292:
the spray nozzle located inside the actuator to create a mist of droplets containing fragrance. These droplets are 30 to 50 micrometres in diameter. A recently developed alternative, the "bag-on-valve" aerosol, places the air freshener inside a bag in the can. The can is filled with pressurised air which squeezes the bag and pushes out the product when the actuator is pressed. An atomizer operates in a similar fashion except that the actuator is a pump which when pressed a few times creates the pressure to aspirate the fragrance from the container through a tube into the actuator and spray nozzle. Because the container is not constantly under pressure it may be made of glass or plastic as well as metal. The mist created contains droplets 50 to 150 micrometres in diameter.
81:
190:
27:
249:
175:
669:, both carcinogens. A plug-in air freshener contained more than 20 different volatile organic compounds, with more than one-third classified as toxic or hazardous under federal laws. Even air fresheners called "organic," "green," or with "essential oils" emitted hazardous chemicals, including carcinogens.
291:
sprays. The aerosol spray uses a propellant and fragrance packaged under pressure in a sealed metal container with a valve which is opened by pressing down a button which contains a spray nozzle – the actuator. When the container's valve is opened by pressing the actuator, fragrance is forced through
44:
There are many different types of air fresheners that deliver their active ingredients in different ways, including sprays, candles, gels, passive and active evaporating diffusers, atomizers, automatically timed metered aerosol dispensers, electric fan air fresheners, and plug-ins. Air fresheners are
360:
substance used to physically propel the product out of an aerosol spray. The substance chosen needs to be a gas that turns to liquid when pressurized with a relatively low amount of pressure, safe for domestic use. The propellant is a liquid when under pressure in the can, but maintains the pressure
732:
and Anne C. Steinemann of the
University of Washington published results from two national epidemiological studies of health effects from exposure to air fresheners. They found that nearly 20 percent of the general population and 34 percent of asthmatics report headaches, breathing difficulties, or
644:
published a study of top-selling air fresheners and laundry products. She found that all products tested gave off chemicals regulated as toxic or hazardous under federal laws, including carcinogens with no safe exposure level, but none of these chemicals were listed on any of the product labels or
711:
In the United States, since 2020 air fresheners (as well as cleaning solutions and products used to clean cars) have been required to list any of their ingredients which are on
California's list of 2,300 harmful chemicals, based on a California law passed in 2017. A California study in 2006 found
271:
technology to aerosolize fragrance or heat to vaporize it, fragrance impregnated gels which release fragrance as the gel evaporates sometimes with the help of an electric fan, wick and reed diffusers which release fragrance by evaporation from fragrance-soaked wicks or wooden reeds; and fragrance
72:
have been used to mask odors since antiquity. A variety of methods and compounds have been used over the past two millennia for their abilities to create pleasant aromas or eliminate unpleasant odors in indoor spaces. These were often linked with spiritual or religious practices (e.g. the use of
40:
are products designed to reduce unwanted odors in indoor spaces, or to introduce pleasant fragrances, or both. They typically emit fragrance to mask odors but may use other methods of action such as absorbing, bonding to, or chemically altering compounds in the air that produce smells, killing
522:
There have been various concerns about air fresheners having adverse health effects, due to factors including harmful ingredients, secondary substances formed by the chemical interactions of ingredients with other substances, allergy-provoking ingredients, misuse, and accidental injury.
77:), or with concepts of health and hygiene. Consumer products for air freshening began to emerge in the late 1800s which coincided with the arrival of the first synthetically produced fragrances. However, air freshening consumer products first gained wider popularity in the 1940s.
97:. As early as 1953, scientists were questioning whether chlorophyll, at the time popular as a body deodorizer or for use on wounds, really acted as a space deodorizer. From 1947 to 1951, the company sold 7 million dollars' worth of these and other types of air fresheners.
365:
propellants work similarly but maintain pressure by filling the empty space without liquefying. The propellant in a true aerosol is mixed with the air freshener, so it must also not react with the product. Sometimes, multiple propellants are combined.
161:
Air fresheners introduce fragrance into the air of interior spaces either as droplets which transition to vapor, or as the molecules of fragrance ingredients directly evaporating from a source. Fragrance diffuses into the air to mask other
92:
launched in the United States, initially producing liquid air fresheners in a variety of fragrances, which worked by evaporation with the help of a wick. The products claimed to kill odors, not just mask them, by using
1829:
B.C. Wolverton, Ph.D., Rebecca C. McDonald, "Foliage Plants for
Removing Formaldehyde from Contaminated Air Inside Energy-Efficient Homes and Future Space Stations", NASA TM-84674, December 1982.
781:, are effective at removing odors. Other solutions are adapted to different types of odor. Some house plants may also aid in the removal of toxic substances from the air in building interiors.
1597:
Farrow, Alexandra; Taylor, Hazel; Northstone, Kate; Golding, Jean (1 October 2003). "Symptoms of
Mothers and Infants Related to Total Volatile Organic Compounds in Household Products".
122:
In the 1950s, many companies began to add chemicals that counteract odors to their fragrance formulas. These chemicals, intended to neutralize or destroy odors, included unsaturated
1316:
435:
or other substances to squeeze the air freshener from the bag, these are not strictly ingredients because they are not mixed with the air freshener, and remain in the can.
1554:
Farrow, A.; Taylor, H.; Northstone, K.; Golding, J. (Oct 2003). "Symptoms of mothers and infants related to total volatile organic compounds in household products".
720:. It is not clear if manufacturers will need to list such chemicals which are not ingredients, but form during deployment and are thus able to affect human health.
555:
and affect reproductive development. The NRDC called for more rigorous supervision of the manufacturers and their products, which are widely assumed to be safe:
1727:
571:
to babies and young children, in 12 of the 14 products—including those marked 'all natural.' None of the products had these chemicals listed on their labels.
45:
used in domestic and commercial settings and in both small and large spaces. Some air fresheners are produced for specific spaces and odors, such as
1839:
Wolverton, B.C.; McDonald, Rebecca C.; Watkins Jr, E.A. (1984). "Foliage Plants for
Removing Indoor Air Pollutants from Energy-Efficient Homes".
614:
606:, present in some types of air fresheners. The pesticide substances were mainly used in mothballs but also in room sprays and toilet rim blocks.
1225:
511:
1702:
Opinion on the report "Emission of chemicals by air fresheners Tests on 74 consumer products sold in Europe" (BEUC report
January 2005)
145:. Many other air freshener delivery methods have become popular since, including under the seat wafer air fresheners, scented candles,
1688:
1078:
1708:, European Commission Health & Consumer Protection Directorate-General, Scientific Committee On Health And Environmental Risks
1265:
551:(NRDC) study of 13 common household air fresheners found that most of the surveyed products contain chemicals that can aggravate
1467:
1671:
584:
580:
1414:
1388:
588:
559:
The study assessed scented sprays, gels, and plug-in air fresheners. Independent lab testing confirmed the presence of
256:
Delivery of the above air freshener mechanisms falls into two broad categories: continuous action and instant action.
361:
in the can (and thereby its spraying ability) by turning partially back to a gas to fill any empty space. Less common
595:
548:
100:
The first fan-operated air freshener product was invented in 1946 and released by the company Surco under the brand
133:
In the 1980s, the air freshener market shifted back away from aerosols due to concerns over the destruction of the
712:
that the prominent products of the reaction of terpenes found in air fresheners with ozone included formaldehyde,
1362:
1685:
January 2005, BEUC report: Emission of chemicals by air fresheners. Tests on 74 consumer products sold in Europe
810:
1700:
1899:
932:
263:
and devices which use a candle flame or some other heat source to heat and vaporize a fragrance formulation,
621:
through frequent use of air fresheners and other aerosols in the home was found to correlate with increased
41:
organisms that produce smells, or disrupting the sense of smell to reduce perception of unpleasant smells.
332:
Air fresheners use both synthesized and organically occurring fragrances. Common fragrances used include
1889:
758:
729:
646:
618:
412:
1672:""Fragranced Consumer Products: Chemicals Emitted, Ingredients Unlisted" at Journalist's Resource.org"
749:. In rare cases aerosol burns are reported to have been caused by air freshener canisters exploding.
536:
372:
were once popular propellants but are no longer widely used because of their damaging effects on the
61:
symptoms or are toxic. Air freshening also involves the use of organic and everyday household items.
491:
These are substances that help other ingredients mix together, either by dissolving or emulsifying.
1440:
641:
446:
prevent the decomposition of the product or the growth of microorganisms in it. These can include:
416:
197:
Mechanisms for the control of indoor airborne odors can be grouped into various different classes:
993:
Alstead, Stanley; Corwin, Alsoph H.; Holzer, R. S.; Bryce, D. Maxwell; Savage, R. Maxwell (1953).
1750:
815:
50:
1198:
280:
systems which convert liquid fragrances into a vapor in a cold process without the use of heat.
1079:"Air-Scent International purchases Sani-Air Associated Products | Pest Management Professional"
476:
757:
Removing the source of an unpleasant odor will decrease the chance that people will smell it.
610:
1529:
8:
1632:
599:
471:
467:
138:
1684:
1866:
1807:
1790:
1762:
Caress, S.M.; Steinemann, A.C. (2009). "National prevalence of fragrance sensitivity".
1622:
1579:
1337:
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1014:
975:
909:
896:
874:
855:
774:
770:
762:
717:
564:
403:
313:
272:
impregnated materials like floor wax, paper, plastics, wood which release fragrance by
212:
1491:
Common Air
Fresheners Contain Chemicals That May Affect Human Reproductive Development
111:
were introduced in 1948, based on what had been a military technology for dispensing
1894:
1812:
1771:
1644:
Steinemann, A.C. (2009). "Fragranced consumer products and undisclosed ingredients".
1614:
1571:
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1006:
967:
914:
847:
630:
408:
399:
1870:
1626:
1583:
1181:
1856:
1848:
1802:
1728:"What the heck is "fragrance?" Thanks to California, companies now have to tell us"
1653:
1606:
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1242:
1237:
1044:
904:
886:
713:
463:
268:
701:
507:
288:
116:
1596:
741:
Air freshener aerosols with certain propellants are susceptible to misuse as an
415:
HFOs have recently become more widely used due to their low vapor pressure, low
1657:
1610:
1567:
1130:
766:
480:
432:
424:
394:
362:
301:
264:
146:
108:
69:
1083:
Pest
Management Professional | Pest Control's Most-Trusted Resource Since 1933
376:
and resulting bans. Current propellants used in air freshener sprays include:
1883:
1501:
1251:
1010:
971:
851:
681:
654:
458:
454:
443:
284:
236:
1861:
1490:
1156:
672:
A report issued in 2005 by the Bureau Européen des Unions de
Consommateurs (
1816:
1775:
1618:
1575:
1512:
1104:
1064:
800:
746:
689:
662:
503:
317:
309:
235:: odors caused by microorganisms can be removed by inactivating them using
232:
46:
918:
80:
805:
666:
603:
576:
568:
499:
373:
337:
273:
189:
134:
112:
94:
26:
1018:
994:
979:
955:
859:
835:
119:
that would remain suspended in the air for an extended period of time.
1852:
1751:
Indoor Air
Chemistry: Cleaning Agents, Ozone and Toxic Air Contaminants
1056:
900:
658:
560:
532:
357:
305:
216:
204:
142:
790:
765:
and can aid in eliminating unpleasant odors. Simple cleaners such as
733:
other health problems when exposed to air fresheners or deodorizers.
544:
389:
222:
182:
150:
20:
1048:
891:
742:
693:
677:
634:
626:
450:
428:
385:
345:
127:
89:
54:
653:, the active ingredient in paint thinner and nail-polish remover;
795:
778:
705:
697:
685:
650:
622:
495:
381:
341:
321:
277:
208:
201:
Masking: a pleasant odor may be used to overwhelm unwanted odors.
74:
31:
380:
hydrocarbon aerosol propellant (HAP) blends: mixtures including
248:
229:
can oxidize and eliminate organic sources of odors from the air.
174:
19:"Deodorizer" redirects here. For the personal care product, see
552:
526:
260:
58:
1513:"Scientists May Have Solved Mystery Of Carcinogenic Mothballs"
1553:
1502:
Air Fresheners Unregulated, Potentially Dangerous, Group Says
1105:"Pestco Professional Services - 74 Years Of Superior Service"
540:
333:
226:
163:
123:
1633:
Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Key Findings
752:
1838:
1226:"Global emissions of VOCs from compressed aerosol products"
673:
369:
1035:
Frohman, I. Phillips (May 1955). "The Chlorophyll Story".
243:
1788:
179:
1791:"Air-freshener burns: a new paradigm in burns etiology?"
992:
486:
1224:Yeoman, Amber M.; Lewis, Alastair C. (2021-04-22).
1182:"Material Safety Data Sheet (MSDS), BadAir Sponge®"
1789:Sarwar U, Nicolaou M, Khan MS, Tiernan E (2011).
1881:
1761:
1468:"The surprising dangers of cooking and cleaning"
219:may be used to capture odor-producing compounds.
1534:Environmental Health Association of Nova Scotia
736:
615:Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children
53:. Some air fresheners contain ingredients that
836:"Incense: Ritual, Health Effects and Prudence"
745:. Air fresheners have also been used to cause
676:) found that many air freshener products emit
312:listed above, air fresheners can also contain
1291:"1,1-Difluoroethane (Hydrofluorocarbon 152A)"
956:"An Assessment Of Chlorophyll As A Deodorant"
423:Note that while bag-on-valve systems may use
169:
953:
527:Harmful ingredients and secondary substances
1223:
259:Continuous action products include scented
1643:
1860:
1806:
1317:"Solstice® Propellant Technical Bulletin"
1241:
908:
890:
753:Alternatives to fragranced air fresheners
723:
1744:
494:Solvents used in air fresheners include
247:
188:
173:
79:
25:
1034:
1030:
1028:
517:
244:Delivery: continuous vs. instant action
115:. The product delivered a fine mist of
1882:
1530:"Mothballs, air fresheners and cancer"
872:
579:, Alliance for Healthy Homes, and the
575:On September 19, 2007, along with the
351:
1719:
1522:
1230:Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene
1187:. Mateson Chemical Corporation. 2007.
773:, as well as natural adsorbents like
583:, the NRDC filed a petition with the
567:chemicals that may pose a particular
487:Solvents, emulsifiers and surfactants
1025:
933:"WHERE IT ALL BEGAN FOR AIR WICK..."
840:Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society
833:
598:revealed the carcinogenic nature of
585:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1725:
1495:
1174:
640:In 2008, Anne C. Steinemann of the
581:National Center for Healthy Housing
156:
13:
1465:
728:In 2009, Stanley M. Caress of the
589:Consumer Product Safety Commission
283:Instant action systems are mainly
84:Air Wick print advertisement, 1957
14:
1911:
879:Environmental Health Perspectives
761:is also important to maintaining
596:University of Colorado at Boulder
549:Natural Resources Defense Council
267:, wall plug-ins which either use
166:or to introduce a specific odor.
107:In the United States, commercial
1599:Archives of Environmental Health
617:(ALSPAC) found that exposure to
438:
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1823:
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1309:
1283:
1258:
1217:
1191:
1149:
1037:The American Journal of Nursing
629:in infants, and with increased
126:, pre-polymers, and long-chain
1243:10.1525/elementa.2020.20.00177
1137:. GIE Media, Inc. 5 March 2015
1123:
1097:
1071:
986:
954:Brocklehurst, John C. (1953).
947:
925:
866:
827:
811:Automatic deodorizer dispenser
661:and respiratory toxicant; and
295:
1:
1131:"In Memoriam: Milton Zlotnik"
821:
340:. Preparations often include
327:
153:, and heat release products.
1199:"How the Bag-On-Valve Works"
995:"Chlorophyll As A Deodorant"
737:Misuse and accidental injury
141:(CFCs) which were used as a
7:
999:The British Medical Journal
960:The British Medical Journal
784:
647:material safety data sheets
531:Many air fresheners employ
419:(GWP), and nonflammability.
411:propellants (HFOs) such as
402:propellants (HFCs) such as
10:
1916:
1726:Nix, Joanna (2017-12-01).
1658:10.1016/j.eiar.2008.05.002
1611:10.3200/AEOH.58.10.633-641
1568:10.3200/AEOH.58.10.633-641
875:"Scents & Sensitivity"
873:Fisher, Brandy E. (1998).
730:University of West Georgia
619:volatile organic compounds
537:volatile organic compounds
413:2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene
356:A propellant is usually a
193:An automatic air freshener
170:Mechanisms of odor control
64:
18:
16:Product used to mask odors
1646:Environ Impact Assess Rev
304:, adsorbents, oxidizers,
642:University of Washington
591:to report the findings.
417:global warming potential
51:urinal deodorizer blocks
1445:www.whatsinproducts.com
1419:www.whatsinproducts.com
1393:www.whatsinproducts.com
1367:www.whatsinproducts.com
1342:www.whatsinproducts.com
1295:www.whatsinproducts.com
816:Deodorizing toilet seat
724:Allergens and irrtants
573:
477:formaldehyde releasers
253:
194:
186:
85:
34:
1415:"Benzisothiazolinone"
1389:"Methylisothiazoline"
834:Nair, Urmila (2013).
649:. Chemicals included
611:University of Bristol
557:
547:in their formulas. A
251:
192:
177:
83:
29:
1900:Indoor air pollution
518:Toxicity and hazards
30:Air fresheners from
1556:Arch Environ Health
1266:"HP DME Propellant"
718:ultrafine particles
600:paradichlorobenzene
472:benzisothiazolinone
468:methylisothiazoline
352:Aerosol propellants
314:aerosol propellants
300:In addition to the
139:chlorofluorocarbons
1853:10.1007/bf02858837
1111:. 22 February 2022
775:activated charcoal
763:indoor air quality
637:in their mothers.
565:hormone-disrupting
404:1,1-difluoroethane
254:
213:activated charcoal
207:: adsorbents like
195:
187:
86:
35:
1890:Cleaning products
1466:Keegan, Matthew.
1205:. 26 October 2015
1085:. 31 October 2019
1005:(4814): 832–833.
885:(12): A594–A599.
409:hydrofluoroolefin
400:hydrofluorocarbon
1907:
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1874:
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1862:2060/19860066312
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1764:J Environ Health
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1519:, June 20, 2006.
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1478:
1463:
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1441:"DMDM hydantoin"
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1270:www.chemours.com
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870:
864:
863:
831:
716:, and secondary
714:hydroxyl radical
702:phthalate esters
594:Research at the
545:phthalate esters
464:isothiazolinones
157:Basic principles
1915:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1904:
1880:
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1841:Economic Botany
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1605:(10): 633–641.
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1363:"Propylparaben"
1361:
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1356:
1346:
1344:
1338:"Methylparaben"
1336:
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892:10.2307/3434115
871:
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832:
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787:
755:
739:
726:
529:
520:
508:2-butoxyethanol
489:
441:
354:
330:
298:
265:incense burners
252:A reed diffuser
246:
172:
159:
117:aroma compounds
67:
55:provoke allergy
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1913:
1903:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1877:
1876:
1847:(2): 224–228.
1831:
1822:
1795:Int J Prev Med
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1562:(10): 633–41.
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1406:
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1329:
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1161:Chase Products
1148:
1122:
1096:
1070:
1043:(5): 555–557.
1024:
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456:
455:methylparaben
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439:Preservatives
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1732:Mother Jones
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747:aerosol burn
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663:acetaldehyde
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1517:Physorg.com
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1425:12 November
1399:12 November
1373:12 November
1347:12 November
1301:12 November
1275:12 November
1209:12 November
1166:12 November
1141:12 November
1115:12 November
1089:12 November
935:22 Nov 2021
806:Air ionizer
771:baking soda
759:Ventilation
667:1,4-dioxane
604:naphthalene
602:(PCDB) and
577:Sierra Club
569:health risk
533:carcinogens
512:trideceth-4
500:mineral oil
374:ozone layer
338:citronellal
306:surfactants
296:Ingredients
274:off gassing
135:ozone layer
95:chlorophyll
1884:Categories
1737:2018-02-22
1477:2020-09-30
846:(1): 5–9.
822:References
684:including
680:and toxic
631:depression
561:phthalates
539:and known
358:liquid gas
328:Fragrances
302:fragrances
217:silica gel
205:Adsorption
143:propellant
70:Fragrances
1324:Honeywell
1252:2325-1026
1157:"History"
1011:0007-1447
972:0007-1447
852:1356-1863
791:Deodorant
678:allergens
635:headaches
390:isobutane
223:Oxidation
183:fragrance
151:potpourri
128:aldehydes
104:in 1948.
102:Air-Scent
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1895:Perfumes
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694:terpenes
627:diarrhea
623:earaches
587:and the
543:such as
506:such as
479:such as
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386:n-butane
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344:such as
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178:A basic
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1712:6 April
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698:styrene
686:benzene
651:acetone
496:ethanol
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285:aerosol
261:candles
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32:Febreze
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320:, and
308:, and
124:esters
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1867:S2CID
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1623:S2CID
1580:S2CID
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1053:JSTOR
1015:JSTOR
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897:JSTOR
856:JSTOR
563:, or
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