76:
1560:
170:
1330:
5555:
425:
158:
98:
122:
146:
1118:
134:
110:
740:, which occurred naturally in Mesopotamia, may have been exchanged for cotton textiles and domestic fowl, major products of the Indus region that are not native to Mesopotamia. Instances of all of these trade goods have been found. The importance of this trade is shown by the fact that the weights and measures used at Dilmun were in fact identical to those used by the Indus, and were not used in Southern Mesopotamia.
382:, but it was probably after the 15th century. Today, Bahrain's "two seas" are instead generally taken to be the bay east and west of the coast, the seas north and south of the island, or the salt and fresh water present above and below the ground. In addition to wells, there are places in the sea north of Bahrain where fresh water bubbles up in the middle of the salt water, noted by visitors since antiquity.
991:
888:
967:, Saudi Arabia. Al Janbi's theory is the most widely accepted one by modern scholars, although there are some difficulties with this argument given that Al Ahsa is 60 km (37 mi) inland and thus less likely to be the starting point for a trader's route, making the location within the archipelago of islands comprising the modern
1238:. Shapur constructed a new city there and named it "Batan Ardashir" after his father. Mazun stretched from Oman in the south to the Shatt al-Arab in the north, and included the archipelago of Bahrain; thus it is roughly coterminous with the modern definition of Eastern Arabia. It was subdivided into the three districts of Haggar (
2672:
administrators, with strong links to Persia, which they maintained close contact; a sedentary, non-tribal community of
Aramaic-speaking agriculturalists; a Persian clergy, who we know for certain, used Syriac as a language of liturgy and writing more generally, probably alongside Persian as a spoken language.
1293:, which had come to dominate the southern shores of the Persian Gulf. Within the Byzantine Empire, Nestorians were persecuted as heretics, but as eastern Arabia was far enough from the empire's borders that Nestorianism flourished. Several notable Nestorian writers originated from Beth Qatraye, including
1045:
has been proposed as a
Seleucid base in the Persian Gulf. Alexander had planned to settle the eastern shores of the Persian Gulf with Greek colonists, and although it is not clear that this happened on the scale he envisaged, Tylos was very much part of the Hellenised world: the language of the upper
1860:
origin." Ajwad's elder brother had earlier established the dynasty in the early 15th century by deposing and killing the last
Jarwanid ruler in Qatif. At their height, the Jabrids controlled the entire Arabian coast on the Persian Gulf, including the islands of Bahrain, and regularly led expeditions
664:
dynasty. Neo-Babylonian administrative records, dated 567 BC, stated that Dilmun was controlled by the king of
Babylon. The name "Dilmun" fell from use after the collapse of Neo-Babylon in 538 BC. It is not certain what happened to the civilization itself; discoveries of ruins under the Persian Gulf
1961:. The Bani Khalid remained staunch enemies of the Saudis and their allies and attempted to invade Najd and Diriyyah in an effort to stop Saudi expansion. Their efforts failed, however, and after conquering Najd, the Saudis invaded the Bani Khalid domain in Al-Aḥsā and deposed Al-'Ura'yir in 1793.
2671:
Thus the elements in the pre-Islamic ethno-linguistic situation in eastern Arabia appear to have been a mixed tribal population of partially
Christianised Arabs of diverse origins who probably spoke different old Arabian vernaculars; a mobile Persian-speaking population, possibly of traders and
1583:
The
Qarmatian state had vast fruit and grain estates both on the islands and in Hasa and Qatif. Nasiri Khusru, who visited Hasa in 1051, recounted that these estates were cultivated by some thirty thousand Ethiopian slaves. He mentions that the people of Hasa were exempt from taxes. Those
1900:
The main branches of the Bani Khalid are the Humaid, the Jubur, the Du'um, the Janah, the Grusha, the
Musallam, the 'Amayer, the Subaih and the Mahashir. The chieftainship of the Bani Khalid has traditionally been held by the Humaid clan. The Bani Khalid dominated the deserts surrounding
1488:
Eastern Arabia, and
Bahrain more specifically, became a principal centre of knowledge for hundreds of years stretching from the early days of Islam in the 6th century to the 18th century. Philosophers of eastern Arabia were highly esteemed, such as the 13th-century mystic, Sheikh
1825:, Islamic prayers were held in the mosques under Jarwanid rule, and prayer was called under the Shi'ite formula. According to Al-Humaydan, who specialized in the history of eastern Arabia, the Jarwanids were Twelvers, and the term "Qarmatian" was simply used as a derogatory
1223:. The Parthian Empire brought the Persian Gulf under their control and extended their influence as far as Oman. Because they needed to control the Persian Gulf trade route, the Parthians established garrisons on the southern coast of the Persian Gulf.
1021:
commanders to visit the island, and he found a verdant land that was part of a wide trading network. He recorded: “In the island of Tylos, situated in the
Persian Gulf, are large plantations of cotton trees, from which are manufactured clothes called
653:". Assyrian inscriptions at this time also recorded tribute from Dilmun. There are other Assyrian inscriptions during the first millennium BC indicating Assyrian sovereignty over Dilmun; one of the sites discovered in Bahrain indicates that
1909:
oases during the 16th and 17th centuries. Under Barrak ibn
Ghurayr of the Humaid, the Bani Khalid were able to expel Ottoman forces from the cities and towns in 1670 and proclaim their rule over the region. Ibn Ghurayr made his capital in
1976:
in 1818, they reoccupied Al-Aḥsā and Al-Qatif and reinstated members of Al 'Uray'ir as governors of the region on their behalf. The Bani Khalid were no longer the potent military force they once were at this time, and tribes such as the
1861:
into central Arabia and Oman. One contemporary scholar described Ajwad ibn Zamil as "the king of al-Ahsa and Qatif and the leader of the people of Najd." Following his death, his kingdom was divided among some of his descendants, with
1928:
in his realm from poaching the bird's eggs, earning the tribe the appellation of "protectors of the eggs of the habari", an allusion to the chief's absolute supremacy over his realm. The first chieftain of the “Khawalid” was Haddori.
1305:
and Ahob of Qatar. Christianity declined with the arrival of Islam in Eastern Arabia in 628. By 676, the bishops of Beth Qatraye had stopped attending synods; although Christianity persisted in the region until the late 9th century.
1932:
Like a vast majority of their subject people, in time the Khalidis adopted Shi'ite Islam (if they were not already so at the time of their ascendency). This led to a lasting animosity between them and the staunchly anti-Shi'ite
1716:
in 1320. However, the Hormuzi rulers did not seem to have firm control of the islands, and during the 14th century Bahrain was disputed as numerous neighbours sought tribute from the wealth accumulated from its pearl fisheries.
1030:, states that much of the archipelago was covered in these cotton trees and noted that textiles were a major industry. According to him, Tylos was also famous for exporting engraved walking canes popular in
743:
Mesopotamian trade documents, lists of goods, and official inscriptions mentioning Meluhha supplement Harappan seals and archaeological finds. Literary references to trade with Meluhha date from the
704:, India, as well as in Mesopotamia. These seals support the other evidence of Dilmun being an influential trading center. What the commerce consisted of is less known; timber and precious woods,
1079:
when the inhabitants are referred to as "Thilouanoi" ("inhabitants of Tylos"). Some place names in Bahrain go back to the Tylos era; for instance, the residential suburb of Arad, located in
2009:
and the Saudis in 1830 brought the rule of the Bani Khalid to a close. The Ottomans appointed a governor from Bani Khalid over Al-Aḥsā once more in 1874, but his rule also was short-lived.
841:
For Dilmun, the land of my lady's heart, I will create long waterways, rivers and canals, whereby water will flow to quench the thirst of all beings and bring abundance to all that lives.
1160:, having migrated to the Mediterranean and settled in the parts which they now inhabit, began at once, they say, to adventure on long voyages, freighting their vessels with the wares of
689:
were evidently used to seal bundles of merchandise, as clay seal impressions with cord or sack marks on the reverse side testify. A number of these Indus Valley seals have turned up at
75:
1884:. However, one branch of the Jabrids remained active in Oman for another three centuries. It is unknown what became of the non-Omani Jabrids. Some believe they are identical with the
921:
Prior to Gerrha, the area belonged to the Dilmuni civilization. Gerrha itself was the center of an Arab kingdom from approximately 650 BC to circa 300 AD. The kingdom was attacked by
2504:
Some Kuwaiti soap operas have become extremely popular and, although they are usually performed in the Kuwaiti dialect, they have been shown with success as far away as Tunisia.
1993:
began encroaching on Bani Khalid's desert territories. They were also beset by internal quarrels over leadership. Though the Bani Khalid were able to forge an alliance with the
1567:
For much of the 10th century the Qarmatians were the most powerful force in the Persian Gulf and Middle East, controlling the coast of Oman, and collecting tribute from the
1584:
impoverished or in debt could obtain a loan until they put their affairs in order. No interest was taken on loans, and token lead money was used for all local transactions.
1026:, of different degrees of value, some being costly, others less expensive. The use of these is mostly confined to India, but extends also to Arabia.” The Greek historian,
1556:
society but not as a secret one; their activities were public and openly propagated, but new members had to undergo an initiation ceremony involving seven stages.
1473:
The expansion of Islam did not affect eastern Arabia's reliance on trade, and its prosperity continued to be dependent on markets in India and Mesopotamia. After
751:(c. 2600 BC). Some Meluhhan vessels may have sailed directly to Mesopotamian ports, but by the Isin-Larsa Period (c. 1900 BC), Dilmun monopolized the trade. The
1953:, the Khalidi chief ordered him to cease support for Ibn Abd al-Wahhab and expel him from his town. The emir agreed, and Ibn Abd al-Wahhab moved to neighboring
5597:
1694:, but eventually overthrew the latter and seized power themselves. The Usfurids' takeover came after Uyunid power had been weakened by invasion in 1235 by the
501:
popular culture, in the form of poetry, film, theater, and soap operas, is exported to neighbouring states. The Arab world's three largest broadcast networks (
1760:
dynasty (1076–1235) belonged. The Jarwanids came to power some time in the 14th century, after expelling the forces of Sa'eed ibn Mughamis, the chief of the
1865:(possibly his grandson) inheriting Al-Aḥsā, Qatif, and Bahrain. Migrin fell in battle in Bahrain in a failed attempt to repel an invasion of Bahrain by the
1598:, which precipitated the decline of the Qarmatian state. Around 1058, a revolt on the island of Bahrain led by two Shi'a members of the Abd al-Qays tribe,
914:
Gerrha and Uqair are archaeological sites on the eastern coast of the Arabian Peninsula, only 100 kilometres (60 miles) from the ancient burial grounds of
1579:, whom they did not recognize. The land they ruled over was extremely wealthy, with a huge slave-based economy. According to academic Yitzhak Nakash:
3308:
1546:
society. The Qarmatians' goal was to build a society based on reason and equality. The state was governed by a council of six with a chief who was
412:. "Khaleeji" has evolved into a socio-political regional identity that distinguished the GCC inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula from the wider
4045:
3512:
3275:
Jean Francois Salles in Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500BC-300AD in Michael Rice, Harriet Crawford Ed, IB Tauris, 2002 p132
1914:, where remnants of his castle stand today. According to Arabian folklore, one chief of the Bani Khalid attempted to protect the prized desert
959:
at the end of the 9th century, and all 300,000 inhabitants were killed. It was 3 kilometres (2 mi) from the Persian Gulf near current day
17:
1542:, Bahrain's capital at that time, and Al-Aḥsā, which he made the capital of his republic. Once in control of the state, he sought to create a
2171:"Labor, Nationalism and Imperialism in Eastern Arabia: Britain, the Shaikhs and the Gulf Oil Workers in Bahrain, Kuwait and Qatar, 1932-1956"
578:
features. The sedentary people of ancient Bahrain were Aramaic speakers and to some degree Persian speakers, while Syriac functioned as a
5319:
5178:
3848:
3543:
Curtis E. Larsen. Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society University Of Chicago Press, 1984.
1998:
1815:
sect was promoted under their rule, and Twelver scholars held the judgeships and other important positions, including the chief of the
1318:
1310:
466:-focused life in the small Gulf Arab states has resulted in a sea-oriented society where livelihoods have traditionally been earned in
963:. The researcher Abdulkhaliq Al Janbi argued in his book that Gerrha was most likely the ancient city of Hajar, located in modern-day
1204:
From the 3rd century BC to arrival of Islam in the 7th century AD, Eastern Arabia was controlled by two other Iranian dynasties: the
265:, was a place where people moved around, settled and married unconcerned by national borders. The people of Eastern Arabia shared a
5505:
2544:
1945:
during their earlier migration eastwards, and also cultivated clients among the rulers of the Najdi towns, such as Al Mu'ammar of
790:
Dilmun, sometimes described as “the place where the sun rises” and “the Land of the Living”, is the scene of some versions of the
1106:, which boasted that they were the mother country of the Phoenicians, and exhibited relics of Phoenician temples." The people of
3873:عبداللطيف بن ناصر الحميدان، "إمارة العصفوريين ودورها السياسي في تاريخ شرق الجزيرة العربية"، مجلة كلية الآداب، جامعة البصرة، 1975
3745:
5312:
5198:
975:
404:" refers, geographically, to inhabitants of eastern Arabia. However, today the term is often applied to the inhabitants of the
1262:
The Christian name used for the region encompassing north-eastern Arabia was Beth Qatraye, which translates to "region of the
358:
means "the Two Seas". However, which two seas were originally intended remains in dispute. The term appears five times in the
5307:
5241:
3605:
3574:
3436:
3411:
3068:
3034:
2527:
2282:
1485:, eastern Arabia greatly benefited from the city's increased demand for foreign goods, especially from China and South Asia.
1226:
In the 3rd century AD, the Sasanians succeeded the Parthians and held the area until the rise of Islam four centuries later.
3005:
5302:
5266:
5205:
2571:
1196:
in 127 BC in modern-day Kuwait . A building inscription found in Bahrain indicates that Hyspoasines occupied the islands.
5295:
5290:
5236:
1941:
from the mid-18th century to the present. The Bani Khalid maintained ties with members of their tribe who had settled in
748:
645:. Following the collapse of the Kassite dynasty, Mesopotamian documents make no mention of Dilmun, with the exception of
5164:
4038:
3489:
3131:
1094:
both believed the Phoenicians originated from Bahrain. This theory was accepted by the 19th-century German classicist
5246:
3729:
3377:
3350:
3200:
2922:
2859:
2718:
2497:
2434:
2387:
2199:
2133:
1646:
dynasty that ruled eastern Arabia for 163 years, from the 11th to the 13th centuries. They were the remnants of Bani
3769:
2602:
2235:
1552:. All property within the community was distributed evenly among all initiates. The Qarmatians were organized as an
899:. More accurately, the ancient city of Gerrha has been determined to have existed near or under the present fort of
462:. The most noticeable cultural trait of Eastern Arabia's Gulf Arabs is their orientation and focus towards the sea.
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5149:
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1418:
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309:
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90:
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in 205-204 BC, though it seems to have survived. It is unknown exactly when Gerrha fell, but the area was under
5215:
3158:
2976:
2812:
2765:
2664:
2274:
Origins and Meanings of the Names for 6,600 Countries, Cities, Territories, Natural Features and Historic Sites
2083:
1602:
and Abu'l-Walid Muslim, heralded the collapse of Qarmatian power and eventually the ascendancy to power of the
904:
243:
3953:
3466:
Conflict and Cooperation: Zoroastrian Subalterns and Muslim Elites in ... By Jamsheed K. Choksy, 1997, page 75
1733:
dynasty that ruled eastern Arabia in the 14th century. It was founded by Jerwan I bin Nasser and was based in
5525:
5510:
4031:
3719:
614:. The demonym "Dilmun" is used to describe a type of axe and the ethnicity of an official in these tablets.
5558:
5210:
4840:
4567:
4272:
3215:
Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society By Curtis E. Larsen p. 13
1095:
390:
1841:
were a dynasty that dominated eastern Arabia in the 15th and 16th centuries. They were descendants of the
952:, 6.32) says it was 8 kilometres (5 mi) in circumference with towers built of square blocks of salt.
724:
from the Persian Gulf, and shell and bone inlays were among the goods sent to Mesopotamia in exchange for
5592:
4697:
3315:
1559:
4875:
4860:
4158:
4143:
3861:
Abdullatif Al-Humaydan, "The Usfurid Dynasty and its Political Role in the History of Eastern Arabia",
1950:
1230:, the first ruler of the Sasanian dynasty, conquered Bahrain and northern Oman, and appointed his son,
1686:
group, and are named after the dynasty's founder, Usfur ibn Rashid. They were initially allies of the
1156:
began the quarrel. These people, who had formerly dwelt in the far east and then to the shores of the
5256:
5188:
5159:
5144:
4885:
4810:
3784:
3227:
Historical Researches Into the Politics, Intercourse, and Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiquity
1973:
1341:
1235:
696:
The “Arabian Gulf” types of circular, stamped (rather than rolled) seals known from Dilmun appear at
678:
441:
401:
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2944:
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2221:
2155:
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405:
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The Bahrein Islands (750–1951): A Contribution to the Study of Power Politics in the Persian Gulf.
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5090:
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4477:
4472:
3802:
Cole, Juan R. I. (1987). "Rival Empires of Trade and Imami Shiism in Eastern Arabia, 1300-1800".
2424:
1520:
1425:
1317:, except for a short period during the mid-to-late 7th century. They were instead subject to the
1314:
922:
752:
445:
1997:
tribe in this period, they were eventually defeated by an alliance of several tribes along with
1524:
1144:'s account (written c. 430 BC) refers to Phoenicians inhabiting the shores of the Persian Gulf:
450:
The inhabitants of Eastern Arabia's Gulf coast share similar cultures and music styles, such as
416:
building on the perceived cultural homogeneity within the Gulf states and their shared history.
5469:
5276:
4870:
4673:
2898:
1632:
1599:
1290:
1098:
who said that: "In the Greek geographers, for instance, we read of two islands, named Tyrus or
999:
780:
196:
81:
3852:أنوار البدرين في تراجم علماء القطيف والإحساء والبحرين، الشيخ علي بن الشيخ حسن البلادي البحراني
3591:
3367:
2912:
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1678:
were an Arab dynasty that gained control of eastern Arabia in 1253. They were a branch of the
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3477:
3340:
3024:
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2755:
2654:
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2377:
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1788:
1177:
657:, king of Assyria (707–681 BC), attacked the northeastern Persian Gulf and captured Bahrain.
432:, a common item depicting the culture of seafaring in Eastern Arabia. It is displayed in the
5436:
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4130:
3866:
3562:
3342:
Beyond Price: Pearls and Pearl-fishing : Origins to the Age of Discoveries, Volume 224
2630:
2613:
1969:
1451:
1401:
From the time when Islam emerged in the 7th century until the early 16th century, the term
1075:
649:
inscriptions dated to 1250 BC which proclaimed the Assyrian king to be "King of Dilmun and
305:
247:
175:
8:
5085:
4750:
4687:
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4494:
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Classical Greece: Ancient histories and modern archaeologies, Ian Morris, Routledge, p184
1752:—the tribe of their predecessors the Usfurids and their successors the Jabrids—or to the
1655:
1122:
1018:
964:
674:
579:
349:
2315:
2005:
in 1823. Battles against a Mutayri–'Ajmani alliance in 1823 and another battle with the
1493:(d. 1299). The mosque of Sheikh Maitham and his tomb can be visited in the outskirts of
477:. Approximately 2 million Saudis (out of a population of 34 million) speak Gulf Arabic.
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1006:) and was known for its pearls. From the 6th to 3rd century BC Bahrain was part of the
544:
3640:
Yitzhak Nakash, Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World, Princeton 2007
3266:
W. B. Fisher et al. The Cambridge History of Iran, Cambridge University Press 1968 p40
397:(lit. “belonging to the sea”) would have been misunderstood and so was opted against.
30:
This article is about the historical region of Arabia. For the present-day state, see
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origins, and the similarity in the words "Tylos" and "Tyre" has been commented upon.
1066:
1010:
944:, who built their houses of salt and repaired them by the application of salt water.
803:
764:
638:
597:
567:
498:
467:
409:
386:
66:
62:
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2236:"Eastern Arabian States: Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, and Oman"
2125:
History of eastern Arabia, 1750-1800: the rise and development of Bahrain and Kuwait
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Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society
3295:
Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarchaeology of an Ancient Society
1708:
The Usfurids had an uneasy relationship with the main regional power at the time,
1417:. Eastern Arabians were amongst the first to embrace Islam during the time of the
775:
to reach Dilmun. Mount Mashu is usually identified with the whole of the parallel
5421:
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4895:
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Abdulkhaliq Al-Janbi, an online article on the history of eastern Arabia (Arabic)
3193:
Life and Land Use on the Bahrain Islands: The Geoarcheology of an Ancient Society
3058:
2487:
2469:
2189:
2170:
2123:
1920:
1872:
The Jabrid kingdom collapsed soon afterwards after an invasion of Al-Aḥsā by the
1853:
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1623:
1377:
1298:
1267:
1216:
1209:
1205:
1165:
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1038:
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873:, are described as taking place in a world "before Dilmun had yet been settled".
744:
575:
551:
379:
340:
262:
187:
1069:"Tilmun" (from Dilmun). The term "Tylos" was commonly used for the archipelago;
374:(modern Al-Aḥsā). It is unclear when the term began to refer exclusively to the
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Security and Territoriality in the Persian Gulf: A Maritime Political Geography
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363:
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1856:, who died in 1507. He was described by his contemporaries as having been "of
673:
There is both literary and archaeological evidence of extensive trade between
566:-speaking agriculturalists. Some sedentary dialects of Eastern Arabia exhibit
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Sacred space and holy war: the politics, culture and history of Shi'ite Islam
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Wine and the Vine: An Historical Geography of Viticulture and the Wine Trade
1892:
confederation, who eventually took control of the region after the Jabrids.
5444:
5383:
5363:
5353:
5063:
5035:
4790:
4528:
4462:
4431:
4380:
4252:
4181:
4118:
4108:
1954:
1808:
1447:
1414:
1349:
1220:
1134:
1111:
1027:
908:
896:
848:, the Sumerian goddess of air and southerly winds, had her home in Dilmun.
784:
709:
559:
555:
459:
455:
433:
316:
301:
239:
215:
163:
3884:
Al-Wasit Online Newspaper, Issue 2379, March 12, 2009, citing Al-Humaydan
3165:
Hagar is the name of Bahrain and its capital Hagar destroyed by Qarmatians
1405:
referred to the wider historical region of eastern Arabia stretching from
641:. These letters hint at an administrative relationship between Dilmun and
5500:
5459:
5390:
5095:
4984:
4927:
4855:
4805:
4692:
4668:
4557:
4395:
4313:
4291:
4267:
4113:
4103:
3766:
2043:
2036:
1994:
1911:
1889:
1776:
1193:
1126:
1083:, is believed to originate from "Arados", the ancient Greek name for the
822:
795:
661:
654:
606:
dated to the end of fourth millennium BC, found in the temple of goddess
603:
529:
525:
490:
474:
375:
3994:
3970:
1380:, are close to the sea ... Tuwwam has been dominated by a branch of the
998:
The island of Bahrain was referred to by the ancient Greeks as "Tylos" (
637:, to his friend Enlil-kidinni in Mesopotamia. The names referred to are
5030:
4999:
4825:
4820:
4484:
4445:
4407:
4325:
4198:
4083:
4078:
2473:
1822:
1800:
1749:
1695:
1687:
1679:
1663:
1651:
1647:
1607:
1510:
1435:
1393:
1389:
1227:
971:, particularly the main island of Bahrain itself, another possibility.
956:
547:
533:
506:
486:
413:
266:
3823:
1589:
Yitzhak Nakash, Reaching for Power: The Shi'a in the Modern Arab World
895:
Gerrha was an ancient city of Eastern Arabia, on the west side of the
385:
An alternate theory offered by al-Hasa was that the two seas were the
5477:
5136:
5110:
5040:
5018:
5011:
4795:
4572:
4506:
4402:
4225:
4208:
4093:
4088:
4062:
2549:
2006:
1986:
1965:
1946:
1804:
1683:
1357:
1333:
1247:
1189:
1173:
1153:
1141:
830:
768:
717:
600:
332:
3846:
Anwar al-badrayn fi tarajim 'ulama' al-Qatif wa'l-Ahsa' wa'l-Bahrayn
2851:
Non-Arabic Semitic elements in the Arabic dialects of Eastern Arabia
994:
Asia in 600 CE, showing the Sassanid Empire before the Arab conquest
974:
Various other identifications of the site have been attempted, with
366:—originally known to the Arabs as “Awal”—but rather to the oases of
5004:
4609:
4545:
4516:
4426:
4385:
4193:
4173:
4053:
3950:
3450:
3448:
1934:
1873:
1761:
1675:
1659:
1595:
1553:
1421:
1337:
1251:
1231:
1185:
1080:
1014:
926:
862:
858:
799:
633:. These letters were from a provincial official located in Dilmun,
626:
367:
3664:
The New Islamic Dynasties: A Genealogical and Chronological Manual
3593:
Keepers of the Golden Shore: A History of the United Arab Emirates
2631:"Social and political change in Bahrain since the First World War"
2603:"Social and political change in Bahrain since the First World War"
1117:
755:
assesses that its "Golden Age" lasted from c. 2200 BC to 1600 BC.
4976:
4714:
4604:
4562:
4450:
4262:
4257:
4186:
3006:"Lost ancient civilisation's ruins lie beneath Gulf, says boffin"
2914:
Traces of Paradise: The Archaeology of Bahrain, 2500 BC to 300 AD
1982:
1958:
1925:
1915:
1838:
1826:
1780:
1757:
1572:
1568:
1543:
1531:
1528:
1474:
1463:
1381:
1130:
1070:
1051:
1031:
968:
941:
937:
737:
701:
686:
682:
650:
646:
642:
630:
563:
494:
281:
219:
103:
31:
3445:
5482:
4586:
4540:
4247:
4234:
2002:
1990:
1877:
1817:
1769:
1698:
1498:
1494:
1478:
1467:
1443:
1430:
1424:, who ruled eastern Arabia through one of his representatives,
1373:
1353:
1219:
lost their territories to the Parthians, an Iranian tribe from
1091:
990:
933:
915:
882:
845:
733:
725:
697:
618:
607:
591:
451:
389:
and a peaceful lake on the mainland; still another provided by
371:
289:
270:
227:
211:
127:
3513:"Christianity in the Gulf during the first centuries of Islam"
2757:
E.J. Brill's First Encyclopaedia of Islam, 1913-1936, Volume 5
794:, and the place where the deified Sumerian hero of the flood,
5333:
5228:
4772:
4070:
4054:
3060:
The Harps that once--: Sumerian poetry in translation, p. 150
2024:
1906:
1885:
1842:
1796:
1792:
1734:
1713:
1709:
1576:
1369:
1279:
1263:
1243:
1239:
1099:
960:
900:
887:
870:
772:
721:
705:
521:
359:
297:
235:
207:
151:
1428:. Eastern Arabia embraced Islam in 628 (the seventh year of
4367:
3656:
1942:
1938:
1857:
1765:
1730:
1643:
1563:
Map of eastern and central Arabia in the 9th–10th centuries
1539:
1535:
1439:
1365:
1055:
866:
826:
747:
period (c. 2300 BC), but the trade probably started in the
713:
685:). Impressions of clay seals from the Indus Valley city of
611:
429:
293:
285:
257:
Until very recently, the whole of Eastern Arabia, from the
250:. The entire coastal strip of Eastern Arabia was known as "
231:
223:
139:
115:
1454:, another companion of Muhammad, as governor of the area.
1450:
was the governor of eastern Arabia. Umar I also appointed
3643:
3475:
3278:
3257:
Phillip Ward, Bahrain: A Travel Guide, Oleander Press p68
2804:
Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary
2710:
Tradition and Modernity in Arabic Language And Literature
2656:
Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary
2075:
Dialect, Culture, and Society in Eastern Arabia: Glossary
1062:. Tylos even became the site of Greek athletic contests.
903:, 80 kilometres (50 mi) northeast of Al-Aḥsā in the
729:
617:
Dilmun was also mentioned in two letters, recovered from
463:
1289:
By the 5th century, Beth Qatraye was a major center for
80:
Eastern Arabia (historical region of Bahrain) on a 1745
3022:
2985:
1065:
The name Tylos is thought to be a Hellenisation of the
690:
3890:الشيعة المتصوفون وقيادة في مسجد الخميس، حسين محمد حسين
2316:"Understanding the Evolution of the Khaleeji Identity"
2191:
Eastern Arabia Historic Photographs: Kuwait, 1900-1936
1538:
in present-day Iraq. Al-Jannabi took over the city of
3969:
Khan, Mu'inuddin Ahmad; Jones, Harford (March 1968).
2261:
Vol. I. “Bahrayn”, p. 941. E.J. Brill (Leiden), 1960.
1594:
The Qarmatians were defeated in battle in 976 by the
1234:, as the governor of eastern Arabia, the province of
473:
The Arabs of Eastern Arabia speak a dialect known as
2545:"Al Jazeera turning into private media organisation"
1783:," a term for Shi'ites who rejected the first three
1637:
1396:, The Best Divisions in the Knowledge of the Regions
1254:, Bahrain), which included the Bahrain archipelago.
660:
The most recent reference to Dilmun came during the
201:
2519:
Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties
2426:
International Encyclopedia of Linguistics, Volume 1
3482:The Syriac Writers of Qatar in the Seventh Century
1058:was worshipped in the form of the Arabian sun-god
524:is dominant in Eastern Arabia. The main sects are
3787:, al-Durar al-Kamina fi A'yan al-mi'a al-Thamina
3717:
3056:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2956:
2954:
2346:"Khaleeji Identity in Contemporary Gulf Politics"
1712:, which took control of Bahrain (the island) and
485:Khaleeji entertainment is popular throughout the
319:is not geographically a part of Eastern Arabia.
5579:
3767:عبدالخالق الجنبي، جروان الأحساء غير جروان القطيف
3176:Gerrha, The Ancient City Of International Trade
2379:Iranians in Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates
1199:
1037:It is not known whether Bahrain was part of the
550:, the population of Eastern Arabia consisted of
3935:
2911:Crawford, Harriet E. W.; Rice, Michael (2000).
2353:Oxford Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies Forum
2323:Oxford Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies Forum
1949:. When the emir of Uyayna adopted the ideas of
480:
3680:Proceedings of the Seminar for Arabian Studies
3345:. American Philosophical Society. p. 48.
3016:
2966:
2951:
2854:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 270–279.
1748:. It is disputed whether they belonged to the
1658:in 1077-1078 AD. The Uyunids then fell to the
5598:Geographical regions of the Arabian Peninsula
4039:
3426:
3401:
1571:caliph in Baghdad and from the rival Ismaili
513:) are all located in Eastern Arabia as well.
3971:"A Diplomat's Report on Wahhabism of Arabia"
3888:
3871:
3804:International Journal of Middle East Studies
3454:Bahrain By Federal Research Division, page 7
3365:
3338:
3177:
3050:
2910:
2536:
2429:. Oxford University Press, USA. p. 38.
50:
3695:, (Columbia University Press, 1996), 94-95.
3651:The Ismāı̄lı̄s: Their History and Doctrines
3569:. Georgetown University Press. p. 43.
3518:. Oxford Brookes University. Archived from
3462:
3460:
2542:
2522:. Georgetown University Press. p. 75.
2515:
1799:, describes them as being "remnants of the
4046:
4032:
3583:
3507:
3505:
3503:
3501:
3306:
3023:P. T. H. Unwin; Tim Unwin (18 June 1996).
2600:
2296:
2294:
2187:
2121:
1360:trees; it lies in the direction of Hajar {
1121:Phoenicians men their ships in service to
802:), was taken by the gods to live forever.
276:Nowadays, Eastern Arabia is a part of the
3968:
3908:
3590:Morton, Michael Quentin (15 April 2016).
2485:
2313:
2304:Verry, Fisher & Co. (New York), 1951.
1779:describe the Jarwanids as being "extreme
1188:Greek power, Tylos was incorporated into
732:, woolen textiles, olive oil and grains.
493:dialect, its influence reaches as far as
3905:University Of Chicago Press, 1984 pp66-8
3561:
3457:
3195:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
2888:
1558:
1328:
1152:, who are best informed in history, the
1116:
989:
886:
423:
3666:, Edinburgh University Press, 2004, p95
3653:, Cambridge University Press 1990, p221
3498:
3057:Thorkild Jacobsen (23 September 1997).
2847:
2753:
2422:
2343:
2291:
2169:Saleh, Hassan Mohammad Abdulla (1991).
2001:, who had re-established Saudi rule in
596:The Kingdom of Dilmun first appears in
218:coast and included parts of modern-day
14:
5580:
3676:A Thirteenth Century Poet from Bahrain
3589:
3225:Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig (1854).
3224:
3209:
3190:
3132:"Pliny the Elder, the Natural History"
2991:
1744:The Jarwanids belonged to the clan of
1650:tribe and seized the country from the
1041:, although the archaeological site at
1017:is believed to have been the first of
818:and a “faraway, half-mythical place”.
4027:
3297:University Of Chicago Press, 1984 p13
3148:
2800:
2706:
2702:
2700:
2652:
2372:
2370:
2254:
2252:
2228:
2168:
2117:
2115:
2071:
2067:
2065:
2063:
2061:
1924:) from extinction by prohibiting the
1701:of Fars (at that time vassals of the
3863:Journal of the College of Literature
3801:
3797:
3795:
3793:
3552:Kozah, Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim. p. 1.
2917:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 217.
2623:
2601:Al-Rumaihi, Mohammed Ghanim (1973).
2270:
1504:
1344:, governor of Bahrain in AD 628
3889:
3872:
3724:. Bloomsbury Academic. p. 35.
3480:; Al-Murikhi, Saif Shaheen (2014).
3429:The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf
3404:The Archaeology of the Arabian Gulf
3178:
2794:
2416:
2181:
1807:concludes from this that they were
1720:
1627:
1606:, an Arab dynasty belonging to the
1324:
1110:in particular have long maintained
1090:The Greek historians Herodotus and
976:Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d'Anville
857:, the main events, which center on
837:occurred. Enki says to Ninhursag:
681:(which most scholars identify with
621:, which were dated to the reign of
344:
191:
51:
24:
3718:Juan Ricardo Cole (28 June 2002).
3179:جره مدينة التجارة العالمية القديمة
3029:. Psychology Press. pp. 80–.
2697:
2594:
2367:
2249:
2188:Abu-Hakima, Ahmad Mustafa (1986).
2122:Abu-Hakima, Ahmad Mustafa (1965).
2112:
2058:
1957:, where he joined forces with the
1737:. The dynasty was a vassal of the
1669:
907:. This site was first proposed by
25:
5609:
3790:
3484:. Gorgias Press LLC. p. 24.
2904:
2713:. Psychology Press. p. 305.
1613:
1242:, Saudi Arabia), Batan Ardashir (
891:Gerrha and its neighbors in 1 AD.
5554:
5553:
4886:West South Central United States
3369:Bahrain Through The Ages - Archa
3121:Strabon, Geography, i6. 4. 19-20
3003:
2612:. pp. 46–47. Archived from
1654:with the military assistance of
1458:, built during the reign of the
1313:of Beth Qatraye did not form an
905:Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia
821:Dilmun is also described in the
168:
156:
144:
132:
120:
108:
96:
74:
5101:Latin America and the Caribbean
4967:Latin America and the Caribbean
4010:
4001:
3962:
3944:
3926:
3917:
3895:
3878:
3855:
3838:
3778:
3758:
3738:
3711:
3708:, Taylor and Francis, 2006, p95
3698:
3685:
3669:
3634:
3621:
3555:
3546:
3537:
3469:
3420:
3395:
3386:
3372:. Routledge. pp. 401–402.
3359:
3332:
3300:
3287:
3269:
3260:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3218:
3184:
3170:
3142:
3124:
3115:
3106:
3097:
3084:
2997:
2967:Mojtahed-Zadeh, Pirouz (1999).
2841:
2747:
2646:
2564:
2509:
2479:
2463:
2337:
1852:Their most prominent ruler was
1257:
854:Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta
278:Arab states of the Persian Gulf
2895:Dilmun and Its Gulf Neighbours
2307:
2264:
2162:
1895:
929:Persian control after 300 AD.
693:and other Mesopotamian sites.
206:), is a region stretched from
18:Al-Bahrain (historical region)
13:
1:
3706:Medieval Islamic Civilization
3314:. p. 274. Archived from
2659:. BRILL. pp. XXIV–XXVI.
2175:Hassan Mohammed Abdulla Saleh
2052:
1849:, like the earlier Usfurids.
1775:Contemporary sources such as
1200:Parthian and Sasanian periods
1129:, during his war against the
552:partially Christianized Arabs
393:is that the more formal name
308:are the most commonly listed
4568:Middle East and North Africa
4273:Middle East and North Africa
2971:. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon.
2807:. BRILL. pp. XXIX–XXX.
2543:Habib Toumi (13 July 2011).
2489:Kuwait: vanguard of the Gulf
2243:David E. Long, Bernard Reich
1364:}, and the mosque is in the
1054:was in everyday use), while
955:Gerrha was destroyed by the
758:
625:(c. 1370 BC), a king of the
489:. Although performed in the
481:Mass media and entertainment
362:, but does not refer to the
322:
7:
3629:A History of Medieval Islam
2492:. Hutchinson. p. 113.
2277:. McFarland, Incorporated.
2012:
1972:invaded Arabia and deposed
1638:
1477:emerged as the seat of the
1376:, both in the direction of
851:However, in the early epic
785:gap between these mountains
516:
280:. The modern-day states of
202:
37:Historical region of Arabia
27:Historical region of Arabia
10:
5614:
4861:Northeastern United States
3869:, Volume 15, 1979 (Arabic)
3309:"Canaan. Phoenicia. Sidon"
3191:Larsen, Curtis E. (1983).
1999:Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud
1951:Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab
1832:
1690:and their successors, the
1508:
1466:, was one of the earliest
1003:
918:on the island of Bahrain.
880:
771:had to pass through Mount
589:
539:
439:
419:
29:
5549:
5491:
5468:
5435:
5399:
5332:
5226:
5134:
5125:
5054:
4975:
4781:
4585:
4366:
4324:
4233:
4224:
4172:
4129:
4069:
3844:'Ali b. Hasan al-Bahrni,
3816:10.1017/S0020743800031834
3693:The New Islamic Dynasties
3431:. Routledge. p. 21.
3406:. Routledge. p. 20.
3284:Jean Francois Salles p132
3239:Arnold Heeren, ibid, p441
3063:. Yale University Press.
2486:Mansfield, Peter (1990).
2470:Languages of Saudi Arabia
2423:Frawley, William (2003).
2314:Al-Misned, Lulwa (2016).
1974:Abdullah bin Saud Al Saud
1821:. Also, unlike under the
1470:built in eastern Arabia.
1342:Munzir ibn-Sawa al-Tamimi
876:
833:as the site at which the
787:constituting the tunnel.
679:Indus Valley civilization
585:
442:Culture of Eastern Arabia
400:The term "Gulf Arab" or "
89:
73:
60:
42:
5342:Antarctic/Southern Ocean
4346:Transantarctic Mountains
3596:(1st ed.). London:
985:
932:Gerrha was described by
783:ranges, with the narrow
720:and glazed stone beads,
668:
532:(dominant in Oman); and
267:culture based on the sea
48:
5091:Caribbean South America
3567:Qatar: A Modern History
2754:Houtsma, M. Th (1993).
2642:. 1973. pp. 46–47.
2344:Abdulla, Gaith (2016).
2078:. BRILL. pp. XIX.
1497:, near the district of
1413:along the coast of the
1319:Metropolitanate of Fars
1315:ecclesiastical province
1192:, the state founded by
923:Antiochus III the Great
861:'s construction of the
753:Bahrain National Museum
716:, luxury goods such as
446:Eastern Arabian cuisine
4871:Southern United States
4674:Scandinavian Peninsula
3785:Ibn Hajar al-'Asqalani
3627:John Joseph Saunders,
3478:Abu-Husayn, Abdulrahim
3427:Rice, Michael (1994).
3402:Rice, Michael (1994).
2899:Harriet E. W. Crawford
2848:Jastrow, Otto (2002).
2259:Encyclopedia of Islam,
1592:
1564:
1515:At the end of the 3rd
1438:). During the time of
1399:
1345:
1291:Nestorian Christianity
1182:
1138:
995:
892:
843:
806:'s translation of the
545:Before the 7th century
437:
5347:Antarctic Convergence
4891:Western United States
3631:, Routledge 1978 p130
3366:Michael Rice (1986).
3339:R. A. Donkin (1998).
2801:Holes, Clive (2001).
2760:. BRILL. p. 98.
2707:Smart, J. R. (2013).
2653:Holes, Clive (2001).
2572:"About Al Arabiya TV"
2271:Room, Adrian (2006).
2072:Holes, Clive (2001).
1666:in 651 AH (1253 AD).
1600:Abul-Bahlul al-'Awwam
1581:
1562:
1481:in 750 following the
1347:
1332:
1246:, Saudi Arabia), and
1215:By about 250 BC, the
1146:
1120:
993:
890:
839:
749:Early Dynastic Period
736:ingots from Oman and
427:
4413:Greater Central Asia
3867:University of Basrah
3103:Potts (1990), p. 56.
2516:Clive Holes (2004).
1970:Muhammad Ali dynasty
1534:sect originating in
1525:Qarmatian Revolution
1521:Abu Sa'id al-Jannabi
1452:Uthman ibn Abi al-As
1426:Al-Ala'a Al-Hadhrami
1336:of a letter sent by
1013:. The Greek admiral
436:of Kuwait and Qatar.
306:United Arab Emirates
254:" for a millennium.
248:United Arab Emirates
176:United Arab Emirates
5559:Continents of Earth
5086:Brazilian Highlands
4495:Indian subcontinent
4356:Antarctic Peninsula
4154:Southern Hemisphere
4149:Northern Hemisphere
3951:شبكة قبيلة بني خالد
3662:Clifford Bosworth,
3392:Arnold Heeren, p441
3112:Bibby, pp. 317-318.
3010:www.theregister.com
2582:on 10 February 2010
1880:, and later by the
1764:tribe based in the
1656:Great Seljuq Empire
1527:, a rebellion by a
1184:With the waning of
982:preferring Kuwait.
978:choosing Qatif and
675:Ancient Mesopotamia
580:liturgical language
354:'sea'), so
5593:Historical regions
5374:Great Barrier Reef
4995:Mainland Australia
4703:Apennine Peninsula
4164:Western Hemisphere
4139:Eastern Hemisphere
3956:2006-11-04 at the
3923:Mandaville, p. 503
3901:Curtis E. Larsen.
3772:2012-02-20 at the
3293:Curtis E. Larsen.
3092:Enki and Ninhursag
2382:. pp. 67–68.
2194:. Hurtwood Press.
2031:Musandam Peninsula
1845:, a branch of the
1565:
1549:primus inter pares
1491:Maitham Al Bahrani
1483:Abbasid Revolution
1346:
1139:
1085:island of Muharraq
996:
969:Kingdom of Bahrain
893:
665:may be of Dilmun.
503:Al Jazeera Network
438:
5575:
5574:
5455:Mediterranean Rim
5328:
5327:
5267:Mediterranean Sea
5121:
5120:
5074:Amazon Rainforest
4901:Canadian Prairies
4866:Pacific Northwest
4727:Iberian Peninsula
4512:Arabian Peninsula
4339:Antarctic Plateau
4099:Three/Four Worlds
4016:Al-Rasheed, p. 36
3607:978-1-7802-3580-6
3576:978-1-58901-910-2
3565:(13 April 2012).
3438:978-0-415-03268-1
3413:978-0-415-03268-1
3070:978-0-300-07278-5
3036:978-0-415-14416-2
2639:Durham University
2610:Durham University
2529:978-1-58901-022-2
2300:Faroughy, Abbas.
2284:978-0-7864-2248-7
2019:Achaemenid Arabia
1937:and the House of
1791:, a 15th-century
1636:
1628:ٱلْعُيُوْنِيُّوْن
1505:Qarmatian Kingdom
1148:According to the
804:Thorkild Jacobsen
765:Epic of Gilgamesh
610:, in the city of
468:marine industries
410:Arabian Peninsula
387:Great Green Ocean
353:
271:seafaring peoples
263:mountains of Oman
200:
181:
180:
63:Historical region
16:(Redirected from
5605:
5557:
5556:
5536:Global Southwest
5531:Global Southeast
5521:Global Northwest
5516:Global Northeast
5506:Global Heartland
5450:Indian Ocean Rim
5132:
5131:
5024:Island Melanesia
4715:Balkan Peninsula
4490:Himalayan states
4437:Russian Far East
4231:
4230:
4159:Water Hemisphere
4048:
4041:
4034:
4025:
4024:
4017:
4014:
4008:
4005:
3999:
3998:
3966:
3960:
3948:
3942:
3939:
3933:
3930:
3924:
3921:
3915:
3912:
3906:
3899:
3893:
3892:
3891:
3882:
3876:
3875:
3874:
3859:
3853:
3842:
3836:
3835:
3799:
3788:
3782:
3776:
3762:
3756:
3755:
3750:, archived from
3742:
3736:
3735:
3715:
3709:
3702:
3696:
3689:
3683:
3678:, Safa Khulusi,
3673:
3667:
3660:
3654:
3649:Farhad Daftary,
3647:
3641:
3638:
3632:
3625:
3619:
3618:
3616:
3614:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3559:
3553:
3550:
3544:
3541:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3524:
3517:
3509:
3496:
3495:
3473:
3467:
3464:
3455:
3452:
3443:
3442:
3424:
3418:
3417:
3399:
3393:
3390:
3384:
3383:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3336:
3330:
3329:
3327:
3326:
3320:
3313:
3307:Ju. B. Tsirkin.
3304:
3298:
3291:
3285:
3282:
3276:
3273:
3267:
3264:
3258:
3255:
3249:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3222:
3216:
3213:
3207:
3206:
3188:
3182:
3181:
3180:
3174:
3168:
3167:
3146:
3140:
3139:
3128:
3122:
3119:
3113:
3110:
3104:
3101:
3095:
3088:
3082:
3081:
3079:
3077:
3054:
3048:
3047:
3045:
3043:
3020:
3014:
3013:
3001:
2995:
2994:, p. 50-51.
2989:
2983:
2982:
2964:
2949:
2948:
2942:
2938:
2936:
2928:
2908:
2902:
2892:
2886:
2885:
2879:
2875:
2873:
2865:
2845:
2839:
2838:
2832:
2828:
2826:
2818:
2798:
2792:
2791:
2785:
2781:
2779:
2771:
2751:
2745:
2744:
2738:
2734:
2732:
2724:
2704:
2695:
2694:
2688:
2684:
2682:
2674:
2650:
2644:
2643:
2635:
2627:
2621:
2620:
2618:
2607:
2598:
2592:
2591:
2589:
2587:
2578:. Archived from
2568:
2562:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2540:
2534:
2533:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2483:
2477:
2467:
2461:
2460:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2440:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2407:
2403:
2401:
2393:
2374:
2365:
2364:
2362:
2360:
2350:
2341:
2335:
2334:
2332:
2330:
2320:
2311:
2305:
2298:
2289:
2288:
2268:
2262:
2256:
2247:
2246:
2240:
2232:
2226:
2225:
2219:
2215:
2213:
2205:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2166:
2160:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2147:
2139:
2119:
2110:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2097:
2089:
2069:
1863:Migrin ibn Zamil
1739:Kingdom of Ormus
1727:Jarwanid dynasty
1721:Jarwanid dynasty
1641:
1631:
1629:
1590:
1456:Al Khamis Mosque
1411:Strait of Hormuz
1397:
1325:Post-6th century
1303:Gabriel of Qatar
1295:Isaac of Nineveh
1180:
1043:Qalat Al Bahrain
1005:
936:as inhabited by
623:Burna-Buriash II
348:
346:
310:Gulf Arab states
244:Eastern Province
205:
195:
193:
174:
172:
171:
162:
160:
159:
150:
148:
147:
138:
136:
135:
126:
124:
123:
114:
112:
111:
102:
100:
99:
78:
54:
53:
40:
39:
21:
5613:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5606:
5604:
5603:
5602:
5578:
5577:
5576:
5571:
5545:
5487:
5464:
5431:
5395:
5324:
5313:South China Sea
5222:
5165:Central America
5117:
5050:
4971:
4923:Northern Mexico
4911:Northern Canada
4896:Atlantic Canada
4851:Mountain states
4777:
4632:European Russia
4625:Southern Russia
4581:
4534:Iranian Plateau
4362:
4351:West Antarctica
4334:East Antarctica
4320:
4220:
4168:
4144:Land Hemisphere
4125:
4065:
4052:
4020:
4015:
4011:
4006:
4002:
3975:Islamic Studies
3967:
3963:
3958:Wayback Machine
3949:
3945:
3941:Ibn Agil, p. 78
3940:
3936:
3931:
3927:
3922:
3918:
3913:
3909:
3900:
3896:
3887:
3883:
3879:
3870:
3860:
3856:
3851:
3843:
3839:
3800:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3774:Wayback Machine
3765:
3763:
3759:
3744:
3743:
3739:
3732:
3716:
3712:
3703:
3699:
3691:C.E. Bosworth,
3690:
3686:
3674:
3670:
3661:
3657:
3648:
3644:
3639:
3635:
3626:
3622:
3612:
3610:
3608:
3588:
3584:
3577:
3563:Fromherz, Allen
3560:
3556:
3551:
3547:
3542:
3538:
3528:
3526:
3522:
3515:
3511:
3510:
3499:
3492:
3474:
3470:
3465:
3458:
3453:
3446:
3439:
3425:
3421:
3414:
3400:
3396:
3391:
3387:
3380:
3364:
3360:
3353:
3337:
3333:
3324:
3322:
3318:
3311:
3305:
3301:
3292:
3288:
3283:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3265:
3261:
3256:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3223:
3219:
3214:
3210:
3203:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3147:
3143:
3136:Perseus Project
3130:
3129:
3125:
3120:
3116:
3111:
3107:
3102:
3098:
3089:
3085:
3075:
3073:
3071:
3055:
3051:
3041:
3039:
3037:
3021:
3017:
3002:
2998:
2990:
2986:
2979:
2965:
2952:
2940:
2939:
2930:
2929:
2925:
2909:
2905:
2893:
2889:
2877:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2862:
2846:
2842:
2830:
2829:
2820:
2819:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2783:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2752:
2748:
2736:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2721:
2705:
2698:
2686:
2685:
2676:
2675:
2667:
2651:
2647:
2633:
2629:
2628:
2624:
2619:on 17 Aug 2022.
2616:
2605:
2599:
2595:
2585:
2583:
2570:
2569:
2565:
2555:
2553:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2514:
2510:
2500:
2484:
2480:
2468:
2464:
2452:
2451:
2442:
2441:
2437:
2421:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2395:
2394:
2390:
2376:
2375:
2368:
2358:
2356:
2348:
2342:
2338:
2328:
2326:
2318:
2312:
2308:
2299:
2292:
2285:
2269:
2265:
2257:
2250:
2238:
2234:
2233:
2229:
2217:
2216:
2207:
2206:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2167:
2163:
2151:
2150:
2141:
2140:
2136:
2120:
2113:
2101:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2070:
2059:
2055:
2015:
1898:
1888:section of the
1854:Ajwad ibn Zamil
1835:
1829:for "Shi'ite."
1813:Twelver Shi'ite
1811:. However, the
1754:Banu Abdul Qays
1723:
1672:
1670:Usfurid dynasty
1616:
1591:
1588:
1513:
1507:
1398:
1388:
1327:
1299:Dadisho Qatraya
1260:
1202:
1181:
1172:
1039:Seleucid Empire
988:
980:Carsten Niebuhr
950:Natural History
946:Pliny the Elder
885:
879:
761:
671:
594:
588:
542:
519:
483:
448:
440:Main articles:
422:
380:Gulf of Bahrain
325:
169:
167:
166:
157:
155:
154:
145:
143:
142:
133:
131:
130:
121:
119:
118:
109:
107:
106:
97:
95:
85:
69:
56:
47:
45:
38:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5611:
5601:
5600:
5595:
5590:
5588:Eastern Arabia
5573:
5572:
5570:
5569:
5567:Physical Earth
5550:
5547:
5546:
5544:
5543:
5538:
5533:
5528:
5523:
5518:
5513:
5508:
5503:
5497:
5495:
5489:
5488:
5486:
5485:
5480:
5474:
5472:
5466:
5465:
5463:
5462:
5457:
5452:
5447:
5441:
5439:
5433:
5432:
5430:
5429:
5424:
5419:
5418:
5417:
5406:
5404:
5397:
5396:
5394:
5393:
5388:
5387:
5386:
5381:
5379:Mariana Trench
5376:
5366:
5361:
5359:Atlantic Ocean
5356:
5351:
5350:
5349:
5338:
5336:
5330:
5329:
5326:
5325:
5323:
5322:
5320:Southern Ocean
5317:
5316:
5315:
5310:
5308:East China Sea
5300:
5299:
5298:
5288:
5287:
5286:
5285:
5284:
5279:
5274:
5264:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5242:Atlantic Ocean
5239:
5233:
5231:
5224:
5223:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5218:
5213:
5203:
5202:
5201:
5196:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5175:
5174:
5169:
5168:
5167:
5162:
5147:
5141:
5139:
5129:
5123:
5122:
5119:
5118:
5116:
5115:
5114:
5113:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5077:
5076:
5071:
5060:
5058:
5052:
5051:
5049:
5048:
5046:Remote Oceania
5043:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5027:
5026:
5016:
5015:
5014:
5009:
5008:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4981:
4979:
4973:
4972:
4970:
4969:
4964:
4963:
4962:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4940:
4935:
4930:
4925:
4920:
4919:
4918:
4916:Western Canada
4913:
4908:
4906:Eastern Canada
4903:
4898:
4893:
4888:
4883:
4878:
4873:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4853:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4823:
4813:
4808:
4803:
4798:
4793:
4787:
4785:
4779:
4778:
4776:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4760:
4755:
4754:
4753:
4748:
4743:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4730:
4729:
4719:
4718:
4717:
4707:
4706:
4705:
4695:
4690:
4680:
4679:
4678:
4677:
4676:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4641:
4640:
4639:
4634:
4629:
4628:
4627:
4622:
4620:South Caucasus
4617:
4615:North Caucasus
4607:
4597:
4591:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4579:
4578:
4577:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4565:
4555:
4554:
4553:
4548:
4538:
4537:
4536:
4526:
4525:
4524:
4522:South Caucasus
4514:
4504:
4503:
4502:
4497:
4492:
4482:
4481:
4480:
4475:
4465:
4460:
4459:
4458:
4453:
4443:
4442:
4441:
4440:
4439:
4424:
4423:
4422:
4417:
4416:
4415:
4400:
4399:
4398:
4393:
4391:Aralkum Desert
4388:
4378:
4372:
4370:
4364:
4363:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4348:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4330:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4319:
4318:
4317:
4316:
4311:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4289:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4276:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4245:
4239:
4237:
4228:
4222:
4221:
4219:
4218:
4217:
4216:
4206:
4201:
4196:
4191:
4190:
4189:
4182:Africa-Eurasia
4178:
4176:
4170:
4169:
4167:
4166:
4161:
4156:
4151:
4146:
4141:
4135:
4133:
4127:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4121:
4116:
4111:
4106:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4081:
4075:
4073:
4067:
4066:
4051:
4050:
4043:
4036:
4028:
4019:
4018:
4009:
4000:
3961:
3943:
3934:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3894:
3877:
3854:
3849:online version
3837:
3810:(2): 177–203.
3789:
3777:
3757:
3737:
3730:
3710:
3697:
3684:
3668:
3655:
3642:
3633:
3620:
3606:
3598:Reaktion Books
3582:
3575:
3554:
3545:
3536:
3525:on 28 May 2015
3497:
3491:978-1463203559
3490:
3476:Kozah, Mario;
3468:
3456:
3444:
3437:
3419:
3412:
3394:
3385:
3378:
3358:
3351:
3331:
3299:
3286:
3277:
3268:
3259:
3250:
3241:
3232:
3217:
3208:
3201:
3183:
3169:
3159:
3153:. E.J. Brill.
3149:Yaqut (1959).
3141:
3123:
3114:
3105:
3096:
3083:
3069:
3049:
3035:
3015:
2996:
2984:
2977:
2950:
2923:
2903:
2887:
2860:
2840:
2813:
2793:
2766:
2746:
2719:
2696:
2665:
2645:
2622:
2593:
2563:
2535:
2528:
2508:
2498:
2478:
2462:
2435:
2415:
2388:
2366:
2336:
2306:
2290:
2283:
2263:
2248:
2227:
2200:
2180:
2161:
2134:
2111:
2084:
2056:
2054:
2051:
2050:
2049:
2048:
2047:
2033:
2028:
2021:
2014:
2011:
1897:
1894:
1882:Ottoman Empire
1834:
1831:
1756:, to whom the
1722:
1719:
1671:
1668:
1615:
1614:Uyunid dynasty
1612:
1586:
1509:Main article:
1506:
1503:
1407:Bubiyan Island
1386:
1326:
1323:
1270:. It included
1259:
1256:
1201:
1198:
1170:
1158:Erythraean Sea
1011:Persian Empire
987:
984:
881:Main article:
878:
875:
760:
757:
670:
667:
662:Neo-Babylonian
590:Main article:
587:
584:
541:
538:
518:
515:
482:
479:
421:
418:
324:
321:
184:Eastern Arabia
179:
178:
93:
87:
86:
79:
71:
70:
61:
58:
57:
44:Eastern Arabia
43:
36:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5610:
5599:
5596:
5594:
5591:
5589:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5568:
5564:
5560:
5552:
5551:
5548:
5542:
5539:
5537:
5534:
5532:
5529:
5527:
5524:
5522:
5519:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5509:
5507:
5504:
5502:
5499:
5498:
5496:
5494:
5490:
5484:
5481:
5479:
5476:
5475:
5473:
5471:
5467:
5461:
5458:
5456:
5453:
5451:
5448:
5446:
5443:
5442:
5440:
5438:
5434:
5428:
5425:
5423:
5420:
5416:
5413:
5412:
5411:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5403:
5398:
5392:
5389:
5385:
5382:
5380:
5377:
5375:
5372:
5371:
5370:
5369:Pacific Ocean
5367:
5365:
5362:
5360:
5357:
5355:
5352:
5348:
5345:
5344:
5343:
5340:
5339:
5337:
5335:
5331:
5321:
5318:
5314:
5311:
5309:
5306:
5305:
5304:
5303:Pacific Ocean
5301:
5297:
5294:
5293:
5292:
5289:
5283:
5280:
5278:
5275:
5273:
5270:
5269:
5268:
5265:
5263:
5260:
5258:
5257:Caribbean Sea
5255:
5253:
5250:
5248:
5245:
5244:
5243:
5240:
5238:
5235:
5234:
5232:
5230:
5225:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5204:
5200:
5199:by population
5197:
5195:
5192:
5191:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5173:
5172:South America
5170:
5166:
5163:
5161:
5158:
5157:
5156:
5155:North America
5153:
5152:
5151:
5148:
5146:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5124:
5112:
5109:
5108:
5107:
5106:Southern Cone
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5081:Andean States
5079:
5075:
5072:
5070:
5067:
5066:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5057:
5056:South America
5053:
5047:
5044:
5042:
5039:
5037:
5034:
5032:
5029:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5020:
5017:
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5003:
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4998:
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4992:
4991:
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4807:
4804:
4802:
4799:
4797:
4794:
4792:
4789:
4788:
4786:
4784:
4783:North America
4780:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4747:
4746:Low Countries
4744:
4742:
4739:
4738:
4737:
4734:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4723:
4722:South-western
4720:
4716:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4710:South-eastern
4708:
4704:
4701:
4700:
4699:
4698:South-central
4696:
4694:
4691:
4689:
4688:Mediterranean
4686:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4675:
4672:
4671:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4654:British Isles
4652:
4650:
4647:
4646:
4645:
4642:
4638:
4635:
4633:
4630:
4626:
4623:
4621:
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4612:
4611:
4608:
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4602:
4601:
4598:
4596:
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4592:
4590:
4588:
4584:
4574:
4571:
4569:
4566:
4564:
4561:
4560:
4559:
4556:
4552:
4551:Levantine Sea
4549:
4547:
4544:
4543:
4542:
4539:
4535:
4532:
4531:
4530:
4527:
4523:
4520:
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4510:
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4414:
4411:
4410:
4409:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4401:
4397:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4383:
4382:
4379:
4377:
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4373:
4371:
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4349:
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4340:
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4315:
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4310:
4307:
4303:
4300:
4298:
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4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4284:
4283:
4280:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4255:
4254:
4251:
4250:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4243:Mediterranean
4241:
4240:
4238:
4236:
4232:
4229:
4227:
4223:
4215:
4212:
4211:
4210:
4207:
4205:
4202:
4200:
4197:
4195:
4192:
4188:
4185:
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4183:
4180:
4179:
4177:
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4171:
4165:
4162:
4160:
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4152:
4150:
4147:
4145:
4142:
4140:
4137:
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4134:
4132:
4128:
4120:
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4115:
4112:
4110:
4107:
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4101:
4100:
4097:
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4090:
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4085:
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4049:
4044:
4042:
4037:
4035:
4030:
4029:
4026:
4022:
4013:
4004:
3996:
3992:
3988:
3984:
3980:
3976:
3972:
3965:
3959:
3955:
3952:
3947:
3938:
3932:Fattah, p. 83
3929:
3920:
3911:
3904:
3898:
3886:
3881:
3868:
3864:
3858:
3850:
3847:
3841:
3833:
3829:
3825:
3821:
3817:
3813:
3809:
3805:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3786:
3781:
3775:
3771:
3768:
3761:
3754:on 2012-02-22
3753:
3749:
3748:
3741:
3733:
3731:9781860647369
3727:
3723:
3722:
3714:
3707:
3704:Joseph Meri,
3701:
3694:
3688:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3665:
3659:
3652:
3646:
3637:
3630:
3624:
3609:
3603:
3599:
3595:
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3586:
3578:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3558:
3549:
3540:
3521:
3514:
3508:
3506:
3504:
3502:
3493:
3487:
3483:
3479:
3472:
3463:
3461:
3451:
3449:
3440:
3434:
3430:
3423:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3398:
3389:
3381:
3379:9780710301123
3375:
3371:
3370:
3362:
3354:
3352:9780871692245
3348:
3344:
3343:
3335:
3321:on 2017-10-10
3317:
3310:
3303:
3296:
3290:
3281:
3272:
3263:
3254:
3245:
3236:
3229:. p. 38.
3228:
3221:
3212:
3204:
3202:0-226-46906-9
3198:
3194:
3187:
3173:
3166:
3162:
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3133:
3127:
3118:
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3093:
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3066:
3062:
3061:
3053:
3038:
3032:
3028:
3027:
3019:
3011:
3007:
3004:Page, Lewis.
3000:
2993:
2988:
2980:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2957:
2955:
2946:
2934:
2926:
2924:9781860647420
2920:
2916:
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2907:
2900:
2896:
2891:
2883:
2871:
2863:
2861:9783447044912
2857:
2853:
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2836:
2824:
2816:
2810:
2806:
2805:
2797:
2789:
2777:
2769:
2763:
2759:
2758:
2750:
2742:
2730:
2722:
2720:9780700704118
2716:
2712:
2711:
2703:
2701:
2692:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2662:
2658:
2657:
2649:
2641:
2640:
2632:
2626:
2615:
2611:
2604:
2597:
2581:
2577:
2573:
2567:
2552:
2551:
2546:
2539:
2531:
2525:
2521:
2520:
2512:
2505:
2501:
2499:9780091736040
2495:
2491:
2490:
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2476:
2475:
2471:
2466:
2458:
2446:
2438:
2436:9780195139778
2432:
2428:
2427:
2419:
2411:
2399:
2391:
2389:9780549935070
2385:
2381:
2380:
2373:
2371:
2354:
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2340:
2324:
2317:
2310:
2303:
2297:
2295:
2286:
2280:
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2267:
2260:
2255:
2253:
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2237:
2231:
2223:
2211:
2203:
2201:9780903696005
2197:
2193:
2192:
2184:
2176:
2172:
2165:
2157:
2145:
2137:
2135:9780866854733
2131:
2127:
2126:
2118:
2116:
2107:
2095:
2087:
2081:
2077:
2076:
2068:
2066:
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2057:
2046:
2045:
2041:
2040:
2039:
2038:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2010:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1962:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1930:
1927:
1923:
1922:
1917:
1913:
1908:
1904:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1875:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1803:." Historian
1802:
1798:
1795:scholar from
1794:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1778:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1763:
1759:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1742:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1718:
1715:
1711:
1706:
1704:
1703:Anushteginids
1700:
1697:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1682:tribe of the
1681:
1677:
1667:
1665:
1661:
1657:
1653:
1649:
1645:
1640:
1639:Al-ʿUyūniyyūn
1634:
1625:
1621:
1611:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1585:
1580:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1561:
1557:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1537:
1533:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1512:
1502:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1486:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1471:
1469:
1465:
1461:
1457:
1453:
1449:
1446:of Muhammad,
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1427:
1423:
1420:
1416:
1412:
1408:
1404:
1395:
1391:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1375:
1371:
1367:
1363:
1359:
1356:} abounds in
1355:
1351:
1343:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1312:
1307:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1287:
1286:, and Qatar.
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1245:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1224:
1222:
1218:
1213:
1211:
1207:
1197:
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1187:
1179:
1175:
1169:
1167:
1163:
1159:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1143:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1119:
1115:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:Arad, Bahrain
1101:
1097:
1096:Arnold Heeren
1093:
1088:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1077:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1061:
1057:
1053:
1049:
1044:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1009:
1001:
1000:Ancient Greek
992:
983:
981:
977:
972:
970:
966:
962:
958:
953:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
930:
928:
924:
919:
917:
912:
910:
906:
902:
898:
889:
884:
874:
872:
868:
864:
860:
856:
855:
849:
847:
842:
838:
836:
832:
828:
824:
819:
817:
813:
809:
808:Eridu Genesis
805:
801:
797:
793:
792:Eridu Genesis
788:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
756:
754:
750:
746:
741:
739:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
711:
707:
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699:
694:
692:
688:
684:
680:
676:
666:
663:
658:
656:
652:
648:
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640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
615:
613:
609:
605:
602:
599:
593:
583:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
546:
537:
535:
531:
527:
523:
514:
512:
508:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
478:
476:
471:
469:
465:
461:
457:
453:
447:
443:
435:
431:
426:
417:
415:
411:
407:
406:GCC countries
403:
398:
396:
392:
388:
383:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
364:modern island
361:
357:
351:
342:
338:
334:
330:
320:
318:
313:
311:
307:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
283:
279:
274:
272:
268:
264:
260:
259:Shatt al-Arab
255:
253:
249:
245:
241:
237:
233:
229:
225:
221:
217:
213:
209:
204:
198:
189:
185:
177:
165:
153:
141:
129:
117:
105:
94:
92:
88:
83:
77:
72:
68:
64:
59:
41:
33:
19:
5565: /
5563:List of seas
5561: /
5526:Global South
5511:Global North
5445:Atlantic Rim
5384:Ring of Fire
5364:Indian Ocean
5354:Arctic Ocean
5296:Persian Gulf
5291:Indian Ocean
5272:Adriatic Sea
5237:Arctic Ocean
5069:Amazon Basin
5064:Amazon Plain
5036:Near Oceania
4841:Mid-Atlantic
4791:Aridoamerica
4751:Northwestern
4664:Northwestern
4637:Southeastern
4529:Greater Iran
4468:Southeastern
4463:Pacific Asia
4432:Pacific Asia
4420:Northeastern
4376:Asia–Pacific
4119:Fourth World
4109:Second World
4021:
4012:
4003:
3981:(1): 33–46.
3978:
3974:
3964:
3946:
3937:
3928:
3919:
3910:
3902:
3897:
3880:
3862:
3857:
3845:
3840:
3807:
3803:
3780:
3760:
3752:the original
3746:
3740:
3720:
3713:
3705:
3700:
3692:
3687:
3679:
3675:
3671:
3663:
3658:
3650:
3645:
3636:
3628:
3623:
3611:. Retrieved
3592:
3585:
3566:
3557:
3548:
3539:
3527:. Retrieved
3520:the original
3481:
3471:
3428:
3422:
3403:
3397:
3388:
3368:
3361:
3341:
3334:
3323:. Retrieved
3316:the original
3302:
3294:
3289:
3280:
3271:
3262:
3253:
3244:
3235:
3226:
3220:
3211:
3192:
3186:
3172:
3164:
3151:Mujam Buldan
3150:
3144:
3135:
3126:
3117:
3108:
3099:
3086:
3074:. Retrieved
3059:
3052:
3040:. Retrieved
3025:
3018:
3009:
2999:
2987:
2968:
2913:
2906:
2894:
2890:
2850:
2843:
2803:
2796:
2756:
2749:
2709:
2670:
2655:
2648:
2637:
2625:
2614:the original
2596:
2584:. Retrieved
2580:the original
2575:
2566:
2554:. Retrieved
2548:
2538:
2518:
2511:
2503:
2488:
2481:
2472:
2465:
2425:
2418:
2378:
2357:. Retrieved
2352:
2339:
2327:. Retrieved
2322:
2309:
2301:
2273:
2266:
2258:
2242:
2230:
2190:
2183:
2174:
2164:
2124:
2074:
2042:
2035:
2023:
1963:
1931:
1919:
1899:
1871:
1851:
1836:
1816:
1774:
1743:
1724:
1707:
1673:
1617:
1593:
1582:
1566:
1547:
1514:
1487:
1472:
1448:Abu Hurairah
1429:
1415:Persian Gulf
1402:
1400:
1390:Al-Muqaddasi
1348:
1308:
1288:
1261:
1258:Beth Qatraye
1225:
1221:Central Asia
1214:
1203:
1183:
1147:
1140:
1135:Persian Gulf
1112:Persian Gulf
1089:
1074:
1064:
1046:classes was
1036:
1028:Theophrastus
1023:
997:
973:
954:
949:
940:exiles from
931:
920:
913:
909:R E Cheesman
897:Persian Gulf
894:
852:
850:
844:
840:
820:
815:
814:Mount Dilmun
811:
789:
781:Anti-Lebanon
762:
742:
710:lapis lazuli
695:
672:
659:
616:
604:clay tablets
595:
556:Zoroastrians
543:
520:
484:
472:
449:
434:coat of arms
399:
394:
384:
355:
336:
328:
326:
317:Saudi Arabia
314:
302:Saudi Arabia
275:
256:
251:
240:Saudi Arabia
216:Persian Gulf
192:ٱلْبَحْرَيْن
183:
182:
164:Saudi Arabia
52:ٱلْبَحْرَيْن
49:Al-Baḥrayn (
5541:Global West
5501:Global East
5460:Pacific Rim
5402:waterbodies
5391:World Ocean
5216:New Zealand
5096:The Guianas
4985:Australasia
4928:West Indies
4856:New England
4836:Great Lakes
4806:Mesoamerica
4693:Middle East
4669:Scandinavia
4558:Middle East
4396:Caspian Sea
4302:Great Lakes
4282:Sub-Saharan
4268:Middle East
4131:Hemispheres
4114:Third World
4104:First World
4057:'s primary
2992:Larsen 1983
2941:|work=
2878:|work=
2831:|work=
2784:|work=
2737:|work=
2687:|work=
2586:4 September
2453:|work=
2406:|work=
2218:|work=
2152:|work=
2128:. Khayats.
2102:|work=
2044:Ras al-Jinz
2037:Ras al Hadd
1912:Al-Mubarraz
1896:Bani Khalid
1890:Bani Khalid
1777:Ibn Battuta
1642:), were an
1194:Hyspaosines
1154:Phoenicians
1137:, c. 700 BC
1127:Sennacherib
1019:Alexander's
796:Utnapishtim
655:Sennacherib
635:Ilī-ippašra
629:dynasty of
530:Ibadi Islam
526:Sunni Islam
491:Gulf Arabic
475:Gulf Arabic
391:al-Jawahari
376:archipelago
327:In Arabic,
246:), and the
5582:Categories
5282:Ionian Sea
5277:Aegean Sea
5247:Baltic Sea
5179:Antarctica
5031:Micronesia
5000:New Guinea
4958:Portuguese
4881:West Coast
4831:East Coast
4826:Bible Belt
4821:Appalachia
4500:Subregions
4408:Inner Asia
4326:Antarctica
4226:Continents
4199:Antarctica
4174:Landmasses
4084:Down Under
4079:Arab World
4063:subregions
3613:8 November
3325:2014-02-22
3160:9004082689
2978:0700710981
2814:9004107630
2767:9004097910
2666:9004107630
2576:Al Arabiya
2474:Ethnologue
2085:9004107630
2053:References
1968:under the
1867:Portuguese
1843:Banu Uqayl
1823:Qarmatians
1801:Qarmatians
1750:Banu Uqayl
1746:Bani Malik
1688:Qarmatians
1680:Banu Uqayl
1664:Banu Uqayl
1652:Qarmatians
1648:Abdul Qays
1608:Abdul Qays
1575:caliph in
1511:Qarmatians
1076:Geographia
1050:(although
1008:Achaemenid
957:Qarmatians
534:Shia Islam
507:Al Arabiya
487:Arab world
414:Arab world
356:al-Baḥrayn
304:, and the
214:along the
203:Al-Baḥrayn
5478:Antarctic
5262:Irish Sea
5252:Black Sea
5211:Australia
5160:Caribbean
5137:continent
5111:Patagonia
5041:Polynesia
5019:Melanesia
5012:Zealandia
4990:Australia
4876:Southwest
4796:Caribbean
4573:Near East
4214:submerged
4209:Zealandia
4204:Australia
4094:Old World
4089:New World
3987:0578-8072
3914:Al-Jassir
3832:162702326
2943:ignored (
2933:cite book
2880:ignored (
2870:cite book
2833:ignored (
2823:cite book
2786:ignored (
2776:cite book
2739:ignored (
2729:cite book
2689:ignored (
2679:cite book
2556:8 January
2550:Gulf News
2455:ignored (
2445:cite book
2408:ignored (
2398:cite book
2220:ignored (
2210:cite book
2154:ignored (
2144:cite book
2104:ignored (
2094:cite book
1966:Egyptians
1964:When the
1955:Dir'iyyah
1947:Al-Uyayna
1876:tribe of
1869:in 1521.
1847:Banu Amir
1809:Isma'ilis
1805:Juan Cole
1789:Ibn Hajar
1696:Salghurid
1684:Banu Amir
1633:romanized
1529:messianic
1519:century,
1444:companion
1434:; i.e. 7
1378:the Hajar
1334:Facsimile
1248:Mishmahig
1217:Seleucids
1210:Sasanians
1206:Parthians
1190:Characene
1178:Histories
1174:Herodotus
1142:Herodotus
1131:Chaldeans
911:in 1924.
863:ziggurats
831:Ninhursag
825:story of
810:calls it
769:Gilgamesh
759:Mythology
718:carnelian
601:cuneiform
511:MBC Group
333:dual form
323:Etymology
197:romanized
91:Countries
5005:Tasmania
4953:Hispanic
4816:Northern
4763:Germanic
4741:Atlantic
4683:Southern
4644:Northern
4610:Caucasus
4546:Dead Sea
4517:Caucasus
4485:Southern
4478:Maritime
4473:Mainland
4446:Northern
4427:Far East
4386:Aral Sea
4309:Southern
4253:Northern
3995:20832903
3954:Archived
3770:Archived
2901:, page 5
2013:See also
1995:'Anizzah
1935:Wahhabis
1907:Al-Qatif
1874:Muntafiq
1787:, while
1768:city of
1762:Muntafiq
1676:Usfurids
1660:Usfurids
1596:Abbasids
1587:—
1554:esoteric
1523:led the
1422:Muhammad
1387:—
1338:Muhammad
1311:dioceses
1280:Al-Khatt
1252:Muharraq
1244:Al-Qatif
1232:Shapur I
1228:Ardashir
1208:and the
1186:Seleucid
1171:—
1150:Persians
1123:Assyrian
1081:Muharraq
1024:sindones
1015:Nearchus
938:Chaldean
927:Sassanid
859:Enmerkar
835:Creation
800:Ziusudra
745:Akkadian
677:and the
647:Assyrian
639:Akkadian
598:Sumerian
568:Akkadian
517:Religion
464:Maritime
402:Khaleeji
368:al-Qatif
315:Most of
5206:Oceania
5194:by area
5150:America
5127:Islands
4977:Oceania
4846:Midwest
4801:Central
4768:Romance
4736:Western
4605:Balkans
4600:Eastern
4595:Central
4563:Mashriq
4507:Western
4451:Siberia
4403:Eastern
4381:Central
4314:Western
4287:Central
4263:Mashriq
4258:Maghreb
4248:Saharan
4194:America
4187:Eurasia
4059:regions
2359:9 April
2329:9 April
2245:. 1980.
1983:Dawasir
1959:Al Saud
1926:bedouin
1916:bustard
1903:Al-Aḥsā
1839:Jabrids
1833:Jabrids
1827:epithet
1785:Caliphs
1781:Rāfiḍah
1731:Shi'ite
1692:Uyunids
1635::
1620:Uyunids
1610:tribe.
1604:Uyunids
1573:Fatimid
1569:Abbasid
1544:utopian
1532:Ismaili
1475:Baghdad
1468:mosques
1464:Umar II
1462:caliph
1460:Umayyad
1419:Prophet
1409:to the
1403:Bahrain
1382:Quraysh
1366:markets
1362:Al-Aḥsā
1284:Al-Aḥsā
1272:Bahrain
1264:Qataris
1166:Assyria
1133:in the
1071:Ptolemy
1067:Semitic
1052:Aramaic
1032:Babylon
965:Al-Ahsa
942:Babylon
777:Lebanon
763:In the
738:bitumen
702:Gujarat
687:Harappa
683:Meluhha
651:Meluhha
643:Babylon
631:Babylon
627:Kassite
572:Aramaic
564:Aramaic
554:, Arab
540:History
499:Kuwaiti
495:Tunisia
420:Culture
408:in the
378:in the
352:
331:is the
329:Baḥrayn
282:Bahrain
261:to the
252:Bahrain
220:Bahrain
199::
104:Bahrain
46:Bahrain
32:Bahrain
5493:Global
5483:Arctic
5422:Rivers
5400:Other
5334:Oceans
5189:Europe
5145:Africa
4938:French
4811:Middle
4773:Slavic
4758:Celtic
4659:Nordic
4649:Baltic
4587:Europe
4541:Levant
4235:Africa
4071:Worlds
4007:Meglio
3993:
3985:
3830:
3824:163353
3822:
3747:Arabia
3728:
3604:
3573:
3529:27 May
3488:
3435:
3410:
3376:
3349:
3199:
3157:
3076:2 July
3067:
3042:31 May
3033:
2975:
2921:
2858:
2811:
2764:
2717:
2663:
2526:
2496:
2433:
2386:
2281:
2198:
2132:
2082:
2007:Subay'
2003:Riyadh
1991:Mutayr
1989:, and
1987:Subay'
1985:, the
1981:, the
1921:habari
1770:Basrah
1758:Uyunid
1729:was a
1710:Hormuz
1699:Atabeg
1624:Arabic
1499:Mahooz
1495:Manama
1479:caliph
1431:Hijrah
1392:, 985
1374:Julfar
1354:Tuwwam
1276:Tarout
1268:Syriac
1102:, and
1092:Strabo
934:Strabo
916:Dilmun
883:Gerrha
877:Gerrha
846:Ninlil
734:Copper
726:silver
722:pearls
698:Lothal
619:Nippur
608:Inanna
592:Dilmun
586:Dilmun
576:Syriac
509:, and
452:fijiri
372:Hadjar
360:Qur'an
341:Arabic
290:Kuwait
228:Kuwait
212:Khasab
188:Arabic
173:
161:
149:
137:
128:Kuwait
125:
113:
101:
82:Bellin
67:Arabia
5470:Polar
5415:lists
5410:Lakes
5229:ocean
4948:Ibero
4943:Latin
4933:Anglo
4055:Earth
3991:JSTOR
3828:S2CID
3820:JSTOR
3682:, 92.
3523:(PDF)
3516:(PDF)
3319:(PDF)
3312:(PDF)
2634:(PDF)
2617:(PDF)
2606:(PDF)
2355:: 2–5
2349:(PDF)
2319:(PDF)
2239:(PDF)
2025:Falaj
1979:Ajman
1886:Jubur
1878:Basra
1858:Najdi
1818:hisba
1797:Egypt
1793:Sunni
1766:Iraqi
1735:Qatif
1714:Qatif
1577:Cairo
1517:Hijri
1442:I, a
1370:Dibba
1350:Hafit
1266:" in
1240:Hofuf
1236:Mazun
1162:Egypt
1125:king
1100:Tylos
1060:Shams
1048:Greek
1004:Τύλος
986:Tylos
961:Hofuf
901:Uqair
871:Eridu
773:Mashu
706:ivory
669:Trade
522:Islam
395:Bahri
345:بَحْر
298:Qatar
269:, as
236:Qatar
208:Basra
152:Qatar
5427:Seas
5184:Asia
4456:Ural
4368:Asia
4297:Horn
4292:East
4061:and
3983:ISSN
3726:ISBN
3615:2016
3602:ISBN
3571:ISBN
3531:2015
3486:ISBN
3433:ISBN
3408:ISBN
3374:ISBN
3347:ISBN
3197:ISBN
3155:ISBN
3078:2011
3065:ISBN
3044:2011
3031:ISBN
2973:ISBN
2945:help
2919:ISBN
2882:help
2856:ISBN
2835:help
2809:ISBN
2788:help
2762:ISBN
2741:help
2715:ISBN
2691:help
2661:ISBN
2588:2009
2558:2013
2524:ISBN
2494:ISBN
2457:help
2431:ISBN
2410:help
2384:ISBN
2361:2021
2331:2021
2325:: 34
2279:ISBN
2222:help
2196:ISBN
2156:help
2130:ISBN
2106:help
2080:ISBN
1943:Najd
1939:Saud
1905:and
1837:The
1725:The
1674:The
1644:Arab
1618:The
1540:Hajr
1536:Kufa
1440:Umar
1372:and
1368:...
1358:palm
1309:The
1164:and
1108:Tyre
1056:Zeus
869:and
867:Uruk
829:and
827:Enki
823:epic
779:and
714:gold
612:Uruk
574:and
562:and
560:Jews
460:liwa
458:and
456:sawt
444:and
430:dhow
370:and
350:lit.
337:baḥr
294:Oman
286:Iraq
232:Oman
224:Iraq
140:Oman
116:Iraq
5437:Rim
5227:By
5135:By
3812:doi
2897:by
1705:).
1662:of
1384:...
1340:to
1168:...
1073:'s
865:in
730:tin
700:in
335:of
210:to
84:map
65:of
5584::
3989:.
3977:.
3973:.
3865:,
3826:.
3818:.
3808:19
3806:.
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