Odor - Knowledge

1221:(a polymorphic set of genes which is important for immune-function in humans) is correlated with the ingredients found in perfume. This suggests that humans do, in fact, choose perfumes that complement or enhance their natural scents (their pheromones). This evidence offers support for the hypothesis that perfume is chosen by individuals to advertise their physical health. Research suggests that this advertisement of good health will, in fact, enhance females' attractiveness to the opposite sex as health markers have been shown to do. While strong evidence has been found to support the hypothesis that wearing perfume enhances females' attractiveness to males, little research has been done into the effect of fragrance on males' attractiveness to females. Considerably more research has covered the effect of males' natural odor and females' ratings of attractiveness. Many studies found that odor predicted attractiveness when female raters were not on any form of contraceptive pill. For those who were, there was no relation between attractiveness and body odor. 1138:

emotional processing of olfactory stimuli. Odors can disturb our concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and in general increase a dislike for an environment. Odors can impact the liking for a person, place, food, or product as a form of conditioning. Memories recalled by odors are significantly more emotional and evocative than those recalled by the same cue presented visually or auditorily. Odors can become conditioned to experiential states and when later encountered have directional influences on behavior. Doing a frustrating task in a scented room decreases performance of other cognitive tasks in the presence of the same odor. Nonhuman animals communicate their emotional states through changes in body odor, and human body odors are indicative of emotional state.

1313:. The ovulatory-shift hypothesis argues that women experience elevated immediate sexual attraction, relative to low-fertile days of the cycle, to men with characteristics that reflect good genetic quality. Body odor may provide significant cues about a potential sexual partner's genetic quality, reproductive status, and health, with a woman's preferences for particular body odors becoming heightened during her most fertile days. As certain body odors can reflect good genetic quality, woman are more likely to prefer these scents when they are fertile, as this is when they are most likely to produce offspring with any potential mates, with conception-risk being related to a preference for the scent of male symmetry. Men also prefer the scent of women at their fertile cycle points. 825:(VOCs) may have higher concentrations in confined indoor environments, due to restricted infiltration of fresh air, as compared to the outdoor environment, leading to greater potential for toxic health exposures from a variety of chemical compounds. Health effects of odor are traced to the sensation of an odor or the odorant itself. Health effects and symptoms vary—including eye, nose, or throat irritation, cough, chest tightness, drowsiness, and mood change—all of which decrease as an odor ceases. Odors may also trigger illnesses such as asthma, depression, stress-induced illness, or hypersensitivity. The ability to perform tasks may decrease, and other social/behavioral changes may occur. 161: 312:. The sense of smell can induce pleasure or subconsciously warn of danger, which may, for example, help to locate mates, find food, or detect predators. Humans have an unusually good sense of smell considering they have only 350 functional olfactory receptor genes compared to the 1,300 found in mice, for example. This is despite an apparent evolutionary decline in the sense of smell. The human sense of smell is comparable with many animals, able to distinguish between a diverse range of odors. Studies have reported that humans can distinguish in the region of one trillion unique aromas. 74: 353:

MOR244-3, showing that copper is essential for detection of certain thiols and other sulfur-containing compounds. Thus, by using a chemical that binds to copper in the mouse nose, so that copper was not available to the receptors, the authors showed that the mice could not detect the thiols without the copper. However, these authors also found that MOR244-3 lacks the specific metal ion binding site suggested by Suslick, instead showing a different motif in the EC2 domain.

843: 716: 829:

workers, as well as comfort, because exposure to chemicals can elicit physiological and biochemical changes in the upper respiratory system. Standards are hard to set when exposures are not reported and can also be hard to measure. Workforce populations vary in terms of discomfort from odors because of exposure history or habituation, and they may not realize possible risks of exposure to chemicals that produce specific odors.

365:

complexity of food preparation presented humans with a broader range of odorants, ultimately leading to a "richer repertoire of smells". Animals such as dogs show a greater sensitivity to odors than humans, especially in studies using short-chain compounds. Higher cognitive brain mechanisms and more olfactory brain regions enable humans to discriminate odors better than other mammals despite fewer olfactory receptor genes.

1146:

maternal odor appears to guide infants toward the breast and to have a calming effect." Body odor is involved in the development of infant–mother attachment and is essential to a child's social and emotional development and evokes feelings of security. Reassurance created by familiar parental body odors may contribute significantly to the attachment process. Human body odors

1326:

contraceptives. When women take a contraceptive pill, this has been found to demolish the cycle attractiveness of odors that men find attractive in normally ovulating women. Therefore, a contraceptive pill affects both women's preferences for scent and also affects their own scents, making their scent less attractive to males than the scent of normally cycling women.

414:. The most accepted technique for collecting odor samples is the lung technique, where the sample bag is placed in a sealed drum, where a vacuum is created outside the bag, which fills under expansion, and draws into itself the sample from the source. Critically, all components which touch the odor sample, must be odor free, which includes lines and fittings. 487:

instrumental methods, are normally used to measure such odor. Odor sensory methods are available to monitor odor both from source emissions and in the ambient air. These two contexts require different approaches for measuring odor. The collection of odor samples is more easily accomplished for a source emission than for odor in the ambient air.

1317:

women's preferences for the scent of symmetry. Women's preferences for masculine faces is greatest when their fertility is at its highest, and so is the preference for attractive faces. Other scents found to be preferred by women in the most fertile phase of their cycle are the scent for developmental stability, and the scent for dominance.

690:, that have a vertical velocity component. For such sources, consideration must be given as to the most appropriate method. A commonly used technique is to measure the odor concentration at the emitting surface, and combine this with the volumetric flow rate of air entering the biofilter to produce an emission rate. 324:, are less noticeable than uncommon odors. This is due to "habituation." After continuous odor exposure, the sense of smell is fatigued, but recovers if the stimulus is removed for a time. Odors can change due to environmental conditions: for example, odors tend to be more distinguishable in cool dry air. 1173:

An odor can cue recall of a distant memory. Most memories that pertain to odor come from the first decade of life, compared to verbal and visual memories which usually come from the 10th to 30th years of life. Odor-evoked memories are more emotional, associated with stronger feelings of being brought

1165:

males' brains respond in different ways to two odors that may be involved in sexual arousal, and that the gay men respond in the same way as straight women, though it could not be determined whether this was cause or effect. The study was expanded to include lesbian women; the results were consistent

1153:

Body odor is a sensory cue critical for mate selection in humans because it is a signal of immunological health. Women prefer men with major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genotypes and odor different from themselves especially during ovulation. Different MHC alleles are favorable because different

1137:

Odor perception is a complex process involving the central nervous system and can evoke psychological and physiological responses. Because the olfactory signal terminates in or near the amygdala, odors are strongly linked to memories and can evoke emotions. The amygdala participates in the hedonic or

352:

suggested that Cu(I) is "the most likely candidate for a metallo-receptor site in olfaction" of strong-smelling volatiles. These are also good metal-coordinating ligands, such as thiols. In 2012, Zhuang, Matsunami, and Block confirmed the Crabtree/Suslick proposal for the specific case of a mouse OR,

1292:

are affected by the gene, which can be detected in body odor. Female mice and humans have both shown odor preferences for males with MHC-dissimilarity. Research has shown that women prefer the scent of men with dissimilar MHC genes. In a study, women rated the scent of T-shirts, worn over two nights

1225:

affect (elicited by pheromones), with a potential mate, their liking for, and attraction to, that potential mate will be increased. Although not a typically evolutionary hypothesis, this hypothesis is one that acknowledges how humans have adapted their mating strategies to modern-day societal norms.

1188:

The sense of smell is not overlooked as a way of marketing products. The deliberate and controlled application of scent is used by designers, scientists, artists, perfumers, architects, and chefs. Some applications of scents in environments are in casinos, hotels, private clubs, and new automobiles.

820:

The perception of irritation from odor sensation is hard to investigate because exposure to a volatile chemical elicits a different response based on sensory and physiological signals, and interpretation of these signals is influenced by experience, expectations, personality, or situational factors.

581:

Most commonly, a set of standard descriptors is used, which may range from "fragrant" to "sewer odor". Although the method is fairly simplistic, it is important for the FIDOL factors to be understood by the person rating the smell. This method is most commonly used to define the character of an odor

429:

Humans can discriminate between two odorants that differ in concentration by as little as 7%. A human's odor detection threshold is variable. Repeated exposure to an odorant leads to enhanced olfactory sensitivity and decreased detection thresholds for a number of different odorants. It was found in

220:

of the brain. Interpretation of the smell begins there, relating the smell to past experiences and in relation to the substance(s) inhaled. The olfactory bulb acts as a relay station connecting the nose to the olfactory cortex in the brain. Olfactory information is further processed and forwarded to

655:

In many countries odor modeling is used to determine the extent of an impact from an odor source. These are a function of modeled concentration, averaging time (over what time period the model steps are run over, typically hourly), and a percentile. Percentiles refer to a statistical representation

565:

assessment is the process of rating odors according to a scale ranging from extremely unpleasant to extremely pleasant. Intensity and hedonic tone, whilst similar, refer to different things: that is, the strength of the odor (intensity) and the pleasantness of an odor (hedonic tone). The perception

1325:

preferences. Those taking a contraceptive pill show no significant preference for the scent of either symmetrical or asymmetrical men, whereas normally cycling women prefer the scent of shirts worn by symmetrical men. Males' preferences for women's scent may also change if the woman is taking oral

1213:

is natural in humans. Without perfume or aftershave, humans unconsciously detect people's natural scents: in the form of pheromones. Pheromones are usually detected unconsciously, and it is believed that they have an important influence on human's social and sexual behaviour. There are a number of

828:

Occupants should expect remediation from disturbing and unexpected odors that disturb concentration, diminish productivity, evoke symptoms, and generally increase the dislike for a particular environment. It is important to set occupational exposure limits (OELs) to ensure the health and safety of

417:

In comparing the odor emitted from each port, the panelists are asked to report if they can detect a difference between the ports. The gas-diluting ratio is then decreased by a factor of 1.4 or two (i.e., the concentration is increased accordingly). The panelists are asked to repeat the test. This

284:

or aversions. The ability to taste also decreases with age as the sense of smell tends to dominate the sense of taste. Chronic smell problems are reported in small numbers for those in their mid-twenties, with numbers increasing steadily, with overall sensitivity beginning to decline in the second

577:

The character of an odor is a critical element in assessing an odor. This property is the ability to distinguish different odors and is only descriptive. First, a basic description is used—such as sweet, pungent, acrid, fragrant, warm, dry, or sour. The odor is then referenced to a source such as

1224:

A person's odor can increase or decrease ratings of attractiveness because the olfactory receptors in the brain are directly linked with the limbic system, the part of the brain that is thought to be most involved with emotion. This link is important, because if an individual associates positive

1145:

influence interpersonal relationships and are involved in adaptive behaviors, such as parental attachment in infants or partner choice in adults. "Mothers can discriminate the odor of their own child, and infants recognize and prefer the body odor of their mother over that of another woman. This

327:

Habituation affects the ability to distinguish odors after continuous exposure. The sensitivity and ability to discriminate odors diminishes with exposure, and the brain tends to ignore continuous stimulus and focus on differences and changes in a particular sensation. When odorants are mixed, a

1316:

There are several scents that reflect good genetic quality that females prefer during the most fertile phase of their cycles. Women prefer the scent of symmetrical men more during the fertile phases of their menstrual cycle than during their infertile phases, with estrogen positively predicting

817:. Perception of odor and of irritation is unique to each person, and varies because of physical conditions or memory of past exposures to similar chemicals. A person's specific threshold, before an odor becomes a nuisance, depends also on the frequency, concentration, and duration of an odor. 486:

Odor measurement is essential for odor regulation and control. An odor emission often consists of a complex mixture of many odorous compounds. Analytical monitoring of individual chemical compounds present in such an odor is usually not practical. As a result, odor sensory methods, instead of

364:

proposed that the retro-nasal route of olfaction (odorants introduced to the olfactory mucosa through the oral cavity often as food) was partially responsible for the development of human olfactory acuity. He suggested the evolutionary pressure of diversification of food sources and increased

1116:

to produce a fingerprint of whatever volatile chemicals in the local environment. Most electronic noses need to be "trained" to recognize chemicals of interest before it can be used. Many current electronic-nose instruments suffer from problems with reproducibility subject to varying ambient

954:", wherein fragrances are claimed to cure a wide range of psychological and physical problems. Aromatherapy claims that fragrances can positively affect sleep, stress, alertness, social interaction, and general feelings of well-being. Evidence for the effectiveness of aromatherapy is mostly 228:

is usually recognized by many receptors. Different odorants are recognized by combinations of receptors. The patterns of neuron signals help to identify the smell. The olfactory system does not interpret a single compound, but instead the whole odorous mix. This does not correspond to the

1154:

allele combinations would maximize disease protection and minimize recessive mutations in offspring. Biologically females tend to select mates "who are most likely to secure offspring survival and thus increase the likelihood that her genetic contribution will be reproductively viable."

1026:

is present both in animals and humans and its intensity can be influenced by many factors (behavioral patterns, survival strategies). Body odor has a strong genetic basis both in animals and humans, but it can be also strongly influenced by various diseases and psychological conditions.

1189:

For example, "technicians at New York City’s Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center disperse vanilla-scented oil into the air to help patients cope with the claustrophobic effects of MRI testing. Scents are used at the Chicago Board of Trade to lower the decibel level on the trading floor."

1166:

with previous findings that lesbian women were not as responsive to male-identified odors, while their response to female cues was similar to that of straight males. According to the researchers, this research suggests a possible role for human pheromones in the biological basis of

812:

The human sense of smell is a primary factor in the sensation of comfort. Olfaction as a sensory system brings awareness of the presence of airborne chemicals. Some inhaled chemicals are volatile compounds that act as a stimulus, triggering unwanted reactions such as nose, eye, and

494:

can seem more effective, but olfactometer use is not regulated in Europe, while it is popular in the U.S. and Canada, where several states set limits at the receptor sites or along the perimeter of odor-emitting plants, expressed in units of dilution-to-threshold (D/T).

382:. The detection threshold is the concentration of an odor in air when 50% of a population can distinguish between the odorous sample and an odor-free reference sample. The recognition odor threshold is usually a factor of two to five higher than the detection threshold. 1272:

in fighting off pathogens. Experimental research has shown mixed findings for this idea. The "Red Queen" or "rare-allele" hypothesis suggests that diversity in the MHC gene provides a moving target for pathogens, making it more difficult for them to adapt to MHC

1293:

by men, as more pleasant when smelling those of MHC-dissimilar men. It has also been found that women were reminded more of current or prior partners when smelling odors from men whose MHC was dissimilar to their own. A study of married couples found that MHC

328:

habitual odorant is blocked. This depends on the strength of the odorants in the mixture, which can change the perception and processing of an odor. This process helps classify similar odors as well as adjust sensitivity to differences in complex stimuli.

272:

The ability to identify odor varies among people and decreases with age. Studies claim that there are sex differences in odor discrimination, and that women usually outperform men. Conversely, there are some studies claiming a male advantage. A 2019

389:

13725:2003. The method is based on dilution of an odor sample to the odor threshold. The numerical value of the odor concentration is equal to the dilution factor that is necessary to reach the odor threshold. Its unit is the "European Odour Unit",

410:—as a reference are presented from sniffing ports to a group of panelists who are sensitive in odor perception. To collect an odor sample, the samples are collected using specialized sample bags, which are made from an odor free material, e.g., 482:

to dilute the odor sample. Olfactometry is rarely used for immission measurement because of low odor concentrations involved. The same measuring principles are used, but the judgment of the air-assay happens without diluting the samples.

1001:

are unattractive to others. But studies have shown that a person who is exposed to a particular unpleasant odor can be attracted to others who have been exposed to the same unpleasant odor. This includes odors associated with pollution.

2231:

Duan, Xufang; Block, Eric; Li, Zhen; Connelly, Timothy; Zhang, Jian; Huang, Zhimin; Su, Xubo; Pan, Yi; Wu, Lifang; Chi, Qiuyi; Thomas, Siji; Zhang, Shaozhong; Ma, Minghong; Matsunami, Hiroaki; Chen, Guo-Qiang; Zhuang, Hanyi (2012).

1052:

The study of odors is complicated by the complex chemistry taking place at the moment of a smell sensation. For example, iron-containing metallic objects are perceived to have a distinctive odor when touched, although iron's

1020:, animal rendering factories, and industries processing chemicals (such as sulfur) which have odorous characteristics. Sometimes industrial odor sources are the subject of community controversy and scientific analysis. 2091:

Devriese, S; Winters, W; Stegen, K; Diest, I Van; Veulemans, H; Nemery, B; Eelen, P (2000). "Generalization of acquired somatic symptoms in response to odors: a pavlovian perspective on multiple chemical sensitivity".

996:

An odor that is viewed as unpleasant by some people or cultures can be viewed as attractive by others where it is more familiar or has a better reputation. It is commonly thought that those exuding an unpleasant

950:, the area of the brain that governs emotional responses. Some believe that these messages have the power to alter moods, evoke distant memories, raise spirits, and boost self-confidence. This belief has led to " 1320:

If women are taking a contraceptive pill the changes in mate scent preferences over the menstrual cycle are not expressed. If odor plays a role in human mate choice then the contraceptive pill could disrupt

972:

Unpleasant odors play various roles in nature, often to warn of danger, though this may not be known to the subject who smells it. The natural gas industry uses odor to enable consumers to identify leaks.

701:

Many methods are used, but all make use of the same inputs which include surface roughness, upwind and downwind concentrations, stability class (or other similar factor), wind speed, and wind direction.

340:

transmembrane proteins. But there are no known structures for any olfactory receptor. There is a conserved sequence in roughly three quarters of all ORs. This is a tripodal metal-ion binding site, and

965:

Some people are allergic to the fragrances found in perfume, scented shampoo, scented deodorant, or similar products. Reactions, as with other chemical allergies, can range from slight headaches to

3020:

Glindemann, Dietmar; Dietrich, Andrea; Staerk, Hans-Joachim; Kuschk, Peter (2006). "Communication The Two Odors of Iron when Touched or Pickled: (Skin) Carbonyl Compounds and Organophosphines".

939:

Some odors are sought after, such as from perfumes and flowers, some of which command high prices. Whole industries have developed around products that remove or mask unpleasant odors, such as

566:

of an odor may change from pleasant to unpleasant with increasing concentration, intensity, time, frequency, or previous experience with a specific odor—all factors in determining a response.

1012:

Unpleasant odors can arise from specific industrial processes, adversely affecting workers and even residents downwind of the source. The most common sources of industrial odor arise from

2555: 1077:

ions that are formed in the sweat-mediated corrosion of iron. The same chemicals are also associated with the smell of blood, as ferrous iron in blood on skin produces the same reaction.

4585:

Gangestad, S. W.; Simpson, J. A.; Cousins, A. J.; Garver- Apgar, C. E.; Christensen, P. N. (2004). "Women's preferences for male behavioural displays change across the menstrual cycle".

418:

continues until the panelists respond with certainty and correctly twice in a row. These responses are used to calculate the concentration of the odor in terms of European odor units (OU

4438:

Thornhill, R.; Chapman, J. F.; Gangestad, S. W. (2013). "Women's preferences for men's scents associated with testosterone and cortisol levels: Pattens across the ovulatory cycle".

3793: 1157:

Studies have suggested that people might be using odor cues associated with the immune system to select mates. Using a brain-imaging technique, Swedish researchers have shown that

2359: 4394:

Thorne, Frances, Fink, Bernhard (2002). "Effects of putative male pheromones on female ratings of male attractiveness: influence of oral contraceptives and the menstrual cycle".

1039:

can detect many thousands of scents based on only minute airborne concentrations of a chemical. The sense of smell of many animals is even better. Some fragrant flowers give off

1150:. Fragrances are commonly used to raise sexual attractiveness and induce sexual arousal. Researchers found that people choose perfume that interacts well with their body odor. 1100:. Worker bees can release such smells to call other bees into an appropriate cavity when a swarm moves into new quarters, or to "sound" an alarm when the hive is threatened. 503:

Odor intensity is the perceived strength of odor sensation. This intensity property is used to locate the source of odors and perhaps most directly related to odor nuisance.

3600:

Herz, Rachel S.; Inzlicht, Michael (2002). "Sex differences in response to physical and social factors involved in human mate selection: The importance of smell for women".

4160:

Singh, P. B.; Herbert, J.; Roser, B.; Arnott, L.; Tucker, D. K.; Brown, R. E. (1990). "Rearing rats in a germ-free environment eliminates their odors of individuality".

506:

The perceived strength of the odor sensation is measured in conjunction with odor concentration. This can be modeled by the Weber-Fechner law: I = a × log(c) + b, where

1402:

de march, Claire A.; Ryu, sangEun; Sicard, Gilles; Moon, Cheil; Golebiowski, Jérôme (September 2015). "Structure–odour relationships reviewed in the postgenomic era".

1209:

to members of the opposite, or same, sex. When people find that a particular perfume or aftershave is perceived positively, they may be hard-pressed to change it.

109: 1218: 2751: 2611: 1489:

Doty, Richard L.; Applebaum, Steven; Zusho, Hiroyuki; Settle, R.Gregg (1985). "Sex differences in odor identification ability: A cross-cultural analysis".

525:

Odor intensity can be expressed using an odor intensity scale, which is a verbal description of an odor sensation to which a numerical value is assigned.

672:

Direct refers to the placement of an enclosure on or over an emitting surface from which samples are collected, and an odor emission rate is determined.

582:

which can then be compared to other odors. It is common for olfactometry laboratories to report character as an additional factor post sample-analysis.

1657:

Sorokowski, Piotr; Karwowski, Maciej; Misiak, Michał; Marczak, Michalina Konstancja; Dziekan, Martyna; Hummel, Thomas; Sorokowska, Agnieszka (2019).

4421: 205:

bind to receptor proteins extending from cilia and act as a chemical stimulus, initiating electric signals that travel along the olfactory nerve's

406:

To establish odor concentration, an olfactometer is used which employs a group of human panelists. A diluted odorous mixture and an odor-free gas—

4465:

Glidersleeve, K.; Haselton, M. G.; Fales, M. R. (2014). "Do women's mate preferences change across the ovulatory cycle? A meta-analytic review".

3543:"Psychology of Fragrance Use: Perception of Individual Odor and Perfume Blends Reveals a Mechanism for Idiosyncratic Effects on Fragrance Choice" 4638:

Garver- Aprgar, C. E.; Gangestad, S. W.; Thornhill, R. (2008). "Hormonal correlates of women's mid-cycle preference for the scent of symmetry".

2586: 1260:, a preference for mates with a dissimilar MHC composition has been argued to act as a mechanism to avoid infectious diseases. According to the 683:(UNSW). There are many other available techniques, and consideration should be given to a number of factors before selecting a suitable method. 3117:

Zarra, T.; Naddeo, V.; Belgiorno, V.; Higuchi, T.; Dutta, N.; Bhuyan, M. (2012), "Instruments and Methods for Odour Sampling and Measurement",

1284:

Body odor can provide MHC information. Although less is known about how odor is influenced by MHC genes, possible explanations have been that

297:

of an odor. Their smell perception primarily offers information that elicits an emotional response. Experienced individuals, however, such as

244:, are also odorants. The perception of an odor effect is a two-step process. First, there is the physiological part. This is the detection of 3930:

Jacob, Suma; McClintock, Martha K. (February 1, 2000). "Psychological State and Mood Effects of Steroidal Chemosignals in Women and Men".

3427: 2356: 574:

The overall set of qualities are sometimes identified as the "FIDOL (Frequency, Intensity, Duration, Offensiveness, Location) factors".

698:

Indirect sampling is often referred to as back calculation. It involves the use of a mathematical formula to predict an emission rate.

3404: 336:

The primary gene sequences for thousands of olfactory receptors are known for the genomes of more than a dozen organisms. They are

248:

by receptors in the nose. The stimuli are recognized by the region of the human brain which handles olfaction. Because of this, an

2879: 3541:

Lenochová, Pavlína; Vohnoutová, Pavla; Roberts, S. Craig; Oberzaucher, Elisabeth; Grammer, Karl; Havlíček, Jan (March 28, 2012).

3022: 2778: 2064:

Salthammer, Tunga; Bahadir, Müfit (2009). "Occurrence, Dynamics and Reactions of Organic Pollutants in the Indoor Environment".

2987: 386: 105: 4123:"The role of infectious disease, inbreeding and mating preferences in maintaining MHC genetic diversity: an experimental test" 3766: 2970: 1816:"The olfactory receptor gene repertoire in primates and mouse: Evidence for reduction of the functional fraction in primates" 1009:

is often viewed as having an unpleasant odor, but it is odorless. It is bacteria in the perspiration that causes the odor.

3391:

Epple, Gisela; Herz, Rachel S. (1999). "Ambient odors associated to failure influence cognitive performance in children".

590:

Different categorizations of primary odors have been proposed, including the following, which identifies 7 primary odors:

344:

has proposed that the ORs are in fact metalloproteins (most likely with zinc, copper, and manganese ions) that serve as a

4288: 280:

Pregnant women have increased smell sensitivity, sometimes resulting in abnormal taste and smell perceptions, leading to

224:

Odor sensation usually depends on the concentration (number of molecules) available to the olfactory receptors. A single

3101: 2997: 1264:-advantage hypothesis, diversity within the MHC genotype is beneficial for the immune system due to a greater range of 1214:

hypotheses concerning why humans wear perfume or aftershave, and whether it amplifies or reduces their natural scents.

144:

are usually reserved for pleasant-smelling odors and are frequently used in the food and cosmetic industry to describe

3877:

Foster, Joshua (2008). "Beauty Is Mostly in the Eye of the Beholder: Olfactory Versus Visual Cues of Attractiveness".

1886: 212:

When an electrical signal reaches a threshold, the neuron fires, which sends a signal traveling along the axon to the

4271: 3134: 926: 799: 4035:

Penn, D. J.; Potts, W. K. (1999). "The evolution of mating preferences and major histocompatibility complex genes".

455:

Issues such as temperature and humidity are best overcome using either pre-dilution or dynamic dilution techniques.

1233: 1147: 907: 780: 4931:"Attractiveness of women's body odours over the menstrual cycle: the role of oral contraceptives and receiver sex" 554:

Odor intensity is determined in a laboratory by specialists who have been trained to accurately define intensity.

2755: 879: 752: 2645:"Measurement of Odour Concentration of Immissions using a New Field Olfactometer and Markers' Chemical Analysis" 2618: 1985: 2854: 2460:

Cain, W. S.; Gent, J. F. (1991). "Olfactory sensitivity: Reliability, generality, and association with aging".

1041: 864: 737: 4665:

Thornhill, R.; Gangestad, S. W. (1999). "The scent of symmetry: A human sex pheromone that signals fitness?".

4345:

Ober, Carole; Weitkamp, Lowell R.; Cox, Nancy; Dytch, Harvey; Kostyu, Donna; Elias, Sherman (September 1997).

2378:"A review of 20 years of standardization of odor concentration measurement by dynamic olfactometry in Europe" 1244:, females opt for mates with an MHC which differs from their own, optimising genes for their offspring. The " 680: 385:

The measurement of odor concentration is the most widespread method to quantify odors. It is standardized in

886: 759: 578:

sewage or apple which can then be followed by a reference to a specific chemical such as acids or gasoline.

285:

decade of life, and then deteriorating appreciably as age increases, especially once over 70 years of age.

221:

the central nervous system (CNS), which controls emotions and behavior as well as basic thought processes.

277:

claimed that the differences in olfaction are extremely small, but confirmed a small advantage for women.

3352:"A Naturalistic Analysis of Autobiographical Memories Triggered by Olfactory Visual and Auditory Stimuli" 2556:"Difference in the odor concentrations measured by the triangle odor bag method and dynamic olfactometry" 1875:"Loss of olfactory receptor genes coincides with the acquisition of full trichromatic vision in primates" 1268:

available to the host. Therefore, the hypothesis proposes that MHC heterozygotes will be superior to MHC

378:

Odor concentration refers to an odor's pervasiveness. To measure odor sensation, an odor is diluted to a

1277:

in the host. Another hypothesis suggests that preferences for MHC-dissimilar mates could serve to avoid

293:

For most untrained individuals, the act of smelling acquires little information concerning the specific

4967: 3311:"Odor and Affect: Individual Differences in the Impact of Odor on Liking for Places, Things and People" 3249:"Emotion, olfaction, and the human amygdala: Amygdala activation during aversive olfactory stimulation" 822: 4000:

Grammer, Karl; Fink, Bernhard; Neave, Nick (February 2005). "Human pheromones and sexual attraction".

893: 766: 3492: 194: 4599: 3891: 3727: 4929:

Kuukasjarvi, S.; Eriksson, P. C. J.; Koskela, E.; Mappes, T.; Nissinen, K.; Rantala, M. J. (2004).

2106: 1005:

What causes a substance to smell unpleasant may be different from what one perceives. For example,

434:

developed the ability to detect it after repeated exposure. People who cannot smell are said to be

4551:"Major histocompatibility complex genes, symmetry, and body scent attractiveness in men and women" 1252:" explanations for these findings fall under the "pathogen hypothesis". Due to differences in MHC 1088:

are odors that are used for communication, and are sometimes called "airborne hormones". A female

4549:

Thornhill, R.; Gangastad, S. W.; Miller, R.; Scheyd, G.; McCollongh, J. K.; Franklin, M. (2003).

1183: 875: 853: 748: 726: 1174:

back in time, and have been thought of less often as compared to memories evoked by other cues.

4594: 3886: 3722: 3057: 2101: 1245: 1210: 165: 82: 45: 4743:"Women's preference for dominant male odour: effects of mistral cycle and relationship status" 4502:"Women's preference for dominant male odour: effects of mistral cycle and relationship status" 3686: 656:

of how many hours per year the concentration C may be exceeded based on the averaging period.

4415: 3466: 2357:

CEN EN 13725:2003, Air quality – Determination of odour concentration by dynamic olfactometry

1192:

If ingredients are listed on a product, the term "fragrance" can be used in a general sense.

860: 733: 345: 249: 245: 73: 37: 17: 1759:"Perspectives on population-based epidemiological studies of olfactory and taste impairment" 1261: 1236:(MHC) is a genotype found in vertebrates, including humans. MHC is thought to contribute to 4303: 4216: 3834:

Weeden, Jason (2005). "Physical Attractiveness and Health in Western Societies: A Review".

3714: 3640: 3554: 3260: 2508: 2426: 2245: 2158: 1940: 1827: 1770: 1438: 1249: 664:

There are two main odor sampling techniques: direct and indirect odor sampling techniques.

253: 186: 160: 2808: 124:

generally found in low concentrations that humans and many animals can perceive via their

8: 2015:

Chaudhury, D; Manella, L; Arellanos, A; Escanilla, O; Cleland, T. A.; Linster, C (2010).

1298: 1092:

may release a pheromone that can entice a male moth that is several kilometers downwind.

990: 625: 4608: 4307: 4220: 3718: 3644: 3558: 3264: 2855:"Flux Chamber Measurements: Defensible Analytical Data for Evaluating Human Health Risk" 2512: 2430: 2249: 2162: 1944: 1831: 1774: 1619: 1580: 1442: 1269: 5002: 4972: 4906: 4881: 4857: 4832: 4767: 4742: 4718: 4693: 4651: 4620: 4526: 4501: 4451: 4371: 4346: 4327: 4185: 4068: 4052: 3955: 3912: 3859: 3748: 3663: 3628: 3577: 3542: 3523: 3458: 3224: 3199: 3175: 3150: 2936: 2836: 2268: 2233: 2127: 2041: 2016: 1961: 1928: 1791: 1758: 1718:"A Longitudinal Descriptive Study of Self-reported Abnormal Smell and Taste Perception" 1693: 1658: 1635: 1596: 1561: 1514: 1450: 1322: 1167: 1126: 966: 955: 464: 361: 349: 341: 305:, can identify discrete chemicals in complex mixtures using only their sense of smell. 4678: 3613: 3200:"A Simple and Highly Sensitive Colorimetric Detection Method for Gaseous Formaldehyde" 2782: 2531: 2496: 2319: 2292: 2181: 2146: 1904: 1874: 4911: 4862: 4813: 4772: 4723: 4612: 4531: 4482: 4403: 4376: 4319: 4267: 4244: 4239: 4204: 4177: 4142: 4103: 4060: 4017: 3982: 3973:

Kohl, James (2001). "Human Pheromones: Integrating Neuroendocrinology and Ethology".

3947: 3904: 3851: 3816: 3740: 3736: 3668: 3582: 3515: 3450: 3408: 3373: 3332: 3288: 3283: 3248: 3229: 3180: 3130: 3097: 3039: 2993: 2966: 2928: 2840: 2828: 2697: 2578: 2536: 2477: 2442: 2399: 2324: 2273: 2217: 2186: 2119: 2115: 2046: 1966: 1909: 1855: 1850: 1815: 1796: 1782: 1739: 1698: 1680: 1639: 1600: 1553: 1506: 1502: 1454: 1366: 1351: 1206: 814: 441:

There are a number of issues which have to be overcome with sampling, these include:

121: 4331: 4189: 4122: 3916: 3863: 3752: 3527: 2824: 2131: 1518: 1035:

The study of odors is a growing field but is a complex and difficult one. The human

974: 528:

Odor intensity can be divided into the following categories according to intensity:

510:

is the perceived psychological intensity at the dilution step on the butanol scale,

4942: 4901: 4893: 4882:"Menstrual cycle variation in women's preferences for the scent of symmetrical men" 4852: 4844: 4803: 4762: 4754: 4713: 4705: 4674: 4647: 4624: 4604: 4562: 4521: 4513: 4474: 4447: 4366: 4358: 4311: 4234: 4224: 4169: 4134: 4095: 4072: 4044: 4009: 3959: 3939: 3896: 3843: 3808: 3732: 3658: 3648: 3609: 3572: 3562: 3507: 3462: 3442: 3400: 3363: 3322: 3306: 3278: 3268: 3219: 3211: 3170: 3162: 3122: 3089: 3031: 2940: 2920: 2820: 2692: 2687: 2675: 2570: 2526: 2516: 2469: 2434: 2394: 2389: 2377: 2314: 2304: 2263: 2253: 2213: 2176: 2166: 2111: 2073: 2036: 2028: 1956: 1948: 1899: 1889: 1845: 1835: 1786: 1778: 1729: 1688: 1670: 1631: 1592: 1545: 1498: 1446: 1411: 1241: 1228: 1113: 1036: 1013: 237: 233: 125: 97: 3770: 3151:"Discrimination of Complex Mixtures by a Colorimetric Sensor Array: Coffee Aromas" 2642: 900: 773: 4013: 3812: 3567: 2617:. Ministry of Environment & Forests, Govt. of India. May 2008. Archived from 2363: 2309: 1894: 1310: 1162: 1109: 986: 178: 86: 4127:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B: Biological Sciences

4086:

Wedekind, C.; Penn, D. (2000). "MHC genes, body odours, and odour preferences".

3847: 4833:"MHC-correlated odour preferences in humans and the use of oral contraceptives" 4808: 4791: 3900: 2497:"Ability to perceive androstenone can be acquired by ostensibly anosmic people" 2473: 1716:

Nordin, Steven; Broman, Daniel A.; Olofsson, Jonas K.; Wulff, Marianne (2004).

1346: 1336: 1289: 1054: 379: 225: 213: 202: 33: 4205:"Volatile signals of the major histocompatibility complex in male mouse urine" 4056: 3511: 3446: 3327: 3310: 3126: 2924: 686:

A source which has implications for this method are sources, such as bark bed

475: 4997: 4991: 2417:

Cain, WS. (1977). "Differential sensitivity for smell: "noise" at the nose".

1684: 1675: 1643: 1604: 1557: 1381: 1341: 1158: 1070: 947: 621: 612: 337: 274: 217: 4947: 4930: 4567: 4550: 4099: 3653: 3368: 3351: 2521: 2258: 1952: 1927:

Bushdid, C.; Magnasco, M. O.; Vosshall, L. B.; Keller, A. (March 21, 2014).

1734: 1717: 1129:, which visualizes odor through color change and creates a "picture" of it. 471: 4897: 4866: 4848: 4817: 4776: 4758: 4727: 4709: 4616: 4535: 4517: 4486: 4407: 4315: 4229: 4181: 4138: 4107: 4064: 4021: 3986: 3951: 3943: 3908: 3855: 3820: 3744: 3672: 3586: 3519: 3454: 3412: 3377: 3336: 3273: 3233: 3184: 3043: 3035: 2932: 2832: 2727: 2701: 2582: 2438: 2403: 2328: 2277: 2190: 2171: 2123: 2077: 2050: 1970: 1913: 1885:(1). Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology, Leipzig, Germany. 1859: 1840: 1800: 1743: 1702: 1361: 1006: 977:

in its native state is colorless and almost odorless. To help users detect

951: 634: 491: 479: 431: 281: 190: 145: 4915: 4380: 4323: 4248: 4146: 3493:"Family Scents: Developmental Changes in the Perception of Kin Body Odor?" 3292: 3093: 2540: 2481: 2375: 1581:"Sensory Analysis of Odor Qualities in Terms of the Stereochemical Theory" 1510: 1458: 260:, individual reactions are usually related. They relate to things such as 2574: 2446: 1237: 1118: 676: 478:

measurements. Emission measurement can be taken by olfactometry using an

257: 59: 4002:

European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

3405:

10.1002/(sici)1098-2302(199909)35:2<103::aid-dev3>3.0.co;2-4

2858: 2644: 168:: Under these covers, grit and gravel are settled out of the wastewater. 4287:

Wedekind, C.; Seebeck, T.; Bettens, F.; Paepke, A. J. (June 22, 1995).

4173: 1565: 1376: 1294: 1285: 1278: 1096:

queens constantly release pheromones that regulate the activity of the

867: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 740: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 640: 294: 3801:

European Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Reproductive Biology

3215: 3166: 2676:"Improvement of odor intensity measurement using dynamic olfactometry" 2204:

Crabtree, R.H. (1978). "Copper(I) – Possible Olfactory Binding-Site".

1057:

is negligible. According to a 2006 study, this smell is the result of

4478: 3540: 2032: 1533: 1415: 1356: 1274: 1257: 1142: 1085: 1023: 998: 940: 687: 407: 321: 298: 52: 4584: 4121:

Potts, W. K; Manning, C. J.; Wakeland, E. K.; Hughes, A. L. (1994).

3084:

Belgiorno, Vincenzo; Naddeo, Vincenzo; Zarra, Tiziano, eds. (2012).

2911:

Dalton, P (2002). "Odor, irritation and perception of health risk".

2462:

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance

2234:"Crucial role of copper in detection of metal-coordinating odorants" 1549: 1538:

Transactions of the Annual Meetings of the Kansas Academy of Science

1534:"Some Special Tests in Regard to the Delicacy of the Sense of Smell" 1304: 842: 715: 4362: 4048: 3705:

Larsson, M.; Willander, J. (2009). "Autobiographical odor memory".

1265: 1122: 1112:

instruments work by combining output from an array of non-specific

1093: 1058: 1017: 982: 675:

The most commonly used direct methods include the flux chamber and

616: 302: 2014: 1371: 1301:

has been found to reverse the MHC-dissimilarity odor preference.

1253: 1097: 1074: 1062: 959: 647:

Though the concept of primary odors is not universally accepted.

606: 562: 435: 394:. Therefore, the odor concentration at the odor threshold is 1 OU 241: 149: 4928: 4637: 1929:"Humans Can Discriminate More than 1 Trillion Olfactory Stimuli" 1656: 1297:

differed between spouses more than chance would dictate. Taking

1229:

Major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and body odor preferences

463:

Other analytic methods can be subdivided into the physical, the

256:

measure of odor is impossible. While odor feelings are personal

236:, although some simple compounds not containing carbon, such as 4831:

Roberts, C. S.; Gosling, L. M.; Carter, V.; Petrie, M. (2008).

2913:

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health

2643:

Benzo, Maurizio; Mantovani, Alice; Pittarello, Alberto (2012).

1066: 630: 600: 411: 261: 182: 177:

The perception of odors, or sense of smell, is mediated by the

4548: 3491:

Ferdenzi, Camille; Schaal, Benoist; Roberts, S. Craig (2010).

3019: 1926: 1200: 989:(t-butyl mercaptan), is added. Sometimes a related compound, 309: 198: 66: 4286: 4266:(1 ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 317. 2680:

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)

3116: 2776: 1089: 978: 594: 206: 27:

Volatile chemical compounds perceived by the sense of smell

4968:"What Can Covid-19 Teach Us About the Mysteries of Smell?" 4830: 4792:"Does the contraceptive pill alter mate choice in humans?" 4120: 2144: 2090: 430:

a study that humans who were unable to detect the odor of

4464: 4437: 3687:"Gay Men are found to have Different Scent of Attraction" 3305: 1715: 1620:"Olfactory Threshold, in Relation to Age, Sex or Smoking" 1046: 348:

site for the binding of many odorant molecules. In 1978,

288: 3629:"Brain response to putative pheromones in lesbian women" 2553: 2293:"The Human Sense of Smell: Are We Better Than We Think?" 1756: 1488: 4296:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

4202: 4159: 2986:

Madaras, Lynda; Madaras, Area; Sullivan, Simon (2007).

2494: 2376:

Van Harreveld, A. P.; Heeres, P.; Harssema, H. (1999).

4203:

Singer, A. G.; Beauchamp, G. K.; Yamazaki, K. (1997).

3626: 3065:(Web). Universitat Rovira i Virgili. November 21, 2016 2985: 2809:"Understanding smell – the olfactory stimulus problem" 2495:

Wysocki, C.J.; Dorries, K.M.; Beauchamp, G.K. (1989).

2145:

Wang, J.; Luthey-Schulten, Z.; Suslick, K. S. (2003).

1813: 1757:

Hoffman, H. J.; Cruickshanks, K. J.; Davis, B (2009).

1429:

Axel, Richard (1995). "The molecular logic of smell".

229:

concentration or intensity of any single constituent.

189:, which is a small patch of tissue at the back of the 132:

can refer to pleasant and unpleasant odors, the terms

4433: 4431: 4262:

Dunbar, Robin Ian MacDonald; Barrett, Louise (2007).

3490: 3059:

Science in 1 minute: How does an electronic nose work

2891: 2382:

Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association

1872: 1659:"Sex Differences in Human Olfaction: A Meta-Analysis" 1401: 197:

that act as sensory signaling cells. Each neuron has

4740: 4499: 4344: 3083: 1309:

Women's preferences for body odor change with their

2554:Ueno, H; Amano, S; Merecka, B; Kośmider, J (2009). 2230: 650: 470:When measuring odor, there is a difference between 4879: 4664: 4428: 3425: 3148: 1579:AMOORE, JOHN E.; VENSTROM, DELPHA (January 1966). 320:Odors that a person is used to, such as their own 3149:Suslick, B. A.; Feng, L.; Suslick, K. S. (2010). 3086:Odour Impact Assessment Handbook: Belgiorno/Odour 2673: 2669: 2667: 2665: 2612:"Guidelines on Odour Pollution & Its Control" 2063: 1305:Women's scent preferences and the menstrual cycle 4989: 3999: 3704: 3197: 2802: 2800: 962:studies to substantiate its claims are lacking. 65:"Odour" redirects here. Not to be confused with 4741:Havlicek, J.; Roberts, C. S; Flegr, J. (2005). 4694:"Human body odour, symmetry and attractiveness" 4500:Havlicek, J.; Roberts, C. S; Flegr, J. (2005). 4393: 4209:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3929: 3633:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3627:Berglund, H.; Lindstrom, P.; Savic, I. (2006). 2777:Oracle Education Foundation (August 25, 2010). 1820:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 1125:. An example of this type of technology is the 1073:) released from the human skin on contact with 522:is the intercept constant (0.5 by definition). 4789: 3700: 3698: 3198:Feng, L.; Musto, C.J.; Suslick, K. S. (2010). 3121:, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, pp. 31–83, 2892:Young, Christopher A. (2010). "What Smells?". 2662: 1618:VENSTROM, DELPHA; AMOORE, JOHN E. (May 1968). 1617: 1578: 1205:Both men and women use perfume to boost their 267: 264:, age, state of health, and personal history. 4580: 4578: 4261: 2797: 2147:"Is the Olfactory Receptor A Metalloprotein?" 1977: 659: 4698:Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 4420:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 4085: 3599: 2806: 2369: 2017:"Olfactory bulb habituation to odor stimuli" 1814:Rouquier, S; Blancher, A; Giorgi, D (2000). 1531: 315: 44:"Aroma" redirects here. For other uses, see 3695: 3088:. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 1873:Gilad, Y; Przeworski, M; Lancet, D (2004). 458: 4575: 4289:"MHC-Dependent Mate Preferences in Humans" 4264:Oxford handbook of evolutionary psychology 3428:"Human olfactory communication of emotion" 2989:What's Happening to My Body? Book for Boys 1763:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1201:Effect of perfume on sexual attractiveness 557: 308:Odor perception is a primary evolutionary 58:"Stench" redirects here. For the gas, see 51:"Scent" redirects here. For the film, see 4946: 4905: 4856: 4807: 4766: 4717: 4598: 4566: 4525: 4370: 4238: 4228: 4034: 3890: 3726: 3662: 3652: 3576: 3566: 3390: 3367: 3326: 3282: 3272: 3246: 3223: 3174: 2691: 2530: 2520: 2393: 2318: 2308: 2267: 2257: 2180: 2170: 2105: 2040: 1960: 1903: 1893: 1849: 1839: 1790: 1733: 1692: 1674: 1045:that move downwind and are detectable by 927:Learn how and when to remove this message 800:Learn how and when to remove this message 4880:Gangestad, S. W.; Thornhill, R. (1998). 4691: 3794:"Human pheromones and sexual attraction" 2956: 2954: 2952: 2950: 2813:Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews 2459: 2340: 2338: 2290: 2203: 1532:Bailey, E. H. S.; Powell, L. M. (1883). 946:Odor molecules transmit messages to the 181:. The olfactory receptor (OR) cells are 159: 72: 3791: 3309:; McCauley, Clark; Rozin, Paul (1999). 3023:Angewandte Chemie International Edition 2674:Jiang, J; Coffey, P; Toohey, B (2006). 1472: 1470: 1468: 368: 14: 4990: 4965: 4351:The American Journal of Human Genetics 3876: 3833: 2910: 1219:major histocompatibility complex (MHC) 1103: 448:if the source is at a high temperature 356: 289:Smell acuity compared to other animals 3247:Zald, David H.; Pardo, J. V. (1997). 2960: 2947: 2335: 3972: 3426:Chen, D; Haviland-Jones, J. (2000). 3349: 2781:. ThinkQuest Library. Archived from 2416: 1983: 1920: 1465: 1428: 1195: 865:adding citations to reliable sources 836: 738:adding citations to reliable sources 709: 693: 518:is the chemical concentrations, and 331: 4966:Jarvis, Brooke (January 28, 2021). 4609:10.1111/j.0956-7976.2004.01503010.x 4088:Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation 3769:. Tabithamiller.com. Archived from 2992:(Revised ed.). HarperCollins. 24: 4959: 4652:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2007.12.007 4452:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2013.01.003 2779:"Your Sense of Smell – The Senses" 1636:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1968.tb01364.x 1597:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1966.tb15424.x 1451:10.1038/scientificamerican1095-154 1132: 667: 514:is the Weber-Fechner coefficient, 380:detection or recognition threshold 155: 120:caused by one or more volatilized 25: 5014: 4790:Alvergne, A.; Lummaa, V. (2010). 2652:Chemical Engineering Transactions 1184:Visual merchandising § Scent 585: 172: 3879:The Journal of Social Psychology 3737:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.03934.x 3119:Odour Impact Assessment Handbook 2116:10.1097/00006842-200011000-00003 1783:10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04597.x 1234:Major histocompatibility complex 1217:In 2001, a study found that the 1177: 841: 714: 651:Interpretive dispersion modeling 569: 490:Field measurement with portable 373: 201:in direct contact with the air. 4922: 4873: 4824: 4796:Trends in Ecology and Evolution 4783: 4734: 4685: 4658: 4631: 4542: 4493: 4458: 4387: 4347:"HLA and Mate Choice in Humans" 4338: 4280: 4255: 4196: 4153: 4114: 4079: 4028: 3993: 3966: 3923: 3870: 3827: 3785: 3759: 3679: 3620: 3593: 3534: 3484: 3419: 3384: 3343: 3299: 3240: 3191: 3142: 3110: 3077: 3050: 3013: 2979: 2904: 2885: 2873: 2857:. Ceschmidt.com. Archived from 2847: 2825:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.06.009 2770: 2744: 2720: 2708: 2636: 2604: 2547: 2488: 2453: 2410: 2350: 2284: 2224: 2197: 2138: 2084: 2057: 2008: 1866: 1807: 1750: 985:with the scent of rotten eggs, 852:needs additional citations for 725:needs additional citations for 705: 467:, and the chemosensory method. 451:If the source has high humidity 401: 2693:10.1080/10473289.2006.10464474 2563:Water Science & Technology 2395:10.1080/10473289.1999.11499900 1709: 1650: 1611: 1572: 1525: 1482: 1422: 1395: 993:, may be used in the mixture. 535:1 – very weak (odor threshold) 13: 1: 4692:Rikowski, K. Grammer (1999). 4679:10.1016/s1090-5138(99)00005-7 3685:Wade, Nicholas (May 9, 2005) 3614:10.1016/s1090-5138(02)00095-8 2754:. MFE.govt.nz. Archived from 2714: 2344: 1476: 1404:Flavour and Fragrance Journal 1388: 1080: 969:, which can result in death. 681:University of New South Wales 445:If the source is under vacuum 4667:Evolution and Human Behavior 4640:Evolution and Human Behavior 4440:Evolution and Human Behavior 4014:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010 3813:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2004.08.010 3767:"Miller, Tabitha M.A. Smell" 3602:Evolution and Human Behavior 3568:10.1371/journal.pone.0033810 2310:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020146 2291:Shepherd, Gordon M. (2004). 2238:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 2218:10.1016/0022-1902(78)80071-2 2151:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A 1895:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020005 1503:10.1016/0028-3932(85)90067-3 1049:more than a kilometer away. 498: 7: 4162:Journal of Chemical Ecology 3848:10.1037/0033-2909.131.5.635 3500:Journal of Chemical Ecology 3435:Perceptual and Motor Skills 3393:Developmental Psychobiology 2880:UNSW wind tunnel dimensions 1722:Pregnant Women Chem. Senses 1329: 1148:can also affect mate choice 268:Smell acuity by age and sex 10: 5019: 4809:10.1016/j.tree.2009.08.003 4396:Neuroendocrinology Letters 3975:Neuroendocrinology Letters 3901:10.3200/socp.148.6.765-774 3009:– via Google Boeken. 2501:Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 2474:10.1037/0096-1523.17.2.382 1240:in animals and humans. In 1181: 823:Volatile organic compounds 660:Sampling from area sources 195:olfactory receptor neurons 42: 31: 3512:10.1007/s10886-010-9827-x 3447:10.2466/pms.2000.91.3.771 3127:10.1002/9781118481264.ch3 2963:Odor sensation and memory 2925:10.1007/s00420-002-0312-x 1986:"The Scent of a Molecule" 1127:colorimetric sensor array 316:Habituation or adaptation 164:Odor control covers at a 3350:Herz, Rachel S. (2004). 2066:CLEAN – Soil, Air, Water 1676:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00242 1030: 832: 459:Other analytical methods 426:/m≡40 ppb/v n-butanol). 193:. There are millions of 110:see spelling differences 4037:The American Naturalist 3654:10.1073/pnas.0600331103 3328:10.1093/chemse/24.6.713 2522:10.1073/pnas.86.20.7976 2259:10.1073/pnas.1111297109 2021:Behavioral Neuroscience 1953:10.1126/science.1249168 1663:Frontiers in Psychology 1624:Journal of Food Science 1585:Journal of Food Science 1211:Olfactory communication 679:such as the one at the 558:Hedonic tone assessment 4898:10.1098/rspb.1998.0380 4849:10.1098/rspb.2008.0825 4759:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0332 4710:10.1098/rspb.1999.0717 4518:10.1098/rsbl.2005.0332 4467:Psychological Bulletin 4316:10.1098/rspb.1995.0087 4230:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2210 4139:10.1098/rstb.1994.0154 3944:10.1006/hbeh.1999.1559 3836:Psychological Bulletin 3792:Grammer, Karl (2005). 3274:10.1073/pnas.94.8.4119 3036:10.1002/anie.200602100 2439:10.1126/science.836592 2172:10.1073/pnas.262792899 2078:10.1002/clen.200900015 1841:10.1073/pnas.040580197 1826:(6). PNAS: 2870–2874. 1246:heterozygote advantage 232:Most odors consist of 169: 166:sewage treatment plant 89: 83:Jan Brueghel the Elder 79:Allegory of the Senses 46:Aroma (disambiguation) 4948:10.1093/beheco/arh050 4587:Psychological Science 4568:10.1093/beheco/arg043 4100:10.1093/ndt/15.9.1269 3932:Hormones and Behavior 3369:10.1093/chemse/bjh025 3094:10.1002/9781118481264 2965:. New York: Praeger. 2961:Engen, Trygg (1991). 2894:Pollution Engineering 2807:Auffarth, B. (2013). 1735:10.1093/chemse/bjh040 1207:sexual attractiveness 1182:Further information: 465:gas chromatographical 163: 76: 38:Odor (disambiguation) 3773:on December 31, 2012 2758:on November 22, 2012 2575:10.2166/wst.2009.112 2206:J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem 861:improve this article 734:improve this article 369:Measuring techniques 187:olfactory epithelium 106:Commonwealth English 32:For other uses, see 4886:Biological Sciences 4837:Biological Sciences 4308:1995RSPSB.260..245W 4221:1997PNAS...94.2210S 3719:2009NYASA1170..318L 3707:Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci 3645:2006PNAS..103.8269B 3559:2012PLoSO...733810L 3265:1997PNAS...94.4119Z 2882:. Odour.unsw.edu.au 2861:on February 8, 2013 2592:on November 5, 2016 2513:1989PNAS...86.7976W 2431:1977Sci...195..796C 2250:2012PNAS..109.3492D 2163:2003PNAS..100.3035W 1945:2014Sci...343.1370B 1832:2000PNAS...97.2870R 1775:2009NYASA1170..514H 1443:1995SciAm.273d.154A 1431:Scientific American 1323:disassortative mate 1299:oral contraceptives 1108:Most artificial or 1104:Advanced technology 492:field olfactometers 357:Evolutionary impact 4973:The New York Times 4935:Behavioral Ecology 4555:Behavioral Ecology 4174:10.1007/bf01014099 3441:(3 Pt 1): 771–81. 2752:"Odour Assessment" 2362:2015-05-05 at the 1984:Kean, Sam (2017). 1168:sexual orientation 967:anaphylactic shock 633:– roses (see also 626:dry cleaning fluid 170: 122:chemical compounds 90: 4843:(1652): 2715–22. 3307:Wrzesniewski, Amy 3216:10.1021/ja910366p 3167:10.1021/ac902823w 2972:978-0-275-94111-6 2785:on August 8, 2011 1939:(6177): 1370–72. 1367:Olfactory fatigue 1352:Machine olfaction 1196:Scent preferences 937: 936: 929: 911: 815:throat irritation 810: 809: 802: 784: 694:Indirect sampling 332:Genetic component 234:organic compounds 203:Odorous molecules 16:(Redirected from 5010: 4984: 4982: 4980: 4953: 4952: 4950: 4926: 4920: 4919: 4909: 4892:(1399): 927–33. 4877: 4871: 4870: 4860: 4828: 4822: 4821: 4811: 4787: 4781: 4780: 4770: 4738: 4732: 4731: 4721: 4704:(1422): 869–74. 4689: 4683: 4682: 4662: 4656: 4655: 4635: 4629: 4628: 4602: 4582: 4573: 4572: 4570: 4546: 4540: 4539: 4529: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4479:10.1037/a0035438 4462: 4456: 4455: 4435: 4426: 4425: 4419: 4411: 4391: 4385: 4384: 4374: 4342: 4336: 4335: 4302:(1359): 245–49. 4293: 4284: 4278: 4277: 4259: 4253: 4252: 4242: 4232: 4200: 4194: 4193: 4157: 4151: 4150: 4133:(1317): 369–78. 4118: 4112: 4111: 4083: 4077: 4076: 4032: 4026: 4025: 3997: 3991: 3990: 3970: 3964: 3963: 3927: 3921: 3920: 3894: 3874: 3868: 3867: 3831: 3825: 3824: 3798: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3730: 3702: 3693: 3683: 3677: 3676: 3666: 3656: 3624: 3618: 3617: 3597: 3591: 3590: 3580: 3570: 3538: 3532: 3531: 3497: 3488: 3482: 3481: 3479: 3477: 3472:on March 4, 2016 3471: 3465:. Archived from 3432: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3388: 3382: 3381: 3371: 3347: 3341: 3340: 3330: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3286: 3276: 3244: 3238: 3237: 3227: 3204:J. Am. Chem. Soc 3195: 3189: 3188: 3178: 3146: 3140: 3139: 3114: 3108: 3107: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3072: 3070: 3064: 3054: 3048: 3047: 3017: 3011: 3010: 3008: 3006: 2983: 2977: 2976: 2958: 2945: 2944: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2871: 2870: 2868: 2866: 2851: 2845: 2844: 2804: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2774: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2739: 2737: 2724: 2718: 2712: 2706: 2705: 2695: 2671: 2660: 2659: 2649: 2640: 2634: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2624:on April 9, 2009 2623: 2616: 2608: 2602: 2601: 2599: 2597: 2591: 2585:. Archived from 2560: 2551: 2545: 2544: 2534: 2524: 2492: 2486: 2485: 2457: 2451: 2450: 2425:(4280): 796–98. 2414: 2408: 2407: 2397: 2373: 2367: 2354: 2348: 2342: 2333: 2332: 2322: 2312: 2288: 2282: 2281: 2271: 2261: 2228: 2222: 2221: 2201: 2195: 2194: 2184: 2174: 2142: 2136: 2135: 2109: 2088: 2082: 2081: 2061: 2055: 2054: 2044: 2033:10.1037/a0020293 2012: 2006: 2005: 2003: 2001: 1981: 1975: 1974: 1964: 1924: 1918: 1917: 1907: 1897: 1870: 1864: 1863: 1853: 1843: 1811: 1805: 1804: 1794: 1754: 1748: 1747: 1737: 1713: 1707: 1706: 1696: 1678: 1654: 1648: 1647: 1615: 1609: 1608: 1576: 1570: 1569: 1529: 1523: 1522: 1491:Neuropsychologia 1486: 1480: 1474: 1463: 1462: 1426: 1420: 1419: 1416:10.1002/ffj.3249 1399: 1311:menstrual cycles 1256:' resistance to 1242:sexual selection 1114:chemical sensors 1037:olfactory system 1014:sewage treatment 932: 925: 921: 918: 912: 910: 869: 845: 837: 805: 798: 794: 791: 785: 783: 742: 718: 710: 338:seven-helix-turn 238:hydrogen sulfide 216:, a part of the 126:olfactory system 98:American English 70: 63: 56: 49: 21: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5011: 5009: 5008: 5007: 4988: 4987: 4978: 4976: 4962: 4960:Further reading 4957: 4956: 4927: 4923: 4878: 4874: 4829: 4825: 4788: 4784: 4747:Biology Letters 4739: 4735: 4690: 4686: 4663: 4659: 4636: 4632: 4600:10.1.1.371.3266 4583: 4576: 4547: 4543: 4506:Biology Letters 4498: 4494: 4463: 4459: 4436: 4429: 4413: 4412: 4392: 4388: 4343: 4339: 4291: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4260: 4256: 4201: 4197: 4158: 4154: 4119: 4115: 4084: 4080: 4033: 4029: 3998: 3994: 3971: 3967: 3928: 3924: 3892:10.1.1.616.6443 3875: 3871: 3832: 3828: 3796: 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3728:10.1.1.656.6053 3703: 3696: 3684: 3680: 3639:(21): 8269–74. 3625: 3621: 3598: 3594: 3539: 3535: 3495: 3489: 3485: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3430: 3424: 3420: 3389: 3385: 3348: 3344: 3304: 3300: 3245: 3241: 3210:(12): 4046–47. 3196: 3192: 3147: 3143: 3137: 3115: 3111: 3104: 3082: 3078: 3068: 3066: 3062: 3056: 3055: 3051: 3030:(42): 7006–09. 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 3000: 2984: 2980: 2973: 2959: 2948: 2909: 2905: 2890: 2886: 2878: 2874: 2864: 2862: 2853: 2852: 2848: 2805: 2798: 2788: 2786: 2775: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2750: 2749: 2745: 2735: 2733: 2726: 2725: 2721: 2713: 2709: 2672: 2663: 2647: 2641: 2637: 2627: 2625: 2621: 2614: 2610: 2609: 2605: 2595: 2593: 2589: 2558: 2552: 2548: 2507:(20): 7976–78. 2493: 2489: 2458: 2454: 2415: 2411: 2374: 2370: 2366:. sipe-rtd.info 2364:Wayback Machine 2355: 2351: 2343: 2336: 2289: 2285: 2229: 2225: 2202: 2198: 2143: 2139: 2089: 2085: 2062: 2058: 2013: 2009: 1999: 1997: 1982: 1978: 1925: 1921: 1871: 1867: 1812: 1808: 1755: 1751: 1714: 1710: 1655: 1651: 1616: 1612: 1577: 1573: 1550:10.2307/3623630 1530: 1526: 1487: 1483: 1475: 1466: 1427: 1423: 1400: 1396: 1391: 1386: 1332: 1307: 1286:microbial flora 1231: 1203: 1198: 1186: 1180: 1135: 1133:Behavioral cues 1110:electronic nose 1106: 1083: 1033: 987:tert-Butylthiol 958:and controlled 933: 922: 916: 913: 870: 868: 858: 846: 835: 806: 795: 789: 786: 743: 741: 731: 719: 708: 696: 670: 668:Direct sampling 662: 653: 588: 572: 560: 550:6 – intolerable 547:5 – very strong 501: 461: 425: 421: 404: 398:by definition. 397: 393: 376: 371: 362:Gordon Shepherd 359: 334: 318: 291: 270: 185:present in the 179:olfactory nerve 175: 158: 156:Odor physiology 148:or to refer to 87:Museo del Prado 71: 64: 57: 50: 43: 41: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5016: 5006: 5005: 5000: 4986: 4985: 4961: 4958: 4955: 4954: 4921: 4872: 4823: 4782: 4733: 4684: 4673:(3): 175–201. 4657: 4630: 4574: 4541: 4492: 4473:(5): 1205–59. 4457: 4427: 4386: 4363:10.1086/515511 4357:(3): 497–504. 4337: 4279: 4272: 4254: 4215:(6): 2210–14. 4195: 4168:(5): 1667–82. 4152: 4113: 4094:(9): 1269–71. 4078: 4057:10.1086/303166 4049:10.1086/303166 4027: 3992: 3965: 3922: 3869: 3826: 3784: 3758: 3694: 3678: 3619: 3592: 3533: 3483: 3418: 3383: 3342: 3298: 3259:(8): 4119–24. 3239: 3190: 3161:(5): 2067–73. 3141: 3135: 3109: 3103:978-1118481264 3102: 3076: 3049: 3012: 2999:978-1557047694 2998: 2978: 2971: 2946: 2903: 2884: 2872: 2846: 2819:(8): 1667–79. 2796: 2769: 2743: 2719: 2707: 2661: 2635: 2603: 2569:(7): 1339–42. 2546: 2487: 2452: 2409: 2368: 2349: 2334: 2283: 2244:(9): 3492–97. 2223: 2196: 2157:(6): 3035–39. 2137: 2107:10.1.1.320.169 2094:Psychosom. Med 2083: 2056: 2007: 1976: 1919: 1865: 1806: 1749: 1728:(5): 391–402. 1708: 1649: 1630:(3): 264–265. 1610: 1591:(1): 118–128. 1571: 1524: 1481: 1464: 1421: 1393: 1392: 1390: 1387: 1385: 1384: 1379: 1374: 1369: 1364: 1359: 1354: 1349: 1344: 1339: 1337:Aroma compound 1333: 1331: 1328: 1306: 1303: 1290:volatile acids 1230: 1227: 1202: 1199: 1197: 1194: 1179: 1176: 1134: 1131: 1105: 1102: 1082: 1079: 1061:(for example, 1055:vapor pressure 1032: 1029: 935: 934: 849: 847: 840: 834: 831: 808: 807: 722: 720: 713: 707: 704: 695: 692: 669: 666: 661: 658: 652: 649: 645: 644: 638: 628: 619: 610: 604: 598: 587: 586:Categorization 584: 571: 568: 559: 556: 552: 551: 548: 545: 542: 539: 536: 533: 500: 497: 460: 457: 453: 452: 449: 446: 423: 422:/m, where 1 OU 419: 403: 400: 395: 391: 375: 372: 370: 367: 358: 355: 333: 330: 317: 314: 290: 287: 269: 266: 214:olfactory bulb 209:to the brain. 174: 173:Sense of smell 171: 157: 154: 77:"Smell", from 34:Odor (surname) 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5015: 5004: 5001: 4999: 4996: 4995: 4993: 4975: 4974: 4969: 4964: 4963: 4949: 4944: 4941:(4): 579–84. 4940: 4936: 4932: 4925: 4917: 4913: 4908: 4903: 4899: 4895: 4891: 4887: 4883: 4876: 4868: 4864: 4859: 4854: 4850: 4846: 4842: 4838: 4834: 4827: 4819: 4815: 4810: 4805: 4802:(3): 171–79. 4801: 4797: 4793: 4786: 4778: 4774: 4769: 4764: 4760: 4756: 4753:(3): 256–59. 4752: 4748: 4744: 4737: 4729: 4725: 4720: 4715: 4711: 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4688: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4668: 4661: 4653: 4649: 4646:(4): 223–32. 4645: 4641: 4634: 4626: 4622: 4618: 4614: 4610: 4606: 4601: 4596: 4593:(3): 203–07. 4592: 4588: 4581: 4579: 4569: 4564: 4561:(5): 668–78. 4560: 4556: 4552: 4545: 4537: 4533: 4528: 4523: 4519: 4515: 4512:(3): 256–59. 4511: 4507: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4480: 4476: 4472: 4468: 4461: 4453: 4449: 4446:(3): 216–21. 4445: 4441: 4434: 4432: 4423: 4417: 4409: 4405: 4402:(4): 291–97. 4401: 4397: 4390: 4382: 4378: 4373: 4368: 4364: 4360: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4341: 4333: 4329: 4325: 4321: 4317: 4313: 4309: 4305: 4301: 4297: 4290: 4283: 4275: 4273:9780198568308 4269: 4265: 4258: 4250: 4246: 4241: 4236: 4231: 4226: 4222: 4218: 4214: 4210: 4206: 4199: 4191: 4187: 4183: 4179: 4175: 4171: 4167: 4163: 4156: 4148: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4132: 4128: 4124: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4097: 4093: 4089: 4082: 4074: 4070: 4066: 4062: 4058: 4054: 4050: 4046: 4043:(2): 145–64. 4042: 4038: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4015: 4011: 4008:(2): 135–42. 4007: 4003: 3996: 3988: 3984: 3981:(5): 309–21. 3980: 3976: 3969: 3961: 3957: 3953: 3949: 3945: 3941: 3937: 3933: 3926: 3918: 3914: 3910: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3893: 3888: 3885:(6): 765–74. 3884: 3880: 3873: 3865: 3861: 3857: 3853: 3849: 3845: 3842:(5): 635–53. 3841: 3837: 3830: 3822: 3818: 3814: 3810: 3807:(2): 135–42. 3806: 3802: 3795: 3788: 3772: 3768: 3762: 3754: 3750: 3746: 3742: 3738: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3720: 3716: 3713:(1): 318–23. 3712: 3708: 3701: 3699: 3692: 3688: 3682: 3674: 3670: 3665: 3660: 3655: 3650: 3646: 3642: 3638: 3634: 3630: 3623: 3615: 3611: 3608:(5): 359–64. 3607: 3603: 3596: 3588: 3584: 3579: 3574: 3569: 3564: 3560: 3556: 3553:(3): e33810. 3552: 3548: 3544: 3537: 3529: 3525: 3521: 3517: 3513: 3509: 3506:(8): 847–54. 3505: 3501: 3494: 3487: 3468: 3464: 3460: 3456: 3452: 3448: 3444: 3440: 3436: 3429: 3422: 3414: 3410: 3406: 3402: 3399:(2): 103–07. 3398: 3394: 3387: 3379: 3375: 3370: 3365: 3362:(3): 217–24. 3361: 3357: 3353: 3346: 3338: 3334: 3329: 3324: 3321:(6): 713–21. 3320: 3316: 3312: 3308: 3302: 3294: 3290: 3285: 3280: 3275: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3258: 3254: 3250: 3243: 3235: 3231: 3226: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3209: 3205: 3201: 3194: 3186: 3182: 3177: 3172: 3168: 3164: 3160: 3156: 3152: 3145: 3138: 3136:9781118481264 3132: 3128: 3124: 3120: 3113: 3105: 3099: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3080: 3061: 3060: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3033: 3029: 3025: 3024: 3016: 3001: 2995: 2991: 2990: 2982: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2957: 2955: 2953: 2951: 2942: 2938: 2934: 2930: 2926: 2922: 2919:(5): 283–90. 2918: 2914: 2907: 2899: 2895: 2888: 2881: 2876: 2860: 2856: 2850: 2842: 2838: 2834: 2830: 2826: 2822: 2818: 2814: 2810: 2803: 2801: 2784: 2780: 2773: 2757: 2753: 2747: 2732: 2729: 2723: 2716: 2711: 2703: 2699: 2694: 2689: 2686:(5): 675–83. 2685: 2681: 2677: 2670: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2646: 2639: 2620: 2613: 2607: 2588: 2584: 2580: 2576: 2572: 2568: 2564: 2557: 2550: 2542: 2538: 2533: 2528: 2523: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2502: 2498: 2491: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2471: 2468:(2): 382–91. 2467: 2463: 2456: 2448: 2444: 2440: 2436: 2432: 2428: 2424: 2420: 2413: 2405: 2401: 2396: 2391: 2388:(6): 705–15. 2387: 2383: 2379: 2372: 2365: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2346: 2341: 2339: 2330: 2326: 2321: 2316: 2311: 2306: 2302: 2298: 2294: 2287: 2279: 2275: 2270: 2265: 2260: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2243: 2239: 2235: 2227: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2200: 2192: 2188: 2183: 2178: 2173: 2168: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2141: 2133: 2129: 2125: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2108: 2103: 2100:(6): 751–59. 2099: 2095: 2087: 2079: 2075: 2072:(6): 417–35. 2071: 2067: 2060: 2052: 2048: 2043: 2038: 2034: 2030: 2027:(4): 490–99. 2026: 2022: 2018: 2011: 1995: 1991: 1990:Distillations 1987: 1980: 1972: 1968: 1963: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1946: 1942: 1938: 1934: 1930: 1923: 1915: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1887: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1869: 1861: 1857: 1852: 1847: 1842: 1837: 1833: 1829: 1825: 1821: 1817: 1810: 1802: 1798: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1772: 1769:(1): 514–30. 1768: 1764: 1760: 1753: 1745: 1741: 1736: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1712: 1704: 1700: 1695: 1690: 1686: 1682: 1677: 1672: 1668: 1664: 1660: 1653: 1645: 1641: 1637: 1633: 1629: 1625: 1621: 1614: 1606: 1602: 1598: 1594: 1590: 1586: 1582: 1575: 1567: 1563: 1559: 1555: 1551: 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1528: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1508: 1504: 1500: 1497:(5): 667–72. 1496: 1492: 1485: 1478: 1473: 1471: 1469: 1460: 1456: 1452: 1448: 1444: 1440: 1437:(4): 154–59. 1436: 1432: 1425: 1417: 1413: 1410:(5): 342–61. 1409: 1405: 1398: 1394: 1383: 1382:Scented water 1380: 1378: 1375: 1373: 1370: 1368: 1365: 1363: 1360: 1358: 1355: 1353: 1350: 1348: 1345: 1343: 1342:Chemoreceptor 1340: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1327: 1324: 1318: 1314: 1312: 1302: 1300: 1296: 1291: 1287: 1282: 1280: 1276: 1271: 1267: 1263: 1262:heterozygotes 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1243: 1239: 1235: 1226: 1222: 1220: 1215: 1212: 1208: 1193: 1190: 1185: 1178:Use in design 1175: 1171: 1169: 1164: 1160: 1155: 1151: 1149: 1144: 1139: 1130: 1128: 1124: 1120: 1115: 1111: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1091: 1087: 1078: 1076: 1072: 1071:1-octen-3-one 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1050: 1048: 1044: 1043: 1038: 1028: 1025: 1021: 1019: 1015: 1010: 1008: 1003: 1000: 994: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 970: 968: 963: 961: 957: 953: 949: 948:limbic system 944: 942: 931: 928: 920: 917:December 2019 909: 906: 902: 899: 895: 892: 888: 885: 881: 878: – 877: 873: 872:Find sources: 866: 862: 856: 855: 850:This section 848: 844: 839: 838: 830: 826: 824: 818: 816: 804: 801: 793: 790:December 2019 782: 779: 775: 772: 768: 765: 761: 758: 754: 751: – 750: 746: 745:Find sources: 739: 735: 729: 728: 723:This section 721: 717: 712: 711: 703: 699: 691: 689: 684: 682: 678: 673: 665: 657: 648: 642: 639: 636: 632: 629: 627: 623: 620: 618: 614: 613:Camphoraceous 611: 608: 605: 603:– rotten eggs 602: 599: 596: 593: 592: 591: 583: 579: 575: 570:FIDOL factors 567: 564: 555: 549: 546: 543: 540: 537: 534: 531: 530: 529: 526: 523: 521: 517: 513: 509: 504: 496: 493: 488: 484: 481: 477: 473: 468: 466: 456: 450: 447: 444: 443: 442: 439: 437: 433: 427: 415: 413: 409: 399: 388: 383: 381: 374:Concentration 366: 363: 354: 351: 347: 343: 339: 329: 325: 323: 313: 311: 306: 304: 300: 296: 286: 283: 282:food cravings 278: 276: 275:meta-analysis 265: 263: 259: 255: 251: 247: 243: 239: 235: 230: 227: 222: 219: 218:limbic system 215: 210: 208: 204: 200: 196: 192: 188: 184: 180: 167: 162: 153: 151: 147: 146:floral scents 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 99: 95: 88: 84: 80: 75: 68: 61: 54: 47: 39: 35: 30: 19: 4977:. Retrieved 4971: 4938: 4934: 4924: 4889: 4885: 4875: 4840: 4836: 4826: 4799: 4795: 4785: 4750: 4746: 4736: 4701: 4697: 4687: 4670: 4666: 4660: 4643: 4639: 4633: 4590: 4586: 4558: 4554: 4544: 4509: 4505: 4495: 4470: 4466: 4460: 4443: 4439: 4416:cite journal 4399: 4395: 4389: 4354: 4350: 4340: 4299: 4295: 4282: 4263: 4257: 4212: 4208: 4198: 4165: 4161: 4155: 4130: 4126: 4116: 4091: 4087: 4081: 4040: 4036: 4030: 4005: 4001: 3995: 3978: 3974: 3968: 3938:(1): 57–78. 3935: 3931: 3925: 3882: 3878: 3872: 3839: 3835: 3829: 3804: 3800: 3787: 3777:December 30, 3775:. Retrieved 3771:the original 3761: 3710: 3706: 3690: 3681: 3636: 3632: 3622: 3605: 3601: 3595: 3550: 3546: 3536: 3503: 3499: 3486: 3474:. Retrieved 3467:the original 3438: 3434: 3421: 3396: 3392: 3386: 3359: 3356:Chem. Senses 3355: 3345: 3318: 3315:Chem. Senses 3314: 3301: 3256: 3252: 3242: 3207: 3203: 3193: 3158: 3154: 3144: 3118: 3112: 3085: 3079: 3067:. Retrieved 3058: 3052: 3027: 3021: 3015: 3005:December 30, 3003:. Retrieved 2988: 2981: 2962: 2916: 2912: 2906: 2897: 2893: 2887: 2875: 2865:December 30, 2863:. Retrieved 2859:the original 2849: 2816: 2812: 2789:November 30, 2787:. Retrieved 2783:the original 2772: 2762:December 30, 2760:. Retrieved 2756:the original 2746: 2734:. Retrieved 2730: 2728:"F.i.d.o.l." 2722: 2710: 2683: 2679: 2655: 2651: 2638: 2626:. Retrieved 2619:the original 2606: 2594:. Retrieved 2587:the original 2566: 2562: 2549: 2504: 2500: 2490: 2465: 2461: 2455: 2422: 2418: 2412: 2385: 2381: 2371: 2352: 2300: 2297:PLOS Biology 2296: 2286: 2241: 2237: 2226: 2212:(40): 1453. 2209: 2205: 2199: 2154: 2150: 2140: 2097: 2093: 2086: 2069: 2065: 2059: 2024: 2020: 2010: 1998:. Retrieved 1993: 1989: 1979: 1936: 1932: 1922: 1882: 1879:PLOS Biology 1878: 1868: 1823: 1819: 1809: 1766: 1762: 1752: 1725: 1721: 1711: 1666: 1662: 1652: 1627: 1623: 1613: 1588: 1584: 1574: 1541: 1537: 1527: 1494: 1490: 1484: 1434: 1430: 1424: 1407: 1403: 1397: 1362:Olfactometer 1319: 1315: 1308: 1283: 1232: 1223: 1216: 1204: 1191: 1187: 1172: 1156: 1152: 1140: 1136: 1107: 1084: 1051: 1040: 1034: 1022: 1011: 1007:perspiration 1004: 995: 971: 964: 952:aromatherapy 945: 938: 923: 914: 904: 897: 890: 883: 871: 859:Please help 854:verification 851: 827: 819: 811: 796: 787: 777: 770: 763: 756: 744: 732:Please help 727:verification 724: 706:Health risks 700: 697: 685: 677:wind tunnels 674: 671: 663: 654: 646: 635:floral scent 589: 580: 576: 573: 561: 553: 541:3 – distinct 527: 524: 519: 515: 511: 507: 505: 502: 489: 485: 480:olfactometer 469: 462: 454: 440: 432:androstenone 428: 416: 405: 402:Olfactometer 384: 377: 360: 335: 326: 319: 307: 292: 279: 271: 231: 223: 211: 191:nasal cavity 176: 141: 137: 133: 129: 117: 113: 101: 93: 91: 78: 29: 4979:January 31, 3476:January 10, 2736:February 1, 2303:(5): e146. 1544:: 100–101. 1270:homozygotes 1238:mate choice 1119:temperature 1042:odor plumes 975:Natural gas 641:Pepperminty 532:0 – no odor 295:ingredients 258:perceptions 60:Ethanethiol 4992:Categories 3155:Anal. Chem 2731:OdorImpact 1389:References 1377:Phantosmia 1295:haplotypes 1279:inbreeding 1143:body odors 1086:Pheromones 1081:Pheromones 1018:refineries 960:scientific 887:newspapers 760:newspapers 688:biofilters 643:– mint gum 597:– perfumes 544:4 – strong 346:Lewis Acid 299:flavorists 254:analytical 5003:Olfaction 4595:CiteSeerX 3887:CiteSeerX 3723:CiteSeerX 2841:207090474 2102:CiteSeerX 1685:1664-1078 1644:0022-1147 1605:0022-1147 1558:1933-0545 1357:Olfaction 1275:genotypes 1258:pathogens 1250:Red Queen 1059:aldehydes 1024:Body odor 999:body odor 991:thiophane 956:anecdotal 941:deodorant 617:mothballs 609:– vinegar 499:Intensity 476:immission 408:n-Butanol 322:body odor 303:perfumers 250:objective 142:fragrance 53:The Scent 4867:18700206 4818:19818527 4777:17148181 4728:10380676 4617:15016293 4536:17148181 4487:24564172 4408:12195229 4332:34971350 4190:23968912 4182:24263836 4108:10978373 4065:29578757 4022:15653193 3987:11600881 3952:10712859 3917:12985026 3909:19058662 3864:24782931 3856:16187849 3821:15653193 3753:40423777 3745:19686154 3691:NY Times 3673:16705035 3587:22470479 3547:PLOS ONE 3528:20084675 3520:20640943 3455:11153847 3413:10461124 3378:15047596 3337:10587506 3234:20218682 3185:20143838 3069:July 26, 3044:17009284 2933:11981666 2833:23806440 2717:, p. 486 2715:Spengler 2702:16739805 2583:19380999 2404:29073832 2360:Archived 2347:, p. 483 2345:Spengler 2329:15138509 2278:22328155 2191:12610211 2132:12093019 2124:11138993 2051:20695648 1971:24653035 1914:14737185 1860:10706615 1801:19686188 1744:15201206 1703:30814965 1519:43729693 1479:, p. 492 1477:Spengler 1330:See also 1266:antigens 1163:straight 1123:humidity 1094:Honeybee 1016:plants, 983:odorizer 622:Ethereal 538:2 – weak 472:emission 350:Crabtree 150:perfumes 128:. While 4916:9633114 4907:1689051 4858:2605820 4768:1617143 4719:1689917 4625:9820539 4527:1617143 4381:9326314 4372:1715964 4324:7630893 4304:Bibcode 4249:9122173 4217:Bibcode 4147:7708831 4073:4398891 3960:8218903 3715:Bibcode 3664:1570103 3641:Bibcode 3578:3314678 3555:Bibcode 3463:1086223 3293:9108115 3261:Bibcode 3225:2854577 3176:2947826 2941:9073422 2628:June 4, 2596:June 4, 2541:2813372 2509:Bibcode 2482:1830082 2427:Bibcode 2419:Science 2269:3295281 2246:Bibcode 2159:Bibcode 2042:2919830 2000:May 16, 1962:4483192 1941:Bibcode 1933:Science 1828:Bibcode 1792:2760342 1771:Bibcode 1694:6381007 1669:: 242. 1566:3623630 1511:4058710 1459:7481719 1439:Bibcode 1372:Perfume 1254:alleles 1248:" and " 1075:ferrous 1067:ketones 1063:nonanal 901:scholar 774:scholar 607:Pungent 563:Hedonic 436:anosmic 342:Suslick 246:stimuli 242:ammonia 226:odorant 183:neurons 112:) is a 4914: 4904: 4865: 4855: 4816: 4775: 4765: 4726: 4716: 4623: 4615: 4597: 4534: 4524: 4485: 4406: 4379: 4369: 4330: 4322: 4270: 4247: 4237: 4188: 4180: 4145: 4106: 4071: 4063: 4055: 4020: 3985: 3958: 3950: 3915: 3907: 3889: 3862: 3854: 3819: 3751: 3743: 3725: 3671: 3661: 3585: 3575: 3526: 3518: 3461: 3453: 3411: 3376: 3335: 3291: 3281: 3232: 3222: 3183: 3173: 3133: 3100: 3042: 2996: 2969: 2939: 2931: 2839: 2831: 2700: 2658:: 103. 2581: 2539: 2532:298195 2529: 2480: 2447:836592 2445: 2402: 2327: 2320:406401 2317: 2276: 2266: 2189: 2182:152240 2179: 2130: 2122: 2104: 2049: 2039: 1996:(3): 5 1969: 1959: 1912: 1905:314465 1902: 1888:: e5. 1858: 1848: 1799: 1789: 1742: 1701: 1691: 1683: 1642: 1603: 1564: 1556: 1517: 1509: 1457: 1347:Flavor 1141:Human 1065:) and 903: 896: 889: 882: 876:"Odor" 874: 776: 769: 762: 755: 749:"Odor" 747: 631:Floral 601:Putrid 412:Teflon 387:CEN EN 262:gender 140:, and 4621:S2CID 4328:S2CID 4292:(PDF) 4240:20066 4186:S2CID 4069:S2CID 4053:JSTOR 3956:S2CID 3913:S2CID 3860:S2CID 3797:(PDF) 3749:S2CID 3524:S2CID 3496:(PDF) 3470:(PDF) 3459:S2CID 3431:(PDF) 3284:20578 3063:(mp4) 2937:S2CID 2837:S2CID 2648:(PDF) 2622:(PDF) 2615:(PDF) 2590:(PDF) 2559:(PDF) 2128:S2CID 1851:16022 1562:JSTOR 1515:S2CID 1031:Study 981:, an 979:leaks 908:JSTOR 894:books 833:Types 781:JSTOR 767:books 595:Musky 310:sense 207:axons 199:cilia 138:aroma 134:scent 130:smell 118:scent 116:or a 114:smell 102:odour 100:) or 67:ODEUR 18:Odors 4998:Odor 4981:2021 4912:PMID 4863:PMID 4814:PMID 4773:PMID 4724:PMID 4613:PMID 4532:PMID 4483:PMID 4422:link 4404:PMID 4377:PMID 4320:PMID 4268:ISBN 4245:PMID 4178:PMID 4143:PMID 4104:PMID 4061:PMID 4018:PMID 3983:PMID 3948:PMID 3905:PMID 3852:PMID 3817:PMID 3779:2012 3741:PMID 3711:1170 3669:PMID 3583:PMID 3516:PMID 3478:2015 3451:PMID 3409:PMID 3374:PMID 3333:PMID 3289:PMID 3253:PNAS 3230:PMID 3181:PMID 3131:ISBN 3098:ISBN 3071:2023 3040:PMID 3007:2012 2994:ISBN 2967:ISBN 2929:PMID 2900:(5). 2867:2012 2829:PMID 2791:2010 2764:2012 2738:2021 2698:PMID 2630:2014 2598:2014 2579:PMID 2537:PMID 2478:PMID 2443:PMID 2400:PMID 2325:PMID 2274:PMID 2210:1978 2187:PMID 2120:PMID 2047:PMID 2002:2018 1967:PMID 1910:PMID 1856:PMID 1797:PMID 1767:1170 1740:PMID 1699:PMID 1681:ISSN 1640:ISSN 1601:ISSN 1554:ISSN 1507:PMID 1455:PMID 1161:and 1121:and 1098:hive 1090:moth 1047:bees 880:news 753:news 474:and 301:and 252:and 240:and 94:odor 36:and 4943:doi 4902:PMC 4894:doi 4890:265 4853:PMC 4845:doi 4841:275 4804:doi 4763:PMC 4755:doi 4714:PMC 4706:doi 4702:266 4675:doi 4648:doi 4605:doi 4563:doi 4522:PMC 4514:doi 4475:doi 4471:140 4448:doi 4367:PMC 4359:doi 4312:doi 4300:260 4235:PMC 4225:doi 4170:doi 4135:doi 4131:346 4096:doi 4045:doi 4041:153 4010:doi 4006:118 3940:doi 3897:doi 3883:148 3844:doi 3840:131 3809:doi 3805:118 3733:doi 3659:PMC 3649:doi 3637:103 3610:doi 3573:PMC 3563:doi 3508:doi 3443:doi 3401:doi 3364:doi 3323:doi 3279:PMC 3269:doi 3220:PMC 3212:doi 3208:132 3171:PMC 3163:doi 3123:doi 3090:doi 3032:doi 2921:doi 2821:doi 2688:doi 2571:doi 2527:PMC 2517:doi 2470:doi 2435:doi 2423:195 2390:doi 2315:PMC 2305:doi 2264:PMC 2254:doi 2242:109 2214:doi 2177:PMC 2167:doi 2155:100 2112:doi 2074:doi 2037:PMC 2029:doi 2025:124 1957:PMC 1949:doi 1937:343 1900:PMC 1890:doi 1846:PMC 1836:doi 1787:PMC 1779:doi 1730:doi 1689:PMC 1671:doi 1632:doi 1593:doi 1546:doi 1499:doi 1447:doi 1435:273 1412:doi 1288:or 1159:gay 863:by 736:by 92:An 81:by 4994:: 4970:. 4939:15 4937:. 4933:. 4910:. 4900:. 4888:. 4884:. 4861:. 4851:. 4839:. 4835:. 4812:. 4800:25 4798:. 4794:. 4771:. 4761:. 4749:. 4745:. 4722:. 4712:. 4700:. 4696:. 4671:20 4669:. 4644:29 4642:. 4619:. 4611:. 4603:. 4591:15 4589:. 4577:^ 4559:14 4557:. 4553:. 4530:. 4520:. 4508:. 4504:. 4481:. 4469:. 4444:34 4442:. 4430:^ 4418:}} 4414:{{ 4400:23 4398:. 4375:. 4365:. 4355:61 4353:. 4349:. 4326:. 4318:. 4310:. 4298:. 4294:. 4243:. 4233:. 4223:. 4213:94 4211:. 4207:. 4184:. 4176:. 4166:16 4164:. 4141:. 4129:. 4125:. 4102:. 4092:15 4090:. 4067:. 4059:. 4051:. 4039:. 4016:. 4004:. 3979:22 3977:. 3954:. 3946:. 3936:37 3934:. 3911:. 3903:. 3895:. 3881:. 3858:. 3850:. 3838:. 3815:. 3803:. 3799:. 3747:. 3739:. 3731:. 3721:. 3709:. 3697:^ 3689:. 3667:. 3657:. 3647:. 3635:. 3631:. 3606:23 3604:. 3581:. 3571:. 3561:. 3549:. 3545:. 3522:. 3514:. 3504:36 3502:. 3498:. 3457:. 3449:. 3439:91 3437:. 3433:. 3407:. 3397:35 3395:. 3372:. 3360:29 3358:. 3354:. 3331:. 3319:24 3317:. 3313:. 3287:. 3277:. 3267:. 3257:94 3255:. 3251:. 3228:. 3218:. 3206:. 3202:. 3179:. 3169:. 3159:82 3157:. 3153:. 3129:, 3096:. 3038:. 3028:45 3026:. 2949:^ 2935:. 2927:. 2917:75 2915:. 2898:42 2896:. 2835:. 2827:. 2817:37 2815:. 2811:. 2799:^ 2696:. 2684:56 2682:. 2678:. 2664:^ 2656:30 2654:. 2650:. 2577:. 2567:59 2565:. 2561:. 2535:. 2525:. 2515:. 2505:86 2503:. 2499:. 2476:. 2466:17 2464:. 2441:. 2433:. 2421:. 2398:. 2386:49 2384:. 2380:. 2337:^ 2323:. 2313:. 2299:. 2295:. 2272:. 2262:. 2252:. 2240:. 2236:. 2208:. 2185:. 2175:. 2165:. 2153:. 2149:. 2126:. 2118:. 2110:. 2098:62 2096:. 2070:37 2068:. 2045:. 2035:. 2023:. 2019:. 1992:. 1988:. 1965:. 1955:. 1947:. 1935:. 1931:. 1908:. 1898:. 1881:. 1877:. 1854:. 1844:. 1834:. 1824:97 1822:. 1818:. 1795:. 1785:. 1777:. 1765:. 1761:. 1738:. 1726:29 1724:. 1720:. 1697:. 1687:. 1679:. 1667:10 1665:. 1661:. 1638:. 1628:33 1626:. 1622:. 1599:. 1589:31 1587:. 1583:. 1560:. 1552:. 1540:. 1536:. 1513:. 1505:. 1495:23 1493:. 1467:^ 1453:. 1445:. 1433:. 1408:30 1406:. 1281:. 1170:. 1069:: 943:. 624:– 615:– 438:. 390:OU 152:. 136:, 108:; 85:, 4983:. 4951:. 4945:: 4918:. 4896:: 4869:. 4847:: 4820:. 4806:: 4779:. 4757:: 4751:1 4730:. 4708:: 4681:. 4677:: 4654:. 4650:: 4627:. 4607:: 4571:. 4565:: 4538:. 4516:: 4510:1 4489:. 4477:: 4454:. 4450:: 4424:) 4410:. 4383:. 4361:: 4334:. 4314:: 4306:: 4276:. 4251:. 4227:: 4219:: 4192:. 4172:: 4149:. 4137:: 4110:. 4098:: 4075:. 4047:: 4024:. 4012:: 3989:. 3962:. 3942:: 3919:. 3899:: 3866:. 3846:: 3823:. 3811:: 3781:. 3755:. 3735:: 3717:: 3675:. 3651:: 3643:: 3616:. 3612:: 3589:. 3565:: 3557:: 3551:7 3530:. 3510:: 3480:. 3445:: 3415:. 3403:: 3380:. 3366:: 3339:. 3325:: 3295:. 3271:: 3263:: 3236:. 3214:: 3187:. 3165:: 3125:: 3106:. 3092:: 3073:. 3046:. 3034:: 2975:. 2943:. 2923:: 2869:. 2843:. 2823:: 2793:. 2766:. 2740:. 2704:. 2690:: 2632:. 2600:. 2573:: 2543:. 2519:: 2511:: 2484:. 2472:: 2449:. 2437:: 2429:: 2406:. 2392:: 2331:. 2307:: 2301:2 2280:. 2256:: 2248:: 2220:. 2216:: 2193:. 2169:: 2161:: 2134:. 2114:: 2080:. 2076:: 2053:. 2031:: 2004:. 1994:3 1973:. 1951:: 1943:: 1916:. 1892:: 1883:2 1862:. 1838:: 1830:: 1803:. 1781:: 1773:: 1746:. 1732:: 1705:. 1673:: 1646:. 1634:: 1607:. 1595:: 1568:. 1548:: 1542:9 1521:. 1501:: 1461:. 1449:: 1441:: 1418:. 1414:: 930:) 924:( 919:) 915:( 905:· 898:· 891:· 884:· 857:. 803:) 797:( 792:) 788:( 778:· 771:· 764:· 757:· 730:. 637:) 520:b 516:C 512:a 508:I 424:E 420:E 396:E 392:E 104:( 96:( 69:. 62:. 55:. 48:. 40:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index