Public library - Knowledge

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who may be looking for them. Initially started as a pilot program in 2011 through an LSTA grant from the California Public Library system, the program works by patrons of partnered library districts initially making requests for books through Zip that their libraries does not possess. The libraries then purchase the books and have them sent directly to the patron requesting them. Then, once the patron has finished the books, they simply bring them to their local library, where the library will then incorporate them into their collection. Any libraries seeking to join the program can write out an application for their district to join Zip and their application then goes through a review process determined by need and the funding that is available. Funding is then distributed to members each year, with current members and libraries already on a waitlist taking first priority. This program, as of early 2022, has been expanded to 89 districts throughout California and any new applicants can apply for up to $ 35,000 worth of books in tangible formats. The maintenance of this program does fall onto the individual libraries and their librarians are then responsible for record keeping and managing the grant funds and their requests.

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known as proprietary libraries, were nearly all organized on a common pattern. Membership was restricted to the proprietors or shareholders, and ranged from a dozen or two to between four and five hundred. The entrance fee, i.e. the purchase price of a share, was in early days usually a guinea, but rose sharply as the century advanced, often reaching four or five guineas during the French wars; the annual subscription, during the same period, rose from about six shillings to ten shillings or more. The book-stock was, by modern standards, small (Liverpool, with over 8,000 volumes in 1801, seems to have been the largest), and was accommodated, at the outset, in makeshift premises—very often over a bookshop, with the bookseller acting as librarian and receiving an honorarium for his pains.

1403: 1072:. While some circulating libraries were almost completely novels, others had less than 10% of their overall collection in the form of novels. The national average start of the 20th century hovered around novels comprising about 20% of the total collection. Novels varied from other types of books in many ways. They were read primarily for enjoyment instead of for study. They did not provide academic knowledge or spiritual guidance; thus, they were read quickly and far fewer times than other books. These were the perfect books for commercial subscription libraries to lend. Since books were read for pure enjoyment rather than for scholarly work, books needed to become both cheaper and smaller. Small duodecimo editions of books were preferred to the large 1899: 1451: 994: 496:. Their mandate is to serve the general public's information needs rather than the needs of a particular school, institution, or research population. Public libraries also provide free services such as preschool story times to encourage early literacy among children. They also provide a quiet study and learning areas for students and professionals and foster the formation of book clubs to encourage the appreciation of literature by the young and adults. Public libraries typically allow users to borrow books and other materials outside the library premises temporarily, usually for a given period of time. They also have non-circulating 154: 2528: 80: 1220: 1590: 2271:. Certain libraries stock general materials for borrowing, such as pots, pans, sewing machines, and similar household items in order to appeal to a larger population. Collections of books and academic research related to the local town or region are common, along with collections of works by local authors. Libraries' storage space and lending systems may be used to lend a wide range of materials, including works of art, cake pans, seeds, tools and musical instruments. Similar to museums and other cultural institutions, libraries may also host 100: 45: 135: 1831: 1823: 1766: 2069: 2357: 870: 1246:, a campaigner for the working class, agreed that "the establishment of parish libraries and district reading rooms, and popular lectures on subjects both entertaining and instructive to the community might draw off a number of those who now frequent public houses for the sole enjoyment they afford". Buckingham introduced to Parliament a Public Institution Bill allowing boroughs to charge a tax to set up libraries and museums, the first of its kind. Although this did not become law, it had a major influence on 2410:, library council or other local authority. A librarian is designated as the library director or library manager. In small municipalities, city or county government may serve as the library board and there may be only one librarian involved in the management and direction of the library. Library staff who are not involved in management are known in the United States and some other English-speaking countries as "library paraprofessionals" or "library support staff". They may or may not have formal education in 1206:

of tradesmen. In 1797, there was established at Kendal what was known as the Economical Library, "designed principally for the use and instruction of the working classes." There was also the Artizans' library established at Birmingham in 1799. The entrance fee was 3 shillings, and the subscription was 1 shilling 6 pence per quarter. This was a library of general literature. Novels, at first excluded, were afterwards admitted on condition that they did not account for more than one-tenth of the annual income.

832: 1162: 1105: 597:. However, these fees were set to entice their patrons, providing subscriptions on a yearly, quarterly or monthly basis, without expecting the subscribers to purchase a share in the circulating library. This helped patrons who could not afford to buy books, to be able to borrow books to read, and then return. This also created a more popular demand, as book fees were growing, and more books were being copied. Circulating libraries were very popular; the first one was located in 1725, in 1394: 1688: 1856:

Most public libraries offer frequent storytimes, often daily or even several times a day for different age groups. Some libraries have begun offering sensory storytimes for children and adults on the autism spectrum. Sensory storytimes give patrons "more ways to process information", especially considering people on the autism spectrum are concrete thinkers and/or might have sensory issues to fluorescent lightning or ambient noise other patrons might not notice.

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based on the specific library and the community they serve. New studies have shown that librarians must research what their specific community needs, "because communities differ, however, the ways libraries implement these services differ as well. The offered at one library may vary significantly from offered by another library. The differences are perfectly appropriate if they result from a tailoring of services to address local needs." Websites like

1503: 190: 1612:, and usually includes a range of popular fiction, classics, nonfiction and reference works, books of public interest or under public discussion, and subscriptions to popular newspapers and magazines. Most libraries offer quiet space for reading, known as reading rooms. Borrowers may also take books home, as long as they return them at a certain time and in good condition. If a borrowed book is returned late, the library may charge a small 7595: 7585: 2227: 2188:; except in rare cases, these items are reference items, and patrons must use them inside the library under the supervision or guidance of a librarian. Local libraries' special collections may be of particular interest to people researching their family history. Libraries that are focused on collecting works related to particular families are genealogical libraries and may be housed in the same building as a public library. 1810:

technology learning and an affordable, interactive way to build digital skills. As of 2012, 91% of libraries offer free wireless Internet to their patrons; 76% offer e-books for borrowing; and 90% offer formal or informal technology training. A significant service provided by public libraries is assisting people with e-government access and use of federal, state and local government information, forms and services.

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financial difficulties facing their libraries. In various cost-benefit studies libraries continue to provide returns on the taxpayer dollar far higher than other municipal spending. A 2008 survey discusses comprehensively the prospects for increased funding in the United States, saying in conclusion "There is sufficient, but latent, support for increased library funding among the voting population." A 2013

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Advocacy in a New Political Reality for Libraries", as early as the 1980s, libraries began charging fees and accruing fines for services rendered. These services included "printing, notarizing, scanning, photocopying, photo services, library cards for those who live outside of the service area, meeting room usage, document searches, inter-library loan, and e-book checkouts, and among many others".

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reading room, or one particularly attractive to girls and women, or one that shall not be much more than a cheerful resting-place, attractive enough to draw man and boy from street corner and saloon. Decide this question early, that all effort may be concentrated to one end, and that your young institution may suit the community in which it is to grow, and from which it is to gain its strength.

118: 669: 1190:(3 vols) which was borrowed on 201 occasions. The records also show that in 1796, membership had risen by 1/3 to 198 subscribers (of whom 5 were women) and the titles increased five-fold to 4,987. This mirrors the increase in reading interests. A patron list from the Bath Municipal Library shows that from 1793 to 1799, the library held a stable 30% of their patrons as female. 2524:

tend to have smaller collections, lower bandwidth rates, less staff and fewer hours of operations. Access to high quality internet may be limited for lower-income individuals, ethnic minorities and rural residents. Due to underused libraries in less-advantaged communities, local governments have permanently closed libraries effecting individuals that are less educated.

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also allowed neighbouring parishes to combine with an existing or potential library authority. Despite the rise in the level of tax public libraries could levy, it was still very difficult for boroughs to raise enough capital to fund new libraries. The growth of the public library movement in the wake of the 1850 Act relied heavily on the donations of philanthropists.

1802:(ICT) services, giving "access to information and knowledge" the "highest priority". While different countries and areas of the world have their own requirements, general services offered include free connection to the Internet, training in using the Internet, and relevant content in appropriate languages. In addition to typical public library financing, 1153:, India, which is not only India's first public library but also the first such institution outside of Europe. However, there had come into being a whole network of library provisions on a private or institutional basis. Subscription libraries, both private and commercial, provided the middle to upper classes with a variety of books for moderate fees. 1651:. Interlibrary loan allows libraries to provide patrons access to the collections of other libraries, especially rare, infrequently used, specialized and/or out-of-print books. Libraries within the same system, such as a county system, may lend their books to each other, or libraries in different states may even use an interlibrary loan system. 990:. The 18th century saw the switch from closed parochial libraries to lending libraries. Before this time, public libraries were parochial in nature, and libraries frequently chained their books to desks. Libraries also were not uniformly open to the public. In 1790, The Public Library Act would not be passed for another sixty-seven years. 2540:

However, there are signs of stabilization in library funding. As of 2012, funding for construction and renovation of new libraries remains steady. Cities' plans to close public libraries are frequently cancelled or scaled back. In 2012, voters in 13 U.S. states approved new funding for library construction or operations. In the UK, the

1601:(ALA), addresses this role of libraries as part of "access to information" and "equity of access"; part of the profession's ethical commitment that "no one should be denied information because he or she cannot afford the cost of a book or periodical, have access to the internet or information in any of its various formats." 2501:

Public funding has always been an important part of the definition of a public library. However, with local governments facing financial pressures due to the Great Recession, some libraries have explored ways to supplement public funding. Cafes, bakeries, bookstores, gift shops and similar commercial

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of all patrons that belong to a library. The concept of confidentiality is important because the First Amendment may be violated if a patron's information could possibly be shared. Patrons may not feel free to check out certain materials for fear it would later be revealed. Members of society need to

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It was also uncommon for these libraries to have buildings designated solely as the library building during the 1790s, though in the 19th century, many libraries would begin building elaborate permanent residences. Bristol, Birmingham, and Liverpool were the few libraries with their own building. The

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survey in 2006 reported 84% of the public said maintaining free library services should be a top priority for their local library. Public libraries received higher ratings for effectiveness than other local services such as parks and police. But the survey also found the public was mostly unaware of

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One of the most popular programs offered in public libraries is "summer reading" for children, families, and adults. Summer reading usually includes a list of books to read during summer holidays, as well as performances, book discussions or other celebrations of reading, culture and the humanities.

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In 2006, 73% percent of library branches reported that they are the only local provider of free public computer and Internet access. A 2008 study found that "100 percent of rural, high poverty outlets provide public Internet access." Access to computers and the Internet is now nearly as important to

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lays claim to being the first municipality to adopt the Public Libraries Act 1850 (which allowed any municipal borough with a population of 100,000 or more to introduce a halfpenny rate to establish public libraries—although not to buy books). Norwich was the eleventh library to open, in 1857, after

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Towards the end of the 18th century and in the first decades of the 19th century, the demand for books and general education made itself felt among social classes generated by the beginnings of the Industrial Revolution. The late-18th century saw a rise in subscription libraries intended for the use

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began when booksellers began renting out extra copies of books in the mid-18th century. Steven Fischer estimates that in 1790, there were "about six hundred rental and lending libraries, with a clientele of some fifty thousand." The mid-to-late 18th century saw a virtual epidemic of feminine reading

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and decreed that it should be open to the clergy and residents of the surrounding neighborhood. Some scholars consider this library an "ancestor" to public libraries since its patrons did not need to belong to an existing organization like a church or college to use it. However, all the books in the

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Circulating libraries were not exclusively lending institutions and often provided a place for other forms of commercial activity, which may or may not be related to print. This was necessary because the circulating libraries did not generate enough funds through subscription fees collected from its

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There are five fundamental characteristics shared by public libraries: (1) they are generally supported by taxes (usually local, though any level of government can and may contribute); (2) they are governed by a board to serve the public interest; (3) they are open to all, and every community member

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The establishment or development of a public library involves creating a legal authorization and governing structure, building a collection of books and media, as well as securing reliable funding sources, especially government sources. Most public libraries are small, serving a population of under

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In addition to the extension of media variety and services, public libraries have been experimenting with different means to cater more specifically to their local patrons. One such program in California, Zip Books, works to provide books that libraries may not have in their collections for patrons

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By making culturally diverse programs, a library can be inviting to many members of the community. A few ways libraries accomplish this goal are by providing programs which are inclusive to many different cultures such as having lectures or events in different languages, including celebrations and

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Today, in-person and on-line programs for reader development, language learning, homework help, free lectures and cultural performances, and other community service programs are common offerings. The library storytime, in which books are read aloud to children and infants, is a cultural touchstone.

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Mexican public libraries trace their origins to convent and monastery libraries in the sixteenth century, but the first modern public library dates from 1758 when the Biblioteca Turriana—named after its founder and donors, the three cathedral canons Luis Antonio Torres Quintero, Cayetano Antonio de

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Private-subscription libraries functioned in much the same manner as commercial subscription libraries, though they varied in many important ways. One of the most popular versions of the private-subscription library was the "gentlemen only" library. The gentlemen's subscription libraries, sometimes

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Much like paperbacks of today, many of the novels in circulating libraries were unbound. At this period of time, many people chose to bind their books in leather. Many circulating libraries skipped this process. Circulating libraries were not in the business of preserving books; their owners wanted

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Each community has different needs, and begins its library under different conditions. Consider then, whether you need most a library devoted chiefly to the work of helping the schools, or one to be used mainly for reference, or one that shall run largely to periodicals and be not much more than a

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Libraries have in important role during emergencies and disasters, where they may be used as shelters, provide space to charge phones and access the Internet, and serve as locations for the distribution of aid, especially financial aid, which requires access to computers and the Internet. The U.S.

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in which they are located. Once the library system learns more about the community they serve, they can start building a collection and programs around it. Another suggestion from multiple experts says to hire staff that represents the society that the library is located in order to better relate

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for reading, study and formal and informal public meetings. In 1898, Andrew Carnegie, a prominent library philanthropist, built a library in Homestead, Pennsylvania, where his main steel mills were located. Besides a book collection, it included a bowling alley, an indoor swimming pool, basketball

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was a gentlemen-only library. In 1798, it was renamed the Athenaeum when it was rebuilt with a newsroom and coffeehouse. It had an entrance fee of one guinea and annual subscription of five shillings. An analysis of the registers for the first twelve years provides glimpses of middle-class reading

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greater numbers of books. The United Public Library was said to have a collection of some 52,000 volumes – twice as many as any private-subscription library in the country at that period. These libraries, since they functioned as a business, also lent books to non-subscribers on a per-book system.

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Data shows disparities in private and public libraries, exemplifying that libraries in rural areas possess weaker technological infrastructures and fewer full-time employees holding the title of Librarian. Data shows that funding and service levels differ across and within states. Rural libraries

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throughout the country. Public libraries are an equal access facility and want to make everyone feel welcome no matter their religion, race, ethnicity, sex, or financial status. To accomplish this goal, libraries are striving to find ways in which to make both staff and the library programs they

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While in the past libraries were merely buildings to house their collections, most now utilize their space to offer programs or clubs regularly. Although some libraries will have similar programs with different names, such as book club, writing club or computer programs, most programs will differ

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The 1850 Act was noteworthy because it established the principle of free public libraries. In 1866, an amending Act was passed which eliminated the population limit for the establishment of a library and replaced the two-thirds majority previously required for adoption with a simple majority. It

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Despite the existence of these subscription libraries, they were only accessible to those who could afford the fees and to those with time to read during the daylight. As stated by James Van Horn Melton, "one should not overstate the extent to which lending libraries 'democratized' reading" since

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existed at this time and contained over 50,000 books, the national library was not open to the public or even to most of the population. Access to the museum depended on passes, for which there was sometimes a waiting period of three to four weeks. Moreover, the library was not open for browsing.

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were often used as clubs or gathering places. They served as much for social gossip and the meeting of friends, as coffee shops do today. Throughout history, public libraries were touted as alternatives to dance halls or gentleman's clubs, and frequently built, organized and supported because of

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per volume. Price apart, moreover, books were difficult to procure outside London since local booksellers could not afford to carry large stocks. Commercial libraries, since they were usually associated with booksellers and also since they had a greater number of patrons, were able to accumulate

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was open "every weekday morning and afternoon" and loaned its books to the public. Between 1714 and 1799, the library loaned 31,485 books to 1,648 different users. These types of public libraries, much closer to the present-day concept of the public library, were extremely rare as most libraries

802:) financed and established libraries open to the public, where anyone, even the simple non-specialists, could choose whatever books they wanted and have them copied by public scribes, free of charge. However, as with many of his other decisions, Al-Hakim later ordered this policy to be reversed. 2286:

As more government services move online, libraries and librarians have a role in providing access to online forms and assistance with filling them out. For example, in 2013, American public libraries were promoted as a way for people to access online health insurance marketplaces created by the

2165:, such encyclopedias, dictionaries, phone books and unique or expensive academic works. These books may not be available for borrowing, except under special circumstances. Reference books that are frequently used, such as phone books, may be housed in a special section called "ready reference". 1317:

movement, there was a general tendency towards reformism in the United Kingdom. The middle classes were concerned that the workers' free time was not being well-spent. This was prompted more by Victorian middle class paternalism than by demand from the lower social orders. Campaigners felt that

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became more and more popular. Novels, while frowned upon in society, were extremely popular. In England, there were many who lamented at the "villainous profane and obscene books", and the opposition to the circulating library, on moral grounds, persisted well into the 19th century. Still, many

820:, England. Records show that in 1464, provision was made for a library to be erected in the house of the Kalendars. A reference is made to a deed of that date by which it was "appointed that all who wish to enter for the sake of instruction shall have 'free access and recess' at certain times." 2519:

or printing fees, may also offset the cost of providing library services, though fines and fees do not usually have a significant role in library funding. The decline of support from local governments has left libraries compensating at the expense of their patrons. In the article "Waking Up to

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Many libraries—especially large, urban libraries—have large collections of photographs, digital images, rare and fragile books, artifacts and manuscripts available for public viewing and use. Digitization and digital preservation of these works is an ongoing effort, usually funded by grants or

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but may also be conducted by telephone or online. Reference librarians may also help patrons develop an appropriate bibliography or works cited page for an academic paper. Depending on the size of the library, there may be multiple reference desks that deal with different topics. Large public,

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Librarians at most public libraries provide reference and research help to the general public. This can include assisting students in finding reliable sources for papers and presentations; helping the public find answers to questions or evidence in a debate; or providing resources related to a

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by Helen Lyman Smith. The ASE project was conducted to provide planning for new directions for adult library services. Sources on the scope of adult services include "Where Would We Be without Them? Libraries and Adult Education Activities: 1966–91", "Twenty-First Century Public Library Adult

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says media reports it compiled in 2004 showed some $ 162 million in funding cuts to libraries nationwide. In 2009, 40% of states reported a decline in state aid for libraries. In 2012, Great Britain lost over 200 libraries to budget cuts, part of a general trend of fiscal austerity in Europe.

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has two restaurants and an online store which features reproductions of photographs and artwork. Pressure on funding has also led to closer partnerships between libraries, and between libraries and for-profit ventures, in order to sustain the library as a public space while providing business

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You'll find librarians guiding customers to information that will help them to find a job, start a business or trace their family trees. You'll find teens learning to use video cameras and online media to support a worthy cause. You'll find children settling into a cozy pillow with a picture

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In addition to access, many public libraries offer training and support to computer users. Once access has been achieved, there remains a large gap in people's online abilities and skills. For many communities, the public library is the only agency offering free computer classes, information

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Private-subscription libraries held a greater amount of control over both membership and the types of books in the library. There was almost a complete elimination of cheap fiction in the private societies. Subscription libraries prided themselves on respectability. The highest percentage of

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to the Nile in Africa. Known as the cradle of civilization, the Fertile Crescent was likewise the birthplace of writing, sometime before 3000 BC. (Murray, Stuart A.P.) These first libraries, which mainly consisted of the records of commercial transactions or inventories, mark the end of

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The advocacy of Ewart and Brotherton then succeeded in having a select committee set up to consider public library provision. The Report argued that the provision of public libraries would steer people towards temperate and moderate habits. With a view to maximising the potential of current

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habits in a mercantile community at this period. The largest and most popular sections of the library were History, Antiquities, and Geography, with 283 titles and 6,121 borrowings, and Belles Lettres, with 238 titles and 3,313 borrowings. The most popular single work was John Hawkesworth's

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provided a means of gaining profit and creating social centers within the community. The circulating libraries not only provided a place to sell books, but also a place to lend books for a price. These circulating libraries provided a variety of materials including the increasingly popular

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facilities, the committee made two significant recommendations. They suggested that the government should issue grants to aid the foundation of libraries and that the Museums Act 1845 should be amended and extended to allow for a tax to be levied for the establishment of public libraries.

2478:, which is a local government body that has independent leadership and may levy its own taxes. Local funding may be supplemented by other government funding. For example, in the United States, the state and federal governments provide supplementary funding for public libraries through 1137:"they were probably less important for creating new readers than for enabling those who already read to read more." For many people, these libraries, though more accessible than libraries such as the British Library, were still largely an institution for the middle and upper classes. 2426:, whether or not they involve information technology. While the library's governing board has ultimate authority to establish policy, many other organizations may participate in library management or library fundraising, including civic and voluntary associations, women's clubs, 1084:

wrote that the books were also separated into parts so that readers could rent a section of the book for some hours instead of a full day. This allowed more readers could have access to the same work at the same time, making it more profitable for the circulating libraries.

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County libraries were a later development, which were made possible by the establishment of County Councils in 1888. They normally have a large central library in a major town with smaller branch libraries in other towns and a mobile library service covering rural areas.

2490:. In England, Local Authorities have a statutory duty to provide residents with a library service as set out in the Local Government Act 1974. State and local governments may also offer cities and counties large grants for library construction or renovation. Private 1889:

tutorials, complete with pictures, which is helpful for libraries on a budget. "Programs in the humanities and the arts that encourage people to think and talk about ethics and values, history, art, poetry, and other cultures are integral to the library's mission."

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in libraries (this is usually referred to as community outreach), beginning with the Fayetteville Free Library in 2011, offers the potential for new roles for public spaces and public libraries. Attendance at library programs increased by 22% between 2004 and 2008.

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Officially launched on March 3rd, the NYPL Digital Gallery is presently offering 275,000 images (stored on a 57- terabyte, a thousand billion bytes of data, network of servers) for public perusal and free personal use ("...individual private study, scholarship and

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The Redwood Library and Athenaeum was founded in 1747 by a group led by Abraham Redwood. It was the first library in Rhode Island and the oldest lending library in America. Over half of its volumes were lost when it was used as the British Officers Club during the

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recognizes libraries as providing essential community service during times of disaster. Libraries have also had in increasingly important economic role during the recession, providing job search assistance, computer skills training and resume help to patrons.

587:. Although the circulating libraries filled an important role in society, members of the middle and upper classes often looked down upon these libraries that regularly sold material from their collections and provided materials that were less sophisticated. 1949:

has 31 branches that offer the usual book clubs and writing clubs for adults. However, they also offer an early morning walking club, chair yoga classes, beginning computer classes, genealogy classes, walk-in tech help, and a coffee and French talk class.

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academic or research libraries may employ librarians that are experts in specific topics or subjects. Often the children's section in a public library has its own reference desk. At a smaller library, circulation and reference may occur at the same desk.

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However, up until the mid-19th century, there were virtually no public libraries in the sense in which we now understand the term, i.e., libraries provided with public funds and freely accessible to all. Only one important library in Britain, namely

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The Library salutes the lives and legacy of the black doctors and nurses whose pioneering work in the greater metropolitan area opened the doors of the health services industry to the city's African- American population as both consumers and

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It was in these years of class conflict and economic terror that the public library movement swept through Britain, as the nation's progressive elite recognized that the light of cultural and intellectual energy was lacking in the lives of

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the power to establish free public libraries and was the first legislative step toward the creation of an enduring national institution that provides universal free access to information and literature. In the 1830s, at the height of the

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Depending on a community's desires and needs, public libraries may offer many other resources and services to the public. In addition to print books and periodicals, most public libraries today have a wide array of other media including

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Adult library programming in the United States initially had strong ties to adult education and adult literacy. Margaret E. Monroe traced these connections on the 25th anniversary of the U.S. Adult Education Act which was part of the

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knowledge led to broad public support for free libraries. In addition, money donations by private philanthropists provided the seed capital to get many libraries started. In some instances, collectors donated large book collections.

5145: 2498:. Some proactive librarians have devised alliances with patron and civic groups to supplement their financial situations. Library "friends" groups, activist boards, and well organized book sales also supplement government funding. 2103:

have transformed the reference environment. In addition to the traditional reference interview, reference librarians have an increasing role in providing access to digitized reference works (including the selection and purchase of

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courts and other athletic facilities, a music hall, and numerous meeting rooms for local organizations. It sponsored highly successful semi-pro football and baseball teams. Even before the development of the modern public library,

4934:. "Content has been digitized and is available in a wider range of formats including video, and resources such as rare books, photos, and research documents now have broader accessibility within the community and around the world. 1277:

as most MPs felt that public libraries would provide facilities for self-improvement through books and reading for all classes, and that the greater levels of education attained by providing public libraries would result in lower

753:(550–330 BC) was home to some outstanding libraries that were serving two main functions: keeping the records of administrative documents (e.g., transactions, governmental orders, and budget allocation within and between the 4180:"Libraries and the WSIS action lines: Guideline for international, regional and local advocacy for libraries in relation with implantation of the WSIS by action line 2005-2015. (Update. Mincio, D. (2007)) Electronic Version" 2310:

or computer labs, and serving the countryside according to a regular schedule. In communities that are extremely isolated or that have poor digital infrastructure, libraries may provide the only access to online education,

2446:). These governments can also influence local libraries by reserving formal recognition or funding for libraries that meet specific requirements. Finally, associations of library and information professionals, such as the 2433:

State and national governments may also have a role in the establishment and organization of public libraries. Many governments operate their own large libraries for public and legislative use (e.g., state libraries, the

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Public libraries also provide books and other materials for children. These items are often housed in a special section known as a children's library and attended to by a specialized children's librarian. Child oriented

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The Chelmsford Public Library has a plethora of story times for ages birth to preschool. They also offer baby yoga, stay and play time, toddler rhyme time, a dads and donuts day, and an annual Gingerbread Festival.

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Many libraries offer classes to the community such as tech clinics where patrons can bring in laptops and electronic devices and receive one on one attention in solving their problems and learning how to use them.

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for users who otherwise would not be able to connect to these services. They can also provide community spaces to encourage the general population to improve their digital skills through Library Coding Clubs and

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offers over 93,000 programs to its patrons every year at its 87 different branches. Adult programs include Excel classes, writing club, adult coloring club, chess club, knitting club, and a jewelry making class.

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in Paris required a potential visitor to be "carefully screened" and, even after this stipulation was met, the library was open only two days per week and only to view medallions and engravings, not books.

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Another factor in the growth of subscription libraries was the increasing cost of books. In the last two decades of the century, especially, prices were practically doubled, so that a quarto work cost a

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Raven, James. "Libraries for sociability: the advance of subscription library." The Cambridge History Of Libraries In Britain And Ireland. 3 vols. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2006, p. 251-253.

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A new Public Libraries Act was passed in 1964. Local authorities were to provide a "comprehensive and efficient" library service. Public libraries built in the 1960s were characterized by modernism.

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Smallwood, C., & Becnel, K. (2013). Library services for multicultural patrons : strategies to encourage library use/ edited by Carol Smallwood, Kim Becnel. Lanham, Md: Scarecrow Press, 2013.

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While the majority of funding for libraries comes from state and local sources, federal funding provides critical assistance, giving libraries across the country the financial support they need.

3026:

Histoire des quarante fauteuils de l'Académie française depuis la fondation jusqu'à nos jours, 1635-1855. Tome 2, VI. Le fauteuil de Montesquieu - XV. Le fauteuil de Lally / par M. Tyrtée Tastet

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Torres Tuñón, and Luis Antonio de Torres Tuñón—was established at the Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral. Liberal governments seized its holdings in 1867 to establish the National Library.

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was established in New South Wales advocating for free public libraries to be supported by municipal authorities. A similar movement was established in Victoria within a couple of years.

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survey reported that 90% of Americans ages 16 and older said that the closing of their local public library would affect their community, with 63% saying it would have a "major" impact.

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and digital or digitized periodicals as well as printed books. Many libraries offer assistance to borrowers, to select books, through specialist Readers' Advisory Services librarians.

5153: 1097:. Reading became a social activity. Many circulating libraries were attached to the shops of milliners or drapers. They served as much for social gossip and the meeting of friends as 480:

Public libraries exist in many countries across the world and are often considered an essential part of having an educated and literate population. Public libraries are distinct from

4553:, a Report of the ALA Survey of Adult Education Activities in Public Libraries and State Library Extension Agencies of the United States. Chicago: American Library Association, 1954. 983:, both Roman Catholic bishops. The library was open to the public and was the first Polish public library, the biggest in Poland, and one of the earliest public libraries in Europe. 477:

can access the collection; (4) they are entirely voluntary, no one is ever forced to use the services provided; and (5) they provide library and information services without charge.

1068:: "Consider that for a successful circulating library, the collection must contain 70% fiction". However, the overall percentage of novels mainly depended on the proprietor of the 1035:

was founded as a free public library in 1733 for all "divines of the Church of England or other gentlemen or persons of letters", but it was limited to just 422 volumes of mostly

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with on-line educational games and programs specifically designed for younger library users are becoming increasingly popular. Services may be provided for other groups, such as

2494:

has also had a significant role in the expansion and transformation of library services, and, like other educational institutions, some libraries may be partially funded by an

5942: 4304: 2515:(US), closed its entire 15-branch public library system for six months in 2007, reopening with under a public-private partnership and a reduced schedule. Small fees, such as 1604:

Libraries typically offer access to thousands, tens of thousands, or even millions of books, the majority of which are available for borrowing by anyone with the appropriate

2184:

or government depositories, preserving historic newspapers, property records or government documents. Collections of unique or historical works are sometimes referred to as

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with exhibits and programs. One account suggested libraries were essential to "economic competitiveness" as well as "neighborhood vitality" and help some people find jobs.

1194:

accommodations varied from the shelf for a few dozen volumes in the country stationer's or draper's shop, to the expansion to a back room, to the spacious elegant areas of

812:

Another early library that allowed access to the public was Kalendars or Kalendaries, a brotherhood of clergy and laity who were attached to the Church of All-Halloween or

5904: 5291: 2451: 2108:

not available to the general public) and ensuring that references are reliable and presented in an academically acceptable manner. Librarians also have a role in teaching

1242:

which would examine "the extent, causes, and consequences of the prevailing vice of intoxication among the labouring classes of the United Kingdom" and propose solutions.

436: 4417: 3464: 5264: 4799: 4540:

Washington, D.C.: Office of Library Programs, U.S. Dept. of Education, Office of Educational Research and Improvement, 1991.Also published in ERIC ED 341 393. IR 053 888

1485:

were built in the United States between 1883 and 1929, including some belonging to universities. By 1930, half the American public libraries had been built by Carnegie.

2821:

Three centuries of a city library: a historical and descriptive account of the Norwich Public Library established in 1608 and the present public library opened in 1837

1491:

Democracy within the life of libraries in the 20th and 21st century has been explored in the essay, "Libraries, Democracy, and Citizenship: Twenty Years after 9/11."

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offers an array of children's programs including story times for various age groups, concerts, music classes, puppet shows, a maker club, and sing-along Saturdays.

1010:

Once a pass to the library had been issued, the reader was taken on a tour of the library. Many readers complained that the tour was much too short. Similarly, the

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McCook, Kathleen de la Peña; Bossaller, Jenny S. (2018). "Chapter 8: Youth Services in Public Libraries: History, Core Services, Challenges, and Opportunities.".

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Hayes, Emma, and Anne Morris. "Leisure role of public libraries A historical perspective." Journal of librarianship and information science 37.2 (2005): 75–81.

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and "mixed-use" or "dual-use" libraries, which provide services to the public and one or more student populations, are occasionally explored as alternatives.

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Chmara, T. (2009). Privacy and Confidentiality Issues : a guide for libraries and their lawyers/ Theresa Chmara, Chicago: American Library Association, 2009.

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and the central ruling State) and collection of resources on different sets of principles e.g. medical science, astronomy, history, geometry and philosophy.

1757:

Some libraries require staff to talk about confidentiality or direct the patron to literature on the subject when creating a new library card for patrons.

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to lend books as many times as they possibly could. Circulating libraries have ushered in a completely new way of reading. Reading was no longer simply an

3959: 1946: 4975: 3874: 1962:

offers numerous teen activities such as a Maker/DIY program, Audio Equipment Training, Sewing classes, Knitting classes, ESL classes, and Chess club.

1324:

first opened in November 1850 as "The Royal Museum & Public Library", as the first unconditionally free public library in England. The library in

1254:

MP, who introduced a bill which would " boroughs with a population of 10,000 or more to raise a ½d for the establishment of museums". This became the

609:

borrowers. As a commerce venture, it was important to consider the contributing factors such as other goods or services available to the subscribers.

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also has numerous story times as well as Yoga for children, parent/child workshops, Spanish workshops, a read-to-a-dog program, and a Kindness club.

1863:

Libraries may also offer free or inexpensive meeting space for community organizations and educational and entrepreneurial activity. The addition of

1742: 1522:), which opened in 1856, just a few years after their introduction into Britain. This was however purely a reference library. In September 1869, the 5067: 4142: 5352: 3900: 3445: 2535:

Although usage of public libraries has increased significantly in recent decades, libraries are under intense financial pressure and scrutiny. The

809:, was established in 1447, provided both secular and religious texts in Latin, Greek, and Hebrew, and was fully open to all members of the public. 429: 5119: 2931:

Brescia, Michael M. (July 2004). "Liturgical Expressions of Episcopal Power: Juan de Palafox y Mendoza and Tridentine Reform in Colonial Mexico".

5786: 4525:

The POWER of Adult Education: Moving the Adult Education and Literacy System of the United States from the Margins to the Mainstream of Education

3040: 571:, churches, schools or towns. These social and institutional libraries formed the base of many academic and public library collections of today. 5753: 5662: 4988:

He was co-curator of the exhibition with the independent scholar ... and the historical society's curator of decorative arts, Margaret K. Hofer.

4829: 2116:

like search engines, databases and library catalogs: for instance, patrons who lack access to expensive academic subscriptions can be taught to

6196: 5318: 5132:'I don't even have a computer at home, so I have to go to the library or a friend's house,' Kenneth Miller, who is out of work, said Wednesday. 2168:

Some libraries also keep historical documents relevant to their particular town, and serve as a resource for historians in some instances. The

1698: 4510: 1914:

The American Library Association supported the "Adult Services in the Eighties" (ASE) project which replicated an earlier ALA 1952-53 survey,

1442:

developed from the 18th century to today; as the country grew more populous and wealthier, factors such as a push for education and desire to

7155: 3816: 64: 5044: 2342:", in which print books are mechanically vended to (and dispensed from) patrons, to reduced staff during the night and early morning hours. 1318:

encouraging the lower classes to spend their free time on morally uplifting activities, such as reading, would promote greater social good.

5427: 2906: 1749:. The right to freedom of speech and information is significant to public libraries; one way of upholding this doctrine is to protect the 7588: 6983: 6428: 5483: 2406:

After being established and funded through a resolution, public referendum or similar legal process, the library is usually managed by a

422: 204: 5383: 4719: 4450: 4243:"Public access computing and Internet access in public libraries: The role of public libraries in e-government and emergency situations" 3843:

Chandler, G. (1983). "The Japanese library and information system: a Broad comparative survey of its evolution and structure, 1947-82".

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International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions and World Summit on the Information Society: Geneva 2003 – Tunis 2005

1942:

has an adult coloring club, a crochet/knitting/sewing club, a gardening club, a bead and string class, and a bilingual computer class.

1799: 199: 2845: 6460: 5578:"Supporting the library services provided by local authorities and making sure there is a national collection of published material" 3922: 2095:, have moved entirely online, and the way people access and use these works has changed dramatically in recent decades. The rise of 2089:

The Internet has had a significant effect on the availability and delivery of reference services. Many reference works, such as the

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Federal library legislation supporting public libraries has been a focus of the American Library Association, Washington Office.

1478:. An effort was made to replace the original collection. Over 90% of the volumes lost were returned. The library is still in use. 772:). However, the first major public library is said to have been established in Athens by Pisistratus in the sixth century BC (see 7353: 6677: 5009: 3992: 2177: 6075: 5287: 5186: 4930:

The Internet and emerging technologies have had a substantial impact on libraries," said Mary Bender, Communications Manager at

4409: 7484: 6976: 3468: 3427: 50: 5256: 6088: 5454: 4026: 3693: 1939: 746:; besides correspondence and inventories, texts of myths may have been standardized practice-texts for teaching new scribes. 550:

In the middle of the 19th century, the push for truly public libraries, paid for by taxes and run by the state gained force.

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Knowledge edit-a-thon on 9 December 2017 at BLI:B, public library Forest, at avenue Van Volxem 364 in 1190 Brussels (Forest)

1826:

Knowledge edit-a-thon on 9 December 2017 at BLI:B, public library Forest, at avenue Van Volxem 364 in 1190 Brussels (Forest)

7499: 6301: 6026: 5965: 5846: 4277: 2454:(CILIP) help establish norms and standard procedures, secure funding, advocate at the state or national level and certify 1462:. It was "established in 1833". This was a small public library. The first large public library supported by taxes in the 7526: 6119: 4763: 2643: 2483: 2369: 5552: 5498: 3577: 3055:"The Strange Life of One of the Greatest European Libraries of the Eighteenth Century: the Zaluski Collection in Warsaw" 2441: 1011: 7398: 5606: 4215: 4120: 2805:

Kitāb taʼrih̲ d̲ayl (Continuation de la chronique d'Eutychius d'Alexandrie (Saʿid ibn Bitrīq) pour la période 938-1034)

2712: 1898: 1247: 461:, that is accessible by the general public and is usually funded from public sources, such as taxes. It is operated by 244: 6056:

Holt, Glen (2003). "Measuring Outcomes: Applying Cost-Benefit Analysis to Middle-Sized and Smaller Public Libraries".

4179: 7263: 6290:

Charing, S. "Self-Help v State Intervention: the 1850 Public Library Act as a Reflection of Mid-Victorian Doctrine",

6250: 6158: 5532: 4486: 4345: 3135: 3007: 2846:"Norwich City Library 1608 - 1737: The Minutes, Donation Book and Catalogue of Norwich City Library, Founded in 1608" 2785: 2758: 2565: 1966: 1728: 1439: 1239: 20: 5640: 3610: 6956: 3662: 3058: 1969:

has writing and book clubs as well as a tech training class, board game nights, movie nights, craft classes, and a

1908: 1616:, though some libraries have eliminated fines in recent years. About two-thirds of libraries now provide access to 1527: 1195: 773: 6284:

16.1 (2000): 3–12. says "they have always been, and continue to be, an expression of liberal middleclass ideals."

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The increase in secular literature at this time encouraged the spread of lending libraries, especially commercial

7608: 7511: 7368: 7286: 4917: 4741: 4672: 4627:

Lenstra N, Oguz F, Duvall CS. Library services to an aging population: A nation-wide study in the United States.

2411: 2018: 1671: 397: 181: 6217:

Kranich, Nancy C. (2021) "Democracy, Community, and Libraries" in Mary Ann Davis Fournier and Sarah Ostman, eds

7358: 6280:

Black, Alistair. "Skeleton in the cupboard: social class and the public library in Britain through 150 years."

2415: 1321: 980: 813: 344: 4967: 4852: 828:

library were chained to stalls and unavailable to borrow, hence its name: the Francis Trigge Chained Library.

543:

in dry rooms available to patrons of the baths, and tried with some success to establish libraries within the

6737: 6591: 6453: 4575:

McCook, Kathleen (1992)."Where Would We Be without Them? Libraries and Adult Education Activities: 1966–91."

3870: 1803: 1754:

be reassured that even if they borrow controversial or embarrassing materials, their privacy will be upheld.

1658:

of books for a collection; the care, repair, and weeding of books; the organization of books in the library;

1146: 5816: 3636: 2180:, and the letters remained in the library until a curator discovered them. Some libraries may also serve as 2060:

holidays that are diverse, and by inviting speakers and authors from different cultures to come and talk.

1644:

and other materials for teenagers, or materials in other than the national language (in foreign languages).

765: 7506: 7474: 7321: 7311: 7281: 7216: 5873: 2574: 2536: 2447: 1959: 1598: 1436:, helped to fund the establishment of large numbers of public libraries for the edification of the masses. 866:

in Manchester, which claims to be the oldest public library in the English-speaking world, opened in 1653.

850:

In the early years of the 17th century, many famous collegiate and town libraries were founded in England.

256: 1402: 781: 7489: 7291: 7111: 6820: 5348: 2884: 2474:

funding. The citizens who use a local library support it via the city or county government, or through a

2196:" which made a collection of 275,000 images viewable over the web; while most of the contents are in the 1979: 1459: 1294: 594: 528:, increased commercial activity and consumption, new radical ideas, massive population growth and higher 85: 3896: 3565:

Foundations of the public library;: The origins of the public library movement in New England, 1629–1885

3449: 2974:

Sherman, William H. (2010). "Palafoxiana, Biblioteca". In Suarez, Michael F.; Woudhuysen, H. R. (eds.).

1450: 993: 7598: 7578: 7425: 4910:"Boston Public Library Secures E-Rate Funding; Selects One Communications for 31 Location MPLS Network" 3795:

Bhatt, R. K., and Kandhasamy K. 2020. "A Study of Public Libraries in India: Pre-Independence Period".

2570: 2508: 2470:

Public libraries are funded from a range of sources, the most significant of which is usually local or

2034: 1475: 986:

At the start of the 18th century, libraries were becoming increasingly public and were more frequently

976: 4821: 3550:

Black, Alistair. 2011. "‘New Beauties’: The Design of British Public Library Buildings in the 1960s".

2091: 1081: 769: 7629: 7538: 7521: 7494: 7479: 7011: 6845: 6797: 5760: 5669: 2221: 1597:

The main task of public libraries is to provide the public with access to books and periodicals. The

1519: 1458:

The first modern public library in the world supported by taxes was the Peterborough Town Library in

1305: 900: 2319:. Libraries also partner with schools and community organizations to promote literacy and learning. 2303: 1562: 7568: 7253: 7150: 6944: 6840: 6649: 6596: 6446: 6429:

Hoyle, Alan (2020), "The Manchester Free Library Building, Home to the Spanish Instituto Cervantes"

5663:"Jackson County's 15 libraries to reopen through innovative public / private partnership with LSSI" 4502: 4280:. Florida State University, Information Use Management and Policy Institute Website. Archived from 2475: 2350: 1745:

and how it relates to their facilities through policies such as the American Library Association's

1667: 1270: 5905:"The Budget Balancing Act: LJ's Budget Survey Shows Modest Improvement, and Signs of More To Come" 3809: 2707: 2322:

24-hour library access has been piloted in certain public libraries in North America, such as the

944:, the French philologist and churchman, operated an early form of a public library in the town of 7634: 7221: 6541: 6373:

Sturges, P. "Conceptualizing the public library 1850–1919." In Kinnell, M. and Sturges, P. (eds)

6077:

From Awareness to Funding: A study of library support in America. A Report to the OCLC Membership

5036: 3126:

Melton, James Van Horn (2001). "Reading publics: transformations of the literary public sphere".

2999: 2479: 1931: 806: 613: 141: 2397:'s 1899 work on the establishment and management of libraries in the United States, Dana wrote: 1806:(NGOs) and business fund services that assist public libraries in combating the digital divide. 1420:

The modern public library grew at a great pace at the end of the 19th century especially in the

7338: 7333: 7236: 7192: 6576: 5423: 4877: 4247: 3953:"Libraries Connect Communities: Public Library Funding & Technology Access Study 2011-2012" 2989: 2512: 2427: 2380:

Pandemic, many libraries have begun offering remote and distance learning options for patrons.

2323: 2011: 1848: 1777:. As more books, information resources, and government services are being provided online (see 1746: 1641: 1421: 1052: 1048: 884: 873: 824: 252: 240: 105: 24: 5594:

Local authorities are responsible for providing a comprehensive and efficient library service.

4952: 2422:, and the process of preparing books for borrowing. All of these tasks may be referred to as 1411:

Left: Andrew Carnegie illustration in ad for librarian, 1893; Right: Carnegie Free Library in

1273:

and the fear that it would give rise to "unhealthy social agitation". The Bill passed through

1269:, the potential infringement on private enterprise and the existing library provision such as 153: 7343: 7243: 6689: 6632: 6526: 6511: 6285: 5375: 4931: 4711: 4439: 4335: 2748: 2620:

Bill, Katz. Dahl's History Of The Book, No. 2. Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1995, p. 238.

2541: 2503: 2430:

groups, and groups established to advise the library on the purchase and retention of books.

2331: 2272: 2169: 2128: 1984: 1539: 1467: 1425: 1231: 1223: 1121: 1040: 918: 836: 792: 657: 590: 328: 316: 5997:"First look: Birmingham's new £188m library - a sparkling cornerstone of the city's rebirth" 5738:

Bertot, John (2014). "Rural Public Libraries and Digital Inclusion: Issues and Challenges".

2360:

FEMA Leon County Disaster Recovery Center, located inside the LeRoy Collins Public Library,

2161:

In addition to their circulating collection, public libraries usually offer a collection of

7461: 7446: 7403: 7363: 7296: 7177: 7106: 6672: 5213:"Book-lending machines prove popular stand-in for Ottawa libraries - Ottawa Public Library" 2853: 2361: 2193: 2109: 2045: 1659: 1301: 1182: 1170: 1061:

establishments must have circulated many times the number of novels as of any other genre.

1039:

and legal works. In Germany, there was another occurrence of an accessible public library.

1020: 863: 684: 260: 218: 54: 7034: 6387:

Harris, Michael H. (1967) "Library history: a critical essay on the in-print literature."

5097: 699: 8: 7451: 7383: 7328: 7231: 7162: 6925: 6694: 6682: 6639: 6266:

Raphael, Molly. 2009. "The Transformational Power of Libraries in Tough Economic Times."

6130: 3986:"Reading Revived: A History of Readers' Advisory Services in Australian Public Libraries" 3721:

Buschman, John. (2023) "Libraries, Democracy, and Citizenship: Twenty Years after 9/11."

2553: 2495: 2435: 2288: 2185: 2144: 2078: 1710: 1662:; and the management of membership, borrowing and lending are typical tasks for a public 1565:, pioneered modern public libraries in France. He put forward his ideas in the 1910 book 1235: 1219: 1069: 924: 714:, some dating back to 2600 BC. They appeared five thousand years ago in Southwest Asia's 602: 340: 236: 222: 109: 79: 6433: 6375:

Continuity and Innovation in the Public Library: the Development of a Social Institution

4337:

Sport and the Color Line: Black Athletes and Race Relations in Twentieth Century America

3305:

Kaufman, Paul. Libraries and Their Users. Page 29. The Library Association. 1969. Print.

2127:

Public and academic libraries in the US answer over seven million questions weekly. The

1706: 1332:

was the first library to operate a "free" lending library without subscription in 1852.

1304:

and Scotland, 266, the foundation of the modern public library system in Britain is the

624:), also known as the Malatesta Novello Library, is a public library dating from 1452 in 7558: 7533: 7516: 7393: 7388: 7306: 7044: 6890: 6410: 6406:

Stimulating Growth and Renewal of Public Libraries: The Natural Life Cycle as Framework

6190: 5711: 5694:

Jaeger, Paul (2017). "Waking Up to Advocacy in a New Political Reality for Libraries".

5236: 4940: 3752: 3034: 2956: 2948: 2459: 2407: 2346: 2040: 1791: 1412: 1166: 777: 264: 5001: 2527: 1108: 952: 823:

In 1598, Francis Trigge established a library in a room above St. Wulfram's Church in

780:, public libraries are said to have been widespread in the Eastern Mediterranean (see 16:

Organized collection of books and information resources made accessible for the public

7469: 7430: 7413: 7248: 7197: 7076: 7039: 6792: 6772: 6717: 6422: 6246: 6154: 6148: 6094: 6084: 5715: 5528: 5178: 5037:"Borrow a sewing machine? Sacramento Public Library to start loaning more than books" 4482: 4341: 4022: 3926: 3856: 3689: 3131: 3003: 2960: 2819: 2781: 2754: 2419: 1998: 1648: 1589: 1470:, which was established in 1848 but did not open its doors to the public until 1854. 1309: 1297:

established libraries in their museums. Warrington Municipal Library opened in 1848.

1251: 1024: 844: 761: 750: 649: 294: 6027:"Long Overdue: A Fresh Look at Public Attitudes About Libraries in the 21st Century" 5477: 3431: 948:

from 1737 to 1750. He wished to make culture and learning accessible to all people.

99: 7418: 7301: 7140: 7133: 7101: 7019: 6852: 6699: 6667: 6644: 6480: 6405: 6034: 5703: 4256: 4241:

Bertot, John Carlo; Jaeger, Paul T.; Langa, Lesley A.; McClure, Charles R. (2006).

3852: 3744: 2940: 2800: 2394: 2327: 2307: 1927:

A national study of public library service to older adults was conducted in 2015.

1839: 1482: 1286: 1255: 1073: 930: 859: 788: 715: 707: 676: 645: 617: 524:, publishing, and distribution, combined with an ever-growing information-oriented 489: 481: 466: 358: 320: 312: 145: 5450: 3081:

Early Public Libraries: a history of public libraries in Great Britain before 1850

1982:

has math tutors for their teen patrons. They also offer writing and book clubs, a

1830: 1822: 1765: 1080:

editions could be easily read like the paperbacks of today. The French journalist

910: 134: 44: 7378: 7316: 7273: 7172: 7167: 7123: 7086: 7071: 7049: 7003: 6915: 6905: 6862: 6812: 6762: 6757: 6752: 6622: 6617: 6561: 6551: 6490: 6485: 6417: 6305: 6240: 6212:

Pivoting During the Pandemic: Ideas for Serving Your Community Anytime, Anywhere.

6126: 3490: 2993: 2681: 2356: 2339: 1786: 1655: 1523: 1433: 1028: 987: 956: 551: 493: 458: 386: 374: 370: 336: 248: 89: 6968: 3024: 2212:

are barriers to the large-scale digitization of libraries' special collections.

1558: 7408: 7258: 7145: 7118: 7081: 7061: 7054: 7029: 6900: 6869: 6857: 6825: 6732: 6727: 6659: 6521: 6516: 6469: 6298: 5787:"New Statistics Available: IMLS Releases New "Public Library Report" (FY 2010)" 5068:"Sets, drums and rotary tools: Libraries across US lending way more than books" 4281: 2579: 2455: 2260: 2162: 2082: 1971: 1881:

have numerous ideas for creating programs for local patrons, while the website

1774: 1507: 1036: 1006: 998: 964: 941: 629: 509: 485: 382: 71: 4755: 4503:"The Benefits of Public Programming for Participating Libraries and Audiences" 2639: 2389:

25,000, and are (or were) established in response to specific local needs. In

2068: 1576:

Japanese public libraries greatly expanded in the 1950s with the Library Law.

831: 7623: 7373: 7096: 6910: 6835: 6787: 6612: 6571: 6566: 6546: 6536: 5544: 2548: 2197: 2096: 1882: 1463: 1354: 1243: 1104: 888: 877: 855: 739: 672: 513: 470: 5610: 3770: 2077:

specific event or topic. Reference assistance is usually provided through a

1773:

Part of the public library mission has become attempting to help bridge the

7182: 6895: 6830: 6782: 6777: 6709: 6586: 6581: 3709: 2611:

Matthew. Library: An Unquiet History. New York, N.Y.: Norton, 2004, p. 135.

2516: 2491: 2312: 2256: 2173: 2052: 1843: 1795: 1782: 1613: 1605: 1534:

Public Library was established. The library's collection, purchased by the

1161: 1094: 544: 536: 525: 332: 324: 160: 124: 6326:

Books for the People: an illustrated history of the British Public Library

4261: 4242: 2944: 7187: 7066: 6747: 6722: 6556: 6506: 6219:

Ask, Listen, Empower: Grounding Your Library Work in Community Engagement

5632: 4588:

Stephens, Annabel K. Twenty-First Century Public Library Adult Services,

3602: 2316: 2299: 2121: 2113: 1629: 1325: 1098: 869: 760:

A public library was established in Rome by the first century BC, in the

719: 703: 575: 366: 286: 6392: 6207:(4th ed. Scarecrow Press, 1999); earlier editions were by Elmer Johnson 5502: 3756: 3658: 3054: 2995:

Radical Enlightenment: Philosophy and the Making of Modernity, 1650-1750

2952: 2834:

Murray, Stuart. The Library: an Illustrated History. Skyhorse Pub, 2009.

2149: 1202:

subscribers were often landed proprietors, gentry, and old professions.

1198:

or those at the resorts like Scarborough, and four in a row at Margate.

7091: 6920: 6802: 6742: 6531: 4641: 4538:

Partners for Lifelong Learning: Public Libraries & Adult Education.

2295: 2276: 2235: 2209: 1993: 1864: 1778: 1535: 1429: 1362: 1342: 1338: 1329: 1290: 1279: 1274: 1150: 1001:

was established in 1751 and had a library containing over 50,000 books.

724: 500:

collections and provide computer and Internet access to their patrons.

4733: 4664: 4616:

Designing Adult Services Strategies For Better Serving Your Community.

4121:"Coding Clubs in Libraries on the Rise: 330% Increase from March 2016" 4055: 3950: 1925:

Designing Adult Services Strategies For Better Serving Your Community.

1502: 547:. Public libraries existed in the Roman Empire by the 1st century BC. 7208: 6231:

McCook, Kathleen de la Peña, Bossaller, J., & Thomas, F. (2018),

6176:

The History of Public Libraries in France from the Revolution to 1939

3748: 2708:"Clay cuneiform tablets from ancient Mesopotamia to be placed online" 2471: 2264: 2248: 2205: 2201: 2154: 2117: 2100: 1878: 1663: 1637: 1515: 1366: 1358: 1346: 1077: 754: 598: 579: 497: 462: 298: 189: 5824: 4278:"Public libraries and the Internet 2008: Study results and findings" 4216:"Global Libraries: Opening a World of Information and Opportunities" 2780:

Rajabi, Parviz. 1381. The lost Milleniums, Vol 3, Toos Publication,

1785:), public libraries increasingly provide access to the Internet and 1526:(NSW) government opened as the Free Public Library, Sydney (now the 6340:

History of the Public Library Movement in Great Britain and Ireland

6226:

Continuing Education of Adults through the American Public Library.

5707: 5406:"Public libraries launch, expand services during COVID-19 pandemic" 4305:"Survey Finds Rising Reliance on Libraries as a Gateway to the Web" 2377: 2226: 2140: 2105: 1741:

In the United States, libraries are responsible for supporting the

1625: 1531: 1393: 1314: 1266: 1129: 1090: 1032: 896: 564: 529: 290: 282: 6438: 2298:

service, consisting of one or more buses or pack animals (such as

1023:

in Manchester, was fully and freely accessible to the public. The

648:

and open to everybody. It was commissioned by the Lord of Cesena,

574:

The establishment of circulating libraries in the 18th century by

7024: 6999: 6885: 4333: 2544:, which opened in 2013, is the largest cultural space in Europe. 2335: 2252: 2181: 1750: 1633: 1617: 1443: 1333: 945: 917:

granted in his times regular access to every scholar, namely the

851: 817: 735: 734:

Things were very similar in the government and temple records on

728: 695: 641: 540: 454: 362: 6347:

Penny rate: aspects of British public library history, 1850–1950

5112:"Filing for unemployment will be online-only starting in August" 3632: 2547:

Survey data suggests the public values free public libraries. A

2192:

philanthropy. In 2005, the New York Public Library offered the "

668: 532:

rates forged the public library into the form that it is today.

4686: 4447:

Fast facts: recent statistics from the Library Research Service

4276:

Bertot, J. C.; McClure, C. R.; Jaeger, P. T.; Ryan, J. (2008).

2487: 2239: 2231: 2112:, so that patrons can find, understand and use information and 1350: 1125: 1112: 972: 914: 892: 743: 637: 625: 568: 6261:

Contemporary Library Architecture: A Planning and Design Guide

3951:

Hoffman, Judy; Bertot, John Carlo; Davis, Denise (June 2012).

2876: 2502:

endeavors are common features of new and urban libraries. The

1530:) by purchasing a bankrupt subscription library. In 1896, the 1226:

led the campaign for public libraries in the mid-19th century.

1076:

editions. Folio editions were read at a desk, while the small

805:

In Cesena, Italy, the first community-run public library, the

5257:"Library 'Redbox' proposed for east Norman instead of branch" 3710:

ALA Washington Office: A Chronology of its First Fifty Years.

3274: 3272: 3149: 3147: 2507:

opportunities to the community. While still fairly uncommon,

1989: 1697:

deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a

1647:

Libraries also lend books to each other, a practice known as

1552: 1057: 862:, which was open to the "whole republic of the learned") and 840: 711: 633: 584: 517: 3179:

A Nation of Readers: the lending library in Georgian England

2452:

Chartered Institute of Library and Information Professionals

2131:

answers more than one million reference questions annually.

2072:

Library Reference desk in Holman Library, Auburn, Washington

6627: 5451:"The Small Public Library Survival Guide: Thriving on Less" 4778:"Children's Events & Programs - Belmont Public Library" 4618:

Santa Barbara, California : Libraries Unlimited, 2018.

3130:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 104–109. 2039:

A significant goal of American libraries is to become more

653: 278: 117: 6210:

Hughes, Kathleen M., and Jamie Wirsbinski Santoro (2021).

6120:

How Americans Value Public Libraries in Their Communities.

4082:"Privacy: An Interpretation of the Library Bill of Rights" 3269: 3144: 2306:) furnished as small public libraries, some equipped with 1300:

Although by the mid-19th century, England could claim 274

6354:

The Public Library: its origins, purpose and significance

4822:"Programs for Young Children - Chelmsford Public Library" 3578:"History and Renovation of the Peterborough Town Library" 3094:

A History of Libraries in Great Britain and North America

2268: 1886: 521: 4240: 2799: 742:. The earliest discovered private archives were kept at 4564:

Adult Services: An Enduring Focus for Public Libraries.

4440:"Program attendance at public libraries is on the rise" 4275: 3603:"Boston Public Library A Brief History and Description" 3519:

Public Libraries Amendment Act, 29 & 30 Vict. c.114

2051:

A starting point for most libraries is to find out the

1902:

Public Libraries and the Adult Education Act. 25 years.

1838:

Public libraries have a long history of functioning as

6319:

History of Public Libraries in Great Britain 1845–1965

6242:

World Encyclopedia of Library and Information Services

5607:"Library District 101: the library district explained" 5527:; 7th ed. Englewood, Colo.: Libraries Unlimited, 2002 5146:"Confused about Affordable Care Act? Library can help" 4074: 3735:

Remington, G. C. (1937). "The Free Library Movement".

2988: 854:

City library was established in 1608 (six years after

6312:

Cambridge History of Libraries in Britain and Ireland

1555:

have been discussed by R.K. Bhatt and K. Kandhasamy.

1454:

Illustration of Redwood Library and Athenaeum in 1768

1128:

10 shillings or 12 shillings, and a duodecimo cost 4

5847:"State funding for many public libraries on decline" 5501:. University of California Riverside. Archived from 4478:

The New Planning for Results: A Streamlined Approach

3925:. American Library Association (ALA). Archived from 2294:

In rural areas, the local public library may have a

4143:"After Access: Libraries & Digital Empowerment" 3831:

Eugène Morel, pioneer of public libraries in France

3023:Tastet, Tyrtée (1809-1865) Auteur du texte (1855). 2973: 2338:. Such access may involve anywhere from a "library 6238: 4629:Journal of Librarianship & Information Science 3991:. State Library of New South Wales. Archived from 2658: 2602:(3rd ed). 2010. Neal-Schuman Publishers: New York. 1173:. Pictured in 1888, shortly before its demolition. 774:Library of Alexandria § Historical background 6998: 5759:. Lumos Research, Inc. April 2011. Archived from 5319:"For Disaster Preparedness: Pack A Library Card?" 1188:Account of Voyages ... in the Southern Hemisphere 1156: 7621: 4965: 4903: 4901: 508:The culmination of centuries of advances in the 6363:. London: The Library Association, 1969. 167 p. 5966:"Libraries Fare Well Overall at the Ballot Box" 5349:"Primary Source Director's Message -- May 2011" 4021:. Chicago: ALA Neal-Schuman. pp. 229–253. 4016: 1947:Tampa–Hillsborough County Public Library System 1670:with graduate-level education or experience in 1608:. A library's selection of books is called its 6245:(3rd ed.). American Library Association. 5523:G. Edward Evans, Sheila S. Intner, Jean Weihs 5376:"Libraries' popularity rises as economy sinks" 5279: 5248: 4993: 4665:"LibGuides: Programs & Events: For Adults" 4551:Adult Education Activities in Public Libraries 4410:"First Public Library to Create a Maker Space" 4364:. London: George Allen & Unwin, pp. 275-76 4043:Foundations of Library and Information Science 3958:. American Library Association. Archived from 3368:Select Committee on inquiry into drunkenness, 3128:The rise of the public in Enlightenment Europe 3096:. Chicago: American Library Association; p. 58 2600:Foundations of Library and Information Science 1916:Adult Education Activities in Public Libraries 1817: 936: 6984: 6454: 4907: 4898: 4218:. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. 2009. 2679: 2222:Computer lab § Academic software bundles 1695:The examples and perspective in this section 1584: 1424:. Philanthropists and businessmen, including 1265:Objections were raised about the increase in 922: 430: 4756:"Programs for Teens: Library 21c - PPLD.org" 4605:Chicago: American Library Association, 2014. 4566:Chicago: American Library Association, 1990. 4334:Patrick B. Miller; David K. Wiggins (2004). 3983: 2439: 1561:, a writer and one of the librarians at the 1230:In 1835, and against government opposition, 904: 766:History of libraries § Classical period 652:. The works were directed by Matteo Nuti of 6395:, covers the main books for major countries 6361:The Subject Departmentalized Public Library 5499:"Library paraprofessionals: a bibliography" 5227: 5179:"Sunday Forum: The importance of libraries" 5065: 4968:"Out of Tiffany's Shadow, a Woman of Light" 4959: 4372: 4370: 3039:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 2208:restrictions, a lack of expertise and poor 1852:their equalizing and civilizing influence. 791:(d. 1066) reported that the Fatimid Caliph 563:Public libraries were often started with a 19:For public libraries in North America, see 7584: 6991: 6977: 6461: 6447: 6195:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5625: 5173: 5171: 4878:"Quotable Facts About America's Libraries" 4269: 3554:60 (1): 71–111. doi:10.1353/lib.2011.0033. 3194:. London: George Allen & Unwin; p. 275 1798:. Internationally, public libraries offer 1794:. Almost all public libraries now house a 1713:, or create a new section, as appropriate. 1538:Government from the private collection of 1518:was the Melbourne Public Library (now the 1234:, MP for Sheffield and a supporter of the 913:asserted that only three libraries in all 895:for being the first public library in the 437: 423: 188: 6205:History of Libraries of the Western World 5874:"UK lost more than 200 libraries in 2012" 5002:"The NY Public Library's Digital Gallery" 4999: 4562:Heim, Kathleen M., and Danny P. Wallace. 4260: 3946: 3944: 3734: 2675: 2673: 2345:Libraries promote cultural awareness; in 1729:Learn how and when to remove this message 782:Library of Alexandria § In antiquity 23:. For the album by The Burning Hell, see 5902: 5424:"Setting Up a Library: A Resource Guide" 5034: 4376: 4367: 4177: 3842: 3167:, Halton Borough Council, pp. 77–81 2526: 2414:. Support staff have important roles in 2355: 2225: 2148: 2134: 2067: 1897: 1829: 1821: 1800:information and communication technology 1764: 1588: 1501: 1449: 1218: 1160: 1103: 992: 909:(1644) the French scholar and librarian 868: 830: 667: 6411:"How did public libraries get started?" 6221:, pp. 1–15. Chicago: ALA editions. 6183:Field and Future of Traveling Libraries 5963: 5373: 5288:"Library celebrates Black History 2009" 5168: 4590:Reference & User Services Quarterly 4302: 3984:Forsyth, Ellen; Quinn, Sherrey (2014). 3162: 3156: 2930: 2817: 2753:. Oxford University Press. p. 35. 2746: 2735:Prehistory The Making of the Human Mind 2081:which is usually conducted at a public 1769:Fort Worth Central Library Computer Lab 7622: 6233:Introduction to Public Librarianship, 6228:Chicago: American Library Association. 6146: 5964:Beverly, Goldberg (11 November 2012). 5754:"An analysis of public library trends" 5740:Information Technology & Libraries 5737: 5728:Real et al., 2008, Rosser-Hogben, 2004 5693: 5496: 5254: 5098:"Zip Books - California State Library" 4810:from the original on 5 September 2017. 4788:from the original on 5 September 2017. 4766:from the original on 5 September 2017. 4744:from the original on 5 September 2017. 4722:from the original on 5 September 2017. 4513:from the original on 5 September 2017. 4474: 3941: 3899:. American Library Association (ALA). 3873:. American Library Association (ALA). 3125: 3022: 2887:from the original on 18 September 2009 2795: 2793: 2705: 2682:"Survivor: The History of the Library" 2670: 2664: 2605: 2063: 2005: 1238:, was able to secure the Chair of the 1209: 770:Gaius Asinius Pollio § Later life 6972: 6442: 6180: 5994: 5935:"Library Construction and Renovation" 5903:Schwartz, Meredith (9 January 2013). 5871: 5784: 5778: 5386:from the original on 13 December 2013 5267:from the original on 30 December 2013 4978:from the original on 14 November 2013 4966:Kastner, Jeffrey (25 February 2007). 4853:"New Tools for Finding the Full Text" 4407: 4159:from the original on 24 February 2017 4131:from the original on 9 November 2016. 3683: 3491:"Anniversary of first public library" 3428:"History of the Public Libraries Act" 3121: 3119: 3117: 3115: 2646:from the original on 21 December 2009 2172:kept letters written by unrecognized 1940:Albuquerque Bernalillo County Library 1760: 7574: 6951: 6153:. New Haven: Yale University Press. 6055: 5884:from the original on 10 October 2013 5475: 5316: 5285: 5223:from the original on 22 August 2016. 5143: 5047:from the original on 3 February 2015 4675:from the original on 30 August 2017. 4652:from the original on 29 August 2017. 4456:from the original on 4 November 2013 4340:. Taylor & Francis. p. 17. 4315:from the original on 3 November 2014 4019:Introduction to Public Librarianship 3819:from the original on 3 October 2011. 3061:from the original on 8 February 2008 2824:. Norwich: Public Library Committee. 2623: 2099:and crowd-sourced resources such as 1814:library patrons as access to books. 1681: 7604: 6468: 6377:(London: Library Association, 1996) 6368:British County Libraries: 1919–1969 6342:(London: Library Association, 1932) 6321:(London: Library Association, 1973) 6268:Library Leadership & Management 6033:. December 31, 2005. Archived from 6007:from the original on 31 August 2013 5915:from the original on 26 August 2013 5797:from the original on 13 August 2013 5609:. denverlibrary.org. Archived from 5329:from the original on 12 August 2013 5290:. Newark Star-Ledger & nj.com. 5035:Garrison, Ellen (2 February 2015). 4362:The Heritage of the English Library 4303:Kaufman, Leslie (22 January 2013). 3903:from the original on 4 October 2009 3467:. visitsalford.info. Archived from 3192:The Heritage of the English Library 2790: 2614: 2484:Library Services and Technology Act 2370:Federal Emergency Management Agency 2200:, some images are still subject to 2056:and serve members of that society. 906:Advis pour dresser une bibliothèque 679:in 1602 as an early public library. 535:Public access to books is not new. 13: 6314:(Cambridge University Press, 2006) 6185:. New York, NY: NY Library System. 6168: 5945:from the original on 2 August 2013 5872:Flood, Alison (10 December 2012). 5525:Introduction to Technical Services 5448: 5430:from the original on 7 August 2013 5374:Chircop, David (5 February 2009). 5355:from the original on 30 April 2015 5255:Cannon, Jane Glenn (10 May 2012). 5066:Householder, Mike (18 July 2013). 4908:Business Wire (9 September 2009). 4832:from the original on 28 June 2017. 4691:Hillsborough County Public Library 4662: 4060:American Library Association (ALA) 3688:. Washington: Preservation Press. 3665:from the original on 23 April 2016 3448:. Manchesteronline. Archived from 3112: 3083:London: Library Association; p. 94 2713:University of California, Berkeley 1497: 14: 7646: 7264:Library and information scientist 6399: 6381: 5976:from the original on 23 July 2013 5939:State of America's Libraries 2013 5643:from the original on 27 July 2013 5584:from the original on 2 March 2014 5555:from the original on 3 April 2014 5457:from the original on 28 June 2013 5244:(1/2): 29. January–February 2014. 5189:from the original on 1 March 2009 5078:from the original on 25 July 2013 5012:from the original on 24 July 2008 4420:from the original on 26 July 2013 4377:Cottrell, Megan (March 1, 2016). 4196:from the original on 2 March 2012 4092:from the original on 2 April 2015 3877:from the original on 30 June 2009 3797:Library Philosophy & Practice 3686:Carnegie Libraries across America 3613:from the original on 26 June 2014 3501:from the original on 20 June 2004 3181:. London: British Library; p. 121 2566:Public libraries in North America 2215: 1967:Springfield Greene County Library 1893: 1440:Public libraries in North America 1214: 1041:The Ducal Library at Wolfenbüttel 694:The first libraries consisted of 21:Public libraries in North America 7603: 7593: 7583: 7573: 7564: 7563: 7554: 7553: 6950: 6939: 6938: 6118:Zickuhr, Kathryn et al. (2013). 6112: 6068: 6049: 6019: 5988: 5957: 5941:. American Library Association. 5927: 5896: 5865: 5853:from the original on 5 June 2011 5839: 5809: 5746: 5731: 5722: 5687: 5655: 5599: 5570: 5551:. American Library Association. 5537: 5517: 5490: 5486:from the original on 2012-10-25. 5469: 5442: 5426:. American Library Association. 5416: 5398: 5367: 5341: 5310: 5294:from the original on 5 June 2011 5286:Papp, Dennis (15 January 2009). 5205: 5137: 5104: 5090: 5059: 5028: 4870: 4845: 4836: 4814: 4792: 4770: 4748: 4726: 4704: 4679: 4656: 4634: 4621: 4608: 4595: 4582: 4569: 4556: 4543: 4530: 4517: 4495: 4481:. American Library Association. 4408:McCue, T.J. (15 November 2011). 3639:from the original on 27 May 2016 3239:Irwin, Raymond (1964) pp. 275-76 2976:The Oxford Companion to the Book 2874: 2843: 2442:Bibliothèque Nationale de France 2349:, the public library celebrated 1953: 1909:Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 1686: 1528:State Library of New South Wales 1401: 1392: 1383: 1066:The Use of Circulating Libraries 1064:In 1797, Thomas Wilson wrote in 689: 660:) and lasted from 1447 to 1452. 404: 403: 152: 133: 116: 98: 78: 63: 43: 7594: 7287:Library and information science 6370:. (London: André Deutsch, 1969) 5785:Price, Gary (22 January 2013). 5633:"Public libraries: checked out" 4468: 4432: 4401: 4354: 4327: 4296: 4234: 4222:from the original on 1 May 2009 4208: 4171: 4135: 4113: 4104: 4048: 4035: 4010: 3977: 3915: 3889: 3863: 3836: 3823: 3802: 3789: 3763: 3728: 3715: 3708:Molumby, Lawrence E. (1996). " 3702: 3677: 3651: 3625: 3595: 3570: 3557: 3544: 3531: 3522: 3513: 3483: 3457: 3438: 3420: 3411: 3402: 3393: 3384: 3381:Kelly & Kelly (1977), p. 77 3375: 3362: 3353: 3344: 3335: 3326: 3317: 3308: 3299: 3290: 3281: 3260: 3251: 3242: 3233: 3224: 3215: 3206: 3197: 3184: 3171: 3099: 3086: 3073: 3047: 3016: 2982: 2967: 2924: 2899: 2868: 2837: 2828: 2811: 2774: 2740: 2706:Maclay, Kathleen (6 May 2003). 2680:Krasner-Khait, Barbara (2010). 2412:library and information science 2383: 2330:Public Library in Oklahoma and 2019:Saratoga Springs Public Library 1672:library and information science 797: 182:Library and information science 7359:Electronic resource management 6356:(2nd ed. London: Harrap, 1971) 6294:(1995) 44(1), pp. 47–54. 6235:3rd ed. Chicago: ALA Editions. 6150:Libraries in the ancient world 5995:Clark, Nick (29 August 2013). 5144:Lade, Diane (15 August 2013). 5118:. 13 July 2011. Archived from 4603:Adult Programs in the Library. 3712:"American Library Association. 2933:The Catholic Historical Review 2877:"Welcome to Chetham's Library" 2727: 2699: 2632: 2592: 2416:library collection development 1921:Adult Programs in the Library, 1871: 1804:non-governmental organizations 1551:Pre-Independence libraries in 1322:Salford Museum and Art Gallery 1157:Private-subscription libraries 1044:remained difficult to access. 843:, founded in 1609 by Cardinal 710:discovered in temple rooms in 345:Science and technology studies 159:Entrance of National Library, 1: 6738:Needle and syringe programmes 6592:Universal access to education 6328:(London: Andre Deutsch, 1977) 6174:Barnett, Graham Keith (1973) 5317:Rose, Joel (12 August 2013). 3541:p.140. Harmondsworth: Penguin 3454:Retrieved on 5 September 2008 2747:Roberts, John Morris (1997). 2585: 1593:A municipal library in Prague 1506:Library in the rural town of 1147:State Central Library, Kerala 5821:American Library Association 4885:American Library Association 4379:"Storytime for the Spectrum" 4086:American Library Association 3857:10.1016/0020-7837(83)90059-6 3845:International Library Review 3359:Kelly, Thomas (1966); p. 127 3350:Irwin, Raymond (1964); p. 53 3332:Kaufman, Paul (1969); p. 209 3323:Kaufman, Paul (1969); p. 193 3314:Kelly, Thomas (1966); p. 129 3296:Kelly, Thomas (1966); p. 133 3287:Kelly, Thomas (1966); p. 126 3278:Kelly, Thomas (1966); p. 128 3257:Kelly, Thomas (1966); p. 188 3248:Kelly, Thomas (1966); p. 121 3212:Kaufman, Paul (1969); p. 197 3203:Kelly, Thomas (1966); p. 147 3153:Kelly, Thomas (1966); p. 185 2750:A Short History of the World 2575:American Library Association 2537:American Library Association 2448:American Library Association 2304:camels, donkey, or elephants 2028: 1960:Orange County Library System 1654:The selection, purchase and 1599:American Library Association 1514:The first public library in 899:. It was founded in 1646 by 7: 7292:Education for librarianship 6821:Publicly funded health care 6434:Seminar in Public Libraries 6349:(Library association, 1951) 6239:Wedgeworth, Robert (1993). 5970:American Libraries Magazine 5000:Jim Regan (21 March 2005). 4857:The New York Public Library 4734:"Programs for Young Adults" 4646:The New York Public Library 3539:British society since 1945, 3446:"Eye witness in Manchester" 3266:Allan, David (2008); p. 132 3230:Allan, David (2008); p. 135 3221:Allan, David (2008); p. 138 3107:Library: an unquiet history 2881:Chetham's Library Home page 2737:, New York: Modern Library. 2559: 2509:public-private partnerships 1980:Pikes Peak Library District 1818:Classroom and meeting space 1709:, discuss the issue on the 1579: 1460:Peterborough, New Hampshire 1308:. The Act first gave local 937:Enlightenment-era libraries 891:, Mexico, is recognized by 503: 10: 7651: 7452:History of library science 6389:Journal of Library History 6292:Australian Library Journal 6274: 6140: 5476:Dana, John Cotton (1899). 4475:Nelson, Sandra S. (2001). 4449:. Colorado State Library. 3417:McMenemy (2009), pp. 24-26 3341:Allan, David (2008); p. 68 2978:. Oxford University Press. 2571:Public Library Association 2465: 2219: 2138: 2035:Diversity in librarianship 2032: 1677: 1585:Book borrowing and lending 749:Persia at the time of the 682: 663: 492:in other states and other 18: 7549: 7460: 7439: 7272: 7206: 7010: 6934: 6878: 6846:National health insurance 6811: 6798:Supervised injection site 6708: 6658: 6605: 6499: 6476: 6345:Munford, William Arthur. 6324:Kelly, T & E. Kelly. 5006:Christian Science Monitor 4826:www.chelmsfordlibrary.org 4592:45 (Spring 2006):223-235. 3582:Peterborough Town Library 3528:Kelly (1973), pp. 107-137 3390:Minto (1932) chapters 3-4 2642:. Stradavinisaporifc.it. 2531:Library of Birmingham, UK 2440: 1520:State Library of Victoria 1306:Public Libraries Act 1850 981:Andrzej Stanisław Załuski 923: 901:Juan de Palafox y Mendoza 776:), and by the end of the 37: 32: 7569:Category:Library science 7254:Information professional 7151:Learning Resource Centre 6841:Single-payer health care 6650:Universal basic services 6597:Universal basic services 6125:19 December 2013 at the 5580:. gov.uk. 8 April 2013. 4782:belmontpubliclibrary.net 4536:Monroe, Margaret Ellen. 3737:The Australian Quarterly 3684:Jones, Theodore (1997). 3399:Murison (1971) chapter 2 3105:Battles, Matthew (2003) 2907:"Biblioteca Palafoxiana" 2801:Yahya ibn Said al-Antaki 2476:special-purpose district 2351:African-American history 2204:rules. Limited funding, 1668:information professional 1289:, the municipalities of 1140: 718:, an area that ran from 700:earliest form of writing 644:, i.e. belonging to the 567:, or were bequeathed to 309:Interdisciplinary fields 6542:Public good (economics) 6359:Overington, Michael A. 6147:Casson, Lionel (2001). 5549:Library Funding Updates 5234:"2013 Year in Review". 5183:Pittsburgh Post-Gazette 3871:"Access to Information" 3810:"La Librairie publique" 3771:"Free Public Libraries" 3408:Hansard (1850) Col. 848 3092:Predeek, Albert (1947) 3000:Oxford University Press 2092:Encyclopædia Britannica 1988:club, a coding lab, an 1932:New York Public Library 1285:Under the terms of the 1149:started functioning in 1115:in the mid-18th century 1082:Louis-Sébastien Mercier 903:. In his seminal work 880:, Mexico (founded 1646) 622:Biblioteca Malatestiana 7339:Collection development 6214:Chicago. ALA Editions. 5217:biblioottawalibrary.ca 4712:"Classes & Events" 4687:"Events & Classes" 4527:2001. ERIC (ED457410). 4360:Irwin, Raymond (1964) 3775:State Library Victoria 3190:Irwin, Raymond (1964) 3163:Starkey, H. F (1990), 2990:Jonathan Irvine Israel 2850:Norfolk Record Society 2818:Stephen, G.A. (1917). 2733:Renfrew, Colin (2008) 2532: 2513:Jackson County, Oregon 2428:Friends of the Library 2404: 2364: 2324:Pioneer Library System 2308:Internet access points 2243: 2158: 2073: 2012:Belmont Public Library 1985:Dungeons & Dragons 1903: 1849:subscription libraries 1835: 1827: 1770: 1747:Library Bill of Rights 1642:young adult literature 1594: 1563:Bibliothèque nationale 1511: 1455: 1422:English-speaking world 1302:subscription libraries 1227: 1174: 1116: 1093:or an attempt to gain 1053:subscription libraries 1049:subscription libraries 1002: 969:Bibliotheca Zalusciana 968: 960: 905: 885:Biblioteca Palafoxiana 881: 874:Biblioteca Palafoxiana 847: 825:Grantham, Lincolnshire 680: 621: 561: 253:Information management 241:Collections management 106:Biblioteca Vasconcelos 25:Public Library (album) 7344:Collective collection 6690:Public infrastructure 6527:Public administration 6512:Free-culture movement 6366:Stockham, K. A., ed. 6335:(London: FACET, 2009) 6259:Worpole, Ken (2013), 6224:Lee, Robert E. 1966. 5497:Gibson, Rita (2003). 5410:News and Press Center 4932:Boston Public Library 4631:. 2020;52(3):738-748. 4262:10.5210/fm.v11i9.1392 4178:Haavisto, T. (2006). 3833:, Litwin Books, 2008. 3607:Boston Public Library 3079:Kelly, Thomas (1966) 2945:10.1353/cat.2004.0116 2542:Library of Birmingham 2530: 2504:Boston Public Library 2399: 2359: 2332:Ottawa Public Library 2229: 2170:Queens Public Library 2152: 2135:Reference collections 2129:Boston Public Library 2071: 2033:Further information: 1901: 1833: 1825: 1768: 1592: 1567:La Librairie publique 1545:Free Library Movement 1505: 1468:Boston Public Library 1453: 1426:John Passmore Edwards 1271:mechanics' institutes 1232:James Silk Buckingham 1224:James Silk Buckingham 1222: 1164: 1107: 996: 977:Józef Andrzej Załuski 919:Biblioteca Ambrosiana 872: 837:Biblioteca Ambrosiana 834: 793:Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah 671: 658:Leon Battista Alberti 591:Circulating libraries 556: 329:Documentation science 317:Communication studies 7507:Library associations 7447:History of libraries 7364:Information literacy 6037:on 26 September 2008 5849:. 10 February 2009. 5766:on 23 September 2015 5742:– via ezproxy. 4800:"Schedule of Events" 4549:Smith, Helen Lyman. 3537:Marwick, A. (1982). 3497:. 5 September 2002. 3177:Allan, David (2008) 2573:, a division of the 2362:Tallahassee, Florida 2194:NYPL Digital Gallery 2110:information literacy 2046:culturally sensitive 1996:, and an occasional 1707:improve this section 1183:subscription library 1171:subscription library 1169:was an 18th-century 1109:Biblioteka Załuskich 961:Biblioteka Załuskich 807:Malatestiana Library 685:History of libraries 636:). It was the first 614:Malatestiana Library 261:Knowledge management 55:Milwaukee, Wisconsin 7384:Library instruction 7244:Periodicals/serials 7163:Special collections 6926:Public viewing area 6695:Public water system 6683:Municipal broadband 6640:Public broadcasting 6270:23, no. 3: 106–151. 6203:Harris, Michael H. 6131:Pew Research Center 5793:. Library Journal. 5639:. 3 December 2011. 5185:. 13 January 2008. 4389:on February 2, 2022 3815:. Enssib.fr. 1910. 3725:93 (April):182-201. 2554:Pew Research Center 2460:information schools 2436:Library of Congress 2376:In response to the 2289:Affordable Care Act 2186:special collections 2145:Special collections 2124:literature easily. 2079:reference interview 2064:Research assistance 2006:Children's programs 1287:Museums Act of 1845 1236:temperance movement 1210:19th–20th centuries 1070:circulating library 1012:Bibliothèque du Roi 925:Biblioteca Angelica 599:Edinburgh, Scotland 341:Information science 237:Archives management 176:Part of a series on 110:Mexico City, Mexico 86:Main Public Library 7559:Category:Libraries 7426:Technical services 7394:Library publishing 7389:Library management 7217:Distance education 6891:Government auction 6577:Public procurement 6416:2008-05-26 at the 6333:The Public Library 6304:2015-10-17 at the 6181:Dewey, M. (1901). 6129:Washington, D.C.: 5505:on 12 October 2002 5237:American Libraries 4951:has generic name ( 4920:on 1 February 2013 4579:32 : 245–253. 4523:Sticht, Thomas G. 4383:American Libraries 4041:Rubin, Richard E. 3998:on 16 January 2015 3965:on 1 November 2013 3897:"Equity of Access" 3723:Library Quarterly. 3563:Jesse Hauk Shera, 2598:Rubin, Richard E. 2533: 2424:technical services 2408:board of directors 2365: 2347:Newark, New Jersey 2244: 2230:Mobile library in 2159: 2153:Reading area in a 2074: 2041:culturally diverse 1904: 1836: 1828: 1792:Library makerspace 1771: 1761:Digital engagement 1595: 1512: 1483:Carnegie libraries 1456: 1413:Burlington, Kansas 1228: 1175: 1167:Linen Hall Library 1117: 1095:spiritual guidance 1003: 882: 848: 778:Hellenistic period 681: 490:academic libraries 482:research libraries 265:Library management 7617: 7616: 7404:Readers' advisory 7077:Library of things 6966: 6965: 6793:Public university 6773:Public open space 6718:Drinking fountain 6678:Telecommunication 6423:The Straight Dope 6391:(1967): 117–125. 6100:on 2 October 2008 6090:978-1-55653-400-3 5827:on 6 October 2008 5817:"Library Funding" 5696:Library Quarterly 5545:"Federal Funding" 5449:Landau, Herbert. 5156:on 24 August 2013 4509:. 29 March 2007. 4284:on 20 August 2009 4028:978-0-8389-1506-6 3799:, November, 1–20. 3695:978-0-471-14422-9 3471:on 7 January 2009 3434:on 16 March 2014. 3057:. Fyifrance.com. 2420:technical support 1999:Super Smash Bros. 1840:community centers 1739: 1738: 1731: 1660:readers' advisory 1649:interlibrary loan 1481:A total of 1,689 1476:Revolutionary War 1252:Joseph Brotherton 1145:In A.D 1820, the 1025:Chesshyre Library 1021:Chetham's Library 988:lending libraries 979:and his brother, 929:in Rome, and the 864:Chetham's Library 845:Federico Borromeo 762:Atrium Libertatis 751:Achaemenid Empire 727:and the start of 650:Malatesta Novello 494:special libraries 467:paraprofessionals 447: 446: 171: 170: 7642: 7630:Public libraries 7607: 7606: 7597: 7596: 7587: 7586: 7577: 7576: 7567: 7566: 7557: 7556: 7354:Discovery system 7302:Archival science 7012:Types of library 6993: 6986: 6979: 6970: 6969: 6954: 6953: 6942: 6941: 6853:Social insurance 6700:Waste management 6668:Electric utility 6645:Public transport 6562:Public ownership 6481:Municipalization 6463: 6456: 6449: 6440: 6439: 6352:Murison, W. J. 6310:Hoare, P. (ed.) 6256: 6200: 6194: 6186: 6164: 6134: 6116: 6110: 6109: 6107: 6105: 6099: 6093:. Archived from 6082: 6072: 6066: 6065: 6053: 6047: 6046: 6044: 6042: 6023: 6017: 6016: 6014: 6012: 5992: 5986: 5985: 5983: 5981: 5961: 5955: 5954: 5952: 5950: 5931: 5925: 5924: 5922: 5920: 5900: 5894: 5893: 5891: 5889: 5869: 5863: 5862: 5860: 5858: 5843: 5837: 5836: 5834: 5832: 5823:. Archived from 5813: 5807: 5806: 5804: 5802: 5782: 5776: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5765: 5758: 5750: 5744: 5743: 5735: 5729: 5726: 5720: 5719: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5674: 5668:. Archived from 5667: 5659: 5653: 5652: 5650: 5648: 5629: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5613:on 28 March 2014 5603: 5597: 5596: 5591: 5589: 5574: 5568: 5567: 5562: 5560: 5541: 5535: 5521: 5515: 5514: 5512: 5510: 5494: 5488: 5487: 5479:A library primer 5473: 5467: 5466: 5464: 5462: 5453:. ALA Editions. 5446: 5440: 5439: 5437: 5435: 5420: 5414: 5413: 5412:. April 9, 2020. 5402: 5396: 5395: 5393: 5391: 5371: 5365: 5364: 5362: 5360: 5345: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5334: 5314: 5308: 5307: 5301: 5299: 5283: 5277: 5276: 5274: 5272: 5252: 5246: 5245: 5231: 5225: 5224: 5209: 5203: 5202: 5196: 5194: 5175: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5161: 5152:. Archived from 5141: 5135: 5134: 5129: 5127: 5108: 5102: 5101: 5094: 5088: 5087: 5085: 5083: 5072:Associated Press 5063: 5057: 5056: 5054: 5052: 5041:Associated Press 5032: 5026: 5025: 5019: 5017: 4997: 4991: 4990: 4985: 4983: 4963: 4957: 4956: 4950: 4946: 4944: 4936: 4927: 4925: 4916:. Archived from 4905: 4896: 4895: 4893: 4891: 4882: 4874: 4868: 4867: 4865: 4863: 4849: 4843: 4840: 4834: 4833: 4818: 4812: 4811: 4796: 4790: 4789: 4774: 4768: 4767: 4752: 4746: 4745: 4730: 4724: 4723: 4708: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4683: 4677: 4676: 4660: 4654: 4653: 4638: 4632: 4625: 4619: 4612: 4606: 4599: 4593: 4586: 4580: 4573: 4567: 4560: 4554: 4547: 4541: 4534: 4528: 4521: 4515: 4514: 4499: 4493: 4492: 4472: 4466: 4465: 4463: 4461: 4455: 4444: 4436: 4430: 4429: 4427: 4425: 4405: 4399: 4398: 4396: 4394: 4385:. Archived from 4374: 4365: 4358: 4352: 4351: 4331: 4325: 4324: 4322: 4320: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4291: 4289: 4273: 4267: 4266: 4264: 4238: 4232: 4231: 4229: 4227: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4203: 4201: 4195: 4184: 4175: 4169: 4168: 4166: 4164: 4158: 4147: 4139: 4133: 4132: 4117: 4111: 4108: 4102: 4101: 4099: 4097: 4078: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4067: 4052: 4046: 4039: 4033: 4032: 4014: 4008: 4007: 4005: 4003: 3997: 3990: 3981: 3975: 3974: 3972: 3970: 3964: 3957: 3948: 3939: 3938: 3936: 3934: 3929:on July 28, 2009 3919: 3913: 3912: 3910: 3908: 3893: 3887: 3886: 3884: 3882: 3867: 3861: 3860: 3840: 3834: 3827: 3821: 3820: 3814: 3806: 3800: 3793: 3787: 3786: 3784: 3782: 3767: 3761: 3760: 3749:10.2307/20629436 3732: 3726: 3719: 3713: 3706: 3700: 3699: 3681: 3675: 3674: 3672: 3670: 3655: 3649: 3648: 3646: 3644: 3629: 3623: 3622: 3620: 3618: 3599: 3593: 3592: 3590: 3588: 3574: 3568: 3561: 3555: 3548: 3542: 3535: 3529: 3526: 3520: 3517: 3511: 3510: 3508: 3506: 3487: 3481: 3480: 3478: 3476: 3465:"1st In Salford" 3461: 3455: 3453: 3442: 3436: 3435: 3430:. 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Archived from 2841: 2835: 2832: 2826: 2825: 2815: 2809: 2808: 2797: 2788: 2778: 2772: 2771: 2769: 2767: 2744: 2738: 2731: 2725: 2724: 2722: 2720: 2703: 2697: 2696: 2694: 2692: 2686:History Magazine 2677: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2655: 2653: 2651: 2636: 2630: 2627: 2621: 2618: 2612: 2609: 2603: 2596: 2445: 2444: 2395:John Cotton Dana 2391:A Library Primer 1787:public computers 1734: 1727: 1723: 1720: 1714: 1690: 1689: 1682: 1405: 1396: 1256:Museums Act 1845 1240:select committee 1091:academic pursuit 1005:Even though the 931:Bodleian Library 928: 927: 908: 860:Bodleian Library 801: 799: 789:Yahya of Antioch 716:Fertile Crescent 708:cuneiform script 677:Bodleian Library 595:subscription fee 486:school libraries 439: 432: 425: 412: 407: 406: 321:Computer science 313:Archival science 192: 173: 172: 156: 146:Tampere, Finland 140:Interior of the 137: 123:Public library, 120: 102: 82: 67: 47: 30: 29: 7650: 7649: 7645: 7644: 7643: 7641: 7640: 7639: 7620: 7619: 7618: 7613: 7545: 7512:Library schools 7456: 7435: 7379:Library history 7274:Library science 7268: 7202: 7168:Special library 7006: 7004:library science 6997: 6967: 6962: 6930: 6916:Public security 6906:Public offering 6874: 6863:Social security 6813:Social services 6807: 6763:Public hospital 6758:Public computer 6753:Public bookcase 6704: 6654: 6623:Law enforcement 6618:Fire department 6601: 6552:Public interest 6495: 6491:Progressive tax 6486:Nationalization 6472: 6470:Public services 6467: 6418:Wayback Machine 6402: 6384: 6317:Kelly, Thomas, 6306:Wayback Machine 6282:Library History 6277: 6253: 6188: 6187: 6171: 6169:Further reading 6161: 6143: 6138: 6137: 6127:Wayback Machine 6117: 6113: 6103: 6101: 6097: 6091: 6080: 6074: 6073: 6069: 6054: 6050: 6040: 6038: 6025: 6024: 6020: 6010: 6008: 6001:The Independent 5993: 5989: 5979: 5977: 5962: 5958: 5948: 5946: 5933: 5932: 5928: 5918: 5916: 5909:Library Journal 5901: 5897: 5887: 5885: 5870: 5866: 5856: 5854: 5845: 5844: 5840: 5830: 5828: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5800: 5798: 5783: 5779: 5769: 5767: 5763: 5756: 5752: 5751: 5747: 5736: 5732: 5727: 5723: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5675:on 13 July 2011 5672: 5665: 5661: 5660: 5656: 5646: 5644: 5631: 5630: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5605: 5604: 5600: 5587: 5585: 5576: 5575: 5571: 5558: 5556: 5543: 5542: 5538: 5522: 5518: 5508: 5506: 5495: 5491: 5474: 5470: 5460: 5458: 5447: 5443: 5433: 5431: 5422: 5421: 5417: 5404: 5403: 5399: 5389: 5387: 5372: 5368: 5358: 5356: 5351:. 19 May 2011. 5347: 5346: 5342: 5332: 5330: 5315: 5311: 5297: 5295: 5284: 5280: 5270: 5268: 5253: 5249: 5233: 5232: 5228: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5192: 5190: 5177: 5176: 5169: 5159: 5157: 5142: 5138: 5125: 5123: 5122:on 16 July 2011 5110: 5109: 5105: 5096: 5095: 5091: 5081: 5079: 5064: 5060: 5050: 5048: 5033: 5029: 5015: 5013: 4998: 4994: 4981: 4979: 4964: 4960: 4948: 4947: 4938: 4937: 4923: 4921: 4906: 4899: 4889: 4887: 4880: 4876: 4875: 4871: 4861: 4859: 4851: 4850: 4846: 4841: 4837: 4820: 4819: 4815: 4804:ny.evanced.info 4798: 4797: 4793: 4776: 4775: 4771: 4754: 4753: 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3668: 3666: 3657: 3656: 3652: 3642: 3640: 3631: 3630: 3626: 3616: 3614: 3601: 3600: 3596: 3586: 3584: 3576: 3575: 3571: 3562: 3558: 3549: 3545: 3536: 3532: 3527: 3523: 3518: 3514: 3504: 3502: 3489: 3488: 3484: 3474: 3472: 3463: 3462: 3458: 3452:on 13 May 2008. 3444: 3443: 3439: 3426: 3425: 3421: 3416: 3412: 3407: 3403: 3398: 3394: 3389: 3385: 3380: 3376: 3367: 3363: 3358: 3354: 3349: 3345: 3340: 3336: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3318: 3313: 3309: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3291: 3286: 3282: 3277: 3270: 3265: 3261: 3256: 3252: 3247: 3243: 3238: 3234: 3229: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3207: 3202: 3198: 3189: 3185: 3176: 3172: 3161: 3157: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3124: 3113: 3104: 3100: 3091: 3087: 3078: 3074: 3064: 3062: 3053: 3052: 3048: 3032: 3031: 3021: 3017: 3010: 3002:. p. 121. 2987: 2983: 2972: 2968: 2929: 2925: 2915: 2913: 2909: 2905: 2904: 2900: 2890: 2888: 2873: 2869: 2859: 2857: 2856:on 11 July 2010 2842: 2838: 2833: 2829: 2816: 2812: 2798: 2791: 2779: 2775: 2765: 2763: 2761: 2745: 2741: 2732: 2728: 2718: 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75: 74: 68: 59: 58: 57: 51:Central Library 48: 28: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7648: 7638: 7637: 7635:Book promotion 7632: 7615: 7614: 7612: 7611: 7601: 7591: 7581: 7571: 7561: 7550: 7547: 7546: 7544: 7543: 7542: 7541: 7531: 7530: 7529: 7524: 7514: 7509: 7504: 7503: 7502: 7497: 7492: 7487: 7482: 7477: 7466: 7464: 7458: 7457: 7455: 7454: 7449: 7443: 7441: 7437: 7436: 7434: 7433: 7428: 7423: 7422: 7421: 7416: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7371: 7366: 7361: 7356: 7351: 7346: 7341: 7336: 7334:Classification 7331: 7326: 7325: 7324: 7319: 7309: 7304: 7299: 7294: 7289: 7284: 7278: 7276: 7270: 7269: 7267: 7266: 7261: 7259:Informationist 7256: 7251: 7246: 7241: 7240: 7239: 7229: 7224: 7219: 7213: 7211: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7200: 7195: 7193:Transportation 7190: 7185: 7180: 7175: 7170: 7165: 7160: 7159: 7158: 7153: 7143: 7138: 7137: 7136: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7104: 7099: 7094: 7089: 7084: 7079: 7074: 7069: 7064: 7059: 7058: 7057: 7047: 7042: 7037: 7032: 7027: 7022: 7016: 7014: 7008: 7007: 6996: 6995: 6988: 6981: 6973: 6964: 6963: 6961: 6960: 6948: 6935: 6932: 6931: 6929: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6901:Public holiday 6898: 6893: 6888: 6882: 6880: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6870:Youth services 6867: 6866: 6865: 6860: 6858:Social pension 6850: 6849: 6848: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6826:Public housing 6823: 6817: 6815: 6809: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6768:Public library 6765: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6733:Infrastructure 6730: 6728:Free education 6725: 6720: 6714: 6712: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6686: 6685: 6675: 6670: 6664: 6662: 6660:Public utility 6656: 6655: 6653: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6637: 6636: 6635: 6633:Savings system 6628:Postal service 6625: 6620: 6615: 6609: 6607: 6606:Basic services 6603: 6602: 6600: 6599: 6594: 6589: 6584: 6579: 6574: 6569: 6564: 6559: 6554: 6549: 6544: 6539: 6534: 6529: 6524: 6522:Product sample 6519: 6517:Free newspaper 6514: 6509: 6503: 6501: 6497: 6496: 6494: 6493: 6488: 6483: 6477: 6474: 6473: 6466: 6465: 6458: 6451: 6443: 6437: 6436: 6431: 6426: 6408: 6401: 6400:External links 6398: 6397: 6396: 6383: 6382:Historiography 6380: 6379: 6378: 6371: 6364: 6357: 6350: 6343: 6336: 6329: 6322: 6315: 6308: 6295: 6288: 6276: 6273: 6272: 6271: 6264: 6257: 6251: 6236: 6229: 6222: 6215: 6208: 6201: 6178: 6170: 6167: 6166: 6165: 6159: 6142: 6139: 6136: 6135: 6111: 6089: 6083:. OCLC. 2008. 6067: 6058:Library Trends 6048: 6018: 5987: 5956: 5926: 5895: 5864: 5838: 5808: 5777: 5745: 5730: 5721: 5708:10.1086/693492 5702:(4): 350–368. 5686: 5654: 5624: 5598: 5569: 5536: 5516: 5489: 5482:. Wikisource. 5468: 5441: 5415: 5397: 5366: 5340: 5309: 5278: 5247: 5226: 5204: 5167: 5136: 5103: 5089: 5058: 5027: 4992: 4972:New York Times 4958: 4897: 4869: 4844: 4835: 4813: 4791: 4769: 4747: 4738:thelibrary.org 4725: 4703: 4678: 4669:abqlibrary.org 4655: 4633: 4620: 4614:Roberts, Ann. 4607: 4594: 4581: 4568: 4555: 4542: 4529: 4516: 4494: 4487: 4467: 4431: 4400: 4366: 4353: 4346: 4326: 4309:New York Times 4295: 4268: 4233: 4207: 4170: 4134: 4112: 4103: 4073: 4047: 4045:(3rd ed. 2010) 4034: 4027: 4009: 3976: 3940: 3914: 3888: 3862: 3851:(4): 389–407. 3835: 3822: 3801: 3788: 3762: 3727: 3714: 3701: 3694: 3676: 3650: 3624: 3594: 3569: 3556: 3552:Library Trends 3543: 3530: 3521: 3512: 3482: 3456: 3437: 3419: 3410: 3401: 3392: 3383: 3374: 3361: 3352: 3343: 3334: 3325: 3316: 3307: 3298: 3289: 3280: 3268: 3259: 3250: 3241: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3205: 3196: 3183: 3170: 3155: 3143: 3136: 3111: 3098: 3085: 3072: 3046: 3015: 3008: 2981: 2966: 2939:(3): 497–518. 2923: 2898: 2867: 2836: 2827: 2810: 2789: 2773: 2759: 2739: 2726: 2698: 2669: 2657: 2631: 2622: 2613: 2604: 2590: 2589: 2587: 2584: 2583: 2582: 2580:Ningbo Library 2577: 2568: 2561: 2558: 2482:programs, the 2467: 2464: 2450:(ALA) and the 2418:, cataloging, 2385: 2382: 2217: 2216:Other services 2214: 2178:Clara Driscoll 2157:public library 2136: 2133: 2097:search engines 2083:reference desk 2065: 2062: 2030: 2027: 2007: 2004: 1972:My Little Pony 1955: 1952: 1895: 1894:Adult programs 1892: 1873: 1870: 1819: 1816: 1775:digital divide 1762: 1759: 1737: 1736: 1701:of the subject 1699:worldwide view 1694: 1692: 1685: 1679: 1676: 1586: 1583: 1581: 1578: 1542:. In 1935 the 1508:Gonohe, Aomori 1499: 1496: 1410: 1409: 1400: 1399: 1391: 1390: 1389: 1388: 1387: 1385: 1382: 1216: 1215:United Kingdom 1213: 1211: 1208: 1181:The Liverpool 1158: 1155: 1142: 1139: 1037:ecclesiastical 1007:British Museum 999:British Museum 942:Claude Sallier 938: 935: 921:in Milan, the 691: 688: 683:Main article: 665: 662: 656:(a scholar of 630:Emilia-Romagna 510:printing press 505: 502: 471:civil servants 451:public library 445: 444: 442: 441: 434: 427: 419: 416: 415: 414: 413: 400: 392: 391: 357: 354: 353: 350: 349: 311: 308: 307: 304: 303: 277: 274: 273: 270: 269: 235: 232: 231: 228: 227: 217: 214: 213: 210: 209: 208: 207: 202: 194: 193: 185: 184: 178: 177: 169: 168: 158: 151: 150: 139: 132: 131: 130: 122: 115: 114: 104: 97: 96: 95: 84: 77: 76: 72:Adrar, Algeria 70:Bibliothèque, 69: 62: 61: 60: 49: 42: 41: 40: 39: 38: 35: 34: 33:Public library 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7647: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7627: 7625: 7610: 7602: 7600: 7592: 7590: 7582: 7580: 7572: 7570: 7562: 7560: 7552: 7551: 7548: 7540: 7537: 7536: 7535: 7532: 7528: 7525: 7523: 7520: 7519: 7518: 7515: 7513: 7510: 7508: 7505: 7501: 7498: 7496: 7493: 7491: 7488: 7486: 7483: 7481: 7478: 7476: 7473: 7472: 7471: 7468: 7467: 7465: 7463: 7459: 7453: 7450: 7448: 7445: 7444: 7442: 7438: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7420: 7417: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7410: 7407: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7374:Legal deposit 7372: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7360: 7357: 7355: 7352: 7350: 7347: 7345: 7342: 7340: 7337: 7335: 7332: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7320: 7318: 7315: 7314: 7313: 7310: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7300: 7298: 7295: 7293: 7290: 7288: 7285: 7283: 7280: 7279: 7277: 7275: 7271: 7265: 7262: 7260: 7257: 7255: 7252: 7250: 7247: 7245: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7225: 7223: 7220: 7218: 7215: 7214: 7212: 7210: 7205: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7189: 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7174: 7171: 7169: 7166: 7164: 7161: 7157: 7154: 7152: 7149: 7148: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7135: 7132: 7131: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7095: 7093: 7090: 7088: 7085: 7083: 7080: 7078: 7075: 7073: 7070: 7068: 7065: 7063: 7060: 7056: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7048: 7046: 7043: 7041: 7038: 7036: 7033: 7031: 7028: 7026: 7023: 7021: 7018: 7017: 7015: 7013: 7009: 7005: 7001: 6994: 6989: 6987: 6982: 6980: 6975: 6974: 6971: 6959: 6958: 6949: 6947: 6946: 6937: 6936: 6933: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6911:Public sector 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6877: 6871: 6868: 6864: 6861: 6859: 6856: 6855: 6854: 6851: 6847: 6844: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6836:Job guarantee 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6814: 6810: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6788:Public toilet 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6778:Public school 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6715: 6713: 6711: 6707: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6684: 6681: 6680: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6673:Oil & gas 6671: 6669: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6661: 6657: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6641: 6638: 6634: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6619: 6616: 6614: 6613:Civil service 6611: 6610: 6608: 6604: 6598: 6595: 6593: 6590: 6588: 6585: 6583: 6580: 6578: 6575: 6573: 6572:Public rights 6570: 6568: 6567:Public policy 6565: 6563: 6560: 6558: 6555: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6547:Public health 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6537:Public domain 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6523: 6520: 6518: 6515: 6513: 6510: 6508: 6505: 6504: 6502: 6498: 6492: 6489: 6487: 6484: 6482: 6479: 6478: 6475: 6471: 6464: 6459: 6457: 6452: 6450: 6445: 6444: 6441: 6435: 6432: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6419: 6415: 6412: 6409: 6407: 6404: 6403: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6385: 6376: 6372: 6369: 6365: 6362: 6358: 6355: 6351: 6348: 6344: 6341: 6337: 6334: 6331:McMenemy, D. 6330: 6327: 6323: 6320: 6316: 6313: 6309: 6307: 6303: 6300: 6296: 6293: 6289: 6287: 6283: 6279: 6278: 6269: 6265: 6262: 6258: 6254: 6252:9780838906095 6248: 6244: 6243: 6237: 6234: 6230: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6216: 6213: 6209: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6192: 6184: 6179: 6177: 6173: 6172: 6162: 6160:9780300088090 6156: 6152: 6151: 6145: 6144: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6121: 6115: 6104:September 14, 6096: 6092: 6086: 6079: 6078: 6071: 6063: 6059: 6052: 6041:September 14, 6036: 6032: 6031:Public Agenda 6028: 6022: 6006: 6002: 5998: 5991: 5975: 5971: 5967: 5960: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5930: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5899: 5883: 5879: 5875: 5868: 5852: 5848: 5842: 5831:September 14, 5826: 5822: 5818: 5812: 5796: 5792: 5791:LJ InfoDocket 5788: 5781: 5762: 5755: 5749: 5741: 5734: 5725: 5717: 5713: 5709: 5705: 5701: 5697: 5690: 5671: 5664: 5658: 5642: 5638: 5637:The Economist 5634: 5628: 5612: 5608: 5602: 5595: 5583: 5579: 5573: 5566: 5554: 5550: 5546: 5540: 5534: 5533:1-56308-918-1 5530: 5526: 5520: 5504: 5500: 5493: 5485: 5481: 5480: 5472: 5456: 5452: 5445: 5429: 5425: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5401: 5385: 5381: 5377: 5370: 5354: 5350: 5344: 5328: 5324: 5320: 5313: 5306: 5293: 5289: 5282: 5266: 5262: 5258: 5251: 5243: 5239: 5238: 5230: 5222: 5218: 5214: 5208: 5201: 5188: 5184: 5180: 5174: 5172: 5155: 5151: 5147: 5140: 5133: 5121: 5117: 5116:Wink News Now 5113: 5107: 5099: 5093: 5077: 5073: 5069: 5062: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5031: 5024: 5023:research...") 5011: 5007: 5003: 4996: 4989: 4977: 4973: 4969: 4962: 4954: 4949:|author= 4942: 4935: 4933: 4919: 4915: 4911: 4904: 4902: 4886: 4879: 4873: 4858: 4854: 4848: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4817: 4809: 4805: 4801: 4795: 4787: 4783: 4779: 4773: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4751: 4743: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4707: 4692: 4688: 4682: 4674: 4670: 4666: 4663:Ridout, Ben. 4659: 4651: 4647: 4643: 4637: 4630: 4624: 4617: 4611: 4604: 4598: 4591: 4585: 4578: 4572: 4565: 4559: 4552: 4546: 4539: 4533: 4526: 4520: 4512: 4508: 4504: 4498: 4490: 4488:9780838935040 4484: 4480: 4479: 4471: 4452: 4448: 4441: 4435: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4404: 4393:September 14, 4388: 4384: 4380: 4373: 4371: 4363: 4357: 4349: 4347:9780203497456 4343: 4339: 4338: 4330: 4314: 4310: 4306: 4299: 4283: 4279: 4272: 4263: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4249: 4244: 4237: 4221: 4217: 4211: 4192: 4189:. p. 2. 4188: 4181: 4174: 4155: 4151: 4144: 4138: 4130: 4126: 4122: 4116: 4107: 4091: 4087: 4083: 4077: 4061: 4057: 4051: 4044: 4038: 4030: 4024: 4020: 4013: 3994: 3987: 3980: 3961: 3954: 3947: 3945: 3928: 3924: 3918: 3902: 3898: 3892: 3876: 3872: 3866: 3858: 3854: 3850: 3846: 3839: 3832: 3826: 3818: 3811: 3805: 3798: 3792: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3758: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3731: 3724: 3718: 3711: 3705: 3697: 3691: 3687: 3680: 3664: 3660: 3654: 3638: 3634: 3628: 3612: 3608: 3604: 3598: 3583: 3579: 3573: 3566: 3560: 3553: 3547: 3540: 3534: 3525: 3516: 3500: 3496: 3492: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3460: 3451: 3447: 3441: 3433: 3429: 3423: 3414: 3405: 3396: 3387: 3378: 3371: 3365: 3356: 3347: 3338: 3329: 3320: 3311: 3302: 3293: 3284: 3275: 3273: 3263: 3254: 3245: 3236: 3227: 3218: 3209: 3200: 3193: 3187: 3180: 3174: 3166: 3159: 3150: 3148: 3139: 3137:9780511019074 3133: 3129: 3122: 3120: 3118: 3116: 3108: 3102: 3095: 3089: 3082: 3076: 3060: 3056: 3050: 3042: 3036: 3028: 3027: 3019: 3011: 3009:9780198206088 3005: 3001: 2997: 2996: 2991: 2985: 2977: 2970: 2962: 2958: 2954: 2950: 2946: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2927: 2908: 2902: 2886: 2882: 2878: 2871: 2855: 2851: 2847: 2840: 2831: 2823: 2822: 2814: 2806: 2802: 2796: 2794: 2787: 2786:964-315-573-0 2783: 2777: 2762: 2760:9780195115048 2756: 2752: 2751: 2743: 2736: 2730: 2715: 2714: 2709: 2702: 2687: 2683: 2676: 2674: 2666: 2665:Casson (2001) 2661: 2645: 2641: 2635: 2626: 2617: 2608: 2601: 2595: 2591: 2581: 2578: 2576: 2572: 2569: 2567: 2564: 2563: 2557: 2555: 2550: 2549:Public Agenda 2545: 2543: 2538: 2529: 2525: 2521: 2518: 2517:library fines 2514: 2510: 2505: 2499: 2497: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2481: 2477: 2473: 2463: 2461: 2457: 2453: 2449: 2443: 2437: 2431: 2429: 2425: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2403: 2398: 2396: 2392: 2381: 2379: 2374: 2371: 2363: 2358: 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1673: 1669: 1665: 1661: 1657: 1652: 1650: 1645: 1643: 1639: 1638:books on tape 1635: 1631: 1627: 1621: 1619: 1615: 1611: 1607: 1602: 1600: 1591: 1577: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1554: 1549: 1547: 1546: 1541: 1537: 1533: 1529: 1525: 1521: 1517: 1509: 1504: 1495: 1492: 1489: 1486: 1484: 1479: 1477: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1464:United States 1461: 1452: 1448: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1414: 1404: 1395: 1384:United States 1381: 1378: 1374: 1370: 1368: 1364: 1360: 1356: 1355:Kidderminster 1352: 1348: 1344: 1340: 1335: 1331: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1316: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1288: 1283: 1281: 1276: 1272: 1268: 1263: 1259: 1257: 1253: 1249: 1248:William Ewart 1245: 1244:Francis Place 1241: 1237: 1233: 1225: 1221: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1197: 1191: 1189: 1184: 1179: 1172: 1168: 1163: 1154: 1152: 1148: 1138: 1134: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1114: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1100: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1083: 1079: 1075: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1059: 1054: 1051:. Commercial 1050: 1045: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1022: 1016: 1013: 1008: 1000: 995: 991: 989: 984: 982: 978: 975:1747–1795 by 974: 970: 966: 962: 958: 954: 949: 947: 943: 934: 932: 926: 920: 916: 912: 911:Gabriel Naudé 907: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 879: 875: 871: 867: 865: 861: 857: 856:Thomas Bodley 853: 846: 842: 838: 833: 829: 826: 821: 819: 815: 810: 808: 803: 794: 790: 785: 783: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 758: 756: 752: 747: 745: 741: 740:Ancient Egypt 737: 732: 730: 726: 721: 717: 713: 709: 705: 701: 697: 690:Early history 686: 678: 674: 673:Thomas Bodley 670: 661: 659: 655: 651: 647: 643: 639: 635: 631: 627: 623: 619: 615: 610: 606: 604: 600: 596: 592: 588: 586: 581: 577: 572: 570: 566: 560: 555: 554:states that: 553: 548: 546: 542: 538: 533: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 514:moveable type 511: 501: 499: 495: 491: 487: 483: 478: 474: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 440: 435: 433: 428: 426: 421: 420: 418: 417: 411: 401: 399: 396: 395: 394: 393: 388: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 352: 351: 346: 342: 338: 334: 330: 326: 322: 318: 314: 306: 305: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 272: 271: 266: 262: 258: 254: 250: 246: 242: 238: 230: 229: 224: 220: 212: 211: 206: 203: 201: 198: 197: 196: 195: 191: 187: 186: 183: 180: 179: 175: 174: 162: 155: 147: 143: 136: 126: 119: 111: 107: 101: 91: 87: 81: 73: 66: 56: 52: 46: 36: 31: 26: 22: 7399:Preservation 7349:Conservation 7297:Acquisitions 7178:Subscription 7128: 7107:Presidential 6955: 6943: 6896:Public float 6831:Job creation 6783:Public space 6767: 6710:Public works 6587:Public value 6582:Public trust 6421: 6388: 6374: 6367: 6360: 6353: 6346: 6339: 6332: 6325: 6318: 6311: 6291: 6281: 6267: 6263:, Routledge. 6260: 6241: 6232: 6225: 6218: 6211: 6204: 6182: 6175: 6149: 6114: 6102:. 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