813:
799:
827:
29:
269:, a tax-payer funded insurance system. Guarantees on a contract worth up to £2.7 billion were signed by the Government on 1 September 2003. In December 2004, the Commons Trade Committee chairman, Martin O'Neill, accused the Government of being foolish for concealing a £1 billion guarantee they have given to BAE Systems.
614:
A week later, after consultation with the SFO, the
Attorney General met with Blair to argue against dropping the case. It was Blair's opinion that "Any proposal that the investigation be resolved by parties pleading guilty to certain charges would be unlikely to reduce the offence caused to the Saudi
368:
In
December 2005 the governments of the UK and Saudi Arabia signed an "Understanding Document" which involved the sale of Typhoon aircraft to replace RSAF Tornados and other aircraft. Although no details were released, reports suggested the deal involved the supply of 72 aircraft. On 18 August 2006 a
786:
Under a plea bargain with the US Department of
Justice BAE was sentenced in March 2010 by US District Court Judge John D. Bates to pay a $ 400 million fine, one of the largest fines in the history of the DOJ. US District Judge John Bates said the company's conduct involved "deception, duplicity
639:
The
Director of the Serious Fraud Office has decided to discontinue the investigation into the affairs of BAE Systems plc as far as they relate to the Al Yamamah defence contract. This decision has been taken following representations that have been made both to the Attorney General and the Director
606:
This prompted the investigation team to consider striking an early guilty plea deal with BAE that would minimise the intrusiveness to Saudi Arabia and mitigate damage. The
Attorney General agreed the strategy, but briefed Prime Minister Blair, who in a reply dated 5 December 2006 urged that the case
648:
The Prime
Minister, Tony Blair, justified the decision by saying "Our relationship with Saudi Arabia is vitally important for our country in terms of counter-terrorism, in terms of the broader Middle East, in terms of helping in respect of Israel and Palestine. That strategic interest comes first."
522:
said, "This does look like a serious conflict of interest. Sir John did a lot of work at the MoD on Al
Yamamah and here we now have the NAO covering up this report." In early 2002 he had proposed an Early Day Motion noting "that there have been ... allegations made of large commission payments
487:
In his book, David
Wearing uses the example of F&C Asset Management, a major institutional investor, who (despite benefiting in the short term) warned the defence procurement minister that it would reduce the efficient functioning of financial markets as a whole. "We believe that, for long term
571:
ran a front-page headline suggesting that Saudi Arabia had given the UK ten days to suspend the
Serious Fraud Office investigation into BAE/Saudi Arabian transactions or they would take the deal to France, but this threat was played down in other quarters. A French official had said "the situation
618:
On 13 December, the
Director of the SFO wrote to the Attorney General to inform him that the SFO was dropping the investigation and would not be looking into the Swiss bank accounts, citing "real and imminent damage to the UK's national and international security and would endanger the lives of
396:
facility for design evaluation tests with the ultimate aim being "to improve serviceability, address obsolescence, and enhance and sustain the capability of the aircraft". On 10 September 2006 BAE won a £2.5 bn (€3.7 bn, $ 4.6 bn) contract for the upgrade of 80 RSAF Tornado IDS
508:, considered the report in private in February 1992, and said: "I did an investigation and I find no evidence that the MOD made improper payments. I have found no evidence of fraud or corruption. The deal ... complied with Treasury approval and the rules of Government accounting."
135:
surface to air missiles. The main contract was signed in 1966 for 40 Lightnings and 25 Strikemasters (eventually raised to 40). In 1973 the Saudi government signed an agreement with the British government which specified BAC as the contractor for all parts of the defence system
741:
The OECD sent their inspectors to the UK to establish the reasons behind the dropping of the investigation in March 2007. The OECD also wished to establish why the UK had yet to bring a prosecution since the incorporation of the OECD's anti-bribery treaty into British law.
100:, then CEO of BAE Systems, said in August 2005 that BAE and its predecessor had earned £43 billion in twenty years from the contracts and that it could earn £40 billion more. It is Britain's largest ever export agreement, and employs at least 5,000 people in Saudi Arabia.
724:
described the ruling as "one of the most strongly worded judicial attacks on government action" which condemned how "ministers "buckled" to "blatant threats" that Saudi cooperation in the fight against terror would end unless the ... investigation was dropped."
602:
prohibits the decision to drop investigations into corruption from being influenced by considerations of the national economic interest or the potential effect upon relations with another state. This does not however explicitly exclude grounds of national security.
201:
Although the full extent of the deal has never been fully clarified, it has been described as "the biggest sale ever of anything to anyone", "staggering both by its sheer size and complexity". At a minimum, it is believed to involve the supply and support of 96
163:
A AWACS aircraft. Following these deals and partly due to pro-Israeli sentiment in the US Congress, which would have either blocked a deal or insisted on usage restrictions for exported aircraft, Saudi Arabia turned to the UK for further arms purchases.
218:
aircraft, specialised naval vessels, and various infrastructure works. The initial Memorandum of Understanding committed the UK to purchasing the obsolete Lightning and Strikemaster aircraft, along with associated equipment and spare parts.
704:
In a newspaper interview, Robert Wardle, head of the Serious Fraud Office, acknowledged that the decision to terminate the investigation may have damaged "the reputation of the UK as a place which is determined to stamp out corruption".
488:
investors, bribery and corruption distort and de-stabilise markets, expose companies to legal liabilities, disadvantage non-corrupt companies and reduce transparency", thus undermining national legislation governing corrupt practices.
732:
against the ruling. There was a two-day hearing before the Lords on 7 and 8 July 2008. On 30 July the House of Lords unanimously overturned the High Court ruling, stating that the decision to discontinue the investigation was lawful.
561:
to Saudi Arabia. According to the BBC the contract was worth £6 billion with 5,000 people directly employed in the manufacture of the Eurofighter, while other reports put the value at £10 billion with 50,000 jobs at stake.
500:(NAO) investigated the contracts and has so far not released its conclusions; the only NAO report ever to be withheld. Official statements about the contents of the report go no further than to state that the then chairman of the
2150:
391:
to replace the earlier generation of Hawk 65/65As and to provide adequate training for transition of pilots to the advanced Typhoon. BAE System's 2005 Interim Report noted that three RSAF Tornado IDS' arrived at their
634:
announced that the investigation was being discontinued on grounds of public interest. The 15-strong team had been ordered to turn in their files two days before. The statement in the House of Lords read:
594:
co-operation from the Saudi Arabian ambassador to the UK, in the first of three meetings held to assess the seriousness of the threat: "as he put it to me, British lives on British streets were at risk".
2203:
770:
airports respectively the previous week and that the DOJ had issued "a number of additional subpoenas in the US to employees of BAE Systems plc and BAE Systems Inc as part of its ongoing investigation".
542:
In November 2004, the SFO made two arrests as part of the investigation. BAE Systems stated that they welcomed the investigation and "believe that it would put these matters to rest once and for all".
190:
and missile deal. On 26 September 1985 the defence ministers of the UK and Saudi Arabia sign a Memorandum of Understanding in London for 48 Tornado IDSs, 24 Tornado ADVs, 30 Hawk training aircraft, 30
545:
In late 2005, BAE refused to comply with compulsory production notices for details of its secret offshore payments to the Middle East. The terms of the investigation was for a prosecution under
663:, who was connected with the deals in the 1980s, said that even if the allegations against BAE were true, it was correct to end the investigation to maintain good relations with Saudi Arabia.
523:
made to individuals in Saudi Arabia as part of ... Al Yamamah ... that Osama bin Laden and the Al-Qaeda network have received substantial funds from individuals in Saudi Arabia."
265:
There were no conditions relating to security sector reform or human rights included in the contracts. Contracts between BAE Systems and the Saudi government have been underwritten by the
2158:
103:
In 2010, BAE Systems pleaded guilty in a United States court to charges of false accounting and making misleading statements in connection with the sales. An investigation by the British
787:
and knowing violations of law, I think it's fair to say, on an enormous scale". BAE was not convicted of bribery, and is thus not internationally blacklisted from future contracts.
698:
599:
455:
broadcast an in-depth story, including allegations in interviews with Edward Cunningham and another former insider, about the way BAE Systems alleged to have paid bribes to Prince
1208:
2285:
2517:
546:
2680:
1171:
557:
At the end of November 2006, when the long-running investigation was threatening to go on for two more years, BAE Systems was negotiating a multibillion-pound sale of
536:
2173:
1916:
Bowell, James; Fidler, Stephen; Hollinger, Peggy; Khalaf, Roula; Peel, Michael (28 November 2006). "BAE investors take flight at potential loss of Eurofighter deal".
2128:
1886:
431:
at the MoD who notified the Chairman of BAE Systems but not the Secretary of Defence. No further action was taken until the letter was leaked to and reported on by
369:
contract was signed for 72 aircraft. The aircraft cost approximately £4.43 billion, and the full weapons system is expected to cost approximately £10 billion.
383:
suggested that the eventual Eurofighter order may reach 100 and the deal could include the upgrade of the RSAF's Tornado IDS aircraft, likely similar to the RAF's
531:
The Serious Fraud Office was reported to be considering opening an investigation into an alleged £20 million slush fund on 12 September 2003, the day after
241:
Since early 1984, intensive efforts have been made to sell Tornado and Hawk to the Saudis. When, in the Autumn of 1984, they seemed to be leaning towards French
607:
be dropped. Despite affirming his government's commitment to bribery prosecution, he stressed the financial and counter-terrorism implications. That same day,
640:
concerning the need to safeguard national and international security. It has been necessary to balance the need to maintain the rule of law against the wider
780:
1082:
Fairhill, David (16 September 1985). "Saudis agree 'in principle' to 3 billion pound plane deal: Israelis angered by Tornado sale 'arms race escalation'".
953:
754:
had launched its own investigation into Al Yamamah. It was looking into allegations that a US bank had been used to funnel payments to Prince Bandar. The
261:. The Prime Minister met the King in Riyahd in April this year and in August the King wrote to her stating his decision to buy 48 Tornado IDS and 30 Hawk.
2350:
1945:
Ian McCartney, Minister of State (Trade & Investment), Department of Trade and Industry and Foreign & Commonwealth Office (16 May 2007).
572:
was complex and difficult ... and there was no indication to suggest the Saudis planned to drop the Eurofighter." This analysis was confirmed by
463:
in relation to the Al Yamamah deal. Most of the money was alleged to have been spent through a front company called Robert Lee International Limited.
2625:
776:
2640:
1369:
237:, who lobbied hard on behalf of British industry. A Ministry of Defence briefing paper for Thatcher detailed her involvement in the negotiations:
2655:
587:
through newspaper scare stories, letters from business owners and MPs in whose constituencies the factories were located to get the case closed.
515:, the head of the NAO, refused to release a copy to the investigators of an unpublished report into the contract that had been drawn up in 1992.
1799:
1696:
1475:
1392:
590:
Robert Wardle, head of the SFO, also stated (in a later High Court challenge, see below) that he had received a direct threat of a cessation of
1377:
1266:
577:
1144:
420:
may have been involved; however, he has strongly denied receiving payments or exploiting his mother's connections in his business dealings.
2478:
222:
The British government's prime contractor for the project is BAE Systems. BAE has approximately 4,000 employees working directly with the
194:
trainers, a range of weapons, radar, spares and a pilot-training programme. The second stage (Al Yamamah II) was signed on 3 July 1988 in
1331:
2635:
1197:
580:, who said "there could be an element here of trying to scare the SFO off. Will it mean they do not buy the Eurofighter? I doubt it."
2670:
2071:
2675:
2506:
611:
met with Foreign Office officials, after spending a week with Jacques Chirac to negotiate a French alternative to the BAE deal.
497:
2380:
2319:
2262:
2232:
2101:
2020:
1860:
1830:
1593:
1534:
1160:
104:
716:
A judicial review of the decision by the SFO to drop the investigation was granted on 9 November 2007. On 10 April 2008 the
2557:
767:
763:
258:
2571:
892:
751:
708:
Delivery of the first two Eurofighter Typhoon aircraft (of 72 purchased by the Saudi Air Force) took place in June 2009.
266:
448:
and said: "I can certainly assure you that we are not in the business of making payments to members of any government."
758:
has been mentioned in some accounts. On 19 May 2008, BAE confirmed that its CEO Mike Turner and non-executive director
2430:
1497:
1393:"Submission from the Campaign Against Arms Trade to the International Development Committee's Inquiry into corruption"
2414:
1106:
1036:
445:
2124:
1946:
631:
137:
2181:
1609:
1418:
1233:
945:
1894:
427:
of the evidence that his client was holding which related to an alleged "slush fund". The SFO wrote a letter to
2645:
1931:
615:
Royal Family, even if the deal were accepted, and the process would still drag out for a considerable period".
2342:
1688:
1258:
1052:
Bloom, Bridget; Johns, Richard (19 February 1986). "A deal in a different dimension: The UK-Saudi arms sale".
182:
in July 1984. Export had become a possibility after West Germany lifted its objections to exports outside of
2660:
156:
132:
116:
97:
2630:
1932:"OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions"
918:
1161:"Memorandum of Understanding for the provision of equipment and services for the Royal Saudi Air Force"
690:
501:
120:
1637:
1396:
845:
424:
1791:
309:
975:
783:, such "humiliating behaviour by the DOJ" is unusual towards a company that is co-operating fully.
481:
293:
227:
2581:
865:
2542:
2286:"High Court rules that the halt to BAE investigation was 'unlawful, a threat to British justice'"
1467:
1140:
656:
1289:
107:
into the deal was discontinued after political pressure from the Saudi and British governments.
2665:
2650:
1613:
1446:
1422:
1237:
2043:
1667:
423:
In February 2001, the solicitor of a former BAE Systems employee, Edward Cunningham, notified
818:
717:
384:
286:
223:
145:
115:
The UK was already a major supplier of arms to Saudi Arabia prior to Al Yamamah. In 1964 the
37:
2505:
253:. In December 1984 the Prime Minister started a series of important negotiations by meeting
2620:
472:
387:
standard. In an editorial the magazine also raises the prospect of a requirement for a new
242:
2063:
8:
804:
567:
558:
321:
305:
207:
91:
57:
685:
and the United States, addressed a formal complaint letter before Christmas 2006 to the
644:. No weight has been given to commercial interests or to the national economic interest.
2600:
379:
2000:
R (on the application of Corner House Research) v Director of the Serious Fraud Office
1967:
1315:
Donne, Michael (12 August 1987). "BAe Hands Over First Part of Saudi Aircraft Order".
535:
had published its slush fund story. The SFO also investigated BAE's relationship with
2410:
1975:
1589:
1122:
Fairhill, David (9 July 1988). "Britain signs 6 billion pounds Saudi arms contract".
1102:
1032:
441:
254:
246:
234:
87:
2553:
405:
There have been numerous allegations that the Al Yamamah contracts were a result of
1357:"Saudi Arabia Signs Typhoon Deal". Air Forces Monthly. February 2006. pp. 4–5.
628:
591:
456:
393:
249:
paid an urgent visit to Saudi Arabia, carrying a letter from the Prime Minister to
151:
In the 1970s, United States defence contractors won major contracts, including 114
141:
128:
127:
and in 1965 Saudi Arabia signed a letter of intent for the supply of Lightning and
2372:
2311:
2254:
2224:
2093:
2012:
1852:
1822:
1759:
1733:
1556:
1526:
2575:
2512:
1148:
832:
652:
641:
279:
203:
179:
174:
90:. The first sales occurred in September 1985 and the most recent contract for 72
48:
33:
2568:
729:
686:
573:
477:
2052:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 1711 – via TheyWorkForYou.
1955:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 781W – via TheyWorkForYou.
1676:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 1046 – via TheyWorkForYou.
1455:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 1613 – via TheyWorkForYou.
1246:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 757– – via TheyWorkForYou.
2614:
2604:
1979:
1622:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 402 – via TheyWorkForYou.
1431:. United Kingdom: House of Commons. col. 502 – via TheyWorkForYou.
1101:(3rd ed.). United Kingdom: Reed Business Information. pp. 189–190.
1001:
608:
417:
410:
79:
840:
2586:
2546:
1502:
505:
433:
428:
215:
191:
152:
71:
16:
Name of a series of record arms sales by the United Kingdom to Saudi Arabia
233:
The success of the initial contract has been attributed to Prime Minister
2210:
1663:
694:
689:, seeking explanation as to why the investigation had been discontinued.
682:
519:
388:
341:
83:
2448:
826:
1442:
1067:
Michael (11 July 1984). "Saudi Arabia considers Tornado fighter deal".
759:
755:
666:
512:
460:
160:
74:, paid for by the delivery of up to 600,000 barrels (95,000 m) of
67:
1612:, Chairman of the Public Accounts Commission (13 February 2002).
250:
186:. In September 1985 Saudi Arabia agreed "in principle" to a Tornado,
75:
20:
28:
1561:
720:
ruled that the SFO acted unlawfully by dropping its investigation.
584:
344:
340:
The first aircraft (two Hawks) were delivered on 11 August 1987 at
333:
211:
187:
2048:
1951:
1672:
1618:
1451:
1427:
1242:
660:
406:
195:
1370:"Saudi National Security and the Saudi-US Strategic Partnership"
416:
Some allegations suggested that the former prime minister's son
2564:
The Al-Yamamah Connection : bombs, bribery and BAE Systems
701:, urged the government to reopen the corruption investigation.
678:
674:
124:
2563:
1198:"Briefing for the Prime Minister's meeting with Prince Sultan"
922:
1638:"Parliamentary auditor hampers police inquiry into arms deal"
1395:. Campaign Against Arms Trade. September 2000. Archived from
327:
315:
2449:"Will a row over a British arms deal affect Saudi politics?"
2343:"Government 'did not try' to fend off Saudi inquiry threats"
1421:, Minister of State (Armed Forces) (15 November 2003).
1236:, Minister of State (Armed Forces) (18 November 2003).
140:
was previously contracted to supply the radar equipment and
2431:"BAE says U.S. is investigating dealings with Saudi Arabia"
2151:"Watchdog chief warns Saudi arms probe 'must be re-opened'"
1915:
1141:"The Arabian Connection: The UK Arms Trade to Saudi Arabia"
1099:
Flight International World Aircraft & Systems Directory
670:
583:
There were reports of a systematic PR campaign operated by
183:
63:
2479:"BAE accused of being uncooperative with US investigators"
2042:
Lord Goldsmith, Attorney General (15 December 2006).
1687:
Leigh, David; Evans, Rob; Gow, David (12 September 2003).
1029:
British Aircraft Corporation. A history by Charles Gardner
547:
Part 12 of the Anti-terrorism, Crime and Security Act 2001
144:
provided servicing and training). Overall spending by the
745:
467:
19:
For the historical district in central Saudi Arabia, see
728:
On 24 April the SFO was granted leave to appeal to the
476:
alleged that BAE Systems "paid hundreds of millions of
32:
A central part of the Al Yamamah deal was the sale of
2400:
2398:
1792:"Brutal politics lesson for corruption investigators"
1666:, MP for Leyton and Wanstead (7 February 2002).
1445:, Secretary of State for Defence (25 May 2004).
526:
198:
by the defence ministers of the UK and Saudi Arabia.
159:
and 16 F-15Ds, followed in 1982 by the purchase of 5
1332:"BAE confirms £5bn Eurofighter sale to Saudi Arabia"
794:
976:"'National interest' halts arms corruption inquiry"
2395:
2171:
1002:"SFO loses BAE al-Yamamah investigation documents"
552:
2340:
1785:
1783:
1781:
363:
2612:
2472:
2470:
2284:Gibb, Frances; Webster, Philip (11 April 2008).
1524:
1586:AngloArabia: Why Gulf Wealth Matters To Britain
2681:Saudi Arabia–United Kingdom military relations
2041:
1778:
1614:"Written questions: Al-Yamamah Arms Agreement"
1498:"BAE faces fresh claims of Saudi arms bribery"
1378:Center for Strategic and International Studies
148:(RSAF) was over £10 billion (SAR 57 billion).
94:multirole fighters was signed in August 2006.
2467:
2172:Pfeifer, Sylvia; Helen Power (15 July 2007).
1944:
1790:Leigh, David; Evans, Rob (16 December 2006).
1686:
1608:
1288:Leigh, David; Evans, Rob (15 December 2004).
1257:Evans, Rob; Leigh, David (27 November 2003).
890:
622:
578:International Institute for Strategic Studies
1527:"BBC lifts the lid on secret BAE slush fund"
1466:Leigh, David; Evans, Rob (13 October 2003).
1090:
762:had been detained "for about 20 minutes" at
2283:
1662:
1588:. Cambridge: Polity Press. pp. 173–4.
1417:
1232:
1965:
1789:
1635:
1465:
1441:
1287:
1256:
1051:
946:"BAE admits guilt over corrupt arms deals"
2404:
1880:
1878:
1636:Leigh, David; Evans, Rob (25 July 2006).
1518:
1447:"Written questions: Al Yamamah Contracts"
1329:
1319:. The Financial Times Limited. p. 6.
619:British citizens and service personnel".
400:
178:reported Saudi Arabian "interest" in the
119:conducted demonstration flights of their
66:') is the name of a series of record
2626:Political scandals in the United Kingdom
2569:Corp Watch – BAE System's Dirty Dealings
2341:Evans, Rob; Leigh, David (9 July 2008).
2125:"OECD decision to re-open investigation"
1966:Leigh, David; Evans, Rob (7 June 2007).
1887:"Halt inquiry or we cancel Eurofighters"
1121:
1081:
1031:. B. T. Batsford Ltd. pp. 224–249.
669:, director of anti-fraud section at the
27:
2641:Foreign relations of the United Kingdom
1631:
1629:
1583:
1290:"£1bn BAE guarantee 'foolish', says MP"
1195:
1066:
1026:
750:On 26 June 2007 BAE announced that the
2656:March 2010 crimes in the United States
2613:
2503:
2476:
1875:
1820:
1718:"BAE subject of fraud investigation".
1096:
893:"BAE cashes in on £40bn Arab jet deal"
746:US Department of Justice investigation
480:to the ex-Saudi ambassador to the US,
1885:Hope, Christopher (1 December 2006).
1833:from the original on 11 December 2006
1537:from the original on 21 December 2006
1367:
1314:
1269:from the original on 17 December 2006
1214:from the original on 10 November 2006
1177:from the original on 10 November 2006
943:
891:O'Connell, Dominic (20 August 2006).
736:
444:appeared before parliament's defence
2594:
2543:OECD to press Blair over BAE inquiry
2383:from the original on 22 October 2008
2204:"BAE System Half-yearly Report 2009"
2122:
2104:from the original on 10 January 2007
2023:from the original on 10 January 2007
1884:
1863:from the original on 7 December 2006
1802:from the original on 10 January 2007
1699:from the original on 28 January 2007
1626:
1478:from the original on 29 January 2007
956:from the original on 9 February 2010
2507:"BAE protesters win SFO injunction"
2373:"Lords overturn Saudi probe ruling"
2312:"SFO allowed to contest BAE ruling"
2225:"Court to study BAE fraud decision"
2074:from the original on 3 January 2007
1853:"Unions confirm BAE job loss fears"
1823:"Defence firms fear Saudi fall-out"
1760:"BAE included in SFO investigation"
1557:"Saudi prince 'received arms cash'"
1525:Michael Robinson (4 October 2004).
1330:Robertson, David (19 August 2006).
1139:, 9 July 1988, cited in Hirst, C.,
752:United States Department of Justice
267:Export Credits Guarantee Department
52:
13:
2322:from the original on 29 April 2008
2265:from the original on 15 April 2008
2255:"SFO unlawful in ending BAE probe"
2235:from the original on 13 April 2009
2094:"Criticism of ditched Saudi probe"
2064:"Blair defends Saudi probe ruling"
2044:"BAE Systems: Al Yamamah Contract"
1821:Peston, Robert (4 December 2006).
1734:"SFO to investigate BAE contracts"
711:
659:government minister and convicted
527:Serious Fraud Office investigation
491:
372:
282:IDS (interdictor/strike aircraft)
14:
2692:
2636:Foreign relations of Saudi Arabia
2536:
2520:from the original on 4 March 2010
2504:Dawber, Alistair (3 March 2010).
2437:. Associated Press. 26 June 2007.
2353:from the original on 12 July 2008
2157:. 17 January 2007. Archived from
1947:"Written questions: Saudi Arabia"
1689:"Fraud Office looks again at BAE"
1468:"MoD chief in fraud cover-up row"
1423:"Written questions: Saudi Arabia"
1259:"Millions risked on BAE contract"
1238:"Written questions: Saudi Arabia"
1196:Mottram, R. (25 September 1985).
2671:Corruption in the United Kingdom
2131:from the original on 26 May 2007
2013:"Timeline: BAE corruption probe"
944:Leigh, David (6 February 2010).
825:
811:
797:
350:
82:. The prime contractor has been
2676:Corruption in the United States
2497:
2441:
2423:
2365:
2349:. London: Guardian Newspapers.
2334:
2304:
2277:
2247:
2217:
2196:
2165:
2143:
2116:
2086:
2056:
2049:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
2035:
2005:
1993:
1959:
1952:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1938:
1924:
1909:
1845:
1814:
1752:
1726:
1722:. 18 November 2004. p. 23.
1711:
1680:
1673:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1656:
1619:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1602:
1577:
1549:
1490:
1459:
1452:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1435:
1428:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1411:
1385:
1361:
1350:
1323:
1308:
1281:
1250:
1243:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1226:
1189:
1153:
1130:
1115:
1075:
866:"Arms sales fuel BAe's profits"
699:Commons Quadripartite Committee
600:Convention on Combating Bribery
553:Threats by the Saudi government
272:
1097:Taylor, Michael J. H. (2001).
1060:
1045:
1020:
994:
968:
937:
911:
884:
858:
364:Eurofighter Typhoon (al-Salam)
355:Deliveries early 1990s – 1998
155:. In 1981 the RSAF ordered 46
1:
921:. BAE Systems. Archived from
851:
775:suggested that, according to
459:and ran a secret £60 million
110:
2477:Jagger, Suzy (19 May 2008).
2435:International Herald Tribune
899:. London: News International
764:George Bush Intercontinental
117:British Aircraft Corporation
7:
2409:. London: Hamish Hamilton.
790:
470:'s investigative programme
451:In October 2004, the BBC's
206:ground attack aircraft, 24
10:
2697:
2607:documentary (watch online)
2405:Feinstein, Andrew (2011).
2292:. London: Times Newspapers
1170:. London. September 1985.
691:Transparency International
623:Investigation discontinued
502:Public Accounts Commission
413:and government officials.
167:
18:
1147:22 September 2008 at the
1027:Gardner, Charles (1981).
846:Lockheed bribery scandals
627:On 14 December 2006, the
70:by the United Kingdom to
2231:. BBC. 9 November 2007.
2180:. London. Archived from
2174:"I like shooting things"
537:Travellers World Limited
482:Prince Bandar bin Sultan
299:14 dual control trainers
228:Military of Saudi Arabia
1668:"Business of the House"
1584:Wearing, David (2018).
919:"Welcome to Project AY"
673:, on behalf of France,
389:lead-in fighter trainer
296:reconnaissance standard
2318:. BBC. 24 April 2008.
2123:OECD (14 March 2007).
1368:Cordesman, Anthony H.
646:
598:Article 5 of the OECD
401:Corruption allegations
359:48 Panavia Tornado IDS
318:runway denial munition
263:
41:
2646:Royal Saudi Air Force
2379:. BBC. 30 July 2008.
1968:"The al-Yamamah deal"
819:United Kingdom portal
718:High Court of Justice
637:
498:National Audit Office
239:
224:Royal Saudi Air Force
146:Royal Saudi Air Force
38:Royal Saudi Air Force
31:
2100:. 15 December 2006.
2070:. 15 December 2006.
2019:. 15 December 2006.
1859:. 29 November 2006.
576:, an analyst at the
559:Eurofighter Typhoons
425:Serious Fraud Office
306:Panavia Tornado ADVs
208:Air Defence Variants
131:aircraft as well as
105:Serious Fraud Office
86:and its predecessor
2661:Accounting scandals
2574:9 July 2007 at the
2178:The Daily Telegraph
1897:on 10 December 2007
1891:The Daily Telegraph
1531:BBC Money Programme
1054:The Financial Times
925:on 29 December 2006
805:Saudi Arabia portal
781:Trace International
568:The Daily Telegraph
437:in September 2003.
92:Eurofighter Typhoon
2631:Corporate scandals
2554:Al-Yamamah Scandal
1766:. 17 November 2006
982:. 15 December 2006
872:. 25 February 1999
737:OECD investigation
697:, chairman of the
411:Saudi royal family
409:to members of the
380:Air Forces Monthly
336:air-to-air missile
330:anti-radar missile
80:British government
42:
2595:Documentary video
2261:. 10 April 2008.
2002:EWHC 1354 (Admin)
1740:. 3 November 2006
1595:978-1-5095-3204-9
466:In June 2007 the
377:In February 2006
324:anti-ship missile
235:Margaret Thatcher
88:British Aerospace
61:
2688:
2530:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2509:
2501:
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2474:
2465:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2445:
2439:
2438:
2427:
2421:
2420:
2407:The Shadow World
2402:
2393:
2392:
2390:
2388:
2369:
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2360:
2358:
2338:
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2221:
2215:
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2208:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2155:Evening Standard
2147:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2136:
2120:
2114:
2113:
2111:
2109:
2090:
2084:
2083:
2081:
2079:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2039:
2033:
2032:
2030:
2028:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1990:
1988:
1986:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1942:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1913:
1907:
1906:
1904:
1902:
1893:. Archived from
1882:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1838:
1818:
1812:
1811:
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1709:
1708:
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1684:
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1653:
1651:
1649:
1633:
1624:
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1606:
1600:
1599:
1581:
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1574:
1572:
1570:
1553:
1547:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1522:
1516:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1506:. 6 October 2004
1494:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1483:
1463:
1457:
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1415:
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1389:
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1187:
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1127:
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1094:
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1072:
1064:
1058:
1057:
1049:
1043:
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1024:
1018:
1017:
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1013:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
972:
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965:
963:
961:
941:
935:
934:
932:
930:
915:
909:
908:
906:
904:
897:The Sunday Times
888:
882:
881:
879:
877:
862:
835:
830:
829:
821:
816:
815:
814:
807:
802:
801:
800:
629:Attorney General
592:counterterrorist
457:Turki bin Nasser
446:select committee
310:RAF's Tornado F3
308:, equivalent to
142:Airwork Services
56:
54:
34:Tornado fighters
2696:
2695:
2691:
2690:
2689:
2687:
2686:
2685:
2611:
2610:
2597:
2582:Out of Arms Way
2578:– November 2003
2576:Wayback Machine
2539:
2534:
2533:
2523:
2521:
2513:The Independent
2502:
2498:
2488:
2486:
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2429:
2428:
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2223:
2222:
2218:
2206:
2202:
2201:
2197:
2187:
2185:
2184:on 17 July 2007
2170:
2166:
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2092:
2091:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2062:
2061:
2057:
2040:
2036:
2026:
2024:
2011:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1984:
1982:
1964:
1960:
1943:
1939:
1930:
1929:
1925:
1918:Financial Times
1914:
1910:
1900:
1898:
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1876:
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1568:
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1491:
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1479:
1464:
1460:
1440:
1436:
1416:
1412:
1402:
1400:
1399:on 19 June 2006
1391:
1390:
1386:
1372:
1366:
1362:
1356:
1355:
1351:
1341:
1339:
1328:
1324:
1317:Financial Times
1313:
1309:
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1297:
1286:
1282:
1272:
1270:
1255:
1251:
1231:
1227:
1217:
1215:
1211:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1180:
1178:
1174:
1163:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1149:Wayback Machine
1137:Financial Times
1135:
1131:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1095:
1091:
1084:Financial Times
1080:
1076:
1069:Financial Times
1065:
1061:
1050:
1046:
1039:
1025:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1008:. 8 August 2013
1000:
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859:
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833:Politics portal
831:
824:
817:
812:
810:
803:
798:
796:
793:
777:Alexandra Wrage
748:
739:
714:
712:Judicial review
653:Jonathan Aitken
642:public interest
625:
565:On 1 December,
555:
529:
494:
492:1992 NAO report
453:Money Programme
403:
375:
373:Tornado upgrade
366:
353:
280:Panavia Tornado
275:
243:Mirage fighters
204:Panavia Tornado
180:Panavia Tornado
175:Financial Times
170:
113:
78:per day to the
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2694:
2684:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
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2638:
2633:
2628:
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2609:
2608:
2596:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2579:
2566:
2561:
2551:
2538:
2537:External links
2535:
2532:
2531:
2496:
2466:
2455:. 11 June 2007
2440:
2422:
2415:
2394:
2364:
2333:
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2246:
2216:
2195:
2164:
2161:on 6 May 2013.
2142:
2115:
2085:
2055:
2034:
2004:
1992:
1958:
1937:
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1844:
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883:
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855:
853:
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848:
843:
837:
836:
822:
808:
792:
789:
747:
744:
738:
735:
730:House of Lords
713:
710:
693:and Labour MP
687:Foreign Office
632:Lord Goldsmith
624:
621:
574:Andrew Brookes
554:
551:
528:
525:
511:In July 2006,
493:
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4:
3:
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2666:Finance fraud
2664:
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2651:Weapons trade
2649:
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2642:
2639:
2637:
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2629:
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2616:
2606:
2605:PBS Frontline
2602:
2599:
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2590:– August 2003
2589:
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2583:
2580:
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2567:
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2559:
2555:
2552:
2550:December 2006
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2519:
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2454:
2453:The Economist
2450:
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2014:
2008:
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1996:
1981:
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1969:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1933:
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1919:
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1881:
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1765:
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1755:
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1714:
1698:
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1615:
1611:
1610:Alan Williams
1605:
1597:
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1587:
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1565:. 7 June 2007
1564:
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1108:0-617-01289-X
1104:
1100:
1093:
1085:
1078:
1070:
1063:
1056:. p. 16.
1055:
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1038:0-7134-3815-0
1034:
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997:
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609:Prince Bandar
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447:
443:
442:Richard Evans
440:In May 2004,
438:
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421:
419:
418:Mark Thatcher
414:
412:
408:
398:
395:
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351:Al Yamamah II
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259:Prince Sultan
257:, the son of
256:
255:Prince Bandar
252:
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153:Northrop F-5s
149:
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134:
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108:
106:
101:
99:
95:
93:
89:
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50:
46:
39:
35:
30:
26:
22:
2587:The Guardian
2585:
2547:The Guardian
2545:
2522:. Retrieved
2511:
2499:
2487:. Retrieved
2482:
2457:. Retrieved
2452:
2443:
2434:
2425:
2406:
2385:. Retrieved
2376:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2347:The Guardian
2346:
2336:
2324:. Retrieved
2315:
2306:
2294:. Retrieved
2289:
2279:
2267:. Retrieved
2258:
2249:
2237:. Retrieved
2228:
2219:
2198:
2186:. Retrieved
2182:the original
2177:
2167:
2159:the original
2154:
2145:
2133:. Retrieved
2118:
2106:. Retrieved
2097:
2088:
2076:. Retrieved
2067:
2058:
2047:
2037:
2025:. Retrieved
2016:
2007:
1999:
1995:
1983:. Retrieved
1972:The Guardian
1971:
1961:
1950:
1940:
1926:
1920:. p. 3.
1917:
1911:
1899:. Retrieved
1895:the original
1890:
1865:. Retrieved
1856:
1847:
1835:. Retrieved
1826:
1816:
1804:. Retrieved
1796:The Guardian
1795:
1768:. Retrieved
1763:
1754:
1742:. Retrieved
1737:
1728:
1719:
1713:
1701:. Retrieved
1693:The Guardian
1692:
1682:
1671:
1658:
1646:. Retrieved
1642:The Guardian
1641:
1617:
1604:
1585:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1560:
1551:
1539:. Retrieved
1530:
1520:
1508:. Retrieved
1503:The Scotsman
1501:
1492:
1480:. Retrieved
1472:The Guardian
1471:
1461:
1450:
1437:
1426:
1413:
1401:. Retrieved
1397:the original
1387:
1376:
1363:
1352:
1340:. Retrieved
1335:
1325:
1316:
1310:
1298:. Retrieved
1294:The Guardian
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2108:15 December
2078:15 December
2027:15 December
1985:5 September
1867:15 December
1837:15 December
1806:16 December
1770:15 December
1744:15 December
1703:16 December
1664:Harry Cohen
1541:15 December
1482:15 December
1419:Adam Ingram
1234:Adam Ingram
960:20 February
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695:Roger Berry
683:Switzerland
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520:Harry Cohen
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1265:. London.
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2233:Archived
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2129:Archived
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2102:Archived
2098:BBC News
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