
1879:
1838:
1814:Bawabet Dimashq
1797:
1717:
1711:
1665:
1615:
1597:
1579:
1539:
1471:
1395:
1386:Al-Shaab Palace
1381:Tishreen Palace
1323:Straight Street
1306:other landmarks
1305:
1299:
1294:
1264:
1259:
1191:
1157:Al-Muqaddamiyah
1123:
1114:
1070:
1065:
1064:
1055:
1054:
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1045:Nahj al-Balagha
1042:
1038:
1023:
1009:
1005:
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687:
655:
630:Ta'rikh Dimashq
572:
565:
562:
553:
543:
534:
531:
522:
503:
414:
350:and the famous
340:Crusader states
330:advance at the
296:
279:
267:
103:
101:
97:
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84:
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81:
60:
52:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
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2169:
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2129:
2123:
2121:
2118:List of rulers
2109:
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2100:
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2090:
2085:
2080:
2075:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2055:
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2045:
2040:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2003:
1998:
1993:
1990:
1988:Al-Muhafaza SC
1985:
1980:
1974:
1972:
1968:
1967:
1965:
1964:
1961:
1956:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1936:
1930:
1928:
1921:
1917:
1916:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1893:
1887:
1885:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1872:
1870:Umayyad Square
1867:
1862:
1857:
1852:
1850:Baghdad Street
1846:
1844:
1840:
1839:
1837:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1805:
1803:
1799:
1798:
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1795:
1793:Shami Hospital
1790:
1787:
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1777:
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1767:
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1757:
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1712:
1710:
1709:
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621:Kitab al-zuhd
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599:In 1919 the "
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2147:Siege (1148)
2137:Jund Dimashq
2093:Al-Salihiyah
2028:Old Damascus
1996:Al-Shorta SC
1891:Barada River
1860:Rawda Square
1716:Culture and
1646:Bab al-Salam
1356:Maktab Anbar
1304:Historic and
1255:Al-Zahiriyah
1240:Al-Salimiyah
1225:Al-Qilijiyah
1187:Al-Zahiriyah
1152:Al-Kameliyah
1147:Al-Halawiyah
1137:Al-Ahmadiyah
1056:
1051:
1039:
1033:, 1579582443
1012:
1006:
984:(1): 10–17.
981:
977:
957:. Retrieved
955:(in Turkish)
952:
929:
923:
914:
908:
899:
874:November 14,
872:. Retrieved
868:
858:
849:
831:
800:(1): 33–55.
797:
793:
763:. Retrieved
759:
738:
732:
723:
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706:. Retrieved
702:
693:
642:
638:
628:
624:
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601:Arab Academy
598:
581:Midhat Pasha
573:
516:
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406:Salah ad-Din
401:
358:
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303:
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223:
199:
197:
147:Original use
90:36°18′18.5″E
87:33°30′44.5″N
2227:Declaration
2132:Siege (634)
2088:Rukn al-Din
2053:Al-Shaghour
2001:Al-Wahda SC
1992:Al-Nidal SC
1978:Al-Jaish SC
1906:Salera Hill
1819:Havana Cafe
1520:Sinan Pasha
1510:Nabi Habeel
1505:Murad Pasha
1250:Al-Sibaiyah
1230:Al-Rukniyah
1210:Al-Fathiyah
1205:Al-Adiliyah
635:Ibn 'Asakir
570:The Library
444:Islamic law
359:al-Qasr al-
161:Current use
102: /
78:Coordinates
2320:Categories
2063:Kafr Sousa
1983:Al-Majd SC
1656:Bab Sharqi
1142:Al-Firdaws
1022:1579582443
959:2019-11-15
765:2019-11-15
708:2019-11-13
685:References
442:(teaching
142:(his tomb)
2098:Muhajreen
2006:Barada SC
1718:education
1651:Bab Kisan
998:133314943
726:. Perrin.
392:, in the
237:romanized
213:romanized
171:Architect
155:mausoleum
135:Built for
130:1277-1281
2305:Category
2162:Protocol
2113:Timeline
2048:Al-Midan
1661:Bab Tuma
1552:Catholic
1544:Churches
1535:Yalbugha
1495:Hanabila
1297:Damascus
1197:Damascus
1117:Madrasas
1031:3623623M
832:Damascus
653:See also
518:muqarnas
460:muqarnas
440:madrasas
394:al-Amara
252:Damascus
68:Damascus
57:Location
2103:Yarmouk
2038:Qanawat
2033:Sarouja
1530:Umayyad
1477:Mosques
703:Archnet
659:Baybars
613:Islamic
589:library
585:Ottoman
550:Baybars
521:canopy.
475:mosaics
378:Ayyubid
374:Darayya
348:Antioch
342:in the
298:Sultan
287:Baybars
262:sultan
248:madrasa
239::
215::
187:Islamic
151:madrasa
138:Sultan
118:Sultan
115:Founder
2212:Spring
2157:Affair
2152:Eyalet
2083:Qaboun
2078:Barzeh
2073:Dummar
2068:Mezzeh
1927:Venues
1911:Ghouta
1884:Nature
1129:Aleppo
1029:
1019:
996:
546:Mihrab
513:Arabic
483:mihrab
471:dadoes
344:Levant
336:sultan
328:Mongol
308:mamluk
260:Mamluk
228:Arabic
204:Arabic
183:Mamluk
2167:State
2058:Qadam
2043:Jobar
1971:Clubs
1920:Sport
1485:Aqsab
1121:Syria
994:S2CID
508:ablaq
464:ablaq
456:turba
446:), a
361:Ablaq
320:Syria
316:Egypt
312:Cairo
256:Syria
127:Built
72:Syria
2127:Aram
1017:ISBN
876:2019
623:and
435:waqf
386:emir
318:and
198:The
1119:in
986:doi
802:doi
645:by
633:by
619:’s
511:),
2322::
1027:OL
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938:^
884:^
867:.
840:^
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798:27
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774:^
758:.
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269:r.
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230::
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2116:(
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988::
962:.
878:.
808:.
804::
768:.
711:.
289:.
266:(
226:(
202:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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