English Electric Lightning

2342: 1053: 1195:, necessary because the shock cone also served as a radar radome; a metal shock cone would have blocked the AI 23's radar emissions. The shock cone was eventually weakened due to the fatigue caused by the thermal cycles involved in regularly performing high-speed flights. At 36,000 feet (11,000 m) and Mach 1.7 (1,815 km/h; 1,128 mph), the heating conditions on the shock cone were similar to those at sea level and 650 knots (1,200 km/h; 750 mph) indicated airspeed, but if the speed was increased to Mach 2.0 (2,136 km/h; 1,327 mph) at 36,000 feet (11,000 m), the shock cone was exposed to higher temperatures than those at Mach 1.7. The shock cone was strengthened on the later Lightning F.2A, F.3, F.6, and F.53 models, thus allowing routine operation at up to Mach 2.0. 2322: 972: 2167: 2311: 1225: 934:(HTP) to drive the rocket turbopump, and act as an oxidiser, was planned to be located in place of the ventral tank and would boost performance if non-afterburning engines were fitted. Fuel for the rocket would come from the aircraft fuel supply. The rocket engine option was cancelled in 1958 when it was established that performance with afterburning Avon engines was acceptable. The ventral store was routinely used as an extra fuel tank, holding 247 imp gal (1,120 L) of usable fuel. On later variants of the Lightning, a ventral weapons pack could be installed to equip the aircraft alternatively with different armaments, including missiles, rockets, and cannons. 943: 740: 31: 904:

models of the Avon featured, in addition to increased thrust, a full-variable reheat arrangement. A special heat-reflecting paint containing gold was used to protect the aircraft's structure from the hot engine casing which could reach temperatures of 600 °C (1,000 °F). Under optimum conditions, a well-equipped maintenance facility took four hours to perform an engine change so specialised ground test rigs were developed to speed up maintenance and remove the need to perform a full ground run of the engine after some maintenance tasks. The stacked engine configuration complicated maintenance work, and the leakage of fluid from the upper engine was a recurring

1106: 1561: 1479: 916:, bringing the aircraft's total internal fuel capacity to 700 imp gal (3,200 L). The main landing gear was sandwiched outboard of the main tanks and aft of the leading edge tanks, with the flap fuel tanks behind. The long main gear legs retracted toward the wingtip, necessitating an exceptionally thin main tyre inflated to the high pressure of 330–350 psi (23–24 bar; 2,300–2,400 kPa). On landing the No. 1 engine was usually shut down when taxiing to save brake wear, as keeping both engines running at idle power was still sufficient to propel the Lightning to 80 mph if brakes were not used. 1649: 728:, they were more extensive. The F.3 had higher thrust Rolls-Royce Avon 301R engines, a larger squared-off fin and strengthened inlet cone allowing a service clearance to Mach 2.0 (2,450 km/h; 1,522 mph) (the F.1, F.1A and F.2 were limited to Mach 1.7 (2,083 km/h; 1,294 mph)). The A.I.23B radar and Red Top missile offered a forward hemisphere attack capability and deletion of the nose cannon. The new engines and fin made the F.3 the highest performance Lightning yet, but with an even higher fuel consumption and resulting shorter range. The next variant, the 3164: 896: 1576:

the four T.55s were used to train Saudi aircrew for the next 18 months. The new-build Lightnings were delivered under Operation "Magic Palm" between July 1968 and August 1969. Two Lightnings, a F.53 and a T.55 were destroyed in accidents prior to delivery, and were replaced by two additional aircraft, the last of which was delivered in June 1972. The multirole F.53s served in the ground-attack and reconnaissance roles as well as an air defence fighter, with Lightnings of No 6 Squadron RSAF carrying out ground-attack missions using rockets and bombs during a border dispute with

391: 310: 2262: 1161:, having flown both aircraft, stating that: "Acceleration in both was impressive, you have all seen the Lightning leap away once brakes are released, the Eagle was almost as good, and climb speed was rapidly achieved. Takeoff roll is between 2,000 and 3,000 ft , depending upon military or maximum afterburner-powered takeoff. The Lightning was quicker off the ground, reaching 50 ft height in a horizontal distance of 1,630 ft ". Chief test pilot for the Lightning Roland Beamont, who also flew most of the " 892:

engine behind the cockpit. The result was a low frontal area, an efficient inlet, and excellent single-engine handling with no problems of asymmetrical thrust. Because the engines were close together, an uncontained failure of one engine was likely to damage the other. If desired, an engine could be shut down in flight and the remaining engine run at a more efficient power setting which increased range or endurance; although this was rarely done operationally because there would be no hydraulic power if the remaining engine failed.

2353: 1633: 1859: 1093:. It was famous for its ability to rapidly rotate from takeoff to climb almost vertically from the runway, though this did not yield the best time-to-altitude. The Lightning's trademark tail-stand manoeuvre exchanged airspeed for altitude; it could slow to near-stall speeds before commencing level flight. The Lightning's optimum climb profile required the use of afterburners during takeoff. Immediately after takeoff, the nose would be lowered for rapid acceleration to 430 knots (800 km/h; 490 mph) 1154:. He reports that the Lightnings won all races easily with the exception of the low-level supersonic acceleration, which was a "dead heat". Lightning pilot and Chief Examiner Brian Carroll reported taking a Lightning F.53 up to 87,300 feet (26,600 m) over Saudi Arabia at which level "Earth curvature was visible and the sky was quite dark", noting that the engines were "touchy" in terms of staying lit in the thin air, and "getting down to a more reasonable and sane altitude needed delicate handling." 357:

vortex was generated by the wing which caused a large downwash on the tailplane; this issue was solved by lowering the tail below the wing. Following the resignation of Petter from English Electric, Page took over as design team leader for the P.1 and the running of EE design office. In 1949, the Ministry of Supply had issued Specification F23/49, which expanded upon the scope of ER103 to include fighter-level manoeuvring. On 1 April 1950, English Electric received a contract for two flying

2231: 1934: 2303: 1621: 2186: 1919: 1874: 1199:

achieve a few more tenths of a Mach. All Lightning variants had the excess thrust to slightly exceed 700 knots (1,300 km/h; 810 mph) indicated airspeed under certain conditions, and the service limit of 650 knots (1,200 km/h; 750 mph) was occasionally ignored. With the strengthened shock cone, the Lightning could safely approach its thrust limit, but fuel consumption at very high airspeeds was excessive and became a major limiting factor.

1295: 1839: 3745:, a prototype of the F.1, to Mach 2.0. Prior testing had determined that the aircraft had the excess thrust to achieve this speed, given the right atmospheric conditions. The test flight was to check for inlet stability and monitor temperatures at higher Mach. The aircraft was equipped with a temperature probe to monitor the stagnation temperature, up to a never-exceed temperature of 115 °C. On 28 November 1958, with a high 887:, and low-mounted tailplane. The vertically stacked and longitudinally staggered engines were the solution devised by Petter to meet the conflicting requirements of minimising frontal area, providing undisturbed engine airflow across a wide speed range, and packaging two engines to provide sufficient thrust to meet performance goals. The unusual over/under configuration allowed for the thrust of two engines, with the 3475: 2334: 1270:

support equipment. Even when the Lightning was not grounded by technical faults, the RAF initially struggled to get more than 20 flying hours per aircraft per month compared with the 40 flying hours that English Electric believed could be achieved with proper support. In spite of these concerns, within six months of the Lightning entering service, 74 Squadron was able to achieve 100 flying hours per aircraft.

3193: 3181: 1314:) in June 1962. While the OCU was the major user of the two-seater, small numbers were also allocated to the front-line fighter squadrons. More F.2s were produced than there were available squadron slots so later production aircraft were stored for years before being used operationally; some Lightning F.2s were converted to F.2a's. They had some of the improvements added to the F.6. 1174:

had a maximum speed of Mach 2.0 (2,136 km/h; 1,327 mph) at 36,000 feet (11,000 m), and speeds up to 700 knots (1,300 km/h; 810 mph) indicated air speed for "operational necessity only". A Lightning fitted with Avon 200-series engines, a ventral tank, and two Firestreak missiles had a maximum speed of Mach 1.9 (2,328 km/h; 1,446 mph) on a

1029:-driven generators/alternators for electrical energy. A 28V DC battery provided emergency backup power. Aviation author Kev Darling stated of the Lightning: "Never before had a fighter been so dependent upon electronics". Each engine was equipped with a pair of hydraulic pumps, one of which powered the flight-control systems and the other power for the undercarriage, flaps, and 2204:, South Africa operated one Lightning T.5 and two single-seat F.6es. The T.5 XS452, (civil registration ZU-BBD) flew again on 14 January 2014 after restoration and is currently the only airworthy example. A Lightning T.5, XS451 (civil registration ZU-BEX) belonging to Thunder City crashed after developing mechanical problems during its display at the biennial 908:. The fire risk was reduced, but not eliminated, following remedial work during development. For removal, the lower No.1 engine was removed from below the aircraft, after removal of the ventral tank and lower fuselage access panels, by lowering the engine down, while the upper No.2 engine was lifted out from above via removable sections in the fuselage top. 1187:(2,450 km/h; 1,522 mph) to check for this instability but none was found. Service trials with the F.6 found intake buzz when engine speed was rapidly reduced at speeds above Mach 1.85 (2,266 km/h; 1,408 mph) as well as when manoeuvring (increased 'g') at other supersonic speeds and engine thrust settings. The buzz caused no damage. 576:

would make it a potent threat against the Tu-22 even in a tail-chase. To further improve its capability, in July 1957 the Blue Vesta program was reactivated in a slightly simplified form, allowing head-on attacks against an aircraft whose fuselage was heated through skin friction while flying supersonically. In November 1957, the missile was renamed "

433:, and the narrow tyres housed in the thin wings rapidly wore out if there was any crosswind component during take-off or landing. Outwardly, the prototypes looked very much like the production series, but they were distinguished by the rounded-triangular air intake with no centre-body at the nose, short fin, and lack of operational equipment. 1328:

they would wave, quite often there would be a little white face at every window. They knew we were there just to watch them. One I intercepted when he violated the airspace and I was trying to get him to land but it was scary. He just wanted to get out of there, he was out of Dodge as fast as he could go, he didn't want to mix it with me.

3133:. Around 2009/2010, the aircraft had moved from the Olympic Flight Museum, possibly to Stennis, Mississippi, where it was stripped for parts to help get XS422 back in the air. Not much of ZF597 was seen until the cockpit appeared on eBay in May 2019. It is unknown as to where the nose section is now and what the future holds for it. 596:(FD2) held the world speed record of 1,132 miles per hour (1,822 km/h) achieved on 10 March 1956 and held till December 1957. While the P.1B was potentially faster than the FD2, it lacked the fuel capacity to provide one run in each direction at maximum speed to claim the record in accordance with international rules. 994:, a master reference gyroscopic reader, an auto-attack system, and an instrument landing system. Despite initial scepticism of the aircraft's centralised detection and warning system, the system proved its merits during the development program and was redeveloped for greater reliability. Communications included 3796:

An F.6 equipped with Red Top missiles can reach Mach 2.0 (2,450 km/h; 1,522 mph) on an ICAO standard day at 36,000 ft. True performance was not in pilot notes due to sensitivity during the Cold War. The F.6 is noted to reach Mach 2.27 (2,781 km/h; 1,728 mph) at 40,000 ft

1173:

Early Lightning models, the F.1, F.1A, and F.2, had a maximum speed of Mach 1.7 (1,815 km/h; 1,128 mph) at 36,000 feet (11,000 m) in an ICAO standard atmosphere, and 650 knots (1,200 km/h; 750 mph) IAS at lower altitudes. Later models, the F.2A, F.3, F.3A, F.6, and F.53,

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before initiating a climb, stabilising at 450 knots (830 km/h; 520 mph). This would yield a constant climb rate of approximately 20,000 ft/min (100 m/s). Around 13,000 ft (4,000 m) the Lightning would reach Mach 0.87 (1,009 km/h; 627 mph) and maintain this

1701:

Single-seat fighter (F.2s upgraded to near F.6 standard); featuring Avon 211R engines, retained ADEN cannon and Firestreak (replaceable Firestreak pack swappable with ADEN Cannon Pack for a total of four ADEN Cannon), arrestor hook and enlarged Ventral Tank for two hours flight endurance. A total of

1575:

Saudi Arabia officially received F.53 Lightnings in December 1967, although they were kept at Warton while trials and development continued and the first Saudi Lightnings to leave Warton were four T.55s delivered in early 1968 to the Royal Air Force 226 Operational Conversion Unit at RAF Coltishall,

1327:

Suddenly the telephone would ring and it would be one of the radar controllers from around the UK ordering you to scramble immediately. And so you would run to the aeroplane, jump in. They were just monitoring, listening, recording everything that went on. So you would get up alongside and normally

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missiles to help rectify some of the obsolescence, but these ambitions were not realised due to lack of funding. An alternative to the modernisation of existing aircraft would have been the development of more advanced variants; a proposed variable-sweep wing Lightning would have likely involved the

911:

The fuselage was tightly packed, leaving no room for fuel tankage or main landing gear. While the notched delta wing lacked the volume of a standard delta wing, each wing contained a fairly conventional three-section main fuel tank and leading-edge tank, holding 312 imp gal (1,420 L);

903:

Production aircraft were powered by various models of the Avon engine. This power-plant was initially rated as capable of generating 11,250 lbf (50.0 kN) of dry thrust, but when employing the four-stage afterburner this increased to a maximum thrust of 14,430 lbf (64.2 kN). Later

891:

equivalent to only 1.5 engines mounted side-by-side, a reduction in drag of 25% over more conventional twin-engine installations. The engines were fed by a single nose inlet (with inlet cone), with the flow split vertically aft of the cockpit, and the nozzles tightly stacked, effectively tucking one

768:

over the wings. These tanks were jettisonable in an emergency, and gave the F.6 a substantially improved deployment capability. There remained one glaring shortcoming: the lack of cannon. This was finally rectified in the form of a modified ventral tank with two ADEN cannon mounted in the front. The

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fuel tank, raising the total usable internal fuel by 716 imperial gallons (3,260 L). The conically cambered wing improved manoeuvrability, especially at higher altitudes, and the ventral tank nearly doubled available fuel. The increased fuel was welcome, but the lack of cannon armament was felt

1552:

ordered 14 Lightnings in December 1966; 12 F.53Ks and two T.55Ks. The first Kuwait aircraft, a T.55K first flew on 24 May 1968 and deliveries to Kuwait started in December 1968. The Kuwaitis somewhat overestimated their ability to maintain such a complex aircraft, not adopting the extensive support

810:

rocket pods each carrying eighteen 68 mm rockets. A gun pack carrying two ADEN cannons and 120 rounds each could replace the forward part of the ventral fuel tank. Alternative, interchangeable packs in the forward fuselage carried two Firestreak missiles, two Red Top missiles, twin retractable

3806:

This is based on a maximum-range subsonic intercept radius of 370 nmi (430 mi; 690 km). An F.6 equipped with Red Top missiles can climb to 36,000 ft and cruise at Mach 0.87 (1,066 km/h; 662 mph) to a loiter or intercept area 370 nmi (690 km) distant. It then

1607:

Until 1982, Saudi Arabia's Lightnings were mainly operated by 2 and 6 Squadron RSAF (although a few were also used by 13 Squadron RSAF), but when 6 Squadron re-equipped with the F-15 Eagle all the remaining aircraft were operated by 2 Squadron at Tabuk. In 1985 as part of the agreement to sell the

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The aircraft's radar and missiles proved to be effective and pilots reported that the Lightning was easy to fly. However, in the first few months of operation the aircraft's serviceability was extremely poor. This was due to the complexity of the aircraft systems and shortages of spares and ground

1198:

The small-fin variants could exceed Mach 1.7, but the stability limits and shock cone thermal and strength limits made such speeds risky. The large-fin variants, especially those equipped with Avon 300-series engines could safely reach Mach 2 and, given the right atmospheric conditions, might even

575:

To fill the immediate need for a supersonic interceptor, Lightning was selected for production. The aircraft was already flying, and the improved P.1B was only weeks away from its first flight. Lightnings mounting Firestreak could be operational years before Bloodhound II, and the aircraft's speed

567:

would offer enough protection against bombers. The Air Ministry disagreed; they pointed out that the Tu-22 would enter service before Bloodhound II, leaving the UK open to sneak attack. Sandys eventually agreed this was a problem, but pointed out that F.155 would enter service after Bloodhound, as

559:

with nuclear warheads. Although missiles of the era had relatively low accuracy compared to a manned bomber, any loss of effectiveness could be addressed by the ever-increasing yield of the warhead. This suggested that there was no targeting of the UK that could not be carried out by missiles, and

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multi-role aircraft. The Tornado featured several advantages over the Lightning, including a far larger weapons load and considerably more advanced avionics. Lightnings were slowly phased out of service between 1974 and 1988. In their final years the airframes required considerable maintenance to

1129:

nuclear tests. Climb techniques and flight profiles were developed to put the Lightning into a suitable attack position. To avoid risking the U-2, the Lightning was not permitted any closer than 5,000 ft (1,500 m) and could not fly in front of the U-2. For the intercepts, four Lightning

356:

The design that had developed during 1948 evolved further during 1949 to further improve performance, taking many design cues from the CAC CA-23. To achieve Mach 2 the wing sweep was increased to 60° with the ailerons moved to the wingtips. In late 1949, low-speed wind tunnel tests showed that a

3816:

An F.6 equipped with Red Top missiles can climb to 36,000 ft, accelerate to Mach 1.8, and intercept a target at 135 nmi (250 km) only 10.7 min after brake release. A 2g level turn allows a second attack from the rear-quarter 1.6 min later. Following a best-range cruise and descent, the

3722:

On a standard day, the temperature of the air at the tip of the shock cone (stagnation temperature) was 156 °F (69 °C) at Mach 1.7 (1,815 km/h; 1,128 mph) and 36,000 feet (11,000 m). At sea level and 650 knots (1,200 km/h; 750 mph) indicated airspeed, this

1744:

Single-seat fighter (an improved longer-range variant of the F.3). It featured new wings with better efficiency and subsonic performance, overwing fuel tanks and a larger ventral fuel tank, reintroduction of 30 mm cannon (initially no cannon but later in the forward part of the ventral pack

1509:

forces supporting the Yemeni Republicans, placed a series of orders with Britain and the US to build a new integrated air defence system. BAC received orders for 34 multirole single-seat Lightning F.53s that could still retain very high performance and reasonable endurance, and six two-seat T.55

1317:

The F.3, with more powerful engines and the new Red Top missile (but no cannon) was expected to be the definitive Lightning, and at one time it was planned to equip ten squadrons, with the remaining two squadrons retaining the F.2. On 16 June 1962, the F.3 flew for the first time. It had a short

1524:

To provide an urgent counter to air incursions, with Saudi towns near the border being bombed by Egyptian aircraft, an additional interim contract, called "Magic Carpet", was placed in March 1966 for the supply of six ex-RAF Lightnings (four F.2s and two T.4 trainers, redesignated F.52 and T.54

1321:

The Lightning F.6 was a more capable and longer-range version of the F.3. It initially had no cannon, but installable gun packs were made available later. A few F.3s were upgraded to F.6s. Author Kev Darling suggests that decreasing British overseas defence commitments had led to those aircraft

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was an F.2 upgraded with the cambered wing, the squared fin, and the 610 imperial gallons (2,800 L) ventral tank. The F.2A retained the A.I.23 and Firestreak missile, the nose cannon, and the earlier Avon 211R engines. Although the F.2A lacked the thrust of the later Lightnings, it had the

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and low −67 °C at 40,000 feet (12,000 m), Beamont achieved Mach 2.0 (2,125 km/h; 1,320 mph) in a British aircraft for the first time. This was reached only 7 minutes after takeoff, but the record dash left the Lightning critically short of fuel. The Machmeter fitted to

3686:, the true airspeed associated with a given Mach number decreases with altitude. The Lightning's Air Data System automatically corrected for errors in position and speed. Following correction, 450 KIAS was equal to Mach 0.87 (1,009 km/h; 627 mph) at 13,000 ft (4,000 m). 842:

was the export two-seat variant; unlike the RAF two-seaters, the T.55 was equipped for combat duties. The T.55 had a very similar fuselage to the T.5, while also using the wing and large ventral tank of the F.6. The Export Lightning had all of the capability of the RAF's own Lightnings such as

1165:" US aircraft, stated his opinion that nothing at that time had the inherent stability, control, and docile handling characteristics of the Lightning throughout the full flight envelope. The turn performance and buffet boundaries of the Lightning were well in advance of anything known to him. 1290:

in Suffolk to convert to the Lightning in 1960–1961. The Lightning F.1 would only be ordered in limited numbers and serve for a short time; nonetheless, it was viewed as a significant step forward in Britain's air defence capabilities. Following their replacement from frontline duties by the

967:

for gun firing. The radar and gunsight were collectively designated the AIRPASS, for "Airborne Interception Radar and Pilot Attack Sight System". The radar was successively upgraded with the introduction of more capable Lightning variants, such as to provide guidance for the Red Top missile.

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capability for quickly interchanging between interception, reconnaissance, and ground-attack duties. The F.53 was based on the F.6 airframe and avionics, including the large ventral fuel tank, cambered wing and overwing pylons for drop tanks of the F.6, but incorporated an additional pair of

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engines had fallen behind schedule due to their own development problems. Since there was no space in the fuselage for fuel the thin wings were the fuel tanks and since they also provided space for the stowed main undercarriage the fuel capacity was relatively small, giving the prototypes an

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In addition to its training and operational roles, 74 Squadron was appointed as the official Fighter Command aerobatic team for 1961, flying at air shows throughout the United Kingdom and Europe. Deliveries of the slightly improved Lightning F.1A, with improved avionics and provision for an

1190:

Thermal and structural limits were also present. Air is heated considerably when compressed by the passage of an aircraft at supersonic speeds. The airframe absorbs heat from the surrounding air, the inlet shock cone at the front of the aircraft becoming the hottest part. The shock cone was

1064:

capability, and it could detect targets only in a narrow (40°) arc. While an automatic collision course attack system was developed and successfully demonstrated by English Electric, it was not adopted due to cost concerns. Plans were mooted to supplement or replace the obsolete Red Top and

854:, which was to sweepback between 25 degrees and 60 degrees, the proposed design featured an extended ventral pack for greater fuel capacity, an enlarged dorsal fin fairing, an arrestor hook, and a revised inward-retracting undercarriage. The aircraft was designed to be compatible with the 1186:

It was not known whether the fixed centre-body intake, with a design point of Mach 1.7, would encounter intake buzz, a vibration caused by oscillation of the shock positions at different combinations of Mach number and engine air flow/rpm. A Lightning prototype was taken to Mach 2.0

1244:, where they were used to clear the Lightning for entry into service. The production Lightning F.1 entered service with the AFDS in May 1960, allowing the unit to take part in the air defence exercise "Yeoman" later that month. The Lightning F.1 entered frontline squadron service with 381:

in mid-1950. This was a low-speed research aircraft that could test sweep angles from 50 to 69 degrees and high or low tailplane positions. Testing with the wings and tail set to the P.1 configuration started in January 1954 and confirmed this combination as the correct one.

265:, and speed; pilots have described flying it as "being saddled to a skyrocket". This performance and the initially limited fuel supply meant that its missions are dictated to a high degree by its limited range. Later developments provided greater range and speed along with 1102:, 36,000 ft (11,000 m) on a standard day. If climbing further, pilots would accelerate to supersonic speed at the tropopause before resuming the climb. A Lightning flying at optimum climb profile would reach 36,000 ft (11,000 m) in under three minutes. 843:

exceptional climb rate and agile manoeuvering. The Export Lightning also retained the difficulty of maintenance, and serviceability rates suffered. The F.53 was generally well regarded by its pilots, and its adaptation to multiple roles showed the skill of its designers.

3830:

From Part 3, Page 11 in Operating Data Manual; at standard atmosphere, full fuel, and 2 Red Top missiles, from sea level, 450 kn (830 km/h; 520 mph) IAS -> M0.87 climb profile. When clean, this climb rate increases to 22,000 ft/min (110 m/s)

838:) of fuel) or 1,000 pounds (450 kg) bombs being possible options. This could give a maximum ground attack weapons load for a developed export Lightning of six 1,000 pounds (450 kg) bombs or 44 × 2 in (51 mm) rockets and 144 × 68 mm rockets. The 3840:

From brake release. Identical page, configuration, and profile as loaded sustained climb rate above. Time following initial acceleration (0.7 min) to climb speed is 2.1 min. When clean, these times shorten to 2.7 min from brake release, or 2.0 min after acceleration

531:

armament could only attack from the rear and the Tu-22 would run away from the Javelin in that approach. A faster version, the "thin-wing Javelin", would offer limited supersonic performance and make it marginally useful against the Tu-22, while a new missile,

1044:

was also fitted. Accumulators on the wheel brakes performed as backups to the hydraulics, providing minimal braking. Above a certain airspeed a stopped engine would 'windmill', that is, continue to be rotated by air flowing through it in a similar manner to a

333:, who had been taken on by English Electric in 1944 to head an office to develop aircraft rather than just make other manufacturers' designs, was a keen early proponent of Britain's need to develop a supersonic fighter aircraft. In 1947, Petter approached the 1146:. This was not sustained level flight but a ballistic climb, in which the pilot takes the aircraft to top speed and then puts the aircraft into a climb, exchanging speed for altitude. Hale also participated in time-to-height and acceleration trials against 353:. This proposal was submitted in November 1948, and in January 1949 the project was designated P.1 by English Electric. On 29 March 1949 the MoS granted approval to start the detailed design, develop wind tunnel models and build a full-size mockup. 1710:

Single-seat fighter with upgraded AI-23B radar, Avon 301R engines, new Red Top missiles, enlarged and clipped tailfin due to aerodynamics of carriage of Red Top, and deletion of ADEN cannon. A total of 70 built (at least nine were converted to F.6

1981:

on 8 October 1965, operating the Lightning F.6 and T.5. A few F.1s, F.1As and F.3s were used as targets (and later for air display use) from 1971. The Squadron remained operational at Binbrook with the Lightning F.6 until 1987, disbanding on 31

1182:

was not correctly counteracted with rudder deflections. Imposed Mach limits during missile launches ensured adequate directional stability; later Lightning variants had a larger vertical fin, giving a greater stability margin at high speed.

444:. P.1B was a significant improvement on P.1A. While it was similar in aerodynamics, structure and control systems, it incorporated extensive alterations to the forward fuselage, reheated Rolls-Royce Avon R24R engines, a conical centre body 348:

responsible for the aerodynamics. By July 1948 their proposal incorporated the stacked engine configuration and a high-mounted tailplane. As it was designed for Mach 1.5, the wing leading edge was swept back 40° to keep it clear of the

1580:

between December 1969 and May 1970. One F.53 (53–697) was shot down by Yemeni ground fire on 3 May 1970 during a reconnaissance mission, with the pilot ejecting successfully and being rescued by Saudi forces. Saudi Arabia received

615:

The P.1 was a terrific plane, with the easy handling of the F-86 and the performance of an F-104. Its only drawback was that it had no range at all... Looking back, however, I'd have to say that the P.1 was my favourite all-time

1676:

Development batch aircraft, single-seat fighters delivered from 1959, a total of 19 built (and one static test airframe). Nose-mounted twin 30 mm ADEN cannon, two Firestreak missiles, VHF Radio and Ferranti AI-23 "AIRPASS"

1533:

surface-to-air missiles. The "Magic Carpet" Lightnings were delivered to Saudi Arabia in July 1966. One lost in an accident was later replaced in May 1967. The Lightnings and Hunters, flown by mercenary pilots, were deployed to

580:". This would allow Lightning to attack even faster bombers through a collision-course approach. Thus, what had originally been an aircraft without a mission beyond testing was now selected as the UK's next front-line fighter. 372:

disagreed with Petter's choice of sweep angle (60 degrees) and tailplane position (low) considering it to be dangerous. To assess the effects of wing sweep and tailplane position on the stability and control of Petter's design

337:(MoS) with his proposal, and in response Specification ER.103 was issued for a single research aircraft, which was to be capable of flight at Mach 1.5 (1,593 km/h; 990 mph) and 50,000 ft (15,000 m). 3759:

At 30,000 feet (9,100 m), a Lightning F.6 required approximately 1 minute and 1,250 pounds (570 kg) of fuel to accelerate from 650 to 675 knots (1,204 to 1,250 km/h; 748 to 777 mph) indicated airspeed.

1178:; while a Lightning powered by the Avon 300-series engines, a ventral tank and two Red Top missiles had a maximum speed of Mach 2.0. Directional stability decreased as speed increased, with vertical fin failure likely if 1141:

Mike Hale intercepted a U-2 at a height which they had previously considered safe (thought to be 66,000 feet (20,000 m)). Records show that Hale also climbed to 88,000 ft (27,000 m) in his Lightning F.3

523:, expected to enter service in 1962. It could cruise for relatively long periods at Mach 1.2 (1,470 km/h; 913 mph) and had a dash speed of Mach 1.5. Against a target flying at these speeds, the existing 1322:

instead being prematurely withdrawn. The introduction of the F.3 and F.6 allowed the RAF to progressively reequip squadrons operating aircraft such as the Gloster Javelin and retire these types during the mid-1960s.

747:

The Interim F.Mk6 introduced two improvements: a new, non-jettisonable, 610-imperial-gallon (2,800 L) ventral fuel tank, and a new, kinked, conically cambered wing leading edge, incorporating a slightly larger

5832: 1719:

Single-seat fighter with extended range of 800 miles due to large ventral tank and new cambered wings. A total of 16 built, known also as an F.3 Interim version or F.6 Interim Version, 15 later modified to F.6

5854: 3695:

Along with directional stability, rudder effectiveness decreased at higher Mach numbers; timely and larger deflections of the rudder were required to counter any yaw, especially under increased g-loading.

958:

and managed by onboard computers. The AI.23 supported several operational modes, which included autonomous search, automatic target tracking, and ranging for all weapons; the pilot attack sight provided

3459: 1668:

Single-seat operational prototypes to meet Specification F23/49, three prototypes built, further 20 development aircraft ordered in February 1954. Type was officially named 'Lightning' in October 1958.

1450:

and in 1967 No. 56 Squadron RAF moved from RAF Wattisham with the Lightning F.3 to provide a permanent air defence force, it converted to the F.6 in 1971 and returned to the United Kingdom in 1975.

436:

On 9 June 1952, it was decided that there would be a second phase of prototypes built to develop the aircraft toward achieving Mach 2.0 (2,450 km/h; 1,522 mph); these were designated

6329: 3614: 689:, would be the highest priority targets in the UK for enemy nuclear weapons. To best perform this intercept mission, emphasis was placed on rate-of-climb, acceleration, and speed, rather than 7469: 3713:

Firestreak firing limits were Mach 1.3 (1,593 km/h; 990 mph) with the small fin, Mach 1.7 (2,083 km/h; 1,294 mph) with the large fin. Red Top limit was Mach 1.8.

3807:

has 15 minutes on station to complete the intercept or identification task before returning to base. The afterburners are not used during this profile, and the total mission time is 112 min.

1693:

Single-seat fighter (an improved variant of the F.1), delivered in 1962. A total of 44 built with 31 later modified to F.2A standard, five later modified to F.52 for export to Saudi Arabia.

2087: 2081: 2075: 1728:

Two-seat side-by-side training version, based on the F.1A; two prototypes and 20 production built, two aircraft later converted to T.5 prototypes, two aircraft later converted to T.54.

866:, the VG Lightning concept was revised into a land-based interceptor intended for the RAF the following year. Various alternative engines to the Avon were suggested, such as the newer 536:" would allow head-on attacks. This combination would be somewhat useful against Tu-22, but of marginal use if faster bombers were introduced. In January 1955, the Air Ministry issued 5087: 1992:

in April 1967 with the Lightning F.6. It moved to RAF Binbrook in March 1972, receiving a few F.3s for target duties. It remained operational until 1988, disbanding on 30 April 1988.

273:

capability. Overwing fuel tank fittings were installed in the F6 variant and gave an extended range, but limited maximum speed to a reported 1,000 miles per hour (1,600 km/h).

6458: 1910: 1060:

Toward the end of its service, the Lightning was increasingly outclassed by newer fighters, mainly due to avionics and armament obsolescence. The radar had a limited range and no

2060: 870:

engine. It is likely that the VG Lightning would have adopted a solid nose (by moving the air inlet to the sides or to upper fuselage) to install a larger, more capable radar.

1310:

in early 1963. Conversion of these two squadrons was aided by the use of the two seat T.4 trainer, which entered service with the Lightning Conversion Squadron (later renamed

628:

was put beside the nose on a special smashing rig which allowed the bottle to safely be smashed against the side of the aircraft. The honor of smashing the bottle went to the

1134:, successful intercepts could be made at up to 65,000 ft (20,000 m). Due to sensitivity, details of these flights were deliberately avoided in the pilot log books. 1385:

from Royal Navy service enabled these much longer-ranged aircraft to be added to the RAF's interceptor force alongside those withdrawn from Germany as they were replaced by

1033:. Switchable hydraulic circuits were used for redundancy in the event of a leak or other failure. A combination of Dunlop Maxaret anti-skid brakes on the main wheels and an 6078: 2557:"227" Lightning Mark F.53 pylon-mounted on static display in a traffic circle outside the main gate of King Faisal Air Base in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. GPS 28.387229, 36.594182 753:

to be a deficiency. It was thought that cannon would be useful in a peacetime interception for firing warning shots to encourage an aircraft to change course or to land.

2278:, is returning EE Lightning T.5, XS422 to airworthy status. As of March 2021, the aircraft was capable of fast taxiing down a runway. The aircraft was formerly with the 5829: 1588:

Kuwait's Lightnings did not have a long service career. After an unsuccessful attempt by the regime to sell them to Egypt in 1973, the last Lightnings were replaced by

7462: 2560:"486" Lightning pylon-mounted on static display in a traffic circle outside the main gate of Prince Sultan Air Base in Al Kharj, Saudi Arabia. GPS 24.175664, 47.517913 1259:

with true supersonic capability to enter service and the second fully supersonic aircraft to be deployed in Western Europe, the first one in both categories being the

3778:

The value for "empty weight" is zero fuel weight, which includes equipped pilot, Red Top missiles, cannon and ammunition. The weight without these items is 27,759 lb.

1585:

E fighters from 1971, which resulted in the Lightnings relinquishing the ground-attack mission, concentrating on air defence, and to a lesser extent, reconnaissance.

5851: 1113:

The official ceiling of the Lightning was kept secret. Low security RAF documents often stated "in excess of 60,000 ft (18,000 m)". In September 1962,

592:, exceeding Mach 1 during this flight. During the early flight trials of the P.1B speeds in excess of 1,000 mph were achieved daily. During this period the 6016: 3673:

The Lightning would increase forward velocity during the climb, the angle of the climb lessening from about 27 deg to 19 deg at 13,000 ft (4,000 m).

954:, which was contained right at the front of the fuselage within an inlet cone at the centre of the engine intake. Radar information was displayed on an early 507:

limits. In May 1956, the P.1 received the "Lightning" name, which was said to have been partially selected to reflect the aircraft's supersonic capabilities.

7455: 2590:

Unidentified Lightning mounted in a static display on the Royal Saudi Air Force, King Khalid Airbase in Khamis Mushyt, Saudi Arabia. GPS 18.272086, 42.805935

2341: 2429: 563:

This left only a brief period, from 1957 to some time in the 1960s, in which bombers remained a threat. Sandys felt that the imminent introduction of the

276:

Following retirement by the RAF on 30 April 1988, many of the remaining aircraft became museum exhibits. Until 2009, three Lightnings were kept flying at

7234: 1736:

Two-seat side-by-side training version, based on the F.3; 22 production aircraft built. One former RAF aircraft later converted to T.55 for Saudi Arabia.

1398:

keep them airworthy due to the sheer number of accumulated flight hours. The last flight by RAF Lightnings was on 30 June 1988 with 2 aircraft flying to

6326: 5974: 2593:

Unidentified Lightning on display in a small air park just inside the main gate of King Faisal Air Base in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia. GPS 28.380036, 36.605270

499:

only showed a maximum of Mach 0.95 (1,164 km/h; 723 mph). The occurrence was noticed during flight data analysis a few days later. While

4381: 3978: 912:

the wing flaps also each contained a 33 imp gal (150 L) fuel tank and an additional 5 imp gal (23 L) was contained in a

3818: 2751: 624:, with the prototype XA847 having the name 'Lightning' freshly painted on the nose in front of the RAF Roundel, which almost covered it. A bottle of 6649: 5340: 4770: 4745: 4723: 4701: 1370:, flown by Mike Hale and described by him as "a very hot ship, even for a Lightning", managed to overtake Concorde on a stern conversion intercept. 7045: 6122: 4979: 1785:

Export version of the F.6 with pylons for bombs or unguided rocket pods, 44 × 2 in (50 mm), total of 46 built and one converted from F.6 (12

1318:

operational life and was withdrawn from service early due to defence cutbacks and the introduction of the F.6, some of which were converted F.3s.

693:– originally a radius of operation of 150 miles (240 km) from the V bomber airfields was specified – and endurance. It was equipped with two 3429: 403: 1291:

introduction of successively improved variants of the Lightning, the remaining F.1 aircraft were employed by the Lightning Conversion Squadron.

620:

In late October 1958, the plane was officially and formally named "Lightning". The event was celebrated in traditional style in a hangar at RAE

5422: 3418: 1410:

The main Lightning role was the air defence of the United Kingdom and was operated at first as part of Fighter Command and then from 1968 with

3458:) climb to a very high altitude, allowing Cox to show the curvature of the Earth and the relative dimensions of the atmosphere. This aircraft 1538:

airfield near the Yemeni border, resulting in the curtailing of operations by the Egyptian Air Force over the Yemeni-Saudi border. During the

663: 2587:"224" Lightning Mark F.53 on display at Royal Saudi Air Force, King Khalid Airbase in Khamis Mushyt, Saudi Arabia. GPS 18.260764, 42.795216 2315: 7107:

Scott, Stewart A. "English Electric Lightning, Volume One: Birth of the Legend." Peterborough, Cambridgeshire, UK: GMS Enterprises, 2000.

2652: 1608:

Panavia Tornado to the RSAF, the 22 flyable Lightnings were traded in to British Aerospace and returned to Warton in January 1986. While

769:

addition of the cannon and their ammunition decreased the tank's fuel capacity from 610 to 535 imperial gallons (2,770 to 2,430 L).

6455: 3154:. (owned by the Anglo-American Lightning Organisation who also own the cockpit of ZF595 which is being used as a parts donor for XS422). 797:, was developed as a private venture by BAC. While the Lightning had originated as an interception aircraft, this version was to have a 1052: 1070:

adoption of a new powerplant and radar and was believed by BAC to significantly increase performance, but ultimately was not pursued.

3750:

service Lightning F.1s and F.1Bs had a scale that stopped at Mach 1.8 (2,205 km/h; 1,370 mph) – with a redline at 1.7.

2459: 2453: 1612:

offered the ex-Saudi Lightnings to Austria and Nigeria, no sales were made, and the aircraft were eventually disposed of to museums.

1685:

Single-seat fighter, delivered in 1961. Featured Avon 210R engines, an inflight refuelling probe and UHF Radio; a total of 28 built.

697:

in front of the cockpit windscreen and an interchangeable fuselage weapons pack containing either an additional two ADEN cannon, 48

540:

calling for a faster design to be armed with either an improved Firestreak known as "Blue Vesta", or an improved Red Dean known as "

8238: 7227: 7193:

Anglo American Lightning Organisation, returning to flight XS422, the former ETPS Lightning at Stennis Airport, Kiln, Mississippi

6075: 3619: 3446: 1311: 1079:

Lightning, was designed...as an intercepter fighter. As such, it has probably the fastest rate-of-climb of any combat aircraft –

629: 3850:

Wing loading can range from 86–67 lb/sq ft (420–330 kg/m) over the duration of a mission, depending on fuel load.

3462:, a month after the episode was filmed, when it developed mechanical problems during an air show at South Africa's AFB Overberg. 230:

engines within the fuselage. The Lightning was designed and developed as an interceptor to defend the airfields of the British "

7318: 6185: 560:

Sandys felt it was unlikely that the Soviets would use bombers as their primary method of attack beyond the mid-to-late 1960s.

7157: 7142: 7127: 6916: 6907: 6896: 6861: 6786: 6770: 6756: 6741: 6726: 5939: 4358: 2975: 1355: 6055: 3946:

Note: the original specification called for a 150-mile radius of action from the V bomber bases the aircraft was defending.

732:, was already in development, but there was a need for an interim solution to partially address the F.3's shortcomings, the 5293: 5251: 4192: 3664:

The ventral cannon installation was designed for the export aircraft but was later adopted by the RAF for the F.6 and F.2A.

2662: 607:, were given the opportunity to familiarise themselves with the P.1B. Slayton, who was subsequently selected as one of the 5955: 3312:

800 nmi (920 mi, 1,500 km) internal fuel; 1,100 nmi (1,300 mi; 2,000 km) with external tanks

760:

was originally nearly identical to the F.3A with the exception that it could carry two 260-imperial-gallon (1,200 L)

673:

airfields in conjunction with the "last ditch" Bristol Bloodhound missiles located either at the bomber airfield, e.g. at

3933:

air attack on the UK. In addition to the Lightning, the last line of defence for the airfields was to be what became the

1490: 1470:

and operated in the low-level air defence role until disbanded in 1977 when the role was taken over by the Phantom FGR2.

988: 334: 318: 285: 5131: 8223: 7787: 7447: 7220: 6805: 6693: 6552: 4169: 3704:

Two Lightning prototypes, XL628 and XM966, were lost to vertical fin failure during roll testing at high Mach numbers.

8026: 7179: 7112: 7101: 7077: 7038: 7014: 6991: 6824: 6711: 6036: 5273: 5177: 4461: 4422: 4144: 2923: 2703: 2321: 2310: 2055: 1761:, extended fuselage, relocated undercarriage, underwing hardpoints, cheek-mounted intakes, new radar, and use of the 6013: 3411: 1373:

During the 1960s, as strategic awareness increased and a multitude of alternative fighter designs were developed by

971: 7943: 1959:'The Tigers' of No 74 Squadron. Lead RAF aerial display team from 1962 and first display team with Mach 2 aircraft. 1789:

s for the Kuwaiti Air Force, 34 F.53s for the Royal Saudi Arabian Air Force, one aircraft crashed before delivery).

1382: 686: 503:

had proven the P.1 design to be viable, it was limited to Mach 1.51 (1,850 km/h; 1,149 mph) due to

8164: 6225: 2995: 2723: 2201: 6394: 926:

The Lightning fuel capacity was increased with a conformal ventral fuel tank. A rocket engine pack containing a

8071: 5406: 2775: 2346: 2166: 1131: 1006:. Unlike the previous generation of aircraft which used gaseous oxygen for lifesupport, the Lightning employed 883:

The Lightning had several distinctive design features, the primary being the twin-engine arrangement, notched

643:, piloted by Roland Beamont, reached Mach 2 for the first time in a British aircraft. This made it the second 7898: 7562: 7207: 3279:

engines, 12,690 lbf (56.4 kN) thrust each dry, 16,360 lbf (72.8 kN) with afterburner

3147: 2909: 2279: 1546:

pilots participated in the airstrikes on Yemeni militias after they captured a town in Saudi Arabia in 1969.

1241: 537: 7629: 7327: 6148: 4389: 3975: 3488: 2682: 2539: 2491: 1648: 1593: 1224: 1158: 1105: 600: 369: 201: 89: 1821:

Proposed two-seat Royal Navy Fleet Air Arm carrier capable variant with variable-geometry wing; not built.

942: 739: 30: 8018: 7802: 6520: 3151: 2678: 1560: 421: 7055: 5988: 5617: 5348: 5063: 4987: 4920: 4778: 4753: 4731: 4709: 4276: 2581:

Lightning F.52 pylon mounted at the Aeromedical centre on King Abdulaziz Air Base Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

1381:

members, the Lightning's range and firepower shortcomings became increasingly apparent. The transfer of

8228: 8003: 7843: 7311: 3559: 3523: 3112: 3013: 2419: 1478: 1147: 1034: 6871:

Goodrum, Alastair (January–February 2004). "Down Range: Losses over the Wash in the 1960s and 1970s".

1854:

operated both the F.53K (12) single-seat fighter and the T.55K (2) training version from 1968 to 1977.

1418:. At the formation of Strike Command nine Lightning squadrons were operational in the United Kingdom. 8066: 8008: 7700: 7265: 7260: 3330:

20,000 ft/min (100 m/s) sustained to 30,000 ft (9,100 m) Zoom climb 50,000 ft/min

2713: 2093: 964: 846:

In 1963, BAC Warton was working on the preliminary design of a two-seat Lightning development with a

798: 4047: 1275: 1017:

Electricity was provided via a bleed air-driven turbine housed in the rear fuselage, which drove an

8129: 7720: 6902: 5811: 3624: 3535: 2877: 2831: 2296: 2138: 1121:

at heights of around 60,000–65,000 ft (18,000–20,000 m), which were temporarily based at

920: 552: 777:

longest tactical range of all Lightning variants, and was used for low-altitude interception over

8056: 7654: 6582: 5774: 3571: 3435:) which was temporarily placed in his garden and documented on Clarkson's 2001 television series 3383: 2933: 2572: 2498: 2205: 1467: 1342:

over West Germany in 1972. The pilot had abandoned the Harrier which continued flying toward the

1339: 1179: 528: 6999: 6976: 6961: 6946: 6931: 6846: 5903: 5882: 3682:

The true airspeed associated with a given indicated airspeed increases with altitude. Below the

3257:

41,076 lb (18,632 kg) with two Red Top missiles, cannon, ammunition, and internal fuel

1434:. The squadron was disbanded in 1971 following the withdrawal of British forces from Singapore. 7928: 7797: 7744: 7616: 7582: 7577: 3346: 3184: 2965: 2326: 1518: 1030: 1010:-based apparatus for the pilot; cockpit pressurisation and conditioning was maintained through 863: 847: 803: 223:

A unique feature of the Lightning's design is the vertical, staggered configuration of its two

76: 7296: 7208:

Five-minute RAF Recruiting film "Streaked Lightning" from 1962 at the National Archives Public

3376:

2 × forward fuselage, 2 × overwing pylon stations , with provisions to carry combinations of:

1777:

Slightly modified ex-RAF F.2 single-seat fighters for export to Saudi Arabia (five converted).

822:, with additional Matra JL-100 combined rocket and fuel pods (each containing 18 SNEB 68 8099: 8051: 7858: 7835: 7304: 7285: 7280: 4451: 4412: 3451: 3270: 3126: 2738:

Lightning F.3 owned by Lightning Preservation Group, Bruntingthorpe Aerodrome, Leicestershire

2221: 1886: 1530: 1502: 1482: 504: 266: 262: 217: 122: 1660:

Single-seat supersonic research aircraft, two prototypes built and one static test airframe.

234:" strategic nuclear force from attack by anticipated future nuclear-armed supersonic Soviet 8192: 8119: 8104: 7782: 7602: 7597: 7572: 7503: 7255: 7050: 5152: 5075: 3934: 3163: 2867: 2043: 2037: 1904: 1283: 1255:

at Coltishall from 11 July 1960. This made the Lightning the second Western European-built

1081: 564: 399: 192:

during the 1960s, the 1970s and into the late 1980s. It is capable of a top speed of above

189: 57: 2306:

English Electric Lightning (XS929), displayed as a gate guardian at RAF Akrotiri in Cyprus

1049:, sufficient to generate adequate hydraulic power for the powered controls during flight. 8: 8091: 7953: 7913: 7863: 7705: 7644: 7634: 7567: 7538: 7518: 7498: 3547: 3506: 3130: 2247: 2031: 2025: 2019: 2013: 2007: 2001: 1995: 1985: 1923: 1898: 1892: 1758: 1625: 1447: 1431: 1390: 1359: 1307: 1303: 1279: 1245: 1232:

The first aircraft to enter service with the RAF, three pre-production P.1Bs, arrived at

1114: 1018: 899:

Lightning F.6 XS904 after a high-speed taxi run at 2012 Cold War Jets Day, Bruntingthorpe

851: 690: 651: 621: 40: 36: 7477: 3196: 895: 317:

The specification for the aircraft followed the cancellation of the Air Ministry's 1942

8046: 7958: 7908: 7873: 7868: 7754: 7508: 6672: 5416: 3027: 2847: 2642: 2548:

Lightning T.54 at the main entrance to King Abdul-Aziz Air Base, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.

1974: 1597: 1589: 1557:

that the Saudis used to keep their Lightnings operational, so serviceability was poor.

1543: 1458:

In the early 1960s No. 19 Squadron and No. 92 Squadron with Lightning F.2s, moved from

1415: 1094: 931: 812: 702: 1805:

Two-seat side-by-side training aircraft (export version of the T.5), eight built (six

983:

specification for tactical air navigation technology, and thus featured an integrated

818:

BAC also proposed clearing the overwing hardpoints for carriage of weapons as well as

309: 8233: 8202: 8149: 8124: 8109: 8061: 7543: 7478: 7421: 7175: 7153: 7138: 7123: 7108: 7097: 7085: 7073: 7034: 7010: 6995: 6987: 6972: 6957: 6942: 6927: 6912: 6892: 6876: 6857: 6842: 6820: 6801: 6782: 6766: 6752: 6737: 6722: 6707: 6689: 6676: 6668: 6311: 5899: 5878: 5402: 5289: 5269: 5247: 5173: 4457: 4418: 4354: 4188: 4165: 4140: 4117: 3950:

later called for the Lightning's fuel capacity to be greatly increased, which it was.

3926: 3437: 3390: 3037: 2791: 2765: 2584:

Unidentified Lightning at entrance to Taif Heart Mall in downtown Taif, Saudi Arabia.

2283: 2275: 2243: 2123: 1813:

s for the Kuwaiti Air Force and one converted from T.5 that crashed before delivery).

1746: 1640:

C helicopter of the 67th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron lifts a Lightning at

1609: 1399: 1138: 1122: 1037: 984: 577: 556: 464: 449: 390: 330: 270: 6521:"Thunder & Lightnings - English Electric Lightning - Survivor ZF597 (Ex 55-711)" 6182: 8197: 8134: 8114: 7883: 7807: 7777: 7624: 7490: 7482: 7398: 7393: 7352: 7243: 6664: 2518:

Lightning F.2A owned by PS Aero in Holland, on display at their facility in Baarlo.

2352: 1851: 1632: 1564: 1554: 1511: 1411: 1066: 1061: 888: 867: 859: 710: 678: 430: 425: 293: 235: 224: 213: 197: 185: 117: 84: 61: 6889:

Modern Air Combat: Aircraft, Tactics and Weapons Employed in Aerial Warfare Today.

2690:

Lightning F.1A at Dyson Ltd. (on display in staff canteen), Malmesbury, Wiltshire.

2128: 1858: 1463: 802:

hardpoints under the outer wing. These hardpoints could be fitted with pylons for

8174: 8159: 8081: 7998: 7993: 7823: 7812: 7772: 7729: 7710: 7669: 7659: 7639: 7592: 7587: 7523: 7436: 7373: 7347: 7342: 6462: 6333: 6189: 6082: 6059: 6052: 6020: 5959: 5858: 5836: 5135: 3982: 3644: 3480: 3425: 3207:

Pilots Notes and Operating Data Manual for Lightning F.6 (unless otherwise noted)

3116: 2951: 2329:, United States, now on display at Pima Air & Space Museum in Tucson, Arizona 2251: 2049: 1946: 1394: 1363: 1347: 1302:

An improved variant, the F.2 first flew on 11 July 1961 and entered service with

1256: 1252: 1249: 1240:

on 23 December 1959, joining the Air Fighting Development Squadron (AFDS) of the

1151: 1046: 955: 951: 927: 831: 608: 524: 491:

had unknowingly exceeded Mach 1 (1,225 km/h; 761 mph), but due to

209: 110: 6749:

X-Planes of Europe II: Military Prototype Aircraft from the Golden Age 1946–1974

1430:, Singapore to take over the air defence role from the Gloster Javelin equipped 1298:

Nine Lightning F.1s of No.74 Squadron display at the 1961 SBAC show, Farnborough

950:

Early versions of the Lightning were equipped with the Ferranti-developed AI.23

8187: 8144: 7893: 7888: 7734: 7664: 7553: 7528: 7431: 7388: 7357: 6838: 6781:. Warbird Tech Series. Vol. 28. North Branch, Minnesota: Specialty Press. 5952: 5336: 5288:"Lightning from the Cockpit" Flying The Supersonic Legend, Peter Caygill 2004, 3947: 3583: 3399:

260 imp gal (310 US gal; 1,200 L) ferry tanks on wings

2236: 2217: 2133: 2118: 1939: 1641: 1637: 1535: 1486: 1459: 1386: 1263: 1233: 1162: 1022: 644: 593: 492: 484: 472: 448:, variable nozzle reheat and provision for weapons systems integrated with the 374: 341: 6650:"Bloodhound on my Trail: Building the Ferranti Argus Process Control Computer" 6613: 1749:

missiles. A total of 39 built (also nine converted from F.3 and 15 from F.3A).

8217: 8154: 8139: 8076: 7988: 7983: 7938: 7923: 7918: 7903: 7739: 7649: 7533: 6880: 6284: 5128: 4121: 2857: 2815: 2474: 2461: 2274:

The Anglo-American Lightning Organisation, a group based at Stennis Airport,

2267: 2171: 2153: 1863: 1762: 1539: 1526: 1287: 1007: 682: 555:

which outlined the changing strategic environment due to the introduction of

548: 520: 456:. Three P.1B prototypes were built, assigned serials XA847, XA853 and XA856. 326: 258: 251: 247: 239: 7212: 6628: 6560: 4547:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services, September 1966. 3342:

76 lb/sq ft (370 kg/m) F.6 with Red Top missiles and 1/2 fuel

2302: 1620: 8041: 8036: 8031: 7963: 7818: 7792: 7690: 7031:

English Electric Lightning: Britain's First and Last Supersonic Interceptor

5219:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services, November 1975. 5192:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services, November 1963. 4503:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services, February 1962. 3930: 3595: 3068: 2795: 2456:, Kuwait City. It can be seen from surrounding buildings and is located at 2375: 2209: 2197: 2191: 2175: 2143: 2113: 2108: 1989: 1978: 1879: 1582: 1498: 1443: 1175: 1126: 1118: 778: 749: 633: 604: 516: 288:

conferred on the Lightning its Engineering Heritage Award at a ceremony at

277: 6229: 5914: 2984:

Lightning F.53 at the East Midlands Aeropark, Castle Donington, Derbyshire

2623:(former XP693) Lightning F.6 stored in Cape Town under restoration to fly. 2617:(former XR773) Lightning F.6 stored in Cape Town under restoration to fly. 724:, incorporated relatively minor design changes; for the next variant, the 7933: 7878: 7767: 7695: 7612: 7383: 6967:

Lake, Jon. "Aircraft Profile – English Electric Lightning – Part Three".

6657:

The International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology

4113: 3368: 3273: 2744:

Lightning F.3 owned by Anthony Harker, Over Dinsdale, Darlington, Durham.

2611:(former XS452) Lightning T.5 based at Cape Town under restoration to fly. 2554:

Lightning T.55 at the Royal Saudi Air Force Museum, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

2356:

Lightning "486" on display outside Prince Sultan Air Base in Saudi Arabia

1918: 1577: 1515: 1501:, keen to improve its air defences owing to the Saudi involvement in the 1374: 1343: 913: 905: 694: 418: 345: 289: 193: 7150:

Project Cancelled: The Disaster of Britain's Abandoned Aircraft Projects

5204:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: British Aircraft Corporation Ltd, December 1983. 4518:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services, April 1965. 3615:

List of accidents and incidents involving the English Electric Lightning

1109:

Lightning in flight at the Ysterplaat Airshow, Cape Town, September 2006

398:

From 1953 onward, the first three prototype aircraft were hand-built at

7978: 7973: 7968: 7948: 7762: 6952:

Lake, Jon. "Aircraft Profile – English Electric Lightning – Part Two".

6937:

Lake, Jon. "Aircraft Profile – English Electric Lightning – Part One".

4571:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services, July 1968. 3746: 3683: 3501: 3111:

Lightning F.53 painted in 5 Squadron camouflage colours, on display at

3084: 2213: 2148: 1514:

trainers, while the contract also included new radar systems, American

1427: 1208: 1192: 1099: 1090: 1026: 991: 884: 855: 823: 761: 674: 569: 480: 445: 378: 322: 5326:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: British Aircraft Corporation Ltd, Preliminary. 4871:. Warton Aerodrome, UK: English Electric Technical Services, May 1977. 1797:

Ex-RAF T.4 two-seat trainers supplied to Saudi Arabia (two converted).

1389:

in the ground attack role. The Lightning's direct replacement was the

946:

Underside of a Lightning F.3 with undercarriage deployed, 23 June 1979

440:

while the initial three prototypes were retroactively reclassified as

7853: 7403: 7137:(The Aviation Factfile). Rochester, Kent, UK: The Grange plc., 2006. 3732:

At Mach 2.0, the stagnation temperature was 242 °F (117 °C)

3511: 2937: 2755: 2246:

operated four ex-RAF F.6s as radar targets to aid development of the

1011: 960: 819: 765: 698: 625: 496: 350: 281: 5825: 5823: 5217:

Lightning F Mks.1, 1A, 2 & T Mk.4 Aircraft Operating Data Manual

1294: 467:

for pre-flight ground taxi trials; on the morning of 4 August 1954,

242:"Blinder", but it was subsequently also required to intercept other 8182: 7848: 7426: 7174:. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Books Ltd., 2004. 3421:

set in 1910 ends with a flyover of six English Electric Lightnings.

3306:

135 nmi (155 mi, 250 km) supersonic intercept radius

3276: 3146:

Lightning T.5 painted in RAF markings, under restoration to fly at

2955: 2893: 2671:

P1B/Lightning F.1 pre-production aircraft at the RAF Museum Cosford

1766: 1351: 1041: 1003: 706: 670: 541: 533: 358: 231: 227: 3821:

with 800 lb of fuel remaining with a total mission time of 35 min.

2046:

operated as No. 226 OCU with the F.1, F.1A and the F.3 (1963–1971)

2022:

operated as No. 226 OCU with the F.1, F.1A and the F.3 (1971–1974)

6583:"Thunder & Lightnings – English Electric Lightning – History" 5820: 3088: 2999: 2805: 1237: 917: 572:". F.155 was cancelled on 29 March 1957 and Blue Envoy in April. 453: 402:, where all Lightnings were built. These aircraft were given the 5399:

Bråvallavingar. Berättelsen om F13 - en flygflottilj under 50 år

4164:. Preston, UK: Lancashire County Developments Ltd. p. 318. 2333: 2220:, the South African Air Force's official aerobatic team, flew a 1354:

was offered as a target to NATO fighters including F-15 Eagles,

1346:

border; it was shot down to avoid a diplomatic incident. During

377:

were issued a contract by the Ministry of Supply to produce the

200:. After EE merged with other aircraft manufacturers to form the 7682: 7326: 7197: 6763:

English Electric/British Aircraft Corporation Lightning Mks 1–6

6109: 6037:"MSIM: Education and Learning: Registration number L.1996.53.1" 3077:

Lightning F.6 in a private collection at Binbrook, Lincolnshire

3061:

Lightning T.5 in a private collection at New York, Lincolnshire

3055:

Lightning F.1A in a private collection at Spark Bridge, Cumbria

2804:

Lightning T.5 at the Fenland and West Norfolk Aviation Museum,

1844: 1549: 1260: 1228:

A Royal Air Force Lightning F.1A at Yeovilton, 8 September 1973

1130:

F1As conducted 18 solo sorties. The sorties proved that, under

1025:

generator. This approach was unusual, since most aircraft used

648: 417:(the structural test airframe). The prototypes were powered by 243: 7202: 5324:

Lightning F Mk.53 & T Mk.55 Aircraft Operating Data Manual

2784:

Lightning T.5 at the Skegness Water Leisure Park, Lincolnshire

1962:'The Firebirds' of No 56 Squadron from 1963 in red and silver. 677:, or at dedicated missile sites near to the airfield, e.g. at 475:, flew for the first time from Boscombe Down. One week later, 3769:

A single F.1 was supplied as a ground instructional airframe.

2892:

Lightning F.6 stand mounted at Castle Motors on the A38 near

2224:

after it was announced that the pilot had died in the crash.

1506: 835: 196:. The Lightning was designed, developed, and manufactured by 7192: 5940:"Chateau de Savigny les Beaune, Savigny-les-Beaunes, France" 4348: 979:

The cockpit of the Lightning was designed to meet the RAF's

5558:"Jet! When Britain Ruled the Skies – 1. Military Marvels". 4453:

Sea Harrier FRS 1 vs Mirage III/Dagger: South Atlantic 1982

4294: 3976:"Historic jet plane gets engineering 'wings' at Lancashire" 2696:

Lightning F.1A at Tattershall Thorpe, Lincolnshire, England

1601: 1568: 1378: 827: 807: 6854:

British Secret Projects: Hypersonics, Ramjets and Missiles

6817:

From Lysander to Lightning Teddy Petter, aircraft designer

806:, including two 1,000 lb (450 kg) bombs or four 588:

On 4 April 1957 Beamont made the first flight of the P.1B

4540: 4538: 4536: 4534: 4532: 4530: 4528: 4526: 4524: 4511: 4509: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 4484: 4482: 4450:

Dildy, Douglas C; Calcaterra, Pablo (21 September 2017).

3491:– an inadvertent Lightning flight by a non-pilot engineer 3251:

31,068 lb (14,092 kg) with armament and no fuel

999: 995: 7172:

Lightning from the Cockpit: Flying the Supersonic Legend

4318: 4225: 4070: 4068: 4015: 4013: 2732:

Lightning F.3 at Vanguard Self Storage, Bristol, England

2564:

The following are on display but with no public access:

1567:

Lightning F.53 in 1969 with both underwing and overwing

1505:

and the resultant air incursions into Saudi airspace by

1056:

56 Sqn Lightning receives Firestreaks at Akrotiri, 1963.

5915:"Returning to Flight English Electric Lightning XS422." 5195: 4564: 4562: 4089: 2886:

Lightning F.6 at Henstridge Airfield, Somerset, England

1338:

A Lightning was tasked with shooting down a pilot-less

321:

supersonic research aircraft which had resulted in the

7065:(Part Work 1982–1985). London: Orbis Publishing, 1985. 5183: 4521: 4506: 4479: 4080: 3125:

Lightning T.55 painted in RAF markings, on display at

5894:"Airscene: Aircraft & Industry: United Kingdom". 5123: 5121: 5066:

21 March 1968. Image caption between page 408 and 409

4431: 4330: 4065: 4025: 4010: 3906: 3904: 3902: 3787:

Above 45,000 lb, the mainwheel tyres were single use.

3067:

Lightning F.6 is in taxiable condition at the former

2950:

Lightning F.53 at Cornwall Aviation Heritage Centre,

1405: 815:

fitted with five 70 mm Type 360 Vinten cameras.

7054:. 5 September 1968. pp. 371–378. Archived from 6926:, Vol. 34, No. 6, June 1988, pp. 279–289, 307. 6614:"Jeremy's jet fighter garden feature – Speed – BBC." 4559: 4351:

Deke! U.S. Manned Space: From Mercury to the Shuttle

3470: 811:

launchers for 44× 2-inch (50 mm) rockets, or a

713:

and ranging, as well as search and track functions.

544:". The thin-wing Javelin was cancelled in May 1956. 7133:Winchester, Jim, ed. "English Electric Lightning." 6835:

Colourful Career: The Life and Times of a Lightning

6629:"Wonders of the Solar System – The Thin Blue Line." 6527: 6456:"MOD Boscombe Down gate guard officially unveiled." 4765: 4763: 3929:and thus were the likely first-strike targets of a 3925:Note: at the time, the V bombers carried Britain's 3600: 3588: 3576: 3564: 3552: 3540: 3528: 3518:

Aircraft of comparable role, configuration, and era

2052:

operated the F.1A, F.3, T.4 and the T.5 (1963–1974)

2016:

operated the F.1, F.1A, F.3 and the F.6 (1960–1976)

5299: 5118: 4687: 4685: 4683: 4306: 4108:Phil Butler. "Post-1950 Aircraft Specifications". 3899: 3880: 3878: 3876: 3874: 3872: 2840:Lightning F.6 at RAF Manston Museum, Kent, England 2337:Lightning F1 XM135 at Imperial War Museum, Duxford 784: 647:aircraft to reach Mach 2, the first one being the 487:during its third flight. During its first flight, 7089:, Vol. 15, No. 5, October 1978, pp. 167–172. 7072:. Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stevens Ltd, 1984. 6956:. Vol. 70, No. 2, February 2006, pp. 64–66. 5231: 4664: 4662: 4660: 4631: 3158: 2876:Lightning F.6 with LPG, in taxiable condition at 2830:Lightning F.6 with LPG, in taxiable condition at 2661:P1B/Lightning F.1 pre-production aircraft at the 2430:Militärhistorisches Museum Flugplatz Berlin-Gatow 930:engine and 200 imp gal (910 L) of 850:, based on the Lightning T.5. In addition to the 699:two-inch (51 mm) unguided air-to-air rockets 8215: 7094:English Electric Aircraft and their Predecessors 7025:. Fairford, UK: Royal Air Force Benevolent Fund. 6941:. Vol. 70, No. 1, January 2006, pp. 64–66. 6734:British Secret Projects: Jet Fighters Since 1950 6604:Lightning from the cockpit 2004 by Peter Caygill 5633: 5631: 5629: 5623:20 April 1967, p. 648. Retrieved: 22 April 2012. 5036: 4760: 4272: 4270: 6589: 5864:, 14 November 2009. Retrieved: 23 January 2010. 5842:, 14 November 2009. Retrieved: 23 January 2010. 5690: 5688: 5686: 5390: 5370: 5368: 5366: 4777:. 24 February 1961. p. 231. Archived from 4752:. 5 September 1968. p. 376. Archived from 4708:. 5 September 1960. p. 372. Archived from 4680: 4586: 4449: 3869: 1592:in 1977. The remaining aircraft were stored at 1442:The Royal Air Force had detached Lightnings to 669:, was designed as an interceptor to defend the 510: 483:flight for the first time, having exceeded the 7009:Minneapolis, Minnesota: Zenith Imprint, 1996. 6971:. Vol. 70, No. 3, March 2006, pp. 64–66. 6721:. Wiltshire, UK: The Crowood Press Ltd, 1997. 5527: 5525: 5447: 5102:Public Record Office, London. TNA AIR 20/11370 5025: 5023: 4874: 4657: 4470: 4388:. 31 October 1958. p. 693. Archived from 3419:Those Magnificent Men in Their Flying Machines 2345:Lightning F.1, serial XG337 on display at the 2040:operated the F.1A, F.3 and the F.6 (1961–1974) 1366:, and F-104 Starfighters – but only Lightning 654:just over a month earlier on 24 October 1958. 7463: 7312: 7242: 7228: 6851: 6751:. Manchester, UK: Hikoki Publications, 2015. 6107: 5701: 5649: 5647: 5626: 5581:Hobbs, David (2008). "British F-4 Phantoms". 5308: 5222: 4915: 4913: 4803: 4650: 4648: 4646: 4610: 4574: 4414:Images of war. The English Electric Lightning 4300: 4267: 4242: 4240: 4207: 2902:Lightning F.6 at Warton Aerodrome, Lancashire 2028:operated the F.1, F.3 and the F.6 (1960–1971) 1809:s for the Royal Saudi Arabian Air Force, two 361:, as well as one static airframe, designated 6841:115, January–February 2005, pp. 18–19. 6258: 6256: 5798: 5796: 5749: 5683: 5509: 5496: 5474: 5363: 4730:. 26 April 1957. p. 544. Archived from 3892: 3890: 2316:Museum of Science and Industry in Manchester 6922:Jackson, Paul. "Lament for the Lightning". 6706:. Somerset, UK: Patrick Stevens Ltd, 1996. 6270: 6268: 6014:"English Electric P1A: Serial Number WG760" 5953:"Liste aller Flugzeuge in der Ausstellung." 5877:, January 1993, Vol. 44, No. 1. pp. 22–24. 5522: 5429: 5020: 4864: 4862: 4860: 4858: 4856: 4854: 4852: 4850: 4848: 4846: 4844: 4603: 4601: 4501:Pilot's Notes, Lightning F Mk.1 and F Mk.1A 4249: 2754:'s Integrated Valve and Gas Turbine Plant, 1757:Proposed single-seat interceptor featuring 1202: 527:interceptors would be useless; its primary 7470: 7456: 7319: 7305: 7235: 7221: 7118:Williams, Anthony G. and Emmanuel Gustin. 7033:. Surrey, UK: Ian Allan Publishing, 2009. 6736:. Hinckley, UK: Midland Publishing, 2005. 5644: 5593: 5421:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 5246:"Aircraft Propulsion", P.J. McMahon 1971, 5212: 5210: 5045: 4910: 4842: 4840: 4838: 4836: 4834: 4832: 4830: 4828: 4826: 4824: 4643: 4285: 4237: 3959: 3444:In a 2010 episode of the BBC TV programme 3300:738 nmi (849 mi, 1,367 km) 3197:Typical ejection seat of a Lightning T.4/5 2790:Lightning T.5 is in taxiable condition at 2170:ZU-BEX Electric Lightning T5, alongside a 1889:operated the Lightning from 1967 to 1986. 1473: 1453: 16:Interceptor aircraft, British, 1960s–1980s 7007:Fight's On: Airborne with the Aggressors. 6982:Lake, Jon. "English Electric Lightning". 6504: 6495: 6486: 6477: 6440: 6431: 6422: 6378: 6369: 6360: 6253: 6244: 6223: 6208: 6167: 6132: 5793: 5758: 5742: 5740: 5719: 5710: 5665: 5465: 5381: 5317: 5142:. October 2004. Retrieved: 9 August 2020. 4671: 4622: 4159: 4153: 3887: 3723:temperature was 151 °F (66 °C). 3336:2.8 min to 36,000 ft (11,000 m) 2454:Kuwait Science and Natural History Museum 2325:Lightning F.6 at the Museum of Aviation, 2034:operated the F.2 and the F.2A (1963–1977) 1998:operated the F.2 and the F.2A (1962–1976) 1949:operated the Lightning from 1959 to 1988. 1529:, two air defence radars and a number of 7083:"Punter, H". "An Arabian Magic Carpet". 7063:The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Aircraft 6468: 6413: 6351: 6342: 6265: 6199: 6092: 5923: 5898:, February 1993, Vol. 44, No. 2. p. 61. 5873:English, Malcolm. "Lightnings live on". 4598: 3162: 3083:Lightning F.53 Under restoration at the 2932:Lightning F.53 in taxiable condition at 2856:Lightning F.6 (painted as F.3 XP765) at 2824:Lightning F.6 near Callington, Cornwall. 2351: 2340: 2332: 2320: 2309: 2301: 2165: 2004:operated the F.3 and the F.6 (1964–1975) 1917: 1857: 1647: 1631: 1619: 1559: 1477: 1293: 1223: 1104: 1051: 970: 941: 894: 738: 565:Bloodhound Mk. II surface-to-air missile 463:and its support equipment were moved to 389: 340:Petter initiated a design proposal with 308: 7092:Ransom, Stephen and Robert Fairclough. 6911:. Oxford, UK: Osprey Air Combat, 1984. 6870: 6776: 6683: 6307: 6305: 5396: 5335: 5263: 5207: 4821: 4437: 4336: 4324: 4231: 4134: 4107: 4095: 3741:Roland Beamont took the Lightning P.1B 3620:List of aircraft of the Royal Air Force 1168: 1157:Carroll compared the Lightning and the 937: 284:, South Africa. In September 2008, the 8216: 7122:. Wiltshire, UK: Crowood Press, 2004. 6856:. Midland Publishing. pp. 47–53. 6814: 5989:"XN784 – PS Aero, Baarlo, Netherlands" 5775:"English Electric Lightning - History" 5737: 5674: 5656: 5602: 5574: 5091:The National Archive of United Kingdom 4869:Lightning F Mk.6 Operating Data Manual 4410: 4074: 4031: 4019: 3964:. Oxford: ADW Publications. p. 6. 3405: 3036:Lightning T.4 inside the main gate at 2702:Lightning F.2A cockpit section at the 1437: 1214: 1040:slowed the aircraft during landing. A 685:. The bomber airfields along with the 599:In 1958 two test pilots from the USAF 7451: 7300: 7216: 7020: 6852:Gibson, Chris; Buttler, Tony (2007). 6795: 6647: 5918:Anglo American Lightning Organisation 5580: 5155:. Lightning.org.uk. 13 January 2008. 5111:Black, I. "Chasing the Dragon Lady". 4456:. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 12. 4411:Bowman, Martin W. (30 January 2018). 4376: 4374: 4372: 4370: 4349:Slayton D.K. with Cassutt M. (1995). 4312: 4137:Early Supersonic Fighters Of The West 4042: 4040: 3910: 3412:English Electric Lightning in fiction 3245:474.5 sq ft (44.08 m) 3233:34 ft 10 in (10.62 m) 2976:Dumfries and Galloway Aviation Museum 2663:Norfolk & Suffolk Aviation Museum 2571:Lightning F.1 at the VIP terminal on 2398:Lightning F.1A at Savigny-les-Beaune. 2290: 1862:Royal Saudi Air Force Lightning F.53 1830: 1596:, and many were destroyed during the 1542:, RSAF Lightnings flown by Saudi and 1426:In 1967 No. 74 Squadron was moved to 1421: 1266:on 8 March 1960 four months earlier. 1089:The Lightning possessed a remarkable 716:The next two Lightning variants, the 6800:. Manchester: Crecy Publishing Ltd. 6302: 3921: 3919: 3424:British journalist and TV presenter 3227:55 ft 3 in (16.84 m) 3167:BAC Lightning F Mk.6 3-view drawings 1866:at the King Faisal air base in Tabuk 1073: 6986:, Volume 7, 1997, pp. 36–101. 6688:. Littlehampton Book Services Ltd. 6226:"Find us – Cranfield, Bedfordshire" 6076:"English Electric Lightning F1/P1B" 6064:Norfolk and Suffolk Aviation Museum 5746:Ransom and Fairclough 1987, p. 267. 5680:Ransom and Fairclough 1987, p. 258. 5662:Ransom and Fairclough 1987, p. 259. 4640:5 September 1968, pp. 372–373, 376. 3294:Mach 2.27 (1,500 mph+ at 40,000 ft) 3239:19 ft 7 in (5.97 m) 2651:, the second prototype P.1A at the 1521:and training and support services. 1491:No. 226 Operational Conversion Unit 681:near the 3-squadron Vulcan station 286:Institution of Mechanical Engineers 13: 7788:de Havilland Canada DHC-1 Chipmunk 7481:manufactured in Britain since the 7328:British Aircraft Corporation (BAC) 7164: 6149:"A History of the Lightning XP745" 5986: 5830:"Fighter jet crashes at air show." 5817:, 2009. Retrieved: 7 October 2009. 4443: 4382:"Champagne for the Mach 2 fighter" 4367: 4037: 2968:, Carlisle Airport Cumbria England 2641:, the first prototype P.1A at the 2161: 2088:Wattisham Target Facilities Flight 1406:Fighter Command and Strike Command 1219: 583: 14: 8250: 7186: 7135:Military Aircraft of the Cold War 6123:"English Electric Lightning F.2A" 6110:"Thorpe Camp visitor information" 5993:www.thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk/ 5920:, 2009. Retrieved: 12 March 2008. 4556:Williams and Gustin 2004, p. 106. 3916: 3263:45,750 lb (20,752 kg) 2924:Tangmere Military Aviation Museum 2704:Boscombe Down Aviation Collection 2627: 2082:Leuchars Target Facilities Flight 2076:Binbrook Target Facilities Flight 2056:Air Fighting Development Squadron 1745:rather than in the nose), use of 1383:McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom IIs 1137:In 1984, during a NATO exercise, 1117:organised interception trials on 701:, or two de Havilland Firestreak 662:The first operational Lightning, 7944:Rolls-Royce Thrust Measuring Rig 6891:London: Salamander Books, 1983. 6798:Wreck & Relics, 23rd Edition 6669:10.1179/175812111X13188557853928 6648:Aylen, Jonathan (January 2012). 6632:British Broadcasting Corporation 6622: 6617:British Broadcasting Corporation 6607: 6598: 6575: 6553:"BAC Lightning Site - Tech Data" 6545: 6536: 6513: 6449: 6395:"English Electric Lightning F53" 6387: 6327:"English Electric Lightning F6." 6320: 6277: 6217: 6176: 6141: 6116: 6101: 6069: 6046: 6030: 6007: 5980: 5968: 5946: 5932: 5908: 5888: 5867: 5845: 5805: 5767: 5728: 5611: 5565: 5560:British Broadcasting Corporation 5552: 5543: 5534: 5487: 5456: 5438: 5329: 5282: 5257: 5240: 5202:Pilot's Notes, Lightning F.Mk.53 4907:Darling 2000, pp. 35–38, 54, 78. 4569:Lightning F.Mk.2A Aircrew Manual 3844: 3834: 3824: 3810: 3800: 3790: 3781: 3772: 3763: 3753: 3735: 3726: 3716: 3473: 3191: 3179: 3097: 2260: 2229: 2184: 1932: 1907:operated the F.52, F.53 and T.55 1872: 1837: 1393:, an interceptor variant of the 1065:Firestreak missiles with modern 149:11 July 1960 (frontline service) 29: 5812:"Cape Town Jets: Thunder City." 5540:Darling 2008, pp. 95, 105, 121. 5190:Pilot's Notes, Lightning F Mk.2 5162: 5145: 5105: 5096: 5081: 5069: 5054: 5011: 5002: 4972: 4963: 4954: 4945: 4936: 4927: 4901: 4892: 4883: 4812: 4794: 4785: 4738: 4716: 4694: 4550: 4545:Pilot's Notes, Lightning F.Mk.6 4516:Pilot's Notes, Lightning F.Mk.3 4404: 4342: 4258: 4216: 4198: 4178: 4128: 4101: 3707: 3698: 3689: 3676: 3667: 3658: 3649: 3637: 3454:had a South African Lightning ( 3318:60,000 ft (18,000 m) 2996:City of Norwich Aviation Museum 2940:, near Gatwick Airport, England 2724:South Yorkshire Aircraft Museum 2706:, Old Sarum Airfield, Wiltshire 2597: 2524: 2202:Cape Town International Airport 2178:, Cape Town, South Africa, 2002 2050:226 Operational Conversion Unit 1493:for training Saudi pilots, 1968 1312:226 Operational Conversion Unit 963:-derived lead angle and backup 785:Export and further developments 568:would a further improved SAM, " 8239:1950s British fighter aircraft 8072:Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer 7070:English Electric/BAC Lightning 6908:English Electric/BAC Lightning 6887:Gunston, Bill and Mike Spick. 6087:Royal Air Force Museum Cosford 6041:Museum of Science and Industry 6025:Royal Air Force Museum Cosford 5852:"Killed air show pilot named." 4980:"1961 – 0949 – Flight Archive" 4921:"1961 – 0950 – Flight Archive" 4628:Gunston and Spick 1983, p. 67. 4595:5 September 1968, pp. 372–373. 4112:. Vol. 37, no. 145. 4001: 3992: 3968: 3953: 3940: 3367:2× 30 mm (1.181 in) 3324:70,000 ft (21,000 m) 3159:Specifications (Lightning F.6) 2776:Farnborough Air Sciences Trust 2653:Museum of Science and Industry 2504: 2497:Three Lightnings on stands at 2347:Royal Air Force Museum Cosford 1911:RSAF Lightning Conversion Unit 1333:—RAF Lightning pilot John Ward 1278:, allowed two more squadrons, 299: 257:The Lightning has exceptional 1: 7899:Fairey Ultra-light Helicopter 7152:2nd ed. London: Janes, 1986. 7023:Royal Air Force Yearbook 1989 6686:English Electric P1 Lightning 6634:, Retrieved: 18 January 2013. 6619:, Retrieved: 18 January 2013. 6339:, Retrieved: 18 January 2014. 6317:, Retrieved: 18 January 2014. 5347:. p. 572. Archived from 5093:. Retrieved: 23 January 2010. 5088:"Piece details AIR 20/11370." 4969:Darling 2000, pp. 20, 25, 35. 4951:Darling 2000, pp. 26, 27, 38. 4282:, 26 April 1957, p. 543. 3989:, Retrieved: 23 January 2010. 3857: 3148:Stennis International Airport 2910:Royal Air Force Museum London 2774:Lightning T.5 on loan to the 2295:A complete list is available 2200:, a private company based at 2061:Lightning Conversion Squadron 1242:Central Fighter Establishment 1159:McDonnell Douglas F-15C Eagle 1014:from the engine compressors. 743:Lightning F.3 in flight, 1983 709:AI.23 onboard radar provided 657: 639:On 25 November 1958 the P.1B 538:Operational Requirement F.155 385: 329:, formerly chief designer at 313:The two P.1 research aircraft 6196:. Retrieved 18 January 2014. 6129:. Retrieved 18 January 2014. 5977:, Retrieved 12 October 2023. 5965:, Retrieved 18 January 2014. 5157:thunder-and-lightnings.co.uk 5042:Lake 1997, pp. 51–52, 71–73. 4160:Longworth, James H. (2005). 4048:"English Electric Lightning" 3862: 3417:The 1965 period comedy film 2540:Royal Saudi Air Force Museum 2492:Abdullah Al-Mubarak Air Base 2010:operated the F.3 (1967–1974) 1825: 1644:, Suffolk, 18 December 1987. 1594:Kuwait International Airport 601:Air Force Flight Test Center 511:OR.155 and project selection 370:Royal Aircraft Establishment 238:such as what emerged as the 202:British Aircraft Corporation 90:British Aircraft Corporation 7: 7803:British Aerospace Jetstream 7120:Flying Guns: The Modern Era 5589:(5). Key Publishing: 30–37. 5159:. Retrieved: 12 March 2008. 3466: 3447:Wonders of the Solar System 3185:Cockpit of a Lightning F.53 3152:Hancock County, Mississippi 3138:Stored or under restoration 3113:Pima Air & Space Museum 3047:Stored or under restoration 2679:Imperial War Museum Duxford 2603:Stored or under restoration 1652:The "Sea Lightning" concept 1615: 1510:trainers, together with 25 1466:in West Germany as part of 1276:air-to-air refuelling probe 1148:Lockheed F-104 Starfighters 878: 424:turbojets, as the selected 422:Armstrong Siddeley Sapphire 10: 8255: 8027:Armstrong Whitworth Argosy 7844:Armstrong Whitworth A.W.52 7723: / anti-submarine 7514:English Electric Lightning 6779:English Electric Lightning 6719:English Electric Lightning 6641: 6089:. Retrieved 21 April 2012. 6066:. Retrieved 21 April 2012. 6043:. Retrieved 21 April 2012. 6027:. Retrieved 21 April 2012. 5995:. Thunder & Lightnings 5641:October 1978, pp. 167–168. 5549:Darling 2008, pp. 98, 102. 5314:Beamont 1996, pp. 111–113. 5078:, London. TNA AIR 20/11370 4691:Buttler 2005, pp. 114–117. 4185:English Electric Lightning 3560:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter 3524:Convair F-102 Delta Dagger 3409: 3014:North East Aircraft Museum 3008:Lightning F.53 painted as 2420:Flugausstellung Hermeskeil 2404: 2280:Empire Test Pilots' School 1901:operated the F.52 and F.53 1895:operated the F.53 and T.55 304: 182:English Electric Lightning 136:337 (including prototypes) 8224:English Electric aircraft 8173: 8090: 8067:Scottish Aviation Pioneer 8017: 8009:Youngman-Baynes High Lift 7832: 7753: 7719: 7701:English Electric Canberra 7681: 7611: 7552: 7489: 7412: 7366: 7335: 7251: 7198:The Lightning Association 7046:"Multi-Mission Lightning" 6903:Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore 6465:'QinetiQ', 29 April 2013. 6127:National Museums Scotland 5453:Lake 1997, pp. 45, 95–96. 5268:. I. Allen. p. 105. 5228:Philpott 1984, pp. 69–71. 5172:. London: Airlife, 1990. 5140:The Lightning Association 4960:Darling 2008, pp. 27, 35. 4889:Darling 2008, pp. 45, 78. 4791:Darling 2008, pp. 32, 66. 4746:"Multi-Mission Lightning" 4702:"Multi-mission Lightning" 4619:5 September 1968, p. 373. 4583:5 September 1968, p. 371. 4301:Gibson & Buttler 2007 4110:Air-Britain Aeromilitaria 3962:Lightning, The Glory Days 3489:Holden's Lightning flight 3190: 3178: 3173: 2880:, Leicestershire, England 2834:, Leicestershire, England 2714:National Museum of Flight 2438: 2384: 2360: 2216:on 14 November 2009. The 2208:Overberg Airshow held at 2094:Lightning Training Flight 1098:speed until reaching the 989:Elliott Bros (London) Ltd 873: 793:, otherwise known as the 208:. It was operated by the 170: 153: 145: 140: 132: 106: 98: 75: 67: 53: 48: 28: 23: 7573:de Havilland Sea Vampire 7096:. London: Putnam, 1987. 6684:Beamont, Roland (1985). 6399:Cornwallaviationhc.co.uk 6188:28 December 2013 at the 5958:31 December 2015 at the 5857:16 November 2009 at the 5835:17 November 2009 at the 5493:Darling 2008, pp. 66–67. 5462:Darling 2008, pp. 56–59. 5397:Boström, Valter (1993). 5264:Beamont, Roland (1980). 5008:Darling 2000, pp. 33–34. 4942:Darling 2008, pp. 22–23. 4880:Scott 2000, pp. 139–142. 4818:Darling 2008, pp. 25–26. 4800:Darling 2008, pp. 32–33. 4476:Scott 2000, pp. 119–129. 4264:Darling 2000, pp. 10–12. 4222:Darling 2000, pp. 16–17. 3960:Williamson, Ian (2020). 3817:Lightning can enter the 3630: 3625:List of fighter aircraft 3536:Convair F-106 Delta Dart 3460:crashed in November 2009 2878:Bruntingthorpe Aerodrome 2832:Bruntingthorpe Aerodrome 2716:, East Fortune, Scotland 2254:radar from 1988 to 1992. 2139:RAF Middleton St. George 1954:RAF Aerial display teams 1446:, Cyprus to support the 1207:The Lightning was fully 1203:Handling characteristics 987:display arrangement, an 553:1957 Defence White Paper 8057:Hawker Siddeley Andover 7655:Hawker Siddeley Harrier 7568:de Havilland Sea Hornet 6533:McLelland 2009, p. 209. 6332:2 February 2014 at the 6058:6 December 2013 at the 5755:Lake 1997, pp. 100–101. 5707:Lake 1997, pp. 58, 100. 5608:Orbis 1985, pp. 146–153 5129:"Lightning vs Concorde" 4724:"Progress with the P.1" 4677:Wood 1986, pp. 183–184. 4277:"Progress with the P.1" 4086:Darling 2000, pp. 8–10. 3987:Lancashire Evening Post 3981:5 December 2008 at the 3884:Winchester 2006, p. 82. 3572:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 3384:de Havilland Firestreak 3212:General characteristics 2934:Gatwick Aviation Museum 2573:King Abdulaziz Air Base 2542:, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. 2475:29.370648°N 47.976615°E 2206:South African Air Force 1759:variable geometry wings 1519:surface-to-air missiles 1474:Saudi Arabia and Kuwait 1468:Royal Air Force Germany 1454:Royal Air Force Germany 1306:at the end of 1962 and 611:astronauts, commented: 529:de Havilland Firestreak 344:leading the design and 292:(the successor to BAC) 204:it was marketed as the 7929:Hawker Siddeley P.1127 7798:Handley Page Jetstream 7745:Hawker Siddeley Nimrod 7583:de Havilland Sea Vixen 7578:de Havilland Sea Venom 5779:Thunder and Lightnings 5401:. Sweden. p. 19. 5341:"Flying the Lightning" 5305:McLelland 2009, p. 50. 5237:McLelland 2009, p. 41. 5115:, Volume 45, Number 8. 4986:. 1961. Archived from 4809:Scott 2000, pp. 98–99. 4187:, Bryan Philpott1984, 4135:Gunston, Bill (1976). 4007:Darling 2000, pp. 6–7. 3428:borrowed a Lightning ( 3168: 2974:Lightning F.53 at the 2966:Solway Aviation Museum 2964:Lightning F.53 at the 2778:, Farnborough, England 2750:Lightning F.3 outside 2712:Lightning F.2A at the 2575:Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. 2538:Lightning F.52 at the 2490:Lightning F.53 at the 2452:Lightning F.53 at the 2428:Lightning F.2A at the 2418:Lightning F.2A at the 2357: 2349: 2338: 2330: 2327:Warner Robins, Georgia 2318: 2314:Lightning P.1A at the 2307: 2179: 1927: 1867: 1702:31 converted from F.2. 1653: 1645: 1629: 1572: 1494: 1350:trials in April 1985, 1340:Hawker Siddley Harrier 1330: 1299: 1229: 1110: 1087: 1057: 976: 947: 928:Napier Double Scorpion 900: 864:carrier-based aircraft 848:variable-geometry wing 804:air-to-ground weaponry 744: 695:30 mm ADEN cannon 630:Chief of the Air Staff 618: 395: 314: 8105:AgustaWestland Merlin 8100:AgustaWestland Apache 8052:Handley Page Hastings 6819:. The History Press. 6815:Davies, Glyn (2014). 6777:Darling, Kev (2000). 6153:Vanguard Self Storage 5815:Incredible Adventures 5506:February 2006, p. 64. 5435:Lake 1997, pp. 44–45. 5051:Lake 1997, pp. 86–87. 4654:Lake 1997, pp. 56–57. 4139:. Allan. p. 18. 3896:Lake 1997, pp. 43–44. 3271:Rolls-Royce Avon 301R 3166: 3127:Olympic Flight Museum 3016:, Sunderland, England 2908:Lightning F.6 at the 2866:Lightning F.6 at the 2846:Lightning F.6 at the 2764:Lightning T.5 at the 2681:– flown by non-pilot 2677:Lightning F.1 at the 2655:, Manchester, England 2355: 2344: 2336: 2324: 2313: 2305: 2222:missing man formation 2169: 1921: 1887:Royal Saudi Air Force 1861: 1665:English Electric P.1B 1657:English Electric P.1A 1651: 1635: 1623: 1563: 1503:North Yemen Civil War 1497:On 21 December 1965, 1483:Royal Saudi Air Force 1481: 1356:F-16 Fighting Falcons 1325: 1297: 1248:under the command of 1227: 1108: 1077: 1055: 974: 945: 898: 742: 613: 505:directional stability 393: 319:specification E.24/43 312: 267:aerial reconnaissance 246:aircraft such as the 218:Royal Saudi Air Force 123:Royal Saudi Air Force 8193:Slingsby Grasshopper 7783:Boulton Paul Balliol 7603:Supermarine Scimitar 7598:Supermarine Attacker 7504:de Havilland Vampire 7051:Flight International 6557:www.lightning.org.uk 6461:25 June 2013 at the 6337:Yorkshire Air Museum 6081:7 April 2012 at the 5734:Darling 2000, p. 96. 5618:"Lightning shuffle." 5571:Darling 2008, p. 88. 5531:Darling 2008, p. 95. 5484:January 2006, p. 66. 5444:Darling 2008, p. 55. 5378:January 2006, p. 64. 5345:Flight International 5076:Public Record Office 5061:Flight International 5017:Darling 2008, p. 35. 4933:Darling 2008, p. 25. 4898:Darling 2000, p. 19. 4771:"Lightning Squadron" 4750:Flight International 4706:Flight International 4638:Flight International 4617:Flight International 4593:Flight International 4581:Flight International 4291:Buttler 2000, p. 66. 4246:Buttler 2000, p. 65. 4204:Darling 2000, p. 10. 3040:, Wiltshire, England 2978:, Dumfries, Scotland 2870:, Elvington, England 2868:Yorkshire Air Museum 2726:, Doncaster, England 2480:29.370648; 47.976615 1360:Grumman F-14 Tomcats 1169:Aircraft performance 1082:Flight International 1062:track while scanning 965:stadiametric ranging 938:Avionics and systems 923:brakes were fitted. 603:, Andy Anderson and 479:officially achieved 400:Samlesbury Aerodrome 160:4 August 1954 (P.1A) 8004:Supermarine Seagull 7954:Saunders-Roe SR.A/1 7914:Handley Page HP.115 7864:Blackburn Firecrest 7706:Handley Page Victor 7660:Panavia Tornado IDS 7645:Eurofighter Typhoon 7635:Blackburn Buccaneer 7539:Panavia Tornado ADV 7519:Eurofighter Typhoon 7499:de Havilland Hornet 6796:Ellis, Ken (2012). 6704:Flying to the Limit 6595:Scott 2000, p. 336. 6542:Bowman 1997, p. 21. 6312:"Aircraft Listing." 6232:on 13 February 2015 6108:thorpecamp.org.uk. 5929:Ellis 2012, p. app1 5599:Laming 1996, p. 97. 4990:on 22 February 2014 4162:Triplane to Typhoon 3655:Formerly of Vickers 3548:Dassault Mirage III 3507:Saunders-Roe SR.177 3496:Related development 3452:Professor Brian Cox 3406:Notable appearances 3261:Max takeoff weight: 3131:Olympia, Washington 3030:, Coventry, England 2926:, Tangmere, England 2896:, Cornwall, England 2850:, Coventry, England 2471: / 2248:Panavia Tornado ADV 1818:Sea Lightning FAW.1 1626:Farnborough Airshow 1590:Dassault Mirage F1s 1525:respectively), six 1448:Near East Air Force 1438:Near East Air Force 1402:from RAF Binbrook. 1215:Operational history 1115:RAF Fighter Command 852:variable-sweep wing 703:air-to-air missiles 687:dispersal airfields 652:Dassault Mirage III 250:("Badger") and the 174:30 April 1988 (RAF) 49:General information 41:RAF Greenham Common 37:No. 11 Squadron RAF 8165:Westland Whirlwind 8130:Westland Dragonfly 8047:Blackburn Beverley 7959:Saunders-Roe SR.53 7909:Handley Page HP.88 7874:Boulton Paul P.120 7869:Boulton Paul P.111 7509:de Havilland Venom 7058:on 6 October 2012. 7021:March, P. (1989). 6765:. Lulu.com, 2008. 6717:Bowman, Martin W. 6510:Ellis 2012, p. 202 6501:Ellis 2012, p. 129 6492:Ellis 2012, p. 130 6483:Ellis 2102, p. 136 6446:Ellis 2012, p. 170 6437:Ellis 2012, p. 161 6428:Ellis 2012, p. 285 6384:Ellis 2012, p. 213 6375:Ellis 2012, p. 221 6366:Ellis 2012, p. 145 6357:Ellis 20012, p. 89 6315:Midland Air Museum 6262:Ellis 2012, p. 132 6250:Ellis 2012, p. 164 6214:Ellis 2012, p. 137 6173:Ellis 2012, p. 294 6138:Ellis 2012, p. 278 6019:8 May 2012 at the 5698:June 1988, p. 282. 5653:Lake 1997, p. 100. 5519:June 1988, p. 280. 5170:Testing Early Jets 5153:"LIGHTNING v F-15" 5134:4 May 2012 at the 5033:June 1986, p. 283. 4392:on 26 October 2012 4255:Beamont 1985 p.123 4213:Scott 2000, p. 13. 4116:. pp. 24–25. 4052:www.baesystems.com 3935:Bristol Bloodhound 3169: 3028:Midland Air Museum 3022:Lightning T.55 as 2990:Lightning F.53 as 2918:Lightning F.53 as 2848:Midland Air Museum 2665:, Flixton, England 2643:RAF Museum Cosford 2358: 2350: 2339: 2331: 2319: 2308: 2291:Surviving aircraft 2180: 1928: 1868: 1831:Military operators 1769:AAMs. Never built. 1654: 1646: 1630: 1628:, England, in 1964 1598:Invasion of Kuwait 1573: 1544:Pakistan Air Force 1495: 1422:Far East Air Force 1391:Panavia Tornado F3 1300: 1253:John "Johnny" Howe 1230: 1111: 1058: 977: 948: 932:high-test peroxide 901: 813:reconnaissance pod 745: 557:ballistic missiles 429:extremely limited 396: 335:Ministry of Supply 315: 188:that served as an 8229:Mid-wing aircraft 8211: 8210: 8203:Slingsby Sedbergh 8150:Westland Sea King 8125:Westland Commando 8110:Bristol Belvedere 8062:Percival Pembroke 7544:Supermarine Swift 7479:Military aircraft 7445: 7444: 7294: 7293: 7158:978-0-7106-0441-5 7143:978-1-59223-696-1 7128:978-1-86126-655-2 7086:Air International 7068:Philpott, Bryan. 6969:Air International 6954:Air International 6939:Air International 6924:Air International 6917:978-0-85045-562-5 6897:978-0-86101-162-9 6863:978-1-85780-258-0 6788:978-1-4357-1556-1 6771:978-1-43571-556-1 6757:978-1-90210-948-0 6742:978-1-85780-095-1 6727:978-1-86126-737-5 6702:Beamont, Roland. 6474:Ellis 2012, p. 39 6419:Ellis 2012, p. 37 6348:Ellis 2012, p. 34 6274:Ellis 2012, p. 91 6205:Ellis 2012, p. 66 6194:Newark Air Museum 6098:Ellis 2012, p. 22 5896:Air International 5875:Air International 5802:Lake 1997, p. 93. 5764:Lake 1997, p. 82. 5725:Lake 1997, p. 62. 5716:Lake 1997, p. 58. 5696:Air International 5671:Lake 1997, p. 59. 5639:Air International 5583:Air International 5517:Air International 5504:Air International 5482:Air International 5471:Lake 1997, p. 48. 5387:Lake 1997, p. 43. 5376:Air International 5339:(18 April 1963). 5168:Beamont, Roland. 5031:Air International 4712:on 27 March 2018. 4607:Lake 1997, p. 57. 4417:. Pen and Sword. 4360:978-0-3128-5918-3 4327:, pp. 56–57. 4234:, pp. 51–52. 3927:nuclear deterrent 3391:Red Top (missile) 3351:0.78 (1.03 empty) 3334:Time to altitude: 3202: 3201: 3087:Cold War Museum, 3038:MoD Boscombe Down 2814:Lightning F.6 at 2792:Cranfield Airport 2768:, Newark, England 2766:Newark Air Museum 2722:Lightning F.3 at 2499:Al Jaber Air Base 2374:Lightning F.6 at 2286:in Wiltshire, UK. 2276:Kiln, Mississippi 2244:British Aerospace 2124:RAF Geilenkirchen 1922:Lightning F.3 of 1624:Lightning T.4 at 1400:Cranfield Airport 1139:Flight lieutenant 1123:RAF Upper Heyford 1074:Climb performance 1067:AIM-9L Sidewinder 1038:braking parachute 985:flight instrument 860:aircraft carriers 830:) rockets and 50 465:RAF Boscombe Down 331:Westland Aircraft 178: 177: 146:Introduction date 35:Lightning F.6 of 8246: 8198:Slingsby Prefect 8135:Westland Gazelle 8115:Bristol Sycamore 7884:Cierva Air Horse 7808:Percival Provost 7673: 7670:Westland Wyvern 7625:BAC Strikemaster 7483:Second World War 7472: 7465: 7458: 7449: 7448: 7321: 7314: 7307: 7298: 7297: 7244:English Electric 7237: 7230: 7223: 7214: 7213: 7170:Caygill, Peter. 7059: 7029:McLelland, Tim. 7026: 6884: 6867: 6830: 6811: 6792: 6699: 6680: 6654: 6635: 6626: 6620: 6611: 6605: 6602: 6596: 6593: 6587: 6586: 6579: 6573: 6572: 6570: 6568: 6563:on 10 April 2008 6559:. Archived from 6549: 6543: 6540: 6534: 6531: 6525: 6524: 6517: 6511: 6508: 6502: 6499: 6493: 6490: 6484: 6481: 6475: 6472: 6466: 6453: 6447: 6444: 6438: 6435: 6429: 6426: 6420: 6417: 6411: 6410: 6408: 6406: 6391: 6385: 6382: 6376: 6373: 6367: 6364: 6358: 6355: 6349: 6346: 6340: 6324: 6318: 6309: 6300: 6299: 6297: 6295: 6289:rafmanston.co.uk 6281: 6275: 6272: 6263: 6260: 6251: 6248: 6242: 6241: 6239: 6237: 6228:. Archived from 6221: 6215: 6212: 6206: 6203: 6197: 6180: 6174: 6171: 6165: 6164: 6162: 6160: 6145: 6139: 6136: 6130: 6120: 6114: 6113: 6105: 6099: 6096: 6090: 6073: 6067: 6050: 6044: 6034: 6028: 6011: 6005: 6004: 6002: 6000: 5984: 5978: 5975:"Lightning F.2A" 5972: 5966: 5950: 5944: 5943: 5936: 5930: 5927: 5921: 5912: 5906: 5892: 5886: 5871: 5865: 5849: 5843: 5827: 5818: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5786: 5771: 5765: 5762: 5756: 5753: 5747: 5744: 5735: 5732: 5726: 5723: 5717: 5714: 5708: 5705: 5699: 5692: 5681: 5678: 5672: 5669: 5663: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5642: 5635: 5624: 5615: 5609: 5606: 5600: 5597: 5591: 5590: 5578: 5572: 5569: 5563: 5556: 5550: 5547: 5541: 5538: 5532: 5529: 5520: 5513: 5507: 5500: 5494: 5491: 5485: 5478: 5472: 5469: 5463: 5460: 5454: 5451: 5445: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5427: 5426: 5420: 5412: 5394: 5388: 5385: 5379: 5372: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5351:on 24 March 2013 5333: 5327: 5321: 5315: 5312: 5306: 5303: 5297: 5286: 5280: 5279: 5261: 5255: 5244: 5238: 5235: 5229: 5226: 5220: 5214: 5205: 5199: 5193: 5187: 5181: 5166: 5160: 5151:Carroll, Brian. 5149: 5143: 5125: 5116: 5113:Classic Aircraft 5109: 5103: 5100: 5094: 5085: 5079: 5073: 5067: 5058: 5052: 5049: 5043: 5040: 5034: 5027: 5018: 5015: 5009: 5006: 5000: 4999: 4997: 4995: 4976: 4970: 4967: 4961: 4958: 4952: 4949: 4943: 4940: 4934: 4931: 4925: 4924: 4917: 4908: 4905: 4899: 4896: 4890: 4887: 4881: 4878: 4872: 4866: 4819: 4816: 4810: 4807: 4801: 4798: 4792: 4789: 4783: 4782: 4781:on 5 March 2016. 4767: 4758: 4757: 4756:on 6 March 2016. 4742: 4736: 4735: 4734:on 6 March 2016. 4720: 4714: 4713: 4698: 4692: 4689: 4678: 4675: 4669: 4668:McLelland 2009, 4666: 4655: 4652: 4641: 4635: 4629: 4626: 4620: 4614: 4608: 4605: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4557: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4519: 4513: 4504: 4498: 4477: 4474: 4468: 4467: 4447: 4441: 4435: 4429: 4428: 4408: 4402: 4401: 4399: 4397: 4378: 4365: 4364: 4346: 4340: 4334: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4292: 4289: 4283: 4274: 4265: 4262: 4256: 4253: 4247: 4244: 4235: 4229: 4223: 4220: 4214: 4211: 4205: 4202: 4196: 4182: 4176: 4175: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4132: 4126: 4125: 4105: 4099: 4098:, pp. 8–10. 4093: 4087: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4063: 4062: 4060: 4058: 4044: 4035: 4029: 4023: 4017: 4008: 4005: 3999: 3996: 3990: 3972: 3966: 3965: 3957: 3951: 3944: 3938: 3923: 3914: 3908: 3897: 3894: 3885: 3882: 3851: 3848: 3842: 3838: 3832: 3828: 3822: 3814: 3808: 3804: 3798: 3794: 3788: 3785: 3779: 3776: 3770: 3767: 3761: 3757: 3751: 3739: 3733: 3730: 3724: 3720: 3714: 3711: 3705: 3702: 3696: 3693: 3687: 3680: 3674: 3671: 3665: 3662: 3656: 3653: 3647: 3641: 3604: 3602: 3592: 3590: 3580: 3578: 3568: 3566: 3556: 3554: 3544: 3542: 3532: 3530: 3483: 3478: 3477: 3476: 3359: 3316:Service ceiling: 3287: 3214: 3195: 3194: 3183: 3182: 3171: 3170: 2486: 2485: 2483: 2482: 2481: 2476: 2472: 2469: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2266: 2264: 2263: 2235: 2233: 2232: 2190: 2188: 2187: 1938: 1936: 1935: 1878: 1876: 1875: 1852:Kuwait Air Force 1843: 1841: 1840: 1604:in August 1990. 1565:Kuwait Air Force 1555:Airwork Services 1512:BAC Strikemaster 1364:Dassault Mirages 1334: 1286:, both based at 914:fuel recuperator 868:Rolls-Royce Spey 832:imperial gallons 795:Export Lightning 711:missile guidance 679:RAF Woodhall Spa 645:Western European 426:Rolls-Royce Avon 404:aircraft serials 294:Warton Aerodrome 225:Rolls-Royce Avon 214:Kuwait Air Force 198:English Electric 186:fighter aircraft 118:Kuwait Air Force 85:English Electric 33: 21: 20: 8254: 8253: 8249: 8248: 8247: 8245: 8244: 8243: 8214: 8213: 8212: 8207: 8169: 8160:Westland Wessex 8086: 8082:Vickers Valetta 8013: 7999:Supermarine 545 7994:Supermarine 508 7834: 7828: 7824:Vickers Varsity 7813:Percival Prince 7773:BAC Jet Provost 7749: 7730:Avro Shackleton 7721:Maritime patrol 7715: 7711:Vickers Valiant 7677: 7671: 7640:Bristol Brigand 7607: 7593:Hawker Sea Hawk 7588:Hawker Sea Fury 7563:BAE Sea Harrier 7548: 7524:Gloster Javelin 7485: 7476: 7446: 7441: 7414: 7408: 7362: 7331: 7325: 7295: 7290: 7247: 7241: 7189: 7167: 7165:Further reading 7044: 6864: 6827: 6808: 6789: 6747:Buttler, Tony. 6732:Buttler, Tony. 6696: 6652: 6644: 6639: 6638: 6627: 6623: 6612: 6608: 6603: 6599: 6594: 6590: 6581: 6580: 6576: 6566: 6564: 6551: 6550: 6546: 6541: 6537: 6532: 6528: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6509: 6505: 6500: 6496: 6491: 6487: 6482: 6478: 6473: 6469: 6463:Wayback Machine 6454: 6450: 6445: 6441: 6436: 6432: 6427: 6423: 6418: 6414: 6404: 6402: 6393: 6392: 6388: 6383: 6379: 6374: 6370: 6365: 6361: 6356: 6352: 6347: 6343: 6334:Wayback Machine 6325: 6321: 6310: 6303: 6293: 6291: 6283: 6282: 6278: 6273: 6266: 6261: 6254: 6249: 6245: 6235: 6233: 6224:Administrator. 6222: 6218: 6213: 6209: 6204: 6200: 6190:Wayback Machine 6183:"Aircraft List" 6181: 6177: 6172: 6168: 6158: 6156: 6155:. 20 April 2020 6147: 6146: 6142: 6137: 6133: 6121: 6117: 6106: 6102: 6097: 6093: 6083:Wayback Machine 6074: 6070: 6060:Wayback Machine 6051: 6047: 6035: 6031: 6021:Wayback Machine 6012: 6008: 5998: 5996: 5985: 5981: 5973: 5969: 5963:Flugausstellung 5960:Wayback Machine 5951: 5947: 5938: 5937: 5933: 5928: 5924: 5913: 5909: 5893: 5889: 5872: 5868: 5859:Wayback Machine 5850: 5846: 5837:Wayback Machine 5828: 5821: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5794: 5784: 5782: 5773: 5772: 5768: 5763: 5759: 5754: 5750: 5745: 5738: 5733: 5729: 5724: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5706: 5702: 5693: 5684: 5679: 5675: 5670: 5666: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5645: 5636: 5627: 5616: 5612: 5607: 5603: 5598: 5594: 5579: 5575: 5570: 5566: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5539: 5535: 5530: 5523: 5514: 5510: 5501: 5497: 5492: 5488: 5479: 5475: 5470: 5466: 5461: 5457: 5452: 5448: 5443: 5439: 5434: 5430: 5414: 5413: 5409: 5395: 5391: 5386: 5382: 5373: 5364: 5354: 5352: 5334: 5330: 5322: 5318: 5313: 5309: 5304: 5300: 5287: 5283: 5276: 5262: 5258: 5245: 5241: 5236: 5232: 5227: 5223: 5215: 5208: 5200: 5196: 5188: 5184: 5167: 5163: 5150: 5146: 5136:Wayback Machine 5127:Ross, Charles. 5126: 5119: 5110: 5106: 5101: 5097: 5086: 5082: 5074: 5070: 5064:"BAC Lightning" 5059: 5055: 5050: 5046: 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Forge Books. 4347: 4343: 4335: 4331: 4323: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4299: 4295: 4290: 4286: 4275: 4268: 4263: 4259: 4254: 4250: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4221: 4217: 4212: 4208: 4203: 4199: 4183: 4179: 4172: 4158: 4154: 4147: 4133: 4129: 4106: 4102: 4094: 4090: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4066: 4056: 4054: 4046: 4045: 4038: 4030: 4026: 4018: 4011: 4006: 4002: 3998:Halpenny 1984, 3997: 3993: 3983:Wayback Machine 3974:Robinson, Ben. 3973: 3969: 3958: 3954: 3945: 3941: 3937:guided missile. 3924: 3917: 3909: 3900: 3895: 3888: 3883: 3870: 3865: 3860: 3855: 3854: 3849: 3845: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3825: 3819:landing pattern 3815: 3811: 3805: 3801: 3795: 3791: 3786: 3782: 3777: 3773: 3768: 3764: 3758: 3754: 3740: 3736: 3731: 3727: 3721: 3717: 3712: 3708: 3703: 3699: 3694: 3690: 3681: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3663: 3659: 3654: 3650: 3645:Hawker Aircraft 3642: 3638: 3633: 3598: 3586: 3574: 3562: 3550: 3538: 3526: 3481:Aviation portal 3479: 3474: 3472: 3469: 3426:Jeremy Clarkson 3414: 3408: 3360: 3355: 3283: 3210: 3192: 3180: 3174:External images 3161: 3117:Tucson, Arizona 3100: 2952:Newquay Airport 2630: 2600: 2527: 2507: 2479: 2477: 2473: 2470: 2465: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2457: 2441: 2407: 2387: 2363: 2293: 2261: 2259: 2252:AI.24 Foxhunter 2230: 2228: 2185: 2183: 2164: 2162:Civil operators 1947:Royal Air Force 1933: 1931: 1873: 1871: 1838: 1836: 1833: 1828: 1618: 1476: 1456: 1440: 1424: 1408: 1395:Panavia Tornado 1387:SEPECAT Jaguars 1348:British Airways 1336: 1332: 1257:combat aircraft 1250:Squadron Leader 1222: 1220:Royal Air Force 1217: 1205: 1171: 1085:, 21 March 1968 1076: 1047:ram air turbine 1035:Irvin Air Chute 1021:alternator and 956:head-up display 952:monopulse radar 940: 881: 876: 787: 660: 586: 584:Further testing 547:In March 1957, 525:Gloster Javelin 519:learned of the 513: 388: 307: 302: 216:(KAF), and the 210:Royal Air Force 166: 128: 127: 111:Royal Air Force 94: 68:National origin 44: 17: 12: 11: 5: 8252: 8242: 8241: 8236: 8231: 8226: 8209: 8208: 8206: 8205: 8200: 8195: 8190: 8188:Slingsby Cadet 8185: 8179: 8177: 8171: 8170: 8168: 8167: 8162: 8157: 8152: 8147: 8145:Westland Scout 8142: 8137: 8132: 8127: 8122: 8117: 8112: 8107: 8102: 8096: 8094: 8088: 8087: 8085: 8084: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8029: 8023: 8021: 8015: 8014: 8012: 8011: 8006: 8001: 7996: 7991: 7986: 7981: 7976: 7971: 7966: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7946: 7941: 7936: 7931: 7926: 7921: 7916: 7911: 7906: 7901: 7896: 7894:Fairey Delta 2 7891: 7889:Fairey Delta 1 7886: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7866: 7861: 7856: 7851: 7846: 7840: 7838: 7830: 7829: 7827: 7826: 7821: 7816: 7810: 7805: 7800: 7795: 7790: 7785: 7780: 7775: 7770: 7765: 7759: 7757: 7751: 7750: 7748: 7747: 7742: 7737: 7735:Fairey Firefly 7732: 7726: 7724: 7717: 7716: 7714: 7713: 7708: 7703: 7698: 7693: 7687: 7685: 7679: 7678: 7676: 7675: 7667: 7665:SEPECAT Jaguar 7662: 7657: 7652: 7647: 7642: 7637: 7632: 7630:BAE Harrier II 7627: 7621: 7619: 7609: 7608: 7606: 7605: 7600: 7595: 7590: 7585: 7580: 7575: 7570: 7565: 7559: 7557: 7550: 7549: 7547: 7546: 7541: 7536: 7531: 7529:Gloster Meteor 7526: 7521: 7516: 7511: 7506: 7501: 7495: 7493: 7487: 7486: 7475: 7474: 7467: 7460: 7452: 7443: 7442: 7440: 7439: 7434: 7429: 7424: 7418: 7416: 7413:International 7410: 7409: 7407: 7406: 7401: 7396: 7391: 7386: 7381: 7376: 7370: 7368: 7364: 7363: 7361: 7360: 7355: 7350: 7345: 7339: 7337: 7333: 7332: 7324: 7323: 7316: 7309: 7301: 7292: 7291: 7289: 7288: 7283: 7278: 7273: 7268: 7263: 7258: 7252: 7249: 7248: 7240: 7239: 7232: 7225: 7217: 7211: 7210: 7205: 7200: 7195: 7188: 7187:External links 7185: 7184: 7183: 7166: 7163: 7162: 7161: 7146: 7131: 7116: 7105: 7090: 7081: 7066: 7060: 7042: 7027: 7018: 7003: 6980: 6965: 6950: 6935: 6920: 6900: 6885: 6875:(109): 12–17. 6873:Air Enthusiast 6868: 6862: 6849: 6839:Air Enthusiast 6831: 6825: 6812: 6807:978-0859791724 6806: 6793: 6787: 6774: 6761:Darling, Kev. 6759: 6745: 6730: 6715: 6700: 6695:978-0711014718 6694: 6681: 6643: 6640: 6637: 6636: 6621: 6606: 6597: 6588: 6574: 6544: 6535: 6526: 6512: 6503: 6494: 6485: 6476: 6467: 6448: 6439: 6430: 6421: 6412: 6401:. 3 March 2020 6386: 6377: 6368: 6359: 6350: 6341: 6319: 6301: 6285:"Our Aircraft" 6276: 6264: 6252: 6243: 6216: 6207: 6198: 6175: 6166: 6140: 6131: 6115: 6100: 6091: 6068: 6053:"Our Aircraft" 6045: 6029: 6006: 5979: 5967: 5945: 5931: 5922: 5907: 5887: 5866: 5844: 5819: 5804: 5792: 5781:. 4 April 2012 5766: 5757: 5748: 5736: 5727: 5718: 5709: 5700: 5682: 5673: 5664: 5655: 5643: 5625: 5610: 5601: 5592: 5573: 5564: 5551: 5542: 5533: 5521: 5508: 5495: 5486: 5473: 5464: 5455: 5446: 5437: 5428: 5407: 5389: 5380: 5362: 5337:Beamont, R. P. 5328: 5316: 5307: 5298: 5281: 5274: 5256: 5239: 5230: 5221: 5206: 5194: 5182: 5161: 5144: 5117: 5104: 5095: 5080: 5068: 5053: 5044: 5035: 5019: 5010: 5001: 4971: 4962: 4953: 4944: 4935: 4926: 4909: 4900: 4891: 4882: 4873: 4820: 4811: 4802: 4793: 4784: 4759: 4737: 4715: 4693: 4679: 4670: 4656: 4642: 4630: 4621: 4609: 4597: 4585: 4573: 4558: 4549: 4520: 4505: 4478: 4469: 4462: 4442: 4438:Beamont (1985) 4430: 4423: 4403: 4366: 4359: 4341: 4337:Beamont (1985) 4329: 4325:Beamont (1985) 4317: 4305: 4293: 4284: 4266: 4257: 4248: 4236: 4232:Beamont (1985) 4224: 4215: 4206: 4197: 4177: 4171:1-8-999-07-971 4170: 4152: 4145: 4127: 4100: 4088: 4079: 4077:, p. 103. 4064: 4036: 4034:, p. 102. 4024: 4022:, p. 104. 4009: 4000: 3991: 3967: 3952: 3948:Roland Beamont 3939: 3915: 3898: 3886: 3867: 3866: 3864: 3861: 3859: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3843: 3833: 3823: 3809: 3799: 3789: 3780: 3771: 3762: 3752: 3734: 3725: 3715: 3706: 3697: 3688: 3675: 3666: 3657: 3648: 3635: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3606: 3605: 3593: 3584:Saab 35 Draken 3581: 3569: 3557: 3545: 3533: 3515: 3514: 3509: 3504: 3493: 3492: 3485: 3484: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3463: 3442: 3422: 3410:Main article: 3407: 3404: 3403: 3402: 3401: 3400: 3394: 3371: 3353: 3352: 3343: 3337: 3331: 3328:Rate of climb: 3325: 3319: 3313: 3307: 3301: 3295: 3292:Maximum speed: 3281: 3280: 3264: 3258: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3222: 3200: 3199: 3188: 3187: 3176: 3175: 3160: 3157: 3156: 3155: 3140: 3139: 3135: 3134: 3120: 3105: 3104: 3099: 3096: 3095: 3094: 3093: 3092: 3078: 3072: 3071:, Lincolnshire 3062: 3056: 3048: 3044: 3043: 3042: 3041: 3031: 3017: 3003: 2985: 2979: 2969: 2959: 2941: 2927: 2913: 2903: 2897: 2887: 2881: 2871: 2861: 2860:, Lincolnshire 2851: 2841: 2835: 2825: 2819: 2818:, Lincolnshire 2809: 2799: 2785: 2779: 2769: 2759: 2745: 2739: 2733: 2727: 2717: 2707: 2697: 2691: 2685: 2672: 2666: 2656: 2646: 2634: 2629: 2628:United Kingdom 2626: 2625: 2624: 2618: 2612: 2605: 2604: 2599: 2596: 2595: 2594: 2591: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2576: 2562: 2561: 2558: 2555: 2549: 2543: 2532: 2531: 2526: 2523: 2522: 2521: 2520: 2519: 2511: 2506: 2503: 2502: 2501: 2495: 2488: 2446: 2445: 2440: 2437: 2436: 2435: 2434: 2433: 2423: 2411: 2406: 2403: 2402: 2401: 2400: 2399: 2391: 2386: 2383: 2382: 2381: 2380: 2379: 2367: 2362: 2359: 2292: 2289: 2288: 2287: 2271: 2270: 2256: 2255: 2240: 2239: 2237:United Kingdom 2218:Silver Falcons 2195: 2194: 2163: 2160: 2159: 2158: 2157: 2156: 2151: 2146: 2141: 2136: 2134:RAF Leconfield 2131: 2126: 2121: 2119:RAF Coltishall 2116: 2111: 2104: 2100: 2099: 2098: 2097: 2091: 2085: 2079: 2071: 2067: 2066: 2065: 2064: 2058: 2053: 2047: 2041: 2035: 2029: 2023: 2017: 2011: 2005: 1999: 1993: 1983: 1970: 1966: 1965: 1964: 1963: 1960: 1955: 1951: 1950: 1943: 1942: 1940:United Kingdom 1916: 1915: 1914: 1913: 1908: 1902: 1896: 1883: 1882: 1856: 1855: 1848: 1847: 1832: 1829: 1827: 1824: 1823: 1822: 1819: 1815: 1814: 1803: 1802:Lightning T.55 1799: 1798: 1795: 1794:Lightning T.54 1791: 1790: 1783: 1782:Lightning F.53 1779: 1778: 1775: 1774:Lightning F.52 1771: 1770: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1742: 1738: 1737: 1734: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1722: 1721: 1717: 1716:Lightning F.3A 1713: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1699: 1698:Lightning F.2A 1695: 1694: 1691: 1687: 1686: 1683: 1682:Lightning F.1A 1679: 1678: 1674: 1670: 1669: 1666: 1662: 1661: 1658: 1642:RAF Woodbridge 1638:Sikorsky HH-53 1617: 1614: 1536:Khamis Mushait 1527:Hawker Hunters 1487:RAF Coltishall 1475: 1472: 1460:RAF Leconfield 1455: 1452: 1439: 1436: 1423: 1420: 1416:Strike Command 1407: 1404: 1324: 1264:Saab 35 Draken 1234:RAF Coltishall 1221: 1218: 1216: 1213: 1204: 1201: 1170: 1167: 1163:Century Series 1119:Lockheed U-2As 1075: 1072: 961:gyroscopically 939: 936: 918:Dunlop Maxaret 880: 877: 875: 872: 840:Lightning T.55 791:Lightning F.53 786: 783: 774:Lightning F.2A 718:Lightning F.1A 659: 656: 594:Fairey Delta 2 585: 582: 512: 509: 493:position error 485:speed of sound 473:Roland Beamont 387: 384: 375:Short Brothers 342:Frederick Page 306: 303: 301: 298: 176: 175: 172: 168: 167: 165: 164: 161: 157: 155: 151: 150: 147: 143: 142: 138: 137: 134: 130: 129: 126: 125: 120: 114: 113: 108: 104: 103: 100: 96: 95: 93: 92: 87: 81: 79: 73: 72: 71:United Kingdom 69: 65: 64: 55: 51: 50: 46: 45: 34: 26: 25: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8251: 8240: 8237: 8235: 8232: 8230: 8227: 8225: 8222: 8221: 8219: 8204: 8201: 8199: 8196: 8194: 8191: 8189: 8186: 8184: 8181: 8180: 8178: 8176: 8172: 8166: 8163: 8161: 8158: 8156: 8155:Westland Wasp 8153: 8151: 8148: 8146: 8143: 8141: 8140:Westland Lynx 8138: 8136: 8133: 8131: 8128: 8126: 8123: 8121: 8118: 8116: 8113: 8111: 8108: 8106: 8103: 8101: 8098: 8097: 8095: 8093: 8089: 8083: 8080: 8078: 8077:Short Belfast 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8042:Beagle Basset 8040: 8038: 8035: 8033: 8030: 8028: 8025: 8024: 8022: 8020: 8016: 8010: 8007: 8005: 8002: 8000: 7997: 7995: 7992: 7990: 7989:Slingsby T.53 7987: 7985: 7984:Short Sperrin 7982: 7980: 7977: 7975: 7972: 7970: 7967: 7965: 7962: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7950: 7947: 7945: 7942: 7940: 7939:Hunting H.126 7937: 7935: 7932: 7930: 7927: 7925: 7924:Hawker P.1072 7922: 7920: 7919:Hawker P.1052 7917: 7915: 7912: 7910: 7907: 7905: 7904:Folland Midge 7902: 7900: 7897: 7895: 7892: 7890: 7887: 7885: 7882: 7880: 7877: 7875: 7872: 7870: 7867: 7865: 7862: 7860: 7857: 7855: 7852: 7850: 7847: 7845: 7842: 7841: 7839: 7837: 7833:Prototype and 7831: 7825: 7822: 7820: 7817: 7814: 7811: 7809: 7806: 7804: 7801: 7799: 7796: 7794: 7791: 7789: 7786: 7784: 7781: 7779: 7776: 7774: 7771: 7769: 7766: 7764: 7761: 7760: 7758: 7756: 7752: 7746: 7743: 7741: 7740:Fairey Gannet 7738: 7736: 7733: 7731: 7728: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7718: 7712: 7709: 7707: 7704: 7702: 7699: 7697: 7694: 7692: 7689: 7688: 7686: 7684: 7680: 7674: 7668: 7666: 7663: 7661: 7658: 7656: 7653: 7651: 7650:Hawker Hunter 7648: 7646: 7643: 7641: 7638: 7636: 7633: 7631: 7628: 7626: 7623: 7622: 7620: 7618: 7617:ground attack 7614: 7610: 7604: 7601: 7599: 7596: 7594: 7591: 7589: 7586: 7584: 7581: 7579: 7576: 7574: 7571: 7569: 7566: 7564: 7561: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7551: 7545: 7542: 7540: 7537: 7535: 7534:Hawker Hunter 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7522: 7520: 7517: 7515: 7512: 7510: 7507: 7505: 7502: 7500: 7497: 7496: 7494: 7492: 7488: 7484: 7480: 7473: 7468: 7466: 7461: 7459: 7454: 7453: 7450: 7438: 7435: 7433: 7430: 7428: 7425: 7423: 7420: 7419: 7417: 7411: 7405: 7402: 7400: 7397: 7395: 7392: 7390: 7387: 7385: 7382: 7380: 7377: 7375: 7372: 7371: 7369: 7365: 7359: 7356: 7354: 7351: 7349: 7346: 7344: 7341: 7340: 7338: 7334: 7329: 7322: 7317: 7315: 7310: 7308: 7303: 7302: 7299: 7287: 7284: 7282: 7279: 7277: 7274: 7272: 7269: 7267: 7264: 7262: 7259: 7257: 7254: 7253: 7250: 7245: 7238: 7233: 7231: 7226: 7224: 7219: 7218: 7215: 7209: 7206: 7204: 7201: 7199: 7196: 7194: 7191: 7190: 7181: 7180:1-84415-082-8 7177: 7173: 7169: 7168: 7159: 7155: 7151: 7148:Wood, Derek. 7147: 7144: 7140: 7136: 7132: 7129: 7125: 7121: 7117: 7114: 7113:1-870384-78-4 7110: 7106: 7103: 7102:0-85177-806-2 7099: 7095: 7091: 7088: 7087: 7082: 7079: 7078:0-85059-687-4 7075: 7071: 7067: 7064: 7061: 7057: 7053: 7052: 7047: 7043: 7040: 7039:978-190-653-7 7036: 7032: 7028: 7024: 7019: 7016: 7015:0-7603-0260-X 7012: 7008: 7005:Laming, Tim. 7004: 7001: 6997: 6993: 6992:1-874023-97-2 6989: 6985: 6984:Wings of Fame 6981: 6978: 6974: 6970: 6966: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6948: 6944: 6940: 6936: 6933: 6929: 6925: 6921: 6918: 6914: 6910: 6909: 6904: 6901: 6898: 6894: 6890: 6886: 6882: 6878: 6874: 6869: 6865: 6859: 6855: 6850: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6832: 6828: 6826:9780752492117 6822: 6818: 6813: 6809: 6803: 6799: 6794: 6790: 6784: 6780: 6775: 6772: 6768: 6764: 6760: 6758: 6754: 6750: 6746: 6743: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6728: 6724: 6720: 6716: 6713: 6712:1-85260-553-7 6709: 6705: 6701: 6697: 6691: 6687: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6658: 6651: 6646: 6645: 6633: 6630: 6625: 6618: 6615: 6610: 6601: 6592: 6584: 6578: 6562: 6558: 6554: 6548: 6539: 6530: 6522: 6516: 6507: 6498: 6489: 6480: 6471: 6464: 6460: 6457: 6452: 6443: 6434: 6425: 6416: 6400: 6396: 6390: 6381: 6372: 6363: 6354: 6345: 6338: 6335: 6331: 6328: 6323: 6316: 6313: 6308: 6306: 6290: 6286: 6280: 6271: 6269: 6259: 6257: 6247: 6231: 6227: 6220: 6211: 6202: 6195: 6191: 6187: 6184: 6179: 6170: 6154: 6150: 6144: 6135: 6128: 6124: 6119: 6111: 6104: 6095: 6088: 6084: 6080: 6077: 6072: 6065: 6061: 6057: 6054: 6049: 6042: 6038: 6033: 6026: 6022: 6018: 6015: 6010: 5994: 5990: 5987:McGhee, Tom. 5983: 5976: 5971: 5964: 5961: 5957: 5954: 5949: 5941: 5935: 5926: 5919: 5916: 5911: 5905: 5901: 5897: 5891: 5884: 5880: 5876: 5870: 5863: 5860: 5856: 5853: 5848: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5831: 5826: 5824: 5816: 5813: 5808: 5799: 5797: 5780: 5776: 5770: 5761: 5752: 5743: 5741: 5731: 5722: 5713: 5704: 5697: 5691: 5689: 5687: 5677: 5668: 5659: 5650: 5648: 5640: 5634: 5632: 5630: 5622: 5619: 5614: 5605: 5596: 5588: 5584: 5577: 5568: 5561: 5555: 5546: 5537: 5528: 5526: 5518: 5512: 5505: 5499: 5490: 5483: 5477: 5468: 5459: 5450: 5441: 5432: 5424: 5418: 5410: 5404: 5400: 5393: 5384: 5377: 5371: 5369: 5367: 5350: 5346: 5342: 5338: 5332: 5325: 5320: 5311: 5302: 5295: 5294:1 84415 082 8 5291: 5285: 5277: 5275:0-7110-1072-2 5271: 5267: 5266:Testing Years 5260: 5253: 5252:0 273 42324 X 5249: 5243: 5234: 5225: 5218: 5213: 5211: 5203: 5198: 5191: 5186: 5179: 5178:1-85310-158-3 5175: 5171: 5165: 5158: 5154: 5148: 5141: 5137: 5133: 5130: 5124: 5122: 5114: 5108: 5099: 5092: 5089: 5084: 5077: 5072: 5065: 5062: 5057: 5048: 5039: 5032: 5026: 5024: 5014: 5005: 4989: 4985: 4981: 4975: 4966: 4957: 4948: 4939: 4930: 4922: 4916: 4914: 4904: 4895: 4886: 4877: 4870: 4865: 4863: 4861: 4859: 4857: 4855: 4853: 4851: 4849: 4847: 4845: 4843: 4841: 4839: 4837: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4829: 4827: 4825: 4815: 4806: 4797: 4788: 4780: 4776: 4772: 4766: 4764: 4755: 4751: 4747: 4741: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4697: 4688: 4686: 4684: 4674: 4665: 4663: 4661: 4651: 4649: 4647: 4639: 4634: 4625: 4618: 4613: 4604: 4602: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4563: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4539: 4537: 4535: 4533: 4531: 4529: 4527: 4525: 4517: 4512: 4510: 4502: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4485: 4483: 4473: 4465: 4463:9781472818904 4459: 4455: 4454: 4446: 4440:, p. 67. 4439: 4434: 4426: 4424:9781526705587 4420: 4416: 4415: 4407: 4391: 4387: 4383: 4377: 4375: 4373: 4371: 4362: 4356: 4352: 4345: 4339:, p. 59. 4338: 4333: 4326: 4321: 4314: 4309: 4303:, p. 41. 4302: 4297: 4288: 4281: 4278: 4273: 4271: 4261: 4252: 4243: 4241: 4233: 4228: 4219: 4210: 4201: 4194: 4193:0 85059 687 4 4190: 4186: 4181: 4173: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4146:0-7110-0636-9 4142: 4138: 4131: 4123: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4097: 4092: 4083: 4076: 4075:Davies (2014) 4071: 4069: 4053: 4049: 4043: 4041: 4033: 4032:Davies (2014) 4028: 4021: 4020:Davies (2014) 4016: 4014: 4004: 3995: 3988: 3984: 3980: 3977: 3971: 3963: 3956: 3949: 3943: 3936: 3932: 3928: 3922: 3920: 3913:, p. 88. 3912: 3907: 3905: 3903: 3893: 3891: 3881: 3879: 3877: 3875: 3873: 3868: 3847: 3837: 3827: 3820: 3813: 3803: 3793: 3784: 3775: 3766: 3756: 3748: 3744: 3738: 3729: 3719: 3710: 3701: 3692: 3685: 3679: 3670: 3661: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3636: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3609:Related lists 3597: 3594: 3585: 3582: 3573: 3570: 3565:United States 3561: 3558: 3549: 3546: 3541:United States 3537: 3534: 3529:United States 3525: 3522: 3521: 3520: 3519: 3513: 3510: 3508: 3505: 3503: 3500: 3499: 3498: 3497: 3490: 3487: 3486: 3482: 3471: 3461: 3457: 3453: 3449: 3448: 3443: 3440: 3439: 3434: 3431: 3427: 3423: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3398: 3395: 3392: 3388: 3385: 3381: 3378: 3377: 3375: 3372: 3370: 3366: 3363: 3362: 3361: 3358: 3350: 3348: 3347:Thrust/weight 3344: 3341: 3340:Wing loading: 3338: 3335: 3332: 3329: 3326: 3323: 3322:Zoom ceiling: 3320: 3317: 3314: 3311: 3308: 3305: 3304:Combat range: 3302: 3299: 3296: 3293: 3290: 3289: 3288: 3286: 3278: 3275: 3272: 3268: 3265: 3262: 3259: 3256: 3255:Gross weight: 3253: 3250: 3249:Empty weight: 3247: 3244: 3241: 3238: 3235: 3232: 3229: 3226: 3223: 3220: 3217: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3208: 3206: 3198: 3189: 3186: 3177: 3172: 3165: 3153: 3149: 3145: 3142: 3141: 3137: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3121: 3118: 3114: 3110: 3107: 3106: 3102: 3101: 3098:United States 3090: 3086: 3082: 3079: 3076: 3073: 3070: 3066: 3063: 3060: 3057: 3054: 3051: 3050: 3049: 3046: 3045: 3039: 3035: 3032: 3029: 3025: 3021: 3018: 3015: 3011: 3007: 3004: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2989: 2986: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2973: 2970: 2967: 2963: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2942: 2939: 2935: 2931: 2928: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2914: 2911: 2907: 2904: 2901: 2898: 2895: 2891: 2888: 2885: 2882: 2879: 2875: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2862: 2859: 2858:RAF Coningsby 2855: 2852: 2849: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2836: 2833: 2829: 2826: 2823: 2820: 2817: 2816:RAF Coningsby 2813: 2810: 2807: 2803: 2800: 2797: 2793: 2789: 2786: 2783: 2780: 2777: 2773: 2770: 2767: 2763: 2760: 2757: 2753: 2749: 2746: 2743: 2740: 2737: 2734: 2731: 2728: 2725: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2711: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2695: 2692: 2689: 2686: 2684: 2683:Walter Holden 2680: 2676: 2673: 2670: 2667: 2664: 2660: 2657: 2654: 2650: 2647: 2644: 2640: 2637: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2631: 2622: 2619: 2616: 2613: 2610: 2607: 2606: 2602: 2601: 2592: 2589: 2586: 2583: 2580: 2577: 2574: 2570: 2567: 2566: 2565: 2559: 2556: 2553: 2550: 2547: 2544: 2541: 2537: 2534: 2533: 2529: 2528: 2517: 2514: 2513: 2512: 2509: 2508: 2500: 2496: 2493: 2489: 2484: 2455: 2451: 2448: 2447: 2443: 2442: 2431: 2427: 2424: 2421: 2417: 2414: 2413: 2412: 2409: 2408: 2397: 2394: 2393: 2392: 2389: 2388: 2377: 2373: 2370: 2369: 2368: 2365: 2364: 2354: 2348: 2343: 2335: 2328: 2323: 2317: 2312: 2304: 2300: 2298: 2285: 2284:Boscombe Down 2281: 2277: 2273: 2272: 2269: 2268:United States 2258: 2257: 2253: 2249: 2245: 2242: 2241: 2238: 2227: 2226: 2225: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2203: 2199: 2193: 2182: 2181: 2177: 2173: 2172:Jaguar E-Type 2168: 2155: 2154:RAF Wattisham 2152: 2150: 2147: 2145: 2142: 2140: 2137: 2135: 2132: 2130: 2129:RAF Gütersloh 2127: 2125: 2122: 2120: 2117: 2115: 2112: 2110: 2107: 2106: 2105: 2102: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2089: 2086: 2083: 2080: 2077: 2074: 2073: 2072: 2069: 2068: 2062: 2059: 2057: 2054: 2051: 2048: 2045: 2042: 2039: 2036: 2033: 2030: 2027: 2024: 2021: 2018: 2015: 2012: 2009: 2006: 2003: 2000: 1997: 1994: 1991: 1987: 1984: 1980: 1976: 1973: 1972: 1971: 1969:RAF Squadrons 1968: 1967: 1961: 1958: 1957: 1956: 1953: 1952: 1948: 1945: 1944: 1941: 1930: 1929: 1925: 1920: 1912: 1909: 1906: 1903: 1900: 1897: 1894: 1891: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1884: 1881: 1870: 1869: 1865: 1864:gate guardian 1860: 1853: 1850: 1849: 1846: 1835: 1834: 1820: 1817: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1801: 1800: 1796: 1793: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1781: 1780: 1776: 1773: 1772: 1768: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1754:Lightning F.7 1753: 1752: 1748: 1743: 1741:Lightning F.6 1740: 1739: 1735: 1733:Lightning T.5 1732: 1731: 1727: 1725:Lightning T.4 1724: 1723: 1718: 1715: 1714: 1709: 1707:Lightning F.3 1706: 1705: 1700: 1697: 1696: 1692: 1690:Lightning F.2 1689: 1688: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1675: 1673:Lightning F.1 1672: 1671: 1667: 1664: 1663: 1659: 1656: 1655: 1650: 1643: 1639: 1634: 1627: 1622: 1613: 1611: 1605: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1591: 1586: 1584: 1579: 1570: 1566: 1562: 1558: 1556: 1553:from BAC and 1551: 1547: 1545: 1541: 1540:Al-Wadiah War 1537: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1517: 1513: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1492: 1488: 1484: 1480: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1464:RAF Gütersloh 1461: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1435: 1433: 1429: 1419: 1417: 1413: 1403: 1401: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1384: 1380: 1376: 1371: 1369: 1365: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1335: 1329: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1296: 1292: 1289: 1288:RAF Wattisham 1285: 1281: 1277: 1271: 1267: 1265: 1262: 1258: 1254: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1226: 1212: 1210: 1200: 1196: 1194: 1188: 1184: 1181: 1177: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1153: 1149: 1145: 1140: 1135: 1133: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1116: 1107: 1103: 1101: 1096: 1092: 1086: 1084: 1083: 1071: 1068: 1063: 1054: 1050: 1048: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1013: 1009: 1008:liquid oxygen 1005: 1002:radios and a 1001: 997: 993: 990: 986: 982: 973: 969: 966: 962: 957: 953: 944: 935: 933: 929: 924: 922: 919: 915: 909: 907: 897: 893: 890: 886: 871: 869: 865: 861: 857: 853: 849: 844: 841: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 816: 814: 809: 805: 800: 796: 792: 782: 780: 775: 770: 767: 763: 759: 758:Lightning F.6 754: 751: 741: 737: 735: 734:Interim F.Mk6 731: 730:Lightning F.6 727: 726:Lightning F.3 723: 719: 714: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 683:RAF Coningsby 680: 676: 672: 668: 667:Lightning F.1 665: 655: 653: 650: 646: 642: 637: 635: 631: 627: 623: 617: 612: 610: 606: 602: 597: 595: 591: 581: 579: 573: 571: 566: 561: 558: 554: 551:released the 550: 549:Duncan Sandys 545: 543: 539: 535: 530: 526: 522: 521:Tupolev Tu-22 518: 515:In 1955, the 508: 506: 502: 498: 494: 490: 486: 482: 478: 474: 471:, piloted by 470: 466: 462: 459:In May 1954, 457: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 434: 432: 427: 423: 420: 416: 412: 408: 405: 401: 392: 383: 380: 376: 371: 366: 364: 360: 354: 352: 347: 343: 338: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 311: 297: 295: 291: 287: 283: 279: 274: 272: 271:ground-attack 268: 264: 260: 259:rate of climb 255: 253: 252:Tupolev Tu-95 249: 248:Tupolev Tu-16 245: 241: 240:Tupolev Tu-22 237: 233: 229: 226: 221: 219: 215: 211: 207: 206:BAC Lightning 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 184:is a British 183: 173: 169: 162: 159: 158: 156: 152: 148: 144: 139: 135: 131: 124: 121: 119: 116: 115: 112: 109: 107:Primary users 105: 101: 97: 91: 88: 86: 83: 82: 80: 78: 74: 70: 66: 63: 59: 56: 52: 47: 42: 38: 32: 27: 22: 19: 8120:Saro Skeeter 8037:Auster AOP.9 8032:Auster AOP.6 7964:Short Seamew 7836:experimental 7819:Short Tucano 7793:Folland Gnat 7691:Avro Lincoln 7615: / 7513: 7399:Three-Eleven 7394:Strikemaster 7378: 7275: 7270: 7203:Thunder City 7171: 7149: 7134: 7119: 7093: 7084: 7069: 7062: 7056:the original 7049: 7030: 7022: 7006: 6983: 6968: 6953: 6938: 6923: 6906: 6888: 6872: 6853: 6834: 6816: 6797: 6778: 6762: 6748: 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