424:
412:
448:. As-Salih was not the first Ayyubid ruler to make use of Mamluks, but he was the first to depend on them so heavily. Rather than just recruiting small numbers of Mamluks, As-Salih established two complete corps of them, numbering up to 1000 men. One unit was known as the 'River Corps' or Baḥrīyah or Bahriyya, because they were garrisoned at Rawḍah island in the River Nile. The second, smaller corps was the Jamdārīyah, which appears to have operated as a
857:
564:, managed to hide his death until Turanshah arrived. Turanshah's rule was brief and was followed by a long and complicated interregnum until the Bahri Mamluks eventually took power. As-Salih was thus the last major Ayyubid ruler of Egypt, and the last to combine rule of Egypt with effective rule of parts of Palestine and Syria.
528:. In 1246 he decided that his Khwarezmian allies were dangerously uncontrollable, so he turned on them and defeated them near Homs, killing their leader and dispersing the remnants throughout Syria and Palestine. As-Salih's capture of Jerusalem after the Khwarezmian sacking led to the call for a new Crusade in Europe, and
439:
Once installed in Cairo, As-Salih was far from secure. The complex nature of the
Ayyubid state meant that the ruling family itself, as well as associated Kurdish clans, had divided loyalties. Within Egypt, a powerful faction of Emirs, the Ashrafiyya, were conspiring to depose him and replace him with
452:
for As-Salih. As the
Mamluks would eventually overthrow the Ayyubid dynasty and take power on their own, their early rise to prominence under As-Salih Ayyub is of considerable historical importance. In English, references to the Bahriyya after As-Salih's death, when they became the dominant power in
370:
for the campaign to take over Egypt from al-Adil II. Ayyub began to grow suspicious of Ismail's perceived procrastination and sent a noted physician, Sa'd al-Din al-Dimashqi, to find out what his vassal was doing. Ismail's vizier discovered Ayyub's scheme and secretly forged al-Dimashqi's records to
473:
of Diyar Mudar who had previously been allied to as-Salih. Just as his Bahri
Mamluks were important in enabling him to maintain order in Egypt, the Khwarezmians were useful in dominating the other Ayyubid rulers in neighbouring regions. In 1244, at As-Salih's invitation the Khwarezmians advanced
402:
In April 1240, An-Nasir, quarreling with al-Adil II, released Ayyub and allied with him against the
Egyptians, in return for a promise that Ayyub would reinstall him in Damascus. Al-Adil was imprisoned by his own troops, and Ayyub and An-Nasir made a triumphal entry into Cairo in June 1240, hence
358:
He received representations from his father's old Emirs in Egypt, who appealed to him to remove his brother. While making ready to invade Egypt he was informed that his brother had been captured by his soldiers and was being held prisoner. As-Salih was invited to come at once and assume the
440:
his uncle, as-Salih Ismail, who had regained control of
Damascus after his departure. As-Salih shut himself in the Cairo citadel, and could no longer trust even the once-loyal Emirs who had brought him to power. The lack of loyal soldiers led him to begin buying large numbers of
903:
Ann
Katherine Swynford Lambton & Bernard Lewis, The Cambridge History of Islam: A. The central islamic lands from pre-islamic times to the First World War, Cambridge University Press, 1977 vol.2 p.209
465:
The period 1240–1243 was largely occupied with complex military and diplomatic manoeuvres involving the
Crusader states in Palestine and the European armies that arrived during the
396:
457:. The members of the Bahriyya who were recruited by As-Salih himself are also sometimes referred to as the Salihiyya. During his lifetime these terms were synonymous.
355:
as his heir in Egypt. In the dynastic disputes which followed, as-Salih took control of
Damascus in 1239 and set about using it as a base for enlarging his domain.
1500:
444:
slaves, who were available in unusually large numbers following the Mongol invasions in central Asia. They soon formed the core of his army, and were known as
872:
552:, where he died on 22 November after having his leg amputated in an attempt to save his life from a serious abscess. As-Salih did not trust his heir,
1490:
423:
1495:
1616:
17:
1591:
877:
548:
As-Salih was away fighting his uncle in Syria when news of the
Crusader invasion came, but he quickly returned to Egypt and encamped at
411:
1147:
1596:
304:
concubine. Her name was Ward Al-Muna and she was also the servant of Al-Kamil's other wife, Sawda bint Al-Faqih, the mother of
1525:
845:
Piers D. Mitchell, Medicine in the
Crusades: Warfare, Wounds and the Medieval Surgeon, Cambridge University Press, 2004 p.213
629:
Guy Perry, John of Brienne: King of Jerusalem, Emperor of Constantinople, c.1175–1237, Cambridge University Press, 2013 p.119
589:
988:
Whelan, Estelle (1988), "Representations of the Khassakiyah and the Origins of Mamluk Emblems", in Soucek, Priscilla (ed.),
371:
mislead Ayyub into thinking Ismail was indeed on his way to Nablus. Eventually, Ismail, with the support of the Ayyubids of
1621:
1611:
614:
1586:
1550:
1279:
1100:
1090:
954:
933:
363:
135:
112:
1545:
1450:
1274:
479:
33:
725:
695:
1226:
1191:
582:
Tree of Pearls: The Extraordinary Architectural Patronage of the 13th-Century Egyptian Slave-Queen Shajar Al-Durr
979:
383:, captured Damascus from Ayyub in September 1239. Ayyub was abandoned by his troops and taken captive by local
1140:
1370:
520:. As-Salih was not however able to extend his rule far beyond Damascus, although he was able to retain the
532:
took up the cross. The campaign took several years to organise, but in 1249 Louis invaded Egypt on the
1254:
475:
1560:
525:
344:, removing him from the succession in Egypt after suspecting him of conspiring against him with the
1133:
1003:
1415:
1156:
329:
1410:
1405:
1400:
942:
351:
In 1238, al-Kamil died leaving as-Salih his designated heir in the Jazira, and his other son
862:
One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the
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486:. Later that year as-Salih, again allied to the Khwarezmians, defeated as-Salih Ismail in
8:
1485:
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181:
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483:
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309:
1535:
1324:
549:
947:
The Middle East in the Middle Ages: The Early Mamluk Sultanate, 1250–1382
253:
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992:, University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press
391:'s control, in which he was held as a prisoner in Kerak, along with
1420:
1240:
1201:
537:
502:
460:
441:
435:, Syria, 1247-1249. Brass inlaid with silver. Freer Gallery of Art.
432:
419:, Syria, 1247-1249. Brass inlaid with silver. Freer Gallery of Art.
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From Saladin to the Mongols: The Ayyubids of Damascus, 1193–1260
1305:
1168:
510:
506:
445:
367:
345:
333:
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was reconstructed and restored to Egypt. In 1232, he was given
1172:
918:, Al Selouk Leme'refatt Dewall al-Melouk, Dar al-kotob, 1997.
487:
372:
285:
1381:
1341:
1236:
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As-Salih became the paramount ruler of the Ayyubid family.
380:
376:
661:
659:
827:
928:, Albany, New York: State University of New York Press,
803:
774:
772:
770:
740:
32:"al-Malik al-Salih" redirects here. For other uses, see
990:
Content and Context of Visual Arts in the Islamic World
656:
644:
632:
793:
791:
789:
787:
757:
755:
767:
584:. Oxford University Press, Incorporated. p. 93.
607:
Histoire des croisades, Tome III: L'anarchie franque
556:, and had kept him at a safe distance from Egypt in
949:, Southern Illinois University Press / Croom Helm,
885:
784:
752:
395:who gave birth to their son Khalil, and his Mamluk
967:
1155:
308:. In 1221, he became a hostage at the end of the
1578:
469:, other Ayyubid family rulers in Syria, and the
461:Wars with other Ayyubid realms and the Crusaders
264:(5 November 1205 – 22 November 1249), nickname:
873:From the Earliest Times to the Moslem Conquest
1141:
881:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.
962:
833:
1148:
1134:
722:Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art
692:Smithsonian's National Museum of Asian Art
336:), which his father had captured from the
921:
809:
746:
665:
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638:
867:
604:
422:
410:
579:
362:In August 1239, Ayyub began pressuring
14:
1579:
987:
778:
573:
415:Basin made for Sultan As-Salih Ayyub,
406:
340:. In 1234 his father sent him to rule
316:became a hostage of as-Salih's father
296:As-Salih was born in 1205, the son of
1617:13th-century Ayyubid sultans of Egypt
1129:
941:
891:
797:
761:
29:Sultan of Egypt and Ruler of Damascus
728:from the original on 3 February 2023
698:from the original on 3 February 2023
453:Egypt, usually describe them as the
543:
273:
262:Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub
24:
605:Grousset, René (2 December 2023).
25:
1633:
855:
480:Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
478:, which had been handed over to
474:through Syria and Palestine and
897:
848:
839:
815:
505:, and was awarded the title of
1597:Muslims of the Seventh Crusade
1592:Muslims of the Barons' Crusade
922:Humphreys, R. Stephen (1977),
710:
680:
671:
623:
598:
13:
1:
567:
397:Rukn al-Din Baybars al-Salihi
291:
501:. In 1245 as-Salih captured
7:
1622:13th-century Kurdish people
997:
10:
1638:
909:
490:, who had allied with the
42:As-Salih Najm Al-Din Ayyub
31:
1612:Ayyubid emirs of Damascus
1514:
1469:
1434:
1379:
1339:
1303:
1235:
1167:
1114:
1105:
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970:The Atlas of the Crusades
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131:
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81:
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61:
53:
46:
41:
1587:Ayyubid sultans of Egypt
1112:1245 – 22 November 1249
1058:1240 – 22 November 1249
1421:al-Mu'ayyad Abu al-Fida
1004:List of rulers of Egypt
878:Encyclopædia Britannica
677:Al-Maqrizi, p.419/vol.1
609:. Perrin. p. 444.
482:by al-Kamil during the
387:who transferred him to
211:Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub
127:1245 – 22 November 1249
57:1240 – 22 November 1249
1561:Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi
1416:al-Muzaffar III Mahmud
1192:al-Mansur Nasir al-Din
822:Encyclopaedia Islamica
580:Ruggles, D.F. (2020).
526:Saʿd al-Din al-Humaidi
436:
420:
1411:al-Mansur II Muhammad
1406:al-Muzaffar II Mahmud
1401:al-Nasir Kilij Arslan
964:Riley-Smith, Jonathan
426:
414:
1501:al-Muzaffar Sulaiman
1396:al-Mansur I Muhammad
1356:Muhammad ibn Shirkuh
1290:al-Muazzam Turanshah
1217:al-Muazzam Turanshah
1118:Al-Muazzam Turanshah
1064:Al-Muazzam Turanshah
560:. As-Salih's widow,
554:al-Muazzam Turanshah
495:Kingdom of Jerusalem
196:Al-Muazzam Turanshah
146:Al-Muazzam Turanshah
76:Al-Muazzam Turanshah
1486:Tughtakin ibn Ayyub
1351:Asad ad-Din Shirkuh
499:Battle of La Forbie
407:Rise of the Mamluks
288:from 1240 to 1249.
1391:al-Muzaffar I Umar
530:Louis IX of France
522:emirate of Baalbek
437:
421:
1574:
1573:
1461:al-Kamil Muhammad
1456:al-Muzaffar Ghazi
1426:al-Afdal Muhammad
1366:al-Mansur Ibrahim
1124:
1123:
1115:Succeeded by
1088:Succeeded by
1061:Succeeded by
1033:22 November 1249
591:978-0-19-087320-2
427:Horseman playing
278:al-Malik al-Salih
276:), also known as
259:
258:
215:
214:
18:Al-Malik al-Ṣāliḥ
16:(Redirected from
1629:
1320:al-Aziz Muhammad
1150:
1143:
1136:
1127:
1126:
1108:Emir of Damascus
1098:Preceded by
1081:Emir of Damascus
1071:Preceded by
1044:Preceded by
1034:
1027:
1009:
1008:
993:
984:
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834:Riley-Smith 1990
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544:Death and legacy
476:sacked Jerusalem
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169:22 November 1249
83:Emir of Damascus
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21:
1637:
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1551:as-Salih Ismail
1526:Ibn al-Muqaddam
1510:
1506:al-Mas'ud Yusuf
1491:al-Muizz Ismail
1472:Yemen and Hejaz
1465:
1430:
1375:
1335:
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1280:as-Salih Ismail
1265:al-Mu'azzam Isa
1231:
1163:
1161:Ayyubid dynasty
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1120:
1111:
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1101:As-Salih Ismail
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1091:As-Salih Ismail
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1057:
1054:Sultan of Egypt
1049:
1028:
1026:5 November 1205
1022:
1021:
1018:Ayyubid dynasty
1014:
1013:As-Salih Ayyub
1000:
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974:, Times Books,
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871:, ed. (1911). "
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536:, and occupied
534:Seventh Crusade
467:Barons' Crusade
463:
409:
366:to join him at
364:Al-Salih Ismail
314:John of Brienne
294:
226:Ayyubid dynasty
184:
170:
160:
159:5 November 1205
136:As-Salih Ismail
113:As-Salih Ismail
85:
48:Sultan of Egypt
37:
34:As-Salih Ismail
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23:
22:
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1568:
1566:an-Nasir Yusuf
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1558:
1556:as-Salih Ayyub
1553:
1548:
1546:al-Ashraf Musa
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1533:
1528:
1522:
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1496:an-Nasir Ayyub
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1451:al-Ashraf Musa
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1446:al-Awhad Ayyub
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1317:
1315:az-Zahir Ghazi
1311:
1309:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1295:an-Nasir Yusuf
1292:
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1285:as-Salih Ayyub
1282:
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1275:al-Ashraf Musa
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1270:an-Nasir Dawud
1267:
1262:
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869:Chisholm, Hugh
847:
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826:
814:
812:, p. 283.
810:Humphreys 1977
802:
783:
781:, p. 225.
766:
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749:, p. 268.
747:Humphreys 1977
739:
709:
679:
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668:, p. 264.
666:Humphreys 1977
655:
653:, p. 249.
651:Humphreys 1977
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641:, p. 239.
639:Humphreys 1977
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389:al-Nasir Dawud
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182:Shajar al-Durr
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173:(aged 44)
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119:(second reign)
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266:Abu al-Futuh
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245:Ward Al-Muna
171:(1249-11-22)
26:
1607:1249 deaths
1602:1205 births
1536:Farrukhshah
1519:(1175–1260)
1474:(1173–1228)
1439:(1180–1260)
1384:(1175–1341)
1344:(1175–1262)
1308:(1177–1260)
1243:(1174–1260)
1175:(1171–1250)
779:Whelan 1988
359:Sultanate.
330:the Jazirah
254:Sunni Islam
132:Predecessor
99:Predecessor
62:Predecessor
1581:Categories
1541:Bahramshah
1531:Turan-Shah
1481:Turan-Shah
1437:Diyar Bakr
1361:al-Mujahid
1207:al-Adil II
1074:Al-Adil II
1047:Al-Adil II
981:0816021864
916:Al-Maqrizi
892:Irwin 1986
798:Irwin 1986
762:Irwin 1986
732:3 February
702:3 February
568:References
450:body guard
431:(detail).
353:Al-Adil II
292:Early life
280:, was the
274:أبو الفتوح
103:Al-Adil II
66:Al-Adil II
1515:Emirs of
1470:Emirs of
1435:Emirs of
1380:Emirs of
1340:Emirs of
1304:Emirs of
1260:al-Adil I
1197:al-Adil I
558:Hasankeyf
497:, at the
326:Hasankeyf
284:ruler of
142:Successor
109:Successor
72:Successor
1327:(regent)
1255:al-Afdal
1241:Damascus
1202:al-Kamil
998:See also
945:(1986),
726:Archived
696:Archived
538:Damietta
503:Damascus
492:crusader
433:Damascus
417:Damascus
342:Damascus
338:Artuqids
322:Damietta
320:, until
318:Al-Kamil
312:, while
298:Al-Kamil
250:Religion
236:Al-Kamil
1517:Baalbek
1250:Saladin
1182:Saladin
1169:Sultans
1159:of the
910:Sources
866::
718:"Basin"
688:"Basin"
518:Baghdad
509:by the
446:Mamluks
442:Kipchak
385:Bedouin
346:Mamluks
282:Ayyubid
221:Dynasty
178:Consort
1306:Aleppo
1157:Rulers
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978:
953:
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524:under
511:caliph
507:sultan
368:Nablus
334:Turkey
302:Nubian
300:and a
270:Arabic
242:Mother
232:Father
1237:Emirs
1173:Egypt
1085:1239
1031:Died:
1024:Born:
488:Syria
373:Kerak
286:Egypt
206:Names
191:Issue
161:Cairo
124:Reign
91:Reign
54:Reign
1382:Hama
1342:Homs
976:ISBN
951:ISBN
930:ISBN
734:2023
704:2023
611:ISBN
586:ISBN
429:Polo
381:Homs
379:and
377:Hama
306:Adil
166:Died
156:Born
94:1239
1239:of
1171:of
875:".
516:in
348:.
328:in
1583::
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272::
1149:e
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268:(
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