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conspired with Ja'far, al-Amir's only full brother, to depose him; or that al-Bata'ihi was the true instigator of the fake Nizari coinage struck in Yemen. The truth is rather that al-Amir had begun resenting the power of his over-mighty vizier, whose self-aggrandizing tendencies were evident in his zeal to name things after himself rather than the reigning caliph. This was especially so with the observatory begun by al-Afdal: rumours circulated that al-Bata'ihi wanted to use it to predict the future or perform magics, and his ambition to name it after himself was considered proof that he aspired to rulership. The vizier was also a victim of his own policies: unlike Badr and al-Afdal, who relied on the support of the army, al-Bata'ihi lacked a power base of his own, and was dependent on the caliph as his patron, At the same time, the revival of al-Amir's public role, lavishly orchestrated by al-Bata'ihi himself, only served to strengthen the caliph's authority and self-confidence towards his vizier. Finally, the pledge extracted by al-Ma'mun from the caliph, intended to safeguard him, may have backfired, as al-Amir perceived it as a personal humiliation. Indeed, after al-Bata'ihi's imprisonment, al-Amir would rule for the remainder of his life without a vizier. Haydara died in prison, but al-Bata'ihi was executed along with Ibn Najib al-Dawla on the night of 19/20 July 1128.
674:), before him had been confined in the caliphal palaces, while al-Afdal arrogated most public caliphal functions to himself. After al-Afdal's death, al-Amir now enjoyed a far more prominent public role, and he henceforth had a voice in government. Most importantly, al-Amir ensured that all tax income and precious textiles would be kept in the caliphal palace, and distributed from there. As the historian Michael Brett writes, "The relationship itself was one of alliance, in which the minister was entrusted as before with the responsibilities of government, in return for bringing the monarch out from his seclusion into the public eye". The changed balance of power was apparent to al-Bata'ihi, who sought to safeguard his position. According to his son Musa, the vizier had al-Amir sign a document pledging to communicate any denunciations or accusations directly to him. The document was to be valid until al-Bata'ihi's death, and the caliph furthermore undertook to look after the vizier's offspring after that.
840:, constructed on the main north-south thoroughfare of Cairo, near the caliphal palace, in 1122–1125. It is notable particularly for its lavish and unusual façade, "perhaps the most beautiful ensemble of Fatimid stonework to survive", according to Bloom. The mosque's prime location, elaborate decoration, and the prominent foundation inscriptions that mention not only the reigning caliph (al-Amir) and his vizier (al-Bata'ihi), but also al-Amir's father, al-Musta'li, have led to various modern interpretations of the decorative motifs and inscriptions as an intentional political and religious statement of Fatimid-Ismai'ili orthodoxy. Due to its small size, the Aqmar Mosque was likely intended to be used mostly by the caliphal court; it does not seem to have otherwise played a particular role in Fatimid ceremonies.
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more cultivators as well as benefiting from improvements and investments by their wealthier holders. Al-Bata'ihi's reform annulled all previous land grants, got the lower-ranking soldiers to bid high sums for the lands previously held by the senior-ranking ones, and even convinced the latter to bid for the lower-value grants by allowing them to pay only according to their own valuation, thus far below the original assessment. Al-Bata'ihi's son, writing about it a few decades later, maintains that it was a resounding success that was concluded to general satisfaction, and increased state income by 50,000
989:, had been sent to bring the Yemeni Isma'ilis into closer alignment with Cairo; after al-Afdal's death and the rise of al-Bata'ihi, the Fatimid engagement in Yemen intensified further, with the dispatch of military forces. With their backing, Ibn Najib al-Dawla began to pursue his own policies, increasingly ignoring Queen Arwa and the local chieftains allied to the Fatimids. This led to suspicion and then resistance from the Yemeni magnates, which came into the open after the loss of most of the Fatimid army in a failed attempt to capture
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1999:
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609:, but both medieval historians and modern scholars are skeptical: given his own resentment at the subordinate figurehead role to which al-Afdal had relegated him, al-Amir is suspected of having been the true instigator of the assassination. The sources that blame al-Amir for al-Afdal's murder also implicate the ambitious al-Bata'ihi in the deed, or at least in concealing al-Afdal's death until al-Amir could arrive at the vizieral palace to designate al-Bata'ihi as al-Afdal's successor.
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650:('Order of the Faith'). Al-Bata'ihi's appointment was necessary to ensure continuity in government, as al-Amir had been excluded from its affairs and was unfamiliar with its intricacies. Al-Bata'ihi formally assumed the same plenipotentiary powers that al-Afdal had possessed, and even a unique honour that had been denied to his two predecessors: state officials appointed by him took the
997:, and warned Cairo that he was engaged in Nizari propaganda and was even minting coins with the name of Nizar instead of al-Amir; fake coins to that effect were even sent to the Fatimid court. The affair ended after the downfall of al-Bata'ihi, with the deposition of Ibn Najib al-Dawla and his forcible return to Cairo, where he was publicly humiliated and then thrown in prison.
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287:, survives only in fragments quoted in other works, which do not cover the family's origin, but which ensure that al-Bata'ihi's political career is unusually well documented. Medieval sources affirm that al-Bata'ihi's father, Abu Shuja Fatak, enjoyed high honours from al-Afdal: he received the title of Nur al-Dawla (
201:. However, both Caliph al-Amir and al-Bata'ihi are suspected to have been involved in the murder by some sources. Al-Amir appointed al-Bata'ihi to the vacant vizierate, establishing a partnership between caliph and vizier that brought the former once again into the public view, while retaining for the latter the
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and prohibited the re-sale of tax farms before the expiration of their contracts. Al-Bata'ihi is portrayed in the sources as a generous, just, and kind ruler, especially towards the non-Muslim population. He was a patron of scholars, and commissioned a history of the
Fatimid vizierate by Ibn al-Sayrafi.
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was suffering from lack of water, which reduced its tax yields, a new canal was constructed in 1113–1115, after al-Afdal and al-Bata'ihi inspected the area in person. The enterprise proved very costly, which resulted in al-Afdal ordering the imprisonment of Ibn al-Munajja, but the canal's opening was
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for the government. As land value changed over time, many of the lower-ranking soldiers, with lower-value grants, had seen their income reduced over time, while the senior commanders' higher-value estates were usually generating much more income than they were sending as taxes to the fisc, attracting
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On 3 October 1125 al-Amir suddenly ordered al-Bata'ihi, his brother
Haydara al-Mu'taman, and his chief aides arrested. Various reasons were put forward for this: that al-Amir did not forgive al-Bata'ihi the loss of Tyre; that the head of the chancery, Ibn Abi Usama, convinced al-Amir that the vizier
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All this entailed an enormous cost, and despite his reforms while serving under al-Afdal, it appears that tax collection was still problematic, and much uncultivated land remained so. Thus, in 1122 al-Bata'ihi remitted all tax arrears, conditioned upon a full payment of the owed sums in the future;
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legacy in an attempt to "renew its image as the champion of Islam", and a political one, as many of the festivals now were celebrated in Fustat as well as Cairo, serving to integrate the more populous metropolis with the
Fatimid palace-city, which in recent decades had been colonized by people from
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Increasingly ill and indisposed, al-Afdal came to rely greatly on al-Bata'ihi, who immediately launched a series of reforms. Indeed, the speed with which these were carried out could indicate, according to historian
Michael Brett, that he had prepared and proposed them in advance to al-Afdal, which
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To further undermine the Nizari cause, in
December 1122 a meeting of officials was convened in Cairo in which the Nizari claims were publicly denounced, and the legitimacy of the succession of al-Musta'li affirmed, by none other than a woman (presented sitting behind a veil) identified as Nizar's
530:, where the small 'Mosque of the Elephant' was located. The affair turned into a fiasco: costs skyrocketed, especially for the large, and difficult to cast, bronze rings used for observations. Even when the latter were successfully cast and installed, it turned out that the
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writes, "it is unclear whether the number represents an absolute increase or simply an increase in the quality and quantity of information" available about his activities, as more, and more detailed, sources survive about his tenure than for his immediate predecessors.
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Under al-Bata'ihi, the number and splendor of public festivals and ceremonial occasions, much curtailed by al-Afdal, increased again, with the frequent and active participation of the caliph and the court. Al-Bata'ihi restored the celebrations of the birthdays of
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As vizier, al-Bata'ihi was noted for his ability, justice, and generosity. He celebrated lavish festivals, where al-Amir had the opportunity to play a central role, and commissioned several buildings, of which the most important and only surviving one is the
431:, which determined the actual harvest time and was longer by eleven days. The discrepancy meant that every 33 years, an entire nominal year's harvest was missing as the lunar year was ahead of the solar one. In August/September 1107 al-Bata'ihi ordered a
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s (military slaves), Mukhtar Taj al-Ma'ali, and his brothers, but in 1107 their increasingly high-handed and rapacious behaviour brought about their downfall and imprisonment. Al-Bata'ihi succeeded
Mukhtar in his post, and received the military title of
526:). The two were not in agreement, and furthermore both had drifted from actual observations. The construction of an observatory south of Cairo had already begun in 1012, but abandoned thereafter. Work began in 1119 on a hill south of the cemetery of
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in 1124. These failures, coupled with the caliph's resentment at al-Bata'ihi's power, led to his dismissal and imprisonment by al-Amir in 1125. He was then kept imprisoned until July 1128, when al-Amir ordered his execution. His son,
437:('conversion'), which brought the accounting year AH 499 (1105/6 CE) in line with the actual year AH 501 (1107/8 CE)—the multi-year gap indicating that this necessary adjustment had been neglected for considerable time in the past.
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was sent to Tyre, Mas'ud was allowed to come on board and arrested, and the city returned to
Fatimid rule. This triumph however meant the rupture of relations with Damascus, and proved short-lived. In autumn of the same year, a
727:(Old Cairo) were festively illuminated. According to the historian Michael Brett, the resumption of the festivals and their lavish celebration served a double purpose: an ideological one, signalling a return to the
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and main entrepot for Egypt); a further ban on moving residence was enacted in Cairo, and an extensive network of spies was recruited, including many women. The measures bore fruit: Nizari agents were arrested and
852:, as caliph and imam in place of al-Musta'li, were implacably hostile to the regime in Cairo, and had established a widespread network of agents. Reports received in Cairo claimed that the chief Nizari leader,
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of the Levant. Al-Bata'ihi's brother, Haydara, who was governor of
Alexandria, managed to thwart the initial Venetian raids on the Nile Delta, but on 30 May 1123, the Venetians defeated the Fatimid fleet off
333:
story circulated about al-Bata'ihi being son of a
Fatimid agent in Iraq who came to Cairo after being orphaned and worked himself upwards is nothing more than a pious legend. Al-Bata'ihi had two brothers,
169:
His origin is obscure, but his father had held high military office, and thus al-Bata'ihi belonged to the
Fatimid Egyptian elite. In 1107, at the age of about 21, he was chosen as chief of staff of the
856:, celebrated al-Afdal's murder and awaited the same fate for al-Amir and al-Bata'ihi. In response, the vizier ordered background checks for provincial officials, merchants, and residents of Cairo and
381:). Furthermore, al-Amir was himself a nephew of al-Afdal via his mother, and was in due course wed to one of al-Afdal's daughters. To assist him in government, al-Afdal initially relied on one of his
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actually blocked the view of the sun during sunrise; the whole apparatus had to be transported to a new site on the Muqattam itself. Several scholars were involved with the project, including the
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561:. Construction was interrupted by al-Afdal's death in 1121, and when al-Bata'ihi, upon being appointed to the vizierate, ordered it resumed, the apparatus was laboriously moved to the
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Despite al-Afdal's orders to name it "al-Afdali" after himself, already at its completion it was known as the canal of Ibn al-Munajja; it still appears as 'Abou el-Meneggueh' in the
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As part of the policy of Alid legitimism, al-Bata'ihi is recorded as having built or restored several smaller mausolea dedicated to members of the Alid family, and specifically the
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gate. This too would remain unfinished: after al-Bata'ihi's downfall in 1125, Caliph al-Amir ordered the materials dismantled and the workers and scholars dispersed.
709:, i.e., al-Amir), that according to a—second-hand and not entirely reliable—report deriving from the work of al-Bata'ihi's son, had been abolished by al-Afdal. The
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223:, issued in 1122, rebuffed Nizari claims and affirmed the legitimacy of Musta'li Isma'ilism. During his tenure, the Fatimids became more directly involved in
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who gave his name to the Isma'ili Shi'a), al-Qasim Abu Tayyib (a grandson of al-Sadiq), and al-Qasim's daughter, Kulthum. Two further mausolea belonged to a
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In the aftermath of the assassination of al-Afdal, the Nizari threat was a paramount concern. The Nizaris, adherents of the succession of al-Amir's uncle,
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944:. With Tyre now again cut off and in danger of falling to the Crusaders, the Fatimids had to accept renewed Turkish control; left unsupported, the city
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Immediately after coming to power, in 1122, al-Bata'ihi achieved a foreign policy success, with the peaceful recovery of the Levantine port city of
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177:, the de facto ruler of the state. In this capacity al-Bata'ihi carried out tax reforms which raised revenue and ensured the payment of the
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Nevertheless, al-Bata'ihi's position was much weaker vis-à-vis the caliph than his old master's. Under al-Afdal, al-Amir and his father,
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branch from which the Fatimids themselves claimed descent. These belonged to Muhammad al-Ja'fari (likely a son of the 8th-century Shi'a
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Muḥammad's Birthday Festival: Early History in the Central Muslim Lands and Development in the Muslim West until the 10th/16th Century
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Related to his reform of the tax system were two major infrastructure projects undertaken by al-Bata'ihi: a new canal in the eastern
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879:, was issued on this occasion, publicly read from the pulpits of the mosques, and then sent to the Nizari communities in Persia.
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Zaynab. Al-Bata'ihi is also known to have built several smaller and larger mosques across Egypt, although, as the art historian
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al-Ma'muni, instead of al-Amiri after the reigning caliph. The caliph, a poor preacher, also delegated the duty of holding the
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Williams, Caroline (1983). "The Cult of ʿAlid Saints in the Fatimid Monuments of Cairo, Part I: The Mosque of al-Aqmar".
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and a new observatory near Cairo. Following complaints by the local tax-farmer, Ibn al-Munajja, that the province of
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The new vizier engaged in a construction spree. New housing was erected on the long-abandoned site of the former
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Williams, Caroline (1985). "The Cult of ʿAlid Saints in the Fatimid Monuments of Cairo, Part II: The Mausolea".
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ruled not by the underage caliph al-Amir, but by al-Afdal, with the titles of vizier, commander-in-chief, chief
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454:) in line with the actual agricultural capacity of the estates. This was a problem particularly affecting the
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is why he was then chosen for his high post. The first reform arose from the discrepancy between the lunar
446:), which likewise was supposed to take place every thirty years, in order to bring the assessed land tax (
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911:; the regime of the current governor, Mas'ud, was oppressive, and the populace complained to Cairo. The
899:. Tyre nominally still belonged to the Fatimid realm, but was actually ruled by a governor installed by
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478 (1085/6 CE) or AH 479 (1086/7 CE), but is first mentioned in 1107, when he was appointed to succeed
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Behrens-Abouseif, Doris (1992). "The Façade of the Aqmar Mosque in the Context of Fatimid Ceremonial".
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in 1124. The magnates began to conspire against Ibn Najib al-Dawla, besieged him at the fortress of
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Kalifen und Assassinen: Ägypten und der vordere Orient zur Zeit der ersten Kreuzzüge, 1074–1171
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claims that al-Amir ordered the assassination in response to al-Afdal attempting to poison him.
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The observatory project was related to the precise calculation of the calendar; two different
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256:, wrote a biography that survives in fragments and is a key source for al-Bata'ihi's career.
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Caliphs and Assassins: Egypt and the Near East at the Time of the First Crusades, 1074–1171
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Arts of the City Victorious: Islamic Art and Architecture in Fatimid North Africa and Egypt
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was also re-instituted after almost a century, as were the four 'nights of illuminations' (
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celebrated with much pomp, with Caliph al-Amir taking part in the ceremonies in person.
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in July 1124. In 1123, Haydara and al-Bata'ihi also had to confront an invasion of
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Al-Afdal was murdered by unknown assailants on 11 December 1121, on the eve of the
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from the west. The Fatimids managed to defeat them and force them to pay tribute.
792:. In addition, several caliphal pavilions on the banks of the Nile were restored.
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616:, al-Bata'ihi was formally proclaimed vizier on 13 February 1122, and given the
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al-Ma'mun ('the trusted one'), by which he is known. He received the titles of
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466:), to the proceeds of which the soldiers held rights in exchange for acting as
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The siege of Tyre by the Crusaders, from a 13th-century French manuscript
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Atika, whose exact identity is uncertain, but possibly was a 7th-century
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507:) were in use in Egypt at the time, one calculated in the 9th century by
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After supervising the transfer of al-Afdal's enormous treasures to the
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The only surviving of the mosques commissioned by al-Bata'ihi was the
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and Ja'far, who became his deputies and chief aides, and four sons.
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was given new open spaces and a shipyard, and Cairo received a new
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217:. Al-Bata'ihi also hunted down Nizari agents and sympathizers; the
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303:) and when he died in 1118, the funeral prayer was read by Caliph
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Under al-Bata'ihi, the Fatimids became more actively involved in
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13 February 1122 (formal appointment) – 3 October 1125
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At the same time, al-Bata'ihi ordered a new cadastral survey (
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2105:. The Edinburgh History of the Islamic Empires. Edinburgh:
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directly accuses al-Amir, while the 15th-century historian
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307:. Fatak was likely a high-ranking military commander. The
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601:. The deed was officially blamed on agents of the rival
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may indicate an ultimate origin of the family in the
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985:community outside Egypt. Already in 1119 an envoy,
181:. Al-Afdal was assassinated in 1121, officially by
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2128:
1418:
1202:
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370:-like position he had inherited from his father,
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1966:
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1560:
1054:also claims responsibility for al-Afdal's death.
873:only sister. A proclamation to that effect, the
557:, and the geometer Abu Muhammad Abd al-Karim of
458:, since its pay was in the form of land grants (
243:failed, with a naval defeat at the hands of the
315:(epithet indicating a person's affiliation) of
162:in the early 12th century, during the reign of
3527:12th-century people from the Fatimid Caliphate
1026:was ransomed from captivity for 80,000 dinars.
981:) ruled the last major remaining pro-Fatimid,
553:, the instrument-maker Abu'l-Naja ibn Sind of
2431:
239:, attempts to take the offensive against the
2445:
1050:A list of Nizari assassination victims from
197:and did not recognize al-Amir as caliph and
2168:. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 1091–1092.
511:and the other in the early 11th century by
427:, which was used for tax purposes, and the
288:
2438:
2424:
2160:The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition
860:(the last major Fatimid stronghold in the
3005:Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Baghdadi
401:
341:
3517:People executed by the Fatimid Caliphate
2342:
2313:
2262:. Translated by Farzin Negahban. Brill.
1759:
1734:
1707:
886:
747:
577:
405:
279:. His origin is uncertain. A biography (
2245:
2224:
2194:] (in German). Munich: C. H. Beck.
2026:
1683:
1671:
1659:
1623:
1533:
1485:
1147:
936:, and the Fatimid army sent to capture
843:
346:At the time, the Fatimid Caliphate was
3484:
2274:
2123:
1441:
1123:
3438:Muhammad ibn Hani al-Andalusi al-Azdi
2419:
2100:
2074:
1981:
1954:
1906:
1894:
1867:
1843:
1819:
1767:
1746:
1647:
1611:
1346:
1331:
1295:
1268:
1196:
1181:
1000:
193:, which opposed the official Fatimid
2180:
1937:
1918:
1882:
1855:
1831:
1807:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1722:
1695:
1592:
1577:
1545:
1521:
1509:
1497:
1470:
1453:
1412:
1397:
1385:
1373:
1361:
1319:
1307:
1280:
1256:
1244:
1227:
1215:
1164:
1135:
1102:
1090:
743:
677:
1063:The contemporary Syrian chronicler
1022:By way of comparison, in 1124 King
940:was routed by the Crusaders at the
155:
13:
2393:12 December 1121 – 3 October 1125
987:Ali ibn Ibrahim ibn Najib al-Dawla
786:), and a new vizieral palace, the
515:, on behalf of the Fatimid caliph
264:Al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi was born in
14:
3558:
3512:Cairo under the Fatimid Caliphate
882:
3502:Viziers of the Fatimid Caliphate
3467:
2285:; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John;
2031:. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz Verlag.
2029:The Fatimid Vizierate (979–1172)
2011:
1997:
573:
414:-era Cairo, as reconstructed by
247:in 1123 followed by the loss of
158:), was a senior official of the
3265:al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi
2299:10.1163/1573-3912_ei3_COM_23060
2268:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_SIM_0269
1752:
1057:
1044:
1029:
1016:
976:
669:
521:
376:
144:Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Fatak
3255:Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub
3250:Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi
2293:(3rd ed.). Brill Online.
768:. The sprawling metropolis of
549:and geometer Ibn Abi'l-Ish of
479:New Nile canal and observatory
283:) written by one of his sons,
1:
3407:Minbar of the Ibrahimi Mosque
2659:Hilalian invasion of Ifriqiya
2619:Qarmatian invasions (971–974)
2552:Conquest of Aghlabid Ifriqiya
1271:, pp. 207–209, 228, 237.
1078:
703:, and of the 'Present Imam' (
272:as the chief of staff of the
3547:Executed heads of government
3507:12th-century Egyptian people
3220:Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Nasafi
2724:End of the Fatimid Caliphate
1009:
632:('Crown of the Caliphate'),
568:
259:
7:
3210:Ali ibn al-Fadl al-Jayshani
2719:Crusader invasions of Egypt
2494:al-Zahir li-i'zaz Din Allah
875:
824:
812:
788:
782:
719:
705:
689:
652:
646:
640:
634:
628:
626:('most illustrious lord'),
622:
543:
501:
460:
448:
442:
433:
392:
383:
360:
352:
317:
309:
219:
52:12 December 1121 (de facto)
16:12th-century Fatimid vizier
10:
3563:
3388:Mashhad of Sayyida Ruqayya
3235:Ja'far ibn Mansur al-Yaman
3010:Khalil ibn Ishaq al-Tamimi
2785:Ali ibn Ahmad al-Jarjara'i
2225:Kaptein, N. J. G. (1993).
2107:Edinburgh University Press
2027:al-Imad, Leila S. (1990).
1990:
723:), during which Cairo and
644:('Glory of Mankind'), and
3465:
3428:Ali ibn Muhammad al-Iyadi
3420:
3312:
3305:
3278:
3188:
3131:
3094:
3085:
3048:
2986:
2883:
2800:Nasir al-Dawla ibn Hamdan
2748:
2739:
2646:Bedouin alliance uprising
2544:
2454:
2395:
2382:
2374:
1138:, pp. 133, 164, 165.
205:governance of the state.
137:
123:
112:
102:
97:
93:
80:
68:
58:
45:
34:
30:
23:
2409:Hizar al-Mulk Hazarmard
2400:Personal rule by Caliph
2278:"al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh"
2275:Walker, Paul E. (2011).
2248:"al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh"
2200:10.17104/9783406661648-1
2082:. New Haven and London:
2005:Fatimid Caliphate portal
1909:, pp. 256, 257–258.
1093:, p. 373 (note 52).
88:(post vacant until 1130)
3532:Muslims of the Crusades
3522:12th-century executions
3421:Literature and learning
3412:Shrine of Husayn's Head
3331:Great Mosque of Mahdiya
3270:Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani
3245:Abu Ya'qub al-Sijistani
2599:Conquest of Egypt (969)
2246:Sajjadi, Sadeq (2015).
2231:. Leiden: E. J. Brill.
2101:Brett, Michael (2017).
1770:, pp. 139–144 and
1038:Description de l'Égypte
1024:Baldwin II of Jerusalem
227:, often ignoring their
3400:Al-Salih Tala'i Mosque
3132:Branches and offshoots
2845:Abbas ibn Abi al-Futuh
2790:Abu Muhammad al-Yazuri
2524:al-Fa'iz bi-Nasr Allah
2509:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
2479:al-Mu'izz li-Din Allah
2291:Encyclopaedia of Islam
2260:Encyclopaedia Islamica
892:
757:
594:
585:of al-Amir, minted in
419:
402:Administrative reforms
342:Service under al-Afdal
63:al-Amir bi-Ahkam Allah
3537:Crusader–Fatimid wars
3378:Fatimid Great Palaces
3215:Abu Abdallah al-Shi'i
3030:Anushtakin al-Dizbari
2840:al-Adil ibn al-Sallar
2835:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
2664:Mustansirite Hardship
2603:Expansion into Syria
2574:2nd invasion of Egypt
2568:1st invasion of Egypt
2519:al-Zafir bi-Amr Allah
2514:al-Hafiz li-Din Allah
2489:al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah
2469:al-Qa'im bi-Amr Allah
2084:Yale University Press
1967:Behrens-Abouseif 1992
1764:Behrens-Abouseif 1992
1762:, pp. 43–48 and
1636:Behrens-Abouseif 1992
1626:, pp. 10, 20–25.
1561:Behrens-Abouseif 1992
890:
876:al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya
822:noblewoman, and to a
776:for merchants, a new
751:
581:
539:Abu Ja'far ibn Hasday
409:
270:Taj al-Ma'ali Mukhtar
220:al-Hidaya al-Amiriyya
148:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
25:al-Ma'mun al-Bata'ihi
3542:History of Ismailism
2830:Ridwan ibn Walakhshi
2729:Battle of the Blacks
2529:al-Adid li-Din Allah
1536:, pp. 169, 190.
1105:, pp. 132, 163.
950:Kingdom of Jerusalem
844:Anti-Nizari measures
638:('Glory of Islam'),
398:('the Commander').
119:and three other sons
3448:al-Azhar University
2810:al-Afdal Shahanshah
2641:Muffarij b. Daghfal
2593:Conquest of Morocco
2580:2nd Sicilian revolt
2562:1st Sicilian revolt
2499:al-Mustansir Billah
2378:al-Afdal Shahanshah
1921:, pp. 161–163.
1897:, pp. 256–257.
1885:, pp. 159–160.
1846:, pp. 255–256.
1834:, pp. 154–156.
1810:, pp. 152–153.
1774:, pp. 170–172.
1698:, pp. 172–173.
1662:, pp. 190–191.
1548:, pp. 146–147.
1512:, pp. 144–145.
1500:, pp. 141–143.
1456:, pp. 140–141.
1415:, pp. 138–139.
1388:, pp. 135–138.
1364:, pp. 135–136.
1334:, pp. 238–239.
1322:, pp. 134–135.
1283:, pp. 131–132.
1230:, pp. 132–133.
1167:, pp. 164–165.
497:astronomical tables
277:al-Afdal Shahanshah
195:Musta'li Isma'ilism
175:al-Afdal Shahanshah
75:al-Afdal Shahanshah
3453:House of Knowledge
2820:Hasan ibn al-Hafiz
2504:al-Musta'li Billah
2406:Title next held by
2281:. In Fleet, Kate;
2143:Lévi-Provençal, E.
2103:The Fatimid Empire
2076:Bloom, Jonathan M.
1001:Downfall and death
893:
758:
623:al-Sayyid al-Ajall
607:Order of Assassins
595:
420:
416:Stanley Lane-Poole
298:Light of the State
146:, better known as
3479:
3478:
3461:
3460:
3433:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
3301:
3300:
3293:Baghdad Manifesto
3240:al-Qadi al-Nu'man
3225:Abu Hatim al-Razi
3081:
3080:
2920:Sharifs of Medina
2855:Ruzzik ibn Tala'i
2850:Tala'i ibn Ruzzik
2765:Ya'qub ibn Killis
2700:and accession of
2447:Fatimid Caliphate
2414:
2413:
2389:Fatimid Caliphate
2252:Madelung, Wilferd
2209:978-3-406-66163-1
2116:978-0-7486-4076-8
2093:978-0-300-13542-8
1969:, pp. 35–36.
1737:, pp. 48–49.
1710:, pp. 39–44.
983:Musta'li Isma'ili
920:fleet under Doge
907:Turkish ruler of
830:Jonathan M. Bloom
744:Building activity
678:Domestic policies
160:Fatimid Caliphate
141:
140:
89:
40:Fatimid Caliphate
3554:
3471:
3310:
3309:
3092:
3091:
2915:Sharifs of Mecca
2884:Vassal dynasties
2825:Bahram al-Armani
2746:
2745:
2692:Siege of Ascalon
2474:al-Mansur Billah
2440:
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2375:Preceded by
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979: 1067–1138
978:
942:Battle of Yibneh
922:Domenico Michiel
878:
827:
817:
806:, father of the
791:
789:Dar al-Ma'muniya
785:
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706:al-imam al-hadir
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672: 1094–1101
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156:المأمون البطائحي
98:Personal details
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3393:Portable mihrab
3353:Al-Hakim Mosque
3297:
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3193:and theologians
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2464:al-Mahdi Billah
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2357:10.2307/1523083
2328:10.2307/1523070
2287:Rowson, Everett
2256:Daftary, Farhad
2239:
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2060:10.2307/1523133
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2019:Politics portal
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929:Crusader states
925:came to support
885:
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804:Ja'far al-Sadiq
746:
729:Fatimid dynasty
720:layali al-waqud
680:
668:
660:to his vizier.
629:Taj al-Khilafah
614:caliphal palace
605:branch and its
603:Nizari Isma'ili
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1957:, p. 257.
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1940:, p. 165.
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1788:
1786:, p. 153.
1776:
1751:
1749:, p. 140.
1739:
1727:
1725:, p. 172.
1712:
1700:
1688:
1686:, p. 191.
1676:
1674:, p. 190.
1664:
1652:
1650:, p. 254.
1640:
1628:
1616:
1614:, p. 253.
1597:
1595:, p. 147.
1582:
1580:, p. 164.
1565:
1550:
1538:
1526:
1524:, p. 146.
1514:
1502:
1490:
1475:
1473:, p. 141.
1458:
1446:
1417:
1402:
1400:, p. 138.
1390:
1378:
1376:, p. 136.
1366:
1351:
1349:, p. 239.
1336:
1324:
1312:
1310:, p. 160.
1300:
1298:, p. 238.
1285:
1273:
1261:
1259:, p. 150.
1249:
1247:, p. 132.
1232:
1220:
1218:, p. 133.
1201:
1199:, p. 237.
1186:
1184:, p. 139.
1169:
1152:
1140:
1128:
1107:
1095:
1082:
1080:
1077:
1074:
1073:
1056:
1043:
1028:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1008:
1002:
999:
884:
883:Foreign policy
881:
854:Hasan-i Sabbah
845:
842:
752:Façade of the
745:
742:
691:mawlid al-nabi
679:
676:
575:
572:
570:
567:
532:Muqattam Hills
480:
477:
403:
400:
372:Badr al-Jamali
343:
340:
331:rags-to-riches
325:marshlands in
261:
258:
139:
138:
135:
134:
132:
131:
130:Fatak (father)
127:
125:
121:
120:
114:
110:
109:
104:
100:
99:
95:
94:
91:
90:
84:
78:
77:
72:
66:
65:
60:
56:
55:
43:
42:
32:
31:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3559:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3533:
3530:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3520:
3518:
3515:
3513:
3510:
3508:
3505:
3503:
3500:
3498:
3495:
3493:
3490:
3489:
3487:
3474:
3470:
3464:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3413:
3410:
3408:
3405:
3401:
3398:
3394:
3391:
3390:
3389:
3386:
3384:
3381:
3379:
3376:
3374:
3371:
3369:
3366:
3364:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3349:
3346:
3344:
3341:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3328:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3315:
3311:
3308:
3304:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3285:
3283:
3277:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3201:
3200:Hamdan Qarmat
3198:
3197:
3195:
3191:
3187:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3169:
3166:
3162:
3159:
3158:
3157:
3154:
3150:
3149:Hamza ibn Ali
3147:
3146:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3118:
3115:
3114:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3084:
3074:
3071:
3067:
3064:
3062:
3059:
3058:
3057:
3054:
3053:
3051:
3047:
3041:
3040:Qadi al-Fadil
3038:
3036:
3033:
3031:
3028:
3026:
3023:
3021:
3018:
3016:
3013:
3011:
3008:
3006:
3003:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2989:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2971:
2968:
2964:
2961:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2940:
2936:
2933:
2930:
2926:
2923:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2910:
2906:
2902:
2899:
2896:
2892:
2889:
2888:
2886:
2882:
2876:
2873:
2871:
2868:
2866:
2863:
2861:
2858:
2856:
2853:
2851:
2848:
2846:
2843:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2757:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2744:
2738:
2730:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2712:
2708:
2705:
2704:
2703:
2699:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2688:
2687:First Crusade
2685:
2680:
2676:
2673:
2672:
2671:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:Uprisings of
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2625:
2621:
2618:
2614:
2611:
2608:
2605:
2604:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:Rebellion of
2584:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2569:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2558:
2557:Establishment
2555:
2553:
2550:
2549:
2547:
2543:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2487:
2485:
2482:
2480:
2477:
2475:
2472:
2470:
2467:
2465:
2462:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2453:
2448:
2441:
2436:
2434:
2429:
2427:
2422:
2421:
2418:
2410:
2403:
2398:
2391:
2390:
2386:
2379:
2373:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2341:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2321:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2284:
2279:
2273:
2269:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2244:
2240:
2238:90-04-09452-0
2234:
2230:
2229:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2205:
2201:
2197:
2193:
2189:
2188:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2171:
2167:
2163:
2161:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2130:"al-Baṭāʾiḥī"
2126:
2125:Dunlop, D. M.
2122:
2118:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2099:
2095:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2053:
2049:
2044:
2040:
2038:3-922968-82-1
2034:
2030:
2025:
2024:
2020:
2014:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1995:
1983:
1978:
1976:
1968:
1963:
1956:
1951:
1949:
1947:
1939:
1934:
1932:
1930:
1928:
1920:
1915:
1908:
1903:
1896:
1891:
1884:
1879:
1877:
1869:
1864:
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1833:
1828:
1821:
1816:
1809:
1804:
1797:
1792:
1785:
1780:
1773:
1769:
1765:
1761:
1760:Williams 1983
1755:
1748:
1743:
1736:
1735:Williams 1983
1731:
1724:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1708:Williams 1985
1704:
1697:
1692:
1685:
1680:
1673:
1668:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1638:, p. 32.
1637:
1632:
1625:
1620:
1613:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1602:
1594:
1589:
1587:
1579:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1563:, p. 35.
1562:
1557:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1535:
1530:
1523:
1518:
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1480:
1472:
1467:
1465:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1443:
1438:
1436:
1434:
1432:
1430:
1428:
1426:
1424:
1422:
1414:
1409:
1407:
1399:
1394:
1387:
1382:
1375:
1370:
1363:
1358:
1356:
1348:
1343:
1341:
1333:
1328:
1321:
1316:
1309:
1304:
1297:
1292:
1290:
1282:
1277:
1270:
1265:
1258:
1253:
1246:
1241:
1239:
1237:
1229:
1224:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1208:
1206:
1198:
1193:
1191:
1183:
1178:
1176:
1174:
1166:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1149:
1144:
1137:
1132:
1125:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1087:
1083:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1053:
1047:
1040:
1039:
1032:
1025:
1019:
1015:
1007:
998:
996:
992:
988:
984:
973:
969:
965:
960:
958:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
926:
923:
919:
914:
910:
906:
902:
898:
889:
880:
877:
870:
868:
863:
859:
855:
851:
841:
839:
834:
831:
826:
821:
816:
815:
809:
805:
802:
798:
793:
790:
784:
779:
775:
771:
767:
763:
755:
750:
741:
737:
734:
730:
726:
721:
716:
712:
707:
702:
698:
693:
692:
686:
675:
666:
661:
659:
658:Friday sermon
654:
648:
642:
641:Fakhr al-Anam
636:
630:
624:
619:
615:
610:
608:
604:
600:
592:
588:
584:
580:
574:Rise to power
566:
564:
560:
556:
552:
547:
546:
540:
537:
533:
529:
518:
514:
510:
505:
504:
498:
493:
490:
486:
476:
474:
469:
464:
463:
457:
452:
451:
444:
438:
435:
430:
426:
417:
413:
408:
399:
396:
395:
387:
386:
373:
369:
364:
363:
356:
355:
349:
339:
337:
332:
328:
324:
319:
313:
312:
306:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
267:
257:
255:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
216:
212:
206:
204:
200:
196:
192:
188:
185:of the rival
184:
180:
176:
173:
167:
165:
161:
153:
149:
145:
136:
129:
128:
126:
122:
118:
115:
111:
105:
101:
96:
92:
85:
79:
76:
73:
67:
64:
61:
57:
49:
44:
41:
37:
33:
29:
22:
19:
3492:1080s births
3443:al-Musabbihi
3363:Bab al-Futuh
3358:Aqmar Mosque
3318:architecture
3279:Anti-Fatimid
3190:Missionaries
3073:Fatimid navy
3056:Fatimid army
2834:
2780:Sitt al-Mulk
2742:and military
2607:Alexandretta
2533:
2456:Imam-Caliphs
2408:
2396:
2383:
2348:
2344:
2319:
2315:
2290:
2259:
2227:
2191:
2186:
2165:
2158:
2102:
2079:
2051:
2047:
2028:
1962:
1914:
1902:
1890:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1803:
1791:
1779:
1754:
1742:
1730:
1703:
1691:
1684:al-Imad 1990
1679:
1672:al-Imad 1990
1667:
1660:al-Imad 1990
1655:
1643:
1631:
1624:Kaptein 1993
1619:
1541:
1534:al-Imad 1990
1529:
1517:
1505:
1493:
1486:Sajjadi 2015
1449:
1393:
1381:
1369:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1276:
1264:
1252:
1223:
1148:Kaptein 1993
1143:
1131:
1098:
1086:
1059:
1046:
1036:
1031:
1018:
1004:
966:, where the
961:
913:Fatimid navy
894:
871:
847:
838:Aqmar Mosque
835:
794:
774:caravanserai
759:
754:Aqmar Mosque
738:
715:Ghadir Khumm
681:
662:
647:Nizam al-Din
635:Izz al-Islam
611:
596:
509:al-Khwarizmi
494:
482:
439:
421:
358:, and chief
347:
345:
280:
263:
231:ally, Queen
211:Aqmar Mosque
207:
202:
168:
147:
143:
142:
82:Succeeded by
47:
18:
3497:1128 deaths
3373:Bab Zuweila
3368:Bab al-Nasr
3336:Skifa Kahla
3288:Akhu Muhsin
3205:Ibn Hawshab
3112:Esotericism
3035:al-Basasiri
2753:and regents
2182:Halm, Heinz
2155:Pellat, Ch.
2147:Schacht, J.
1442:Walker 2011
1124:Dunlop 1960
946:capitulated
783:dar al-darb
665:al-Musta'li
599:Eid al-Fitr
563:Bab al-Nasr
473:gold dinars
468:tax farmers
318:al-Bata'ihi
70:Preceded by
3486:Categories
3230:Abu Tammam
3139:Qarmatians
3087:Isma'ilism
3025:Manjutakin
2740:Government
2696:Regime of
2668:Revolt of
2652:Revolt of
1982:Brett 2017
1955:Brett 2017
1907:Brett 2017
1895:Brett 2017
1868:Brett 2017
1844:Brett 2017
1820:Brett 2017
1768:Bloom 2007
1747:Bloom 2007
1648:Brett 2017
1612:Brett 2017
1347:Brett 2017
1332:Brett 2017
1296:Brett 2017
1269:Brett 2017
1197:Brett 2017
1182:Bloom 2007
1079:References
583:Gold dinar
555:Alexandria
485:Nile Delta
429:solar year
425:Hijri year
410:A plan of
191:Isma'ilism
189:branch of
3343:Mansuriya
3161:Assassins
3095:Doctrines
2992:governors
2988:Officials
2963:Banu Kanz
2949:Hamdanids
2945:Sulayhids
2935:Mirdasids
2929:Palestine
2925:Jarrahids
2905:Hammadids
2770:Ibn Ammar
2654:Abu Rakwa
2626:(974–978)
2595:(958–960)
2589:(943–947)
2587:Abu Yazid
2582:(937–941)
2576:(919–921)
2570:(914–915)
2564:(913–917)
2351:: 39–60.
2322:: 37–52.
2307:1873-9830
2218:870587158
2174:495469456
2164:Volume I:
2151:Lewis, B.
2054:: 29–38.
1938:Halm 2014
1919:Halm 2014
1883:Halm 2014
1856:Halm 2014
1832:Halm 2014
1808:Halm 2014
1796:Halm 2014
1784:Halm 2014
1772:Halm 2014
1723:Halm 2014
1696:Halm 2014
1593:Halm 2014
1578:Halm 2014
1546:Halm 2014
1522:Halm 2014
1510:Halm 2014
1498:Halm 2014
1471:Halm 2014
1454:Halm 2014
1413:Halm 2014
1398:Halm 2014
1386:Halm 2014
1374:Halm 2014
1362:Halm 2014
1320:Halm 2014
1308:Halm 2014
1281:Halm 2014
1257:Halm 2014
1245:Halm 2014
1228:Halm 2014
1216:Halm 2014
1165:Halm 2014
1136:Halm 2014
1103:Halm 2014
1091:Halm 2014
1010:Footnotes
901:Toghtekin
867:crucified
766:al-Qata'i
764:capital,
618:honorific
569:Vizierate
528:al-Qarafa
513:Ibn Yunus
489:Sharqiyya
260:Biography
241:Crusaders
235:. In the
48:In office
3281:movement
3260:Abdallah
3168:Musta'li
3049:Military
2997:generals
2953:Zurayids
2909:Ifriqiya
2815:Kutayfat
2775:Barjawan
2702:al-Hafiz
2698:Kutayfat
2675:Musta'li
2624:Alptakin
2345:Muqarnas
2316:Muqarnas
2289:(eds.).
2258:(eds.).
2184:(2014).
2157:(eds.).
2127:(1960).
2078:(2007).
2048:Muqarnas
995:al-Janad
968:Sulayhid
918:Venetian
909:Damascus
797:Husaynid
736:Fustat.
711:festival
685:Muhammad
536:Andalusi
517:al-Hakim
394:al-Qa'id
348:de facto
329:, but a
229:Sulayhid
203:de facto
179:military
113:Children
3326:Mahdiya
3306:Culture
3173:Tayyibi
3102:Imamate
3066:Ghilman
2891:Kalbids
2875:Saladin
2870:Shirkuh
2865:Dirgham
2760:Jawdhar
2750:Viziers
2711:Tayyibi
2545:History
2535:Dynasty
2402:al-Amir
2387:of the
2365:1523083
2336:1523070
2068:1523133
1991:Sources
957:Berbers
948:to the
934:Ascalon
858:Ascalon
825:sayyida
814:sayyida
808:Isma'il
762:Tulunid
756:, Cairo
551:Tripoli
462:iqta'at
412:Fatimid
336:Haydara
323:Batihah
305:al-Amir
292:
164:al-Amir
59:Monarch
38:of the
3178:Hafizi
3156:Nizari
3061:Kutama
3020:Bakjur
3015:Jawhar
2977:Multan
2951:, and
2939:Aleppo
2901:Zirids
2895:Sicily
2860:Shawar
2713:schism
2707:Hafizi
2681:schism
2679:Nizari
2635:Apamea
2630:Aleppo
2449:topics
2397:Vacant
2385:Vizier
2363:
2334:
2305:
2235:
2216:
2206:
2172:
2153:&
2113:
2090:
2066:
2035:
1052:Alamut
970:queen
954:Luwata
903:, the
862:Levant
820:Meccan
770:Fustat
725:Fustat
701:Fatima
559:Sicily
541:, the
450:kharaj
434:tahwil
385:ghulam
368:sultan
274:vizier
237:Levant
187:Nizari
183:agents
172:vizier
152:Arabic
124:Parent
36:Vizier
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