223:
30:
2826:
231:
1482:
2836:
419:
of identities within Yemeni society. By egalitarian citizenship, the Yemeni people mean that every Yemeni on the street is equal. This uprising led to a transition period, running from March 2012 to
February 2014, which was supposed to lead to a new, more cohesive Yemen. Many had hoped that the revolt would help end the cycle of racism that has placed them at the bottom of the social ladder.
320:
respected such as wearing the veil or a way of socializing and maintaining relationships. Women from the elite are linked to power and contribute to reproducing the relations of dominance that are exercised towards the
Akhdams. In the eyes of the elite, Akhdam women are not respectable because they do not have acceptable moral behavior. They do not wear the
451:
According to official estimates, the Akhdam numbered around 500,000 individuals in 2004. An organisation called "Yemen’s Sawa’a
Organisation for Anti-Discrimination" said while official figures put them at about 1.5 million, their in field estimates put the number at more than 3 million residents in
418:
had also roused many Akhdam people to participate in the uprising by appearing regularly in the demonstrations and sit-ins that filled the mains squares of the capital city Sanaa and Taiz. This popular uprising was taking place that called for egalitarian citizenship and recognition of the diversity
345:
The Akhdam reside in slum districts that are generally isolated from the rest of Yemeni society. It is hardly possible for the Akhdam people to afford shelter with even the most basic amenities such as electricity, running water and sewage disposal. Accordingly, Akhdam generally live in small huts
398:
are reportedly working toward improving the living circumstances of the Akhdam. Such initiatives include the building of a chicken farm, sanitation projects, the provision of electricity and classes aimed at eradicating illiteracy. The extent of these efforts, however, is disputed, most notably by
341:
Even the Akhdam people who are employed are not spared from discrimination. Akhdam street sweepers are rarely granted contracts even after decades of work, despite the fact that all Yemeni civil servants are supposed to be granted contracts after six months. They receive no benefits, and almost no
328:
to sell goods even though the suq is supposed to be a place for men only. All these inappropriate behaviors, according to the dominant class, accentuate the domination of this class by opposing the respectable and pious elite and the
Akhdams women who do not wear the veil and are morally inferior.
410:
The search for rights and recognition is a daily task for the
Akhdams. This daily struggle for survival further reinforces the stereotypes that other social classes have about the Akhdam community. To change this, many petitions and letters are being written asking the state for welfare and other
406:
Government officials, while admitting a historical disdain for the Akhdam among conventional Yemeni society, insist that there is no official discrimination. The Yemeni government has occasionally built shelters for the Akhdam, although it is reported that 30% of Akhdam who received such state
304:
Though their social conditions have improved somewhat in modern times, the Akhdam are still stereotyped by mainstream Yemeni society: they have been called lowly, dirty, and immoral. Intermarriages between non-Akhdam and Akhdam are taboo and virtually prohibited, as the Al-Akhdam are deemed as
319:
The social inequality of the Akhdam is also analysed by Anne
Meneley from a gendered perspective. Indeed, in Yemeni society, women have a certain number of practices to respect in order to be considered pious in the eyes of society. These practices are, among others, a certain behavior to be
337:
In the face of extreme societal discrimination, the Al-Akhdam people are effectively forced to work in menial and undesirable jobs such as sweeping, shoe-making, and the cleaning of latrines. Those who are unemployed, most of whom are women, usually resort to begging.
411:
assistance. This way of negotiating without violence and insurgency is due to the fact that the Akhdam community does not take the state as the enemy but as the one that has to defend the weakest citizens. These requests and petitions rarely succeed.
427:
The Akhdam are associated with a number of stereotypes. They are considered immoral because men let their wives interact with other men, ignorant of the
Islamic religion, lenient towards theft and alcohol, or they are nomads without any property.
407:
housing sold it, choosing instead to return to their original neighborhoods. Despite the supposed absence of official discrimination, many Akhdam claim that officials often block their attempts to seek state services at schools and hospitals.
358:
and the unsanitary living conditions, the Akhdam people are vulnerable to preventable diseases. The death rates from preventable diseases are worse than the nationwide average in Yemen. Many Al-Akhdam children suffer from diseases such as
704:
603:
Non, Amy L.; Al-Meeri, Ali; Raaum, Ryan L.; Sanchez, Luisa F.; Mulligan, Connie J. (January 2011). "Mitochondrial DNA reveals distinct evolutionary histories for Jewish populations in Yemen and
Ethiopia".
295:
The Akhdam community suffers from extreme discrimination, persecution, and social exclusion from mainstream Yemeni society. The contempt for the Akhdam people is expressed by a traditional Yemeni proverb:
286:
lowland Muslim would eat from the same dish as a Jew, he would break a vessel touched by one of the Akhdam. Jewish women, however, still sang the songs of
Ahkhdam women, who were often hired as farmhands.
1205:
Hall, Bogumila. “Subaltern
Rightful Struggles, Comparative ethnographies of the Bedouin villagers in the Naqab, and the akhdam slum dwellers in Sana’a.” Ph.D. diss., European University Institute, 2016.
378:
Studies by Al-Serouri et al. further report a poorer understanding of HIV risks amongst the Al-Akhdam community. Accordingly, group members also have higher reported rates and risks of contracting
214:
from other Yemenis and they are mostly confined to menial jobs in the country's major cities. According to unofficial estimates, the Muhamashīn number between 500,000 and 3,500,000 individuals.
2546:
712:
439:. In the Middle East, it is the "'unsuriyya" term that will spread. The notion of “'unsuriyya” or racism emerged in public discourse in Yemen in the 1950s as a critique of
443:
privilege. Akhdam activists and politicians rely on the color of their skin to denounce the marginalization of their people. This amplifies their international visibility.
263:. Once these troops were finally expelled at the start of the Muslim era, some of the Ethiopian migrants are said to have remained behind, giving birth to the Akhdam.
375:. Out of the deaths reported in an Akhdam shantytown over a year, about half were children under the age of 5, a quarter of whom were in the first month of life.
525:
and witnessing a fire destroy the homes of the Akhdam living in the city's slums, an experience that shapes his pessimistic view of his country and its history.
1363:
282:
In the mid-20th century, the Akhdam people who lived in the vicinity of al-Gades (an exclusively Jewish village) were given the name "Kano" by Jews. While a
206:. Although the Muhamashīn are Arabic-speaking Muslims just like most other Yemenis, they are considered to be at the very bottom of the supposedly abolished
647:
Richards, Martin; Rengo, Chiara; Cruciani, Fulvio; Gratrix, Fiona; Wilson, James F.; Scozzari, Rosaria; Macaulay, Vincent; Torroni, Antonio (April 2003).
1333:
414:
A significant step forward was achieved with the formation of a political party to represent them and possibly alleviate their conditions. The
400:
1517:
2895:
2758:
2213:
922:
2658:
2022:
435:
in contemporary Yemen is linked to the emergence of the European racial configuration in the 1930s and then in Egypt following the
2785:
2743:
279:, had created a hereditary, caste-like society. Today, the Akhdam people still occupy the very bottom of Yemen's social strata.
2228:
862:
2327:
1718:
815:
1997:
1152:
536:
recalls encountering Akhdam working at the port of Al Hudaydah and witnessing their extreme socioeconomic marginalization.
2880:
2693:
1914:
1735:
1326:
455:
Most Akhdam live in segregated slums on the outskirts of Yemen's main urban centers. Many of them reside in the capital
2885:
1919:
1251:
2839:
2302:
2012:
1696:
1070:
785:
578:
2890:
2663:
1847:
1568:
1541:
2870:
1239:
1275:
1510:
1319:
2404:
2367:
2267:
2198:
2184:
1928:
1862:
2297:
895:
GABRIELE VOMBRUCK (June 1996). "Being worthy of protection. The dialectics of gender attributes in Yemen".
2860:
2688:
2643:
2571:
2218:
1832:
436:
403:. Government corruption also means that monetary aid intended for the Akhdam is often misused or stolen.
733:
de Silva Jayasuriya, Shihan (2008-11-01). "Indian Oceanic Crossings: Music of the Afro-Asian Diaspora".
2718:
2622:
2582:
2257:
1857:
1842:
1625:
1385:
705:"Red Crescents: Race, Genetics, and Sickle Cell Disease in Turkey and Aden | SOAS University of London"
1182:
2875:
2829:
2469:
2322:
2317:
1503:
1223:
371:, and the death rate is high. The reported infant mortality rate is also described as "appalling" by
247:
The exact origins of the Akhdam are uncertain, with some believing that they are the descendants of
2372:
2096:
1807:
1546:
953:
556:
500:
2805:
2597:
2252:
1923:
517:
649:"Extensive female-mediated gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa into near eastern Arab populations"
2723:
2518:
2277:
1753:
1701:
1691:
1679:
1380:
1234:
Nevola, Luca. “‘Black People, White Hearts’: Origin, Race, and Colour in Contemporary Yemen.”
2775:
2700:
2607:
2523:
2508:
2462:
2457:
2332:
1972:
1899:
1894:
1765:
1608:
1555:
1375:
1342:
546:
533:
138:
2733:
2513:
2312:
2062:
1445:
1167:
The Accursed Minority: The Ethno-Cultural Persecution of Al-Akhdam in the Republic of Yemen
395:
199:
222:
8:
2491:
2482:
2447:
2223:
1852:
1657:
1458:
1368:
941:
926:
512:
360:
1640:
2765:
2648:
2414:
2377:
2337:
2272:
1987:
1038:
1021:
957:
908:
681:
648:
300:"Clean your plate if it is touched by a dog, but break it if it's touched by a Khadem.″
276:
211:
130:
1620:
2728:
2668:
2528:
2394:
2262:
2153:
1909:
1884:
1392:
1350:
1135:
1043:
878:
781:
750:
686:
668:
629:
621:
472:
415:
260:
78:
1933:
2501:
2170:
2123:
2091:
2017:
1955:
1938:
1904:
1837:
1802:
1797:
1775:
1770:
1706:
1684:
1588:
1563:
1526:
1468:
1463:
1125:
1033:
904:
773:
742:
676:
660:
613:
551:
272:
252:
248:
242:
1114:"AIDS awareness and attitudes among Yemeni young people living in high-risk areas"
2452:
2384:
2307:
2189:
2165:
2133:
2128:
2079:
2052:
2042:
1948:
1827:
1647:
1630:
1593:
1583:
372:
312:
Today, in Yemen, children born from mixed Akhdam and Yemeni parentage are called
183:
153:
134:
491:
Several Yemeni authors have written about the Akhdam and their marginalization:
2865:
2795:
2780:
2292:
2282:
2240:
2208:
2203:
2143:
2047:
1992:
1982:
1943:
1785:
1780:
1669:
1578:
1453:
1428:
1358:
1169:, Muslim World Journal of Human Rights, Vol. 2, Issue 1, Art. 9, (pages 10, 29)
1111:
306:
1240:
https://www.ledijournals.com/ojs/index.php/antropologia/article/view/1626/1526
777:
2854:
2496:
2421:
2357:
2287:
2148:
2138:
2118:
2106:
2074:
1869:
1790:
1723:
1652:
1613:
1397:
1306:
1112:
Al-Serouri A. W.; Anaam M.; Al-Iryani B.; Al Deram A.; Ramaroson, S. (2010).
754:
746:
672:
625:
122:
98:
324:
but, instead, they wear colorful gowns with wide sleeves and they go to the
2753:
2748:
2587:
2245:
2235:
1967:
1573:
1486:
1423:
1139:
1130:
1113:
1047:
690:
633:
495:
195:
1078:
2770:
2612:
2436:
2399:
2389:
2362:
1977:
1889:
1598:
582:
522:
476:
440:
309:. Men who do marry into the community risk banishment by their families.
275:
and social hierarchy that developed under various regimes, including the
190:) ("the servants", singular Khadem, meaning "servant" in Arabic), are an
82:
1311:
29:
2738:
2409:
2349:
2067:
1674:
1662:
961:
617:
283:
256:
126:
2007:
1283:
1005:
Marguerite Abadjian (April 22, 2004). "In Yemen, lowest of the low".
505:
464:
456:
235:
70:
62:
35:
2158:
2111:
2057:
1874:
1758:
1728:
1711:
1495:
1418:
1183:"Akhdam: A look into lives of Yemen's untouchables - Khaleej Times"
980:
664:
230:
1603:
1307:
The International Dalit Solidarity Network: The Al-Akhdam in Yemen
1224:
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/13621025.2019.1583725
2800:
2790:
1413:
480:
364:
355:
86:
863:
Robert F. Worth, "Languishing at the Bottom of Yemen’s Ladder",
2084:
2002:
1960:
1635:
452:
2013, which is about 11% out of the total population of Yemen.
432:
191:
2477:
2101:
468:
368:
321:
207:
203:
110:
74:
646:
255:. The popular belief holds that they are the descendants of
1218:
Activism: Enacting Citizenship during Yemen’s Transition.”
460:
422:
66:
768:
Washbrook, David (2012), "The World of the Indian Ocean",
394:
and charitable organizations from other countries such as
391:
379:
325:
316:, and are often still discriminated against in society.
385:
816:"YEMEN: Akhdam people suffer history of discrimination"
602:
259:
Aksumites during the latter's occupation of Yemen in
1252:"Akhdam: A look into lives of Yemen's untouchables"
1004:
944:(1955). "Portrait of a Yemenite Weavers' Village".
732:
266:
486:
894:
2852:
981:"Yemen - International Dalit Solidarity Network"
271:Anthropologists such as Vombruck postulate that
925:. Baltimore Sun. April 25, 2004. Archived from
770:Routledge Handbook of the South Asian Diaspora
1511:
1327:
1276:"المهمشون في اليمن: إهمال وتمييز وحقوق ضائعة"
1214:Christiansen, Connie and Al-Thawr, Sabria. “
1098:Meneley, Anne. “Living Hierarchy in Yemen.”
1518:
1504:
1334:
1320:
858:
856:
579:"Yemen's Al-Akhdam face brutal oppression"
504:focuses on the Akhdam community living in
1341:
1129:
1037:
854:
852:
850:
848:
846:
844:
842:
840:
838:
836:
767:
680:
606:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1222:23, no. 2 (February 17, 2019): 115–138.
1159:
998:
431:The emergence of the notion of race and
423:Stereotypes and global discourse on race
229:
221:
1022:"Distribution of the sickle cell trait"
1019:
1013:
940:
226:The caves of Al-Akhdam in Sanaa in 1942
2853:
985:International Dalit Solidarity Network
833:
573:
571:
1499:
1315:
1177:
1175:
1065:
1063:
1061:
1059:
1057:
975:
973:
971:
915:
890:
888:
386:Activism and international visibility
346:haphazardly built of wood and cloth.
2835:
1525:
1118:Eastern Mediterranean Health Journal
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
798:
796:
349:
290:
57:Regions with significant populations
568:
187:
157:
13:
1172:
1054:
968:
909:10.1111/j.1469-8676.1996.tb00322.x
885:
653:American Journal of Human Genetics
459:, and others can also be found in
332:
14:
2907:
1300:
793:
508:and the discrimination they face.
251:or 6th-century soldiers from the
2896:Ethnic groups in the Middle East
2834:
2825:
2824:
1707:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
1480:
267:Societal discrimination in Yemen
28:
1268:
1244:
1228:
1208:
1199:
1146:
1105:
1092:
933:
487:Depictions in Yemeni literature
446:
871:
761:
726:
697:
640:
596:
1:
562:
202:group whose members live in
7:
1282:(in Arabic). Archived from
1071:"The Untouchables of Yemen"
540:
10:
2912:
2881:Muslim communities in Asia
2719:African diaspora religions
1843:Indigenous Black Canadians
530:Astonishment and Amazement
240:
217:
16:Untouchable caste in Yemen
2886:People of African descent
2820:
2709:
2694:African Hebrew Israelites
2679:
2633:
2570:
2559:
2539:
2470:Afro-Asians in South Asia
2435:
2348:
2183:
2033:
1818:
1744:
1554:
1540:
1533:
1477:
1444:
1406:
1349:
1238:7, no. 1 (2020): 93-115.
1020:Lehmann, Hermann (1954).
778:10.4324/9780203796528.ch1
511:One of the characters in
121:
116:
109:
104:
97:
92:
61:
56:
48:
43:
27:
1736:Turks and Caicos Islands
1102:42, no. 1 (2000): 61-73.
954:Indiana University Press
747:10.1163/187254608x346079
557:Indian Ocean slave trade
234:Akhdam man or Khadem in
2891:Discrimination in Yemen
521:describes traveling to
501:Black Taste, Black Odor
2871:Ethnic groups in Yemen
2724:Anti-African sentiment
1131:10.26719/2010.16.3.242
302:
238:
227:
164:"); previously called
2776:Civil rights movement
2664:Afro-Caribbean people
1973:Chestnut Ridge people
1895:African-American Jews
1697:Saint Kitts and Nevis
1343:Demographics of Yemen
946:Jewish Social Studies
547:Human rights in Yemen
416:Yemeni revolt in 2011
298:
233:
225:
162:the marginalized ones
117:Related ethnic groups
34:Akhdam children in a
2734:Atlantic slave trade
2422:United Arab Emirates
1187:www.khaleejtimes.com
929:on November 5, 2006.
518:Sana'a: An Open City
51:(Unofficial sources)
49:500,000 - 3,500,000
2623:Sierra Leone Creole
2474:India and Pakistan
1719:Trinidad and Tobago
1569:Antigua and Barbuda
1220:Citizenship Studies
897:Social Anthropology
513:Mohammad Abdul-Wali
212:socially segregated
24:
2861:Arab ethnic groups
2766:Black Lives Matter
2373:Ethiopian Israelis
2023:African immigrants
1998:Louisiana Redbones
1934:Chickasaw freedmen
1863:African immigrants
1631:Dominican Republic
1407:Main ethnic groups
1165:Huda Seif (2005),
987:. 14 November 2014
881:. 31 January 2018.
867:(February 27 2008)
618:10.1002/ajpa.21360
534:Zayd Mutee' Dammaj
437:revolution of 1952
396:CARE International
239:
228:
22:
2848:
2847:
2816:
2815:
2729:Anti-Black racism
2669:British Jamaicans
2659:African Americans
2644:African Americans
2598:Americo-Liberians
2583:African Americans
2555:
2554:
2378:Sudanese refugees
2179:
2178:
1949:Seminole freedmen
1929:Cherokee freedmen
1910:Black Southerners
1885:African Americans
1833:African Americans
1493:
1492:
1446:Foreign nationals
1386:Roman Catholicism
1075:Al Akhbar English
1007:The Baltimore Sun
350:Health conditions
291:Social conditions
261:pre-Islamic Yemen
210:ladder, they are
144:
143:
52:
2903:
2876:Society of Yemen
2838:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2568:
2567:
1956:Creoles of color
1939:Choctaw freedmen
1905:Black Mennonites
1838:Black Mennonites
1685:Jamaican Maroons
1641:Samaná Americans
1552:
1551:
1538:
1537:
1527:African diaspora
1520:
1513:
1506:
1497:
1496:
1487:Yemen portal
1485:
1484:
1483:
1336:
1329:
1322:
1313:
1312:
1295:
1294:
1292:
1291:
1272:
1266:
1265:
1263:
1262:
1248:
1242:
1232:
1226:
1212:
1206:
1203:
1197:
1196:
1194:
1193:
1179:
1170:
1163:
1157:
1150:
1144:
1143:
1133:
1109:
1103:
1096:
1090:
1089:
1087:
1086:
1077:. Archived from
1067:
1052:
1051:
1041:
1017:
1011:
1010:
1002:
996:
995:
993:
992:
977:
966:
965:
937:
931:
930:
923:"Caste In Yemen"
919:
913:
912:
892:
883:
882:
875:
869:
860:
831:
830:
828:
827:
812:
791:
790:
765:
759:
758:
741:(1–2): 135–154.
735:African Diaspora
730:
724:
723:
721:
720:
711:. Archived from
701:
695:
694:
684:
659:(4): 1058–1064.
644:
638:
637:
600:
594:
593:
591:
590:
581:. Archived from
575:
552:Slavery in Yemen
528:In his memoirs,
253:Kingdom of Aksum
243:Slavery in Yemen
189:
159:
50:
44:Total population
32:
25:
21:
2911:
2910:
2906:
2905:
2904:
2902:
2901:
2900:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2844:
2812:
2786:Genetic history
2711:
2705:
2681:
2675:
2655:United Kingdom
2629:
2608:Afro-Brazilians
2563:
2561:
2551:
2535:
2440:
2431:
2344:
2187:
2175:
2035:
2029:
1900:Alabama Creoles
1820:
1814:
1746:
1740:
1545:
1529:
1524:
1494:
1489:
1481:
1479:
1473:
1440:
1402:
1345:
1340:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1287:
1274:
1273:
1269:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1249:
1245:
1233:
1229:
1213:
1209:
1204:
1200:
1191:
1189:
1181:
1180:
1173:
1164:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1110:
1106:
1097:
1093:
1084:
1082:
1069:
1068:
1055:
1026:Eugenics Review
1018:
1014:
1003:
999:
990:
988:
979:
978:
969:
938:
934:
921:
920:
916:
893:
886:
877:
876:
872:
865:New York Times,
861:
834:
825:
823:
822:. November 2005
814:
813:
794:
788:
766:
762:
731:
727:
718:
716:
703:
702:
698:
645:
641:
601:
597:
588:
586:
577:
576:
569:
565:
543:
489:
449:
425:
388:
373:Robert F. Worth
352:
335:
333:Economic status
293:
273:Yemen's history
269:
245:
220:
39:
20:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2909:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2888:
2883:
2878:
2873:
2868:
2863:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2842:
2832:
2821:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2813:
2811:
2810:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2796:Pan-Africanism
2793:
2788:
2783:
2781:Creole peoples
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2731:
2726:
2721:
2715:
2713:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2703:
2698:
2697:
2696:
2685:
2683:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2653:
2652:
2651:
2646:
2637:
2635:
2631:
2630:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2625:
2617:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2602:
2601:
2600:
2592:
2591:
2590:
2585:
2576:
2574:
2565:
2557:
2556:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2536:
2534:
2533:
2532:
2531:
2521:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:
2504:
2499:
2497:Black Dutchmen
2489:
2488:
2487:
2486:
2485:
2472:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2460:
2450:
2444:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2430:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2418:
2417:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2381:
2380:
2375:
2365:
2360:
2354:
2352:
2346:
2345:
2343:
2342:
2341:
2340:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2320:
2313:United Kingdom
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2201:
2195:
2193:
2181:
2180:
2177:
2176:
2174:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2131:
2126:
2121:
2116:
2115:
2114:
2109:
2104:
2094:
2089:
2088:
2087:
2077:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2065:
2060:
2050:
2045:
2039:
2037:
2031:
2030:
2028:
2027:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1975:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1958:
1953:
1952:
1951:
1946:
1944:Creek freedmen
1941:
1936:
1931:
1917:
1915:Black Hispanic
1912:
1907:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1881:United States
1879:
1878:
1877:
1867:
1866:
1865:
1860:
1855:
1850:
1845:
1840:
1835:
1824:
1822:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1812:
1811:
1810:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1793:
1786:Miskito people
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1763:
1762:
1761:
1750:
1748:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1716:
1715:
1714:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1667:
1666:
1665:
1660:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1643:
1638:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1617:
1616:
1611:
1606:
1596:
1594:Cayman Islands
1591:
1586:
1581:
1576:
1571:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1549:
1535:
1531:
1530:
1523:
1522:
1515:
1508:
1500:
1491:
1490:
1478:
1475:
1474:
1472:
1471:
1466:
1461:
1456:
1450:
1448:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1438:
1433:
1432:
1431:
1426:
1421:
1410:
1408:
1404:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1373:
1372:
1371:
1366:
1355:
1353:
1347:
1346:
1339:
1338:
1331:
1324:
1316:
1310:
1309:
1302:
1301:External links
1299:
1297:
1296:
1267:
1243:
1227:
1207:
1198:
1171:
1158:
1145:
1124:(3): 242–250.
1104:
1100:Anthropologica
1091:
1053:
1032:(2): 113–116.
1012:
997:
967:
932:
914:
903:(2): 145–162.
884:
870:
832:
792:
786:
760:
725:
709:www.soas.ac.uk
696:
665:10.1086/374384
639:
595:
566:
564:
561:
560:
559:
554:
549:
542:
539:
538:
537:
526:
509:
498:'s 2008 novel
488:
485:
448:
445:
424:
421:
387:
384:
351:
348:
334:
331:
292:
289:
268:
265:
249:African slaves
219:
216:
200:socio-economic
142:
141:
119:
118:
114:
113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
95:
94:
90:
89:
59:
58:
54:
53:
46:
45:
41:
40:
33:
18:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2908:
2897:
2894:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2884:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2872:
2869:
2867:
2864:
2862:
2859:
2858:
2856:
2841:
2833:
2831:
2823:
2822:
2819:
2807:
2804:
2803:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2769:
2767:
2764:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2750:
2747:
2745:
2742:
2740:
2737:
2736:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2716:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2699:
2695:
2692:
2691:
2690:
2687:
2686:
2684:
2678:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2654:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2641:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2632:
2624:
2621:
2620:
2619:Sierra Leone
2618:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2599:
2596:
2595:
2593:
2589:
2586:
2584:
2581:
2580:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2569:
2566:
2562:Afro-American
2558:
2548:
2545:
2544:
2542:
2538:
2530:
2527:
2526:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2503:
2500:
2498:
2495:
2494:
2493:
2490:
2484:
2481:
2480:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2464:
2461:
2459:
2456:
2455:
2454:
2451:
2449:
2446:
2445:
2443:
2438:
2434:
2428:
2425:
2423:
2420:
2416:
2413:
2412:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2370:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2353:
2351:
2347:
2339:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2321:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2274:
2271:
2269:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2243:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2230:
2227:
2226:
2225:
2222:
2220:
2217:
2215:
2212:
2210:
2207:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2186:
2182:
2172:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2147:
2145:
2142:
2140:
2137:
2136:
2135:
2132:
2130:
2127:
2125:
2122:
2120:
2117:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2097:French Guiana
2095:
2093:
2090:
2086:
2083:
2082:
2081:
2078:
2076:
2073:
2069:
2066:
2064:
2061:
2059:
2056:
2055:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2040:
2038:
2032:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2013:Somali Bantus
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1962:
1959:
1957:
1954:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1940:
1937:
1935:
1932:
1930:
1927:
1926:
1925:
1921:
1920:Black Indians
1918:
1916:
1913:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1903:
1901:
1898:
1896:
1893:
1891:
1890:Affrilachians
1888:
1887:
1886:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1871:
1868:
1864:
1861:
1859:
1856:
1854:
1851:
1849:
1848:New Brunswick
1846:
1844:
1841:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1829:
1826:
1825:
1823:
1817:
1809:
1806:
1805:
1804:
1801:
1799:
1796:
1792:
1791:Miskito Sambu
1789:
1788:
1787:
1784:
1782:
1779:
1777:
1774:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1764:
1760:
1757:
1756:
1755:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1743:
1737:
1734:
1730:
1727:
1725:
1724:Dougla people
1722:
1721:
1720:
1717:
1713:
1710:
1709:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1672:
1671:
1668:
1664:
1661:
1659:
1656:
1655:
1654:
1651:
1649:
1646:
1642:
1639:
1637:
1634:
1633:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1615:
1614:Ganga-Longoba
1612:
1610:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1601:
1600:
1597:
1595:
1592:
1590:
1587:
1585:
1582:
1580:
1577:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1565:
1562:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1547:Latin America
1543:
1539:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1521:
1516:
1514:
1509:
1507:
1502:
1501:
1498:
1488:
1476:
1470:
1467:
1465:
1462:
1460:
1457:
1455:
1452:
1451:
1449:
1447:
1443:
1437:
1434:
1430:
1427:
1425:
1422:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1415:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1387:
1384:
1382:
1381:Protestantism
1379:
1378:
1377:
1374:
1370:
1367:
1365:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1357:
1356:
1354:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1330:
1325:
1323:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1308:
1305:
1304:
1286:on 2019-01-03
1285:
1281:
1277:
1271:
1257:
1256:Khaleej Times
1253:
1247:
1241:
1237:
1236:Antropologia,
1231:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1211:
1202:
1188:
1184:
1178:
1176:
1168:
1162:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1141:
1137:
1132:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1108:
1101:
1095:
1081:on 2016-03-04
1080:
1076:
1072:
1066:
1064:
1062:
1060:
1058:
1049:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1016:
1008:
1001:
986:
982:
976:
974:
972:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
942:Goitein, S.D.
936:
928:
924:
918:
910:
906:
902:
898:
891:
889:
880:
879:"Muhamasheen"
874:
868:
866:
859:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
845:
843:
841:
839:
837:
821:
817:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
797:
789:
787:9780203796528
783:
779:
775:
772:, Routledge,
771:
764:
756:
752:
748:
744:
740:
736:
729:
715:on 2018-12-30
714:
710:
706:
700:
692:
688:
683:
678:
674:
670:
666:
662:
658:
654:
650:
643:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
599:
585:on 2014-11-29
584:
580:
574:
572:
567:
558:
555:
553:
550:
548:
545:
544:
535:
531:
527:
524:
520:
519:
514:
510:
507:
503:
502:
497:
494:
493:
492:
484:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
453:
444:
442:
438:
434:
429:
420:
417:
412:
408:
404:
402:
397:
393:
383:
381:
376:
374:
370:
366:
362:
357:
347:
343:
339:
330:
327:
323:
317:
315:
310:
308:
301:
297:
288:
285:
280:
278:
277:Zaydi Imamate
274:
264:
262:
258:
254:
250:
244:
237:
232:
224:
215:
213:
209:
205:
201:
197:
193:
185:
181:
180:
175:
174:
169:
168:
163:
155:
151:
150:
149:Al-Muhamashīn
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
120:
115:
112:
108:
103:
100:
99:Yemeni Arabic
96:
91:
88:
84:
80:
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
55:
47:
42:
37:
31:
26:
23:Al-Muhamashīn
2547:Saint Helena
2483:in Karnataka
2426:
2400:Saudi Arabia
1968:Brass Ankles
1609:Cape Verdean
1435:
1376:Christianity
1288:. Retrieved
1284:the original
1279:
1270:
1259:. Retrieved
1255:
1246:
1235:
1230:
1219:
1215:
1210:
1201:
1190:. Retrieved
1186:
1166:
1161:
1153:
1148:
1121:
1117:
1107:
1099:
1094:
1083:. Retrieved
1079:the original
1074:
1029:
1025:
1015:
1006:
1000:
989:. Retrieved
984:
949:
945:
939:Page 10 in:
935:
927:the original
917:
900:
896:
873:
864:
824:. Retrieved
819:
769:
763:
738:
734:
728:
717:. Retrieved
713:the original
708:
699:
656:
652:
642:
609:
605:
598:
587:. Retrieved
583:the original
529:
516:
499:
496:Ali al-Muqri
490:
454:
450:
447:Demographics
430:
426:
413:
409:
405:
389:
382:infections.
377:
353:
344:
340:
336:
318:
313:
311:
307:untouchables
303:
299:
294:
281:
270:
246:
178:
177:
172:
171:
166:
165:
161:
148:
147:
145:
139:Yemeni Arabs
38:neighborhood
19:Ethnic group
2806:Reparations
2771:Black power
2519:New Zealand
2350:Middle East
2303:Switzerland
2263:Netherlands
1978:Dominickers
1853:Nova Scotia
1771:El Salvador
1702:Saint Lucia
1692:Puerto Rico
1216:Muhamesheen
1154:Yemen Times
612:(1): 1–10.
523:Al Hudaydah
477:Al Hudaydah
83:Al Hudaydah
2855:Categories
2739:Coromantee
2154:Paramaccan
2068:Quilombola
2008:Melungeons
1766:Costa Rica
1675:Coromantee
1459:Pakistanis
1436:Afro-Arabs
1290:2019-01-03
1280:Huna Sotak
1261:2019-01-03
1192:2015-11-30
1085:2015-11-28
991:2015-11-28
826:2015-11-28
719:2018-12-30
589:2013-11-29
563:References
342:time off.
314:muwāldedīn
241:See also:
194:-speaking
131:Ethiopians
127:Afro-Arabs
2560:Secondary
2524:Sri Lanka
2502:Mardijker
2492:Indonesia
2463:Hong Kong
2458:Guangzhou
2448:Australia
2395:Palestine
2323:Liverpool
2318:Cambridge
2171:Venezuela
2043:Argentina
1798:Nicaragua
1776:Guatemala
1556:Caribbean
1534:Geography
1351:Religions
755:1872-5457
673:0002-9297
626:1096-8644
515:'s novel
441:Hashemite
401:Huda Sief
257:Ethiopian
167:al-Akhdām
93:Languages
2830:Category
2680:Asia and
2649:Haitians
2604:Nigeria
2594:Liberia
2564:diaspora
2540:Atlantic
2514:Malaysia
2415:Africans
2333:Scotland
2278:Portugal
2199:Abkhazia
2159:Saramaka
2134:Suriname
2124:Paraguay
2112:Saramaka
2080:Colombia
2058:Kalungas
1988:Garifuna
1924:Freedmen
1875:Mascogos
1808:Cimarrón
1781:Honduras
1759:Garifuna
1729:Merikins
1712:Garifuna
1626:Dominica
1584:Barbados
1564:Anguilla
1542:Americas
1419:Hadharem
1393:Hinduism
1140:20795436
1048:21260667
956:: 3–26.
820:IRINnews
691:12629598
634:20623605
541:See also
361:dyspnoea
158:المهمشين
105:Religion
2840:Commons
2801:Slavery
2791:Maroons
2710:Related
2682:Oceania
2640:France
2529:Kaffirs
2441:Oceania
2308:Ukraine
2283:Romania
2253:Ireland
2236:Germany
2219:Finland
2214:Denmark
2209:Belgium
2204:Austria
2166:Uruguay
2144:Matawai
2092:Ecuador
2063:Macombo
2048:Bolivia
2036:America
1858:Ontario
1821:America
1747:America
1745:Central
1670:Jamaica
1658:Marabou
1648:Grenada
1621:Curaçao
1589:Bermuda
1579:Bahamas
1469:Somalis
1464:Indians
1429:Soqotri
1039:2973326
962:4465298
682:1180338
481:Mukalla
365:malaria
356:poverty
354:Due to
284:Shafi'i
218:Origins
188:الأخدام
135:Nilotes
87:Mukalla
2759:Yoruba
2712:topics
2689:Israel
2634:Europe
2579:Ghana
2572:Africa
2410:Turkey
2385:Jordan
2368:Israel
2328:London
2298:Sweden
2288:Russia
2273:Poland
2268:Norway
2246:Blacks
2241:Greece
2224:France
2190:Blacks
2185:Europe
2149:Ndyuka
2139:Kwinti
2119:Guyana
2107:Ndyuka
2085:Raizal
2053:Brazil
2018:Yoruba
2003:Lumbee
1983:Fulani
1961:Gullah
1870:Mexico
1828:Canada
1803:Panama
1754:Belize
1663:Marron
1636:Cocolo
1138:
1046:
1036:
960:
784:
753:
689:
679:
671:
632:
624:
506:Ta'izz
465:Ta'izz
457:Sana'a
433:racism
236:Ta'izz
196:ethnic
192:Arabic
184:Arabic
179:Achdām
173:Akhdām
154:Arabic
123:Bantus
71:Ta'izz
63:Sana'a
36:Ta'izz
2866:Caste
2754:Tikar
2749:Kongo
2701:Japan
2588:Tabom
2509:Japan
2478:Siddi
2453:China
2427:Yemen
2405:Syria
2338:Wales
2293:Spain
2258:Italy
2229:Paris
2102:Aluku
2075:Chile
2034:South
1993:Igbos
1819:North
1680:Igbos
1653:Haiti
1604:Arará
1574:Aruba
1454:Turks
1424:Mehri
1414:Arabs
1364:Sunni
1359:Islam
958:JSTOR
952:(1).
473:Abyan
469:Lahij
390:Many
369:polio
322:hijab
208:caste
204:Yemen
111:Islam
79:Abyan
75:Lahij
2744:Igbo
2613:Saro
2437:Asia
2390:Oman
2363:Iraq
2358:Iran
2129:Peru
1599:Cuba
1398:Jews
1369:Shia
1136:PMID
1044:PMID
782:ISBN
751:ISSN
687:PMID
669:ISSN
630:PMID
622:ISSN
479:and
461:Aden
392:NGOs
367:and
160:), "
146:The
137:and
67:Aden
2439:and
1126:doi
1034:PMC
905:doi
774:doi
743:doi
677:PMC
661:doi
614:doi
610:144
380:HIV
326:suq
198:or
176:or
2857::
1278:.
1254:.
1185:.
1174:^
1134:.
1122:16
1120:.
1116:.
1073:.
1056:^
1042:.
1030:46
1028:.
1024:.
983:.
970:^
950:17
948:.
899:.
887:^
835:^
818:.
795:^
780:,
749:.
737:.
707:.
685:.
675:.
667:.
657:72
655:.
651:.
628:.
620:.
608:.
570:^
532:,
483:.
475:,
471:,
467:,
463:,
363:,
186::
170:,
156::
133:,
129:,
125:,
85:,
81:,
77:,
73:,
69:,
65:,
2192:)
2188:(
1922:/
1544:/
1519:e
1512:t
1505:v
1335:e
1328:t
1321:v
1293:.
1264:.
1195:.
1142:.
1128::
1088:.
1050:.
1009:.
994:.
964:.
911:.
907::
901:4
829:.
776::
757:.
745::
739:1
722:.
693:.
663::
636:.
616::
592:.
182:(
152:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
