Ainu people - Knowledge

1573: 2638: 3011: 3559: 2413:. The Ainu traditionally never eat raw fish or meat, always boiling or roasting it. They also cultivated crops such as millet (piyapa), foxtail millet (munchiro), and barnyard millet (menkur), which were used to make a type of sake called "tonoto" for ceremonial purposes. Salmon was particularly important, referred to as kamuy chep (god's fish) or shipe (true food). In autumn, large quantities of salmon were caught and processed into dried fish for preservation. This served not only as a staple food but also as a major trade item with the Japanese. The Ainu also made extensive use of the bulbs of the Cardiocrinum cordatum (turep), from which they extracted and preserved starch. This tradition of starch usage made it easy for them to adopt potatoes when they were introduced. Ainu cuisine is not commonly eaten outside Ainu communities. Only a few restaurants in Japan – mainly in Tokyo and Hokkaido – serve traditional Ainu dishes. 6640: 1855: 3037: 6649:, "In this paper, we reconstructed spatiotemporal evolution of 19 Ainu language varieties, and the results are in strong agreement with the hypothesis that a recent population expansion of the Okhotsk people played a critical role in shaping the Ainu people and their culture. Together with the recent archaeological, biological and cultural evidence, our phylogeographic reconstruction of the Ainu language strongly suggests that the conventional dual-structure model must be refined to explain these new bodies of evidence. The case of the Ainu language origin we report here also contributes additional detail to the global pattern of language evolution, and our language phylogeny might also provide a basis for making further inferences about the cultural dynamics of the Ainu speakers .". 2993: 2604: 3185: 2369:. The chise is typically oriented east to west or parallel to a river, with the entrance on the west side also serving as a storeroom. It has three windows, including the sacred rorun-puyar on the east side, through which gods enter and leave and ceremonial tools are taken in and out. The Ainu regard this window as sacred and are told never to look in through it. A chise has a fireplace near the entrance. A husband and wife would traditionally sit on the fireplace's left side (called shiso). Children and guests would sit facing them on the fireplace's right side (called harkiso). The chise has a platform for valuables called iyoykir behind the shiso. The Ainu place sintoko (hokai) and ikayop (quivers) there. 2778: 2831: 2475: 3068: 3501:

10 years called Iomante (sometimes Iyomante). People from neighboring villages were invited to help celebrate this ritual, in which members of the village would send the bear back to the realm of spirits by gathering around it in a central area and using special ceremonial arrows to shoot it. Afterwards, they would eat the meat. However, in 1955, this ritual was outlawed as animal cruelty. In 2007, it became exempt due to its cultural significance to the Ainu. The ritual has since been modified; it is now an annual festival. The festival begins at sundown with a torch parade. A play is then performed, and this is followed by music and dancing.

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instruments. In rituals, these dances are intimate; they involve the calls and movements of animals and/or insects. Some, like the sword and bow dances, are rituals that were used to worship and give thanks for nature. This was to thank deities that they believed were in their surroundings. There was also a dance in Iomante that mimicked the movements of a living bear. However, some dances are improvised and meant just for entertainment. Overall, Ainu traditional dancing reinforced their connection to nature and the religious world and provided a link to other Arctic cultures.

3657: 2976: 3903: 2951: 3850:. On Sakhalin Island, a few dozen people identify themselves as Sakhalin Ainu, but many more with partial Ainu ancestry do not acknowledge it. Most of the 888 Japanese people living in Russia (2010 Census) are of mixed Japanese–Ainu ancestry, although they do not acknowledge it (full Japanese ancestry gives them the right of visa-free entry to Japan). Similarly, no one identifies themselves as Amur Valley Ainu, although people of partial descent live in Khabarovsk. There is no evidence of living descendants of the Kamchatka Ainu. 3582: 2113: 99: 5865:(Mamiya Rinzō (trans. and ed. John Harrison), 'Kita Ezo Zutsetsu or a Description of the Island of North Ezo by Mamiya Rinzō', Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, vol. 99, no. 2, 1955, pp. 93‒117) Mamiya, 'Kita Ezo Zutsetsu', 107. The name 'Yaepikarainu' is my approximation based the Manchu version of his name, which was given as 'Yabirinu', and the Japanese version which was given as 'Yaepikaran', and the Ainu honorific naming convention of adding '-ainu' to the end of the names of elders. 4519:, was released in Japan on October 17, 2020. The film portrays Kanto, a sensitive 14-year-old Ainu boy who struggles to come to terms with his father's death and his identity. The film also focuses on the dilemma of the controversial bear sacrifice ritual under the shadow of modern Japanese society and the Ainu's heavy reliance on tourists for their livelihood. Along with other restless teenagers, Kanto is under pressure to retain his Ainu identity and participate in the cultural rituals. 3929: 55: 164: 150: 4176:, a total of 841 Ainu were relocated to Hokkaidō in 1875 by Japan. Only a few in remote interior areas remained when the island was turned over to Russia. Even when Japan was granted Southern Sakhalin in 1905, only a handful returned. The Japanese census of 1905 counted only 120 Sakhalin Ainu (down from 841 in 1875, 93 in Karafuto, and 27 in Hokkaidō). The Soviet census of 1926 counted 5 Ainu, while several of their multiracial children were recorded as ethnic Nivkh, Slav, or Uilta. 136: 2070: 1155:

Takahashi Jidayú and Nakamura Koichiró only confirmed earlier observations: Sakhalin and Sóya Ainu traded foreign goods at trading posts, and because of the pressure to meet quotas, they fell into debt. These goods, the officials confirmed, originated at Qing posts, where continental traders acquired them during tributary ceremonies. The information contained in these types of reports turned out to be a serious blow to the future of Matsumae's trade monopoly in Ezo.

2290: 12236: 2256:" in North America. The Ainu culture developed from the 13th century (late Kamakura period) to the present day. While most Ainu in Japan now live outwardly similar lives to the Wajin (ethnic Japanese) due to assimilation policies, many still maintain their Ainu identity and respect for traditional Ainu ways, known as "Ainu puri". The distinctive Ainu patterns (Ainu mon'yō) and oral literature (Yukar) have been designated as Hokkaido Heritage. 7262: 2265: 1305: 1481: 666: 2535:, the house guardian goddess, to convey their wishes for a large catch and to the god of mountains for safe hunting. The Ainu traditionally hunt bears during the spring thaw. At that time, bears are weak because they haven't eaten during their long hibernation. Ainu hunters catch hibernating bears or bears that have just left hibernation dens. When they hunt bears in summer, they use a spring trap loaded with an arrow, called an 8649: 1581: 4372: 1933: 123: 3833:. An agreement was reached in 1881, and the Ainu decided to settle in the village of Yavin. In March 1881, the group left Petropavlovsk and started the journey towards Yavin on foot. Four months later, they arrived at their new homes. Another village, Golygino, was founded later. Under Soviet rule, both villages were forced to disband, and residents were moved to the Russian-dominated Zaporozhye rural settlement in 2277:

fishing grounds to provide labor. As a result, traditional kotan disappeared, and large villages of several dozen families were formed around fishing grounds. The Ainu social structure included chiefs, but judicial functions were not entrusted to them. Instead, an indefinite number of community members sat in judgment upon criminals. Capital punishment did not exist, nor did the community resort to imprisonment.

323: 86: 3696:—well-known and important leaders in the Ainu community. After Kaizawa and Kayano declined to sell their land, the Hokkaidō Development Bureau applied for and was subsequently granted a Project Authorization, which required the men to vacate their land. When their appeal of the Authorization was denied, Kayano and Kaizawa's son Koichi (Kaizawa died in 1992) filed suit against the Hokkaidō Development Bureau. 1911: 3546:, as well as verse laments expressing wishes for a smooth journey to the next world. The items that were to be buried with the dead were first broken or cracked to allow spirits to be released and travel to the afterlife together. Sometimes a burial would be followed by burning the residence of the dead. In the event of an unnatural death, there would be a speech raging against the gods. 614:, the name given to the Sakhalin Ainu by their Nivkh and Nanai neighbors." When the Ainu migrated onto the mainland, the Chinese described a "strong Kui (or Kuwei, Kuwu, Kuye, Kugi, i.e. Ainu) presence in the area otherwise dominated by the Gilemi or Jilimi (Nivkh and other Amur peoples)." Related names were in widespread use in the region, for example the Kuril Ainu called themselves 1692: 1288:). Additionally, factories like flour mills and beer breweries, along with mining practices, resulted in the creation of infrastructure such as roads and railway lines during a development period that lasted until 1904. During this time, the Ainu were ordered to cease religious practices such as animal sacrifice and the custom of tattooing. The same act applied to the native Ainu on 1098:(feudal government) granted the Matsumae clan exclusive rights to trade with the Ainu in the northern part of the island. Later, the Matsumae began to lease out trading rights to Japanese merchants, and contact between Japanese and Ainu became more extensive. Throughout this period, Ainu groups competed with each other to import goods from the Japanese, and epidemic diseases such as 3258: 3674: 3707:

Culture Law and repealed the Ainu Protection Act—the 1899 law that had been the vehicle of Ainu oppression for almost one hundred years. While the Ainu Culture Law has been widely criticized for its shortcomings, the shift that it represents in Japan's view of the Ainu people is a testament to the importance of the Nibutani decision. In 2007, the "Cultural Landscape along the

1042:, to handle fur from the lower Amur and Sakhalin. Tribute was supposed to be brought to regional offices, but the lower Amur and Sakhalin were considered too remote, so the Qing sent officials directly to these regions every year to collect tribute and to present awards. By the 1730s, the Qing had appointed senior figures among the indigenous communities as "clan chief" ( 4284:) during the 18th century. In 1884, their population had decreased to 500. Around 50 individuals (mostly multiracial) who remained in 1941 were evacuated to Hokkaidō by the Japanese soon after World War II. The last full-blooded Southern Kuril Ainu was Suyama Nisaku, who died in 1956. The last of the tribe (partial ancestry), Tanaka Kinu, died on Hokkaidō in 1973. 1024:(at the time equivalent to Chinese aristocrats) by marrying an official's adopted daughter. Further, the tribute payers were allowed to engage in trade with officials and merchants at the tribute location. By these policies, the Qing dynasty brought political stability to the region and established the basis for commerce and economic development. 3130:("old excrement"). Their tentative names have a portion meaning "excrement" or "old things" to ward off the demon of ill-health. Some children are named based on their behavior or habits; others are named after notable events or after their parents' wishes for their future. When children are named, they are never given the same names as others. 2334:. The various styles consist generally of a simple short robe with straight sleeves, folded around the body, and tied with a band around the waist. The sleeves end at the wrist or forearm, and the length generally is to the calves. Women also wear an undergarment of Japanese cloth. In winter, the skins of animals are worn, with leggings of 1332:. This law and its associated policies were designed to fully integrate the Ainu into Japanese society while erasing Ainu culture and identity. The Ainu's position as manual laborers and their forced integration into larger Japanese society have led to discriminatory practices by the Japanese government that can still be felt today. 1523:. The Ainu culture may be better described as an "Ainu cultural complex", taking into account the regional variable subgroups of Ainu peoples. While the Ainu can be considered a continuation of the indigenous Jomon culture, they also display links to surrounding cultures, pointing to a larger cultural complex flourishing around the 9203: 3597:, established by the Japanese government after the enactment of the Ainu Culture Law in 1997; the Hokkaidō University Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies, established in 2007; and various museums and cultural centers. The Ainu people living in Tokyo have also developed a vibrant political and cultural community. 3700:

Japanese case law acknowledged the Ainu as an indigenous people and contemplated the responsibility of the Japanese nation to the indigenous people within its borders. The decision included broad fact-finding that underscored the long history of the oppression of the Ainu people by Japan's majority, referred to as

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proposal. When a man and woman become engaged or learn that their engagement has been arranged, they exchange gifts. The man sends her a small engraved knife, a workbox, a spool, and other gifts. She sends him embroidered clothes, coverings for the back of the hand, leggings, and other handmade clothes.

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was founded after a group of Ainu activists in Hokkaidō announced the formation of a political party for the Ainu on October 30, 2011. The Ainu Association of Hokkaidō reported that Kayano Shiro, the son of the former Ainu leader Kayano Shigeru, would head the party. Their aim is to contribute to the

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In the afterlife, recognized ancestral spirits moved through and influenced the world, though neglected spirits would return to the living world and cause misfortune. Prosperity of family in the afterlife would depend on prayers and offerings left by living descendants; this often led to Ainu parents

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sending ritual was called Omante. A bear cub would be captured alive during hibernation and raised in the village as a child. Women would care for the cubs as if they were their children, sometimes even nursing them if needed. Once the bears reached maturity, they would hold another ritual every 5 to

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When a man proposes to a woman in traditional fashion, he visits her house, and she hands him a full bowl of rice. He then eats half of the rice and returns the rest to her. If the woman eats the remaining rice, she accepts his proposal. If she does not and instead puts it beside her, she rejects his

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Although some researchers have attempted to show that the Ainu and Japanese languages are related, modern scholars have rejected the idea that the relationship goes beyond contact, such as the mutual borrowing of words. No attempt to show a relationship with Ainu to any other language has gained wide

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Studies on modern-day Ainu estimate that they derive between 66% and 79.3% of their ancestry from the Jōmon lineage. Another study on modern Ainu individuals found that they derive c. 49% of their ancestry directly from the Jōmon people, c. 22% from the Okhotsk people (who themselves could be modeled

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John Batchelor reported that the Ainu view the world as being a spherical ocean on which many islands float, a view based on the fact that the sun rises in the east and sets in the west. He wrote that they believe the world rests on the back of a large fish, which, when it moves, causes earthquakes.

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placed the number at fewer than 15 speakers, characterizing the language as "almost extinct". Because so few present-day speakers are left, study of the Ainu language is limited and is based largely on historical research. Historically, the status of the Ainu language was rather high and was used by

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Intermarriage between Japanese and Ainu was actively promoted by the Ainu to lessen the chances of discrimination against their offspring. As a result, many Ainu today are indistinguishable from their Japanese neighbors, but some Ainu-Japanese are interested in traditional Ainu culture. For example,

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Gakuhari, Takashi; Nakagome, Shigeki; Rasmussen, Simon; Allentoft, Morten E.; Sato, Takehiro; Korneliussen, Thorfinn; Chuinneagáin, Blánaid Ní; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Schmidt, Ryan; Mizushima, Souichiro; Kondo, Osamu; Shigehara, Nobuo; Yoneda, Minoru; Kimura, Ryosuke (August 25, 2020).

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Many Ainu live outside of Hokkaido. A 1988 survey estimated that the population of Ainu living in Tokyo was 2,700. According to a 1989 survey report on Utari living in Tokyo, it is estimated that the Ainu population of the Tokyo area alone exceeds 10% of Ainu living in Hokkaido; there are more than

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According to a 2006 Hokkaido Agency survey, there were 23,782 Ainu people in Hokkaido. When viewed by the branch office (currently the Promotion Bureau), there are many in the Iburi / Hidaka branch office. The definition of "Ainu" by the Hokkaido Agency in this survey is "a person who seems to have

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In July 2023, it was reported that a group of Ainu from Hokkaido was suing the government to reclaim the right of salmon river fishing. This has been outlawed for a century, except for the exemption of a limited number of salmon for ceremonial purposes. The group claimed the Japanese government did

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The final decision denied the relief sought by the plaintiffs for pragmatic reasons (the dam was already in place), but the decision was nonetheless heralded as a landmark victory for the Ainu people. Nearly all of the plaintiffs' claims were recognized. Moreover, the decision marked the first time

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village, the home of a large community of Ainu people and an important center of Ainu culture and history. When the government commenced construction on the dam in the early 1980s, two Ainu landowners refused to agree to the expropriation of their property. These landowners were Kaizawa Tadashi and

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The worn-out fabric of old clothing is used for baby clothes because soft cloth is good for their skin. Additionally, worn-out material was thought to protect babies from the gods of illness and demons, due to these entities' abhorrence of dirty things. Before a baby is breast-fed, they are given a

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The emergence of the Ainu culture is henceforth primarily attributed to the Satsumon culture, which later received some contributions from the Okhotsk culture via cultural contacts in northern Hokkaido after the Satsumon culture expanded northwards and into Sakhalin. This view has been corroborated

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in 1884, given Japanese names, and the children were enrolled in Japanese schools. Unlike the other Ainu groups, the Kurile failed to adjust to their new surroundings; by 1933, only 10 individuals survived (plus another 34 multiracial individuals). The last group of 20 individuals (including a few

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Their traditional habitations are reed-thatched huts, the largest about 20 ft (6 m) square, without partitions and having a fireplace in the center. There is no chimney; there is only a hole at the angle of the roof. One window sits on the eastern side, along with two doors. The house of

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The discrimination and negative stereotypes assigned to the Ainu have manifested in lower levels of education, income, and participation in the economy as compared to their ethnically Japanese counterparts. The Ainu community in Hokkaido in 1993 received welfare payments at a 2.3 times higher rate

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claimed that it was an island. During this period, Ainu women were separated from their husbands and either subjected to rape or forcibly married to Japanese men. Meanwhile, Ainu men were deported to merchant subcontractors for five- and ten-year terms of service. Policies of family separation and

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on the Ainu of southern Sakhalin increased significantly. By the beginning of the 19th century, the Japanese economic zone extended midway up the east coast, to Taraika. With the exception of the Nayoro Ainu located on the west coast in close proximity to China, most Ainu stopped paying tribute to

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estuary and demanded that the residents, including the Sakhalin Ainu, pay tribute. This was followed by several further visits to the island as part of the Qing effort to map the area. To enforce its influence, the Qing sent soldiers and mandarins across Sakhalin, reaching most parts of the island

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in the case, and discussions about the case. The decision was issued on March 27, 1997. Because of the broad implications for Ainu rights, the plaintiffs decided not to appeal the decision, which became final two weeks later. After the decision was issued, on May 8, 1997, the Diet passed the Ainu

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in 1961 due to the fact that the word Ainu was often used in a derogatory manner by the non-Ainu ethnic Japanese. It was changed back to the Hokkaido Ainu Association in 2009 after the passing of the new law regarding the Ainu. The organization was originally controlled by the government to speed

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gene variant between the Ainu and contemporary East Asians suggest that the ancestors of the Ainu may not have shared the selective pressures with other Ancestral East Asian populations. The Ainu, however, share two variants in the ADH gene cluster with other East Asians at high frequency, unlike

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Ainu craftsmen, and the Ainu as a whole, traditionally believed that "anything made with deep sincerity was imbued with spirit and also became a ". They also held the belief that ancestors and the power of the family could be invoked through certain patterns in art to protect them from malignant

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In 2019, eleven years after this resolution, the Diet finally passed an act recognizing the Ainu as an indigenous people of Japan. Despite this recognition of the Ainu as an ethnically distinct group, political figures in Japan continue to define ethnic homogeneity as key to the overall Japanese

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Archaeologists have considered that bear worship, which is a religious practice widely observed among the northern Eurasian ethnic groups (including the Ainu, Finns, Nivkh, and Sami), was also shared by the Okhotsk people. On the other hand, no traces of such a religious practice have ever been

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Mogami's interest in the Sakhalin trade intensified when he learned that Yaenkoroaino, the above-mentioned elder from Nayoro, possessed a memorandum written in Manchurian, which stated that the Ainu elder was an official of the Qing state. Later surveys on Sakhalin by shogunal officials such as

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Ainu society was traditionally organized into small villages called kotan, typically located in river basins or along seashores where food was readily available, particularly in rivers where salmon traveled upstream. In early modern times, Ainu were forced to relocate their kotan near Japanese

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The genetic makeup of the Ainu represents a "deep branch of East Asian diversity". Compared to contemporary East Asian populations, the Ainu share "a closer genetic relationship with northeast Siberians". The Ainu also display a relative closer genetic affinity with "lowland East Asians" than

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than that of Hokkaido as a whole. They also had an 8.9% lower enrollment rate from junior high school to high school and a 15.7% lower enrollment into college from high school. Due to this noticeable and growing gap, the Japanese government has been lobbied by activists to research the Ainu's

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North Sakhalin: Only five pure-blooded individuals were recorded during the 1926 Soviet Census in Northern Sakhalin. Most of the Sakhalin Ainu (mainly from coastal areas) were relocated to Hokkaidō in 1875 by Japan. The few that remained (mainly in the remote interior) were mostly married to

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and other areas that fall within the Russian sphere of cultural influence, there have been a few churches constructed, and some Ainu are reported to have accepted the Christian faith. There have also been reports that the Russian Orthodox Church has performed some missionary projects in the

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Traditional dances are performed at ceremonies and banquets. Dancing is a part of the newly organized cultural festivals, and it is even done privately in daily life. Ainu traditional dances often involve large circles of dancers, and sometimes there are onlookers that sing without musical

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assimilation, combined with the impact of smallpox, caused the Ainu population to drop significantly in the early 19th century. In the 18th century, there were 80,000 Ainu, but by 1868, there were only about 15,000 Ainu in Hokkaido, 2,000 in Sakhalin, and around 100 in the Kuril Islands.

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Currently, there is no Ainu category in the Japanese national census, and no fact-finding has been conducted by national institutions. Therefore, the exact number of Ainu people is unknown. However, multiple surveys have been conducted that provide an indication of the total population.

806:, the phonetic approximation of the Nivkh name for Ainu) from Sakhalin invaded and fought with the Jilimi (Nivkh people) every year. On November 30, 1264, the Mongols attacked the Ainu. The Ainu resisted the Mongol invasions but by 1308 had been subdued. They paid tribute to the Mongol 6795:. Master thesis. Leiden University, Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden. Quote: "Evidence that mainly Satsumon culture is ancestral to Ainu culture still stands. However, it is clear that there is some continuity between Okhotsk and Ainu culture in the veneration of the bear in Hokkaido." 1718:, with very high frequencies among the Ainu of Hokkaido. C-M217 is found more commonly among populations from Northeast Asia and Central Asia. Another analysis found that one out of four Ainu men belonged to haplogroup C-M217, while the remaining three belonged to haplogroup D-M55. 11081:

Sato, Takehiro; Adachi, Noboru; Kimura, Ryosuke; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Yoneda, Minoru; Oota, Hiroki; Tajima, Atsushi; Toyoda, Atsushi; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Matsumae, Hiromi; Koganebuchi, Kae; Shimizu, Kentaro K.; Shinoda, Ken-ichi; Hanihara, Tsunehiko; Weber, Andrzej (2021).

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Amur Valley Ainu (probably none remain): A few individuals married to ethnic Russians and ethnic Ulchi were reported by Bronisław Piłsudski in the early 20th century. Only 26 pure-blooded individuals were recorded during the 1926 Russian Census in Nikolaevski Okrug (present-day

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On March 27, 1997, the Sapporo District Court decided a landmark case that, for the first time in Japanese history, recognized the right of the Ainu people to enjoy their distinct culture and traditions. The case arose because of a 1978 government plan to build two dams in the

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Ainu (the predominant community of Ainu in the world today): A Japanese census in 1916 returned 13,557 pure-blooded Ainu in addition to 4,550 multiracial individuals. A 2017 survey says the Ainu population in Hokkaido is about 13,000. It decreased sharply from 24,000 in 2006.

2433:, salmon fishing, and other activities of securing food come to an end, and hunters readily find game in fields and mountains in which plants have withered. A village typically possesses a hunting-ground of its own, or several villages use a joint hunting territory, called an 465:

included forcing Ainu peoples off their land. This, in turn, forced them to give up traditional ways of life such as subsistence hunting and fishing. Ainu people were not allowed to practice their religion, and were placed into Japanese-language schools where speaking the

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Despite their growing influence in the area in the early 19th century as a result of these policies, the Tokugawa shogunate was unable to gain a monopoly on Ainu trade with those on the Asian mainland, even by the year 1853. Santan traders, a group composed mostly of the

5653:(Shiro Sasaki, ‘A History of the Far East Indigenous Peoples’ Transborder Activities Between the Russian and Chinese Empires’, Senri Ethnological Studies, vol. 92, 2016, pp. 161‒193.) Sasaki, ‘A History of the Far East Indigenous Peoples’ Transborder Activities’, p. 173. 3738:

In 2006, another panel was established, which notably included an Ainu member for the first time. It completed its work in 2008, issuing a major report that included an extensive historical record and called for substantial government policy changes towards the Ainu.

881:, these posts, like the position of headman, were hereditary and passed down the patrilineal line. During these tributary missions, the headmen would bring their sons, who later inherited their titles. In return for tribute, the Ming awarded them with silk uniforms. 7107:, p. 1, "The Ainu language, almost extinct nowadays, is located on Hokkaidô, the northernmost island of the Japanese Archepelago. Several thousands of Ainu still live there, but there are no more than ten or twenty native speakers of this language among them.". 1062:, and 148 households were registered as tribute bearers in Sakhalin. Manchu officials gave tribute missions rice, salt, other necessities, and gifts during the duration of their mission. Tribute missions occurred during the summer months. During the reign of the 3898:

to Japan. In the letter, they blamed the Japanese, the Tsarist Russians, and the Soviets for crimes against the Ainu, such as killings and assimilation; they also urged him to recognize the Japanese genocide against the Ainu people. This proposal was rejected.

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watershed in southern Hokkaidō. The dams were part of a series of development projects under the Second National Development Plan that were intended to industrialize the north of Japan. The planned location for one of the dams was across the valley floor near

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was used in everyday life as tableware and often used in ceremonies (ritual utensils), such as the cups used to offer alcohol when praying to the kamui. Lacquerware was often treated as treasure, and it was also used as containers for storing other treasures.

1247:. This resulted in the Japanese government taking the land where the Ainu people lived and placing it under Japanese control. Also at this time, the Ainu were granted automatic Japanese citizenship, effectively denying them the status of an indigenous group. 8055: 4141:

Tohoku Ainu (from Honshū; no officially acknowledged population exists): Forty-three Ainu households scattered throughout the Tohoku region were reported during the 17th century. There are people who consider themselves descendants of Shimokita Ainu on the

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to discharge impurities. Children are raised almost naked until about the ages of four to five. Even when they wear clothes, they do not wear belts and leave the front of their clothes open. Subsequently, they wear bark clothes without patterns, such as

6364: 4059:, which is cooperating with the survey. Additionally, interest in protecting personal information has increased. It is thought that the number of individuals who cooperate is declining and that it does not match the actual population of Ainu people. 1948:. Ainu oral literature has been documented both in hopes of safeguarding it for future generations and for use as a teaching tool for language learners. As of 2011, there were an increasing number of second-language learners, especially in Hokkaido. 1315:

The Ainu have historically suffered from economic and social discrimination, as both the Japanese government and mainstream population regarded them as dirty and primitive barbarians. The majority of Ainu were forced to be petty laborers during the

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The "2019 Ainu act" simplified procedures for obtaining various permissions from authorities in regards to the traditional lifestyle of the Ainu and nurtured the identity and cultures of the Ainu without defining the ethnic group by blood lineage.

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and the privatization of traditional Ainu lands. During the 19th and 20th centuries, the Japanese government denied the rights of the Ainu to their traditional cultural practices, such as hunting, gathering, and speaking their native language.

3787:, Hokkaidō. The park was planned to be a base for the protection and promotion of Ainu people, culture, and language. The museum promotes the culture and habits of the Ainu people, who are the original inhabitants of Hokkaidō. Upopoy in the 3723:

There is no single government body to coordinate Ainu affairs. Rather, various advisory boards are set up by the Hokkaido government to advise on specific matters. One such committee operated in the late 1990s, and its work resulted in the

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Buddhism). However, it is noted that, similar to the Japanese religious consciousness, there is not a strong feeling of identification with a particular religion, with Buddhist and traditional beliefs both being part of their daily lives.

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community. In 1953, K. Omelchenko, the minister for the protection of military and state secrets in the USSR, banned the press from publishing any more information on the Ainu living in the USSR. This order was revoked after two decades.

3055:, they are told who their spouse is to be. There are also traditional marriages based on the mutual consent of both sexes. In some areas, when a daughter reaches a marriageable age, her parents allow her to live in a small room called a 2890:, a window located on the side facing the entrance (i.e., on the east side), through which gods enter and leave and ceremonial tools are taken in and out. The Ainu regard this window as sacred and are told never to look in through it. A 3882:

of the Kuril Islands), are fighting for official recognition. Since the Ainu are not recognized in the official list of the peoples living in Russia, they are counted as people without nationality, as ethnic Russians, or as Kamchadals.

1627:

and were ethnically related to the Ainu. The Emishi may, however, have also included non-Ainu groups, which can either be associated with groups distantly related to the Ainu (Ainu-like groups) but forming their own ethnicity, or early

1194:

River, commonly interacted with the Ainu people independent of the Japanese government, especially in the northern part of Hokkaido. In addition to their trading ventures, Santan traders sometimes kidnapped or purchased Ainu women from

3504:

Other rituals were performed for things such as food and illness. The Ainu had a ritual to welcome the salmon, praying for a big catch, and another to thank the salmon at the end of the season. There was also a ritual for warding off

3155:

around their bodies. When women reached the age of 12 or 13, the lips, hands, and arms were traditionally tattooed. When they reached the age of 15 or 16, their tattoos would be completed, indicating their qualification for marriage.

2029:

in English, such as 'to', 'from', 'by', 'in', and 'at', appear as postpositional forms in Ainu. Whereas prepositions come before the word they modify, postpositions come after it. A single sentence in Ainu can comprise many added or

4306:

Kamchatka Ainu (no known living population): Known as Kamchatka Kurile in Russian records. They ceased to exist as a separate ethnic group after their defeat in 1706 by the Russians. Individuals were assimilated into the Kurile and

1632:

outside the influence of the Yamato court. The Emishi display clear material culture links to the Ainu of Hokkaido. Based on Ainu-like toponyms throughout Tohoku, it is argued that the Emishi, like the Ainu, descended from the

2157:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge. 9344:「昭和21年（1946年）12月19日、東京でデレヴャンコ中将と日本における連合国軍最高司令官代表ポール・J・ミューラー中将が、ソ連領とのその支配下にある地域からの日本人捕虜と民間人の本国送還問題に関する協定に署名した。協定では、日本人捕虜と民間人はソ連領とその支配下のある地域から本国送還されなければならない、と記されていた。日本市民はソ連領から自由意志の原則に基づいて帰還することが特に但し書きされていた。」（ネットワークコミュニティきたみ・ 7595: 1089:

in Hokkaidō, sent Satō Kamoemon and Kakizaki Kuroudo on an expedition to Sakhalin. One of the Matsumae explorers, Kodō Shōzaemon, stayed in the island in the winter of 1636 and sailed along the east coast to Taraika (now

1834:

of Ainu individuals, it was found that they carry genes associated with facial structure found among Europeans and hair and tooth morphology found among East Asians. Genetic analyses of HLA I and HLA II genes as well as

2471:, along with ravens and other birds. The Ainu hunted eagles for their tail feathers, which they used in trade with the Japanese. Historically, the Ainu hunted sea-otters and traded their pelts in the Japanese market. 3861:

of the Ainu community in Kamchatka, Alexei Vladimirovich Nakamura, requested that Vladimir Ilyukhin (Governor of Kamchatka) and Boris Nevzorov (Chairman of the State Duma) include the Ainu in the central list of the

1600:

of Japan, pointing to a possible heterogeneous makeup of Okhotsk society. Satsumon pottery has been found among Okhotsk sites, pointing to a complex network of contacts in the wider area around the Sea of Okhotsk.

11001:

Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Jinam, Timothy A.; Kawai, Yosuke; Sato, Takehiro; Hosomichi, Kazuyoshi; Tajima, Atsushi; Adachi, Noboru; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Kryukov, Kirill; Saitou, Naruya; Shinoda, Ken-Ichi (2019).

4191:): Japanese rule until 1945. Japan evacuated almost all the Ainu to Hokkaidō after World War II. Isolated individuals might have remained on Sakhalin. In 1949, there were about 100 Ainu living on Soviet Sakhalin. 2543:. The Ainu usually use arrows to hunt deer. Also, they drive deer into a river or sea and shoot them with arrows. For a large catch, a whole village would drive a herd of deer off a cliff and club them to death. 2089:

It should be brought up to date to reflect subsequent history or scholarship (including the references, if any). When you have completed the review, replace this notice with a simple note on this article's talk

4386: 1610:

discovered from archaeological sites of the Jomon and Epi-Jomon periods, which were anterior to the Ainu cultural period. This implies that the Okhotsk culture contributed to the formation of the Ainu culture.

1243:, the Kuril Islands—along with their Ainu inhabitants—came under Japanese administration. In 1899, the Japanese government passed an act labeling the Ainu as "former aborigines", with the idea that they would 774:

rivers in 1263, and forced the submission of the two peoples. In 1264, the Ainu invaded the land of the Nivkh people. The Ainu also started an expedition into the Amur region, which was then controlled by the

2143: 1829:

in southern Japan, followed by contemporary Japanese people. Compared with other East Asian populations, the Ainu are an outgroup, pointing to long-lasting isolation after their divergence. By analyzing the

581:

until the early 19th century. The ethnonym first appeared in an 1819 German encyclopedia article. Neither European nor Japanese sources conceived of the Ainu as a distinct ethnic group until the late 1700s.

3845:

As of 2015, the North Kuril Ainu of Zaporozhye form the largest Ainu subgroup in Russia. The Nakamura clan (South Kuril Ainu on their paternal side), the smallest group, numbers just six people residing in

3877:

are not organized politically. According to Alexei Nakamura, as of 2012, only 205 Ainu live in Russia (up from just 12 people who self-identified as Ainu in 2008). They, along with the Kurile Kamchadals

3010: 11162:

Cooke, Niall P.; Mattiangeli, Valeria; Cassidy, Lara M.; Okazaki, Kenji; Stokes, Caroline A.; Onbe, Shin; Hatakeyama, Satoshi; Machida, Kenichi; Kasai, Kenji; Tomioka, Naoto; Matsumoto, Akihiko (2021).

7583: 2629:

There are examples of spatulas and other objects used by the Ainu people for ceremonial purposes that remain in clusters of the same size, and some are specifically produced for trading with the Ainu.

988:

The Qing dynasty ruled these regions by imposing upon them a fur tribute system, just as had the Yuan and Ming dynasties. Residents who were required to pay tributes had to register according to their

887:

women in Sakhalin married Han Chinese Ming officials when the Ming took tribute from Sakhalin and the Amur River region. Due to Ming rule in Manchuria, Chinese cultural and religious influence such as

2595:

fishing. Many villages were built near rivers or along the coast. Each village or individual had a definite river fishing territory. Outsiders could not freely fish there and needed to ask the owner.

2314:) their mouths and sometimes their forearms. The mouth tattoos start at a young age with a small spot on the upper lip, gradually increasing in size. The soot deposited on a pot hung over a fire of 3857:, nearly 100 people tried to register themselves as ethnic Ainu in the village, but the governing council of Kamchatka Krai rejected their claim and enrolled them as ethnic Kamchadal. In 2011, the 3791:

means "singing in a large group". The National Ainu Museum building has images and videos exhibiting the history and daily life of the Ainu. The Ainu cultural contribution is also recognized by a

4034:

inherited the blood of Ainu" or "the same livelihood as those with marriage or adoption." Additionally, if the other person is declared not to be "Ainu", then it is not subject to investigation.

3863: 3461:

granted humans objects, skills, and knowledge to use tools, and thus deserve respect and worship. Daily practices included the moderation of hunting, gathering, and harvesting to not disturb the

1073:

Local native Sakhalin chiefs had their daughters taken as wives by Manchu officials as sanctioned by the Qing dynasty when the Qing exercised jurisdiction in Sakhalin and took tribute from them.

4119:

Tokyo Ainu (a modern-age migration of Hokkaidō Ainu highlighted in a documentary film released in 2010): According to a 1989 survey, more than 10,000 Ainu live in the Tokyo metropolitan area.

3913:

As of 2012, both the Kuril Ainu and Kuril Kamchadal ethnic groups lack the fishing and hunting rights that the Russian government grants to the indigenous tribal communities of the far north.

6181:

In particular, Sea-girt Yezo : glimpses of missionary work in North Japan by Batchelor, John (Church Missionary Society 1902) digitised by Google and uploaded to the Internet Archive at

1269:

The Ainu went from being a relatively isolated group of people to having their land, language, religion, and customs assimilated into those of the Japanese. Their land was distributed to the

9323: 4037:

A 1971 survey determined an Ainu population of 77,000. Another survey yielded a total of 200,000 Ainu living in Japan. However, there are no other surveys that support this high estimate.

10277:

Levin, Mark (2001). "Essential Commodities and Racial Justice: Using Constitutional Protection of Japan's Indigenous Ainu People to Inform Understandings of the United States and Japan".

9634:[All-Union Population Census of 1926. National composition of the population by regions of the RSFSR. Far East: Sakhalin District]. Central Statistical Office of the USSR. 1929. 1993:

Many of the Ainu dialects, especially those from different extremities of Hokkaido, are not mutually intelligible. However, all Ainu speakers understand the classic Ainu language of the

4055:

According to a 2017 survey, the Ainu population in Hokkaido is about 13,000. This is a sharp drop from 24,000 in 2006. However, this is partially due to a decrease in membership in the

9827: 3106:

Ainu babies traditionally are not given permanent names when they are born. Rather, they are called by various temporary names until the age of two or three. Newborn babies are named

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are gods or spirits that choose to visit the human world in temporary physical forms, both animate and inanimate, within the human world. Once the physical vessel dies or breaks, the

1251: 1623:

were identical to the Ainu has been largely disproven by current research, the exact relationship between them is still under dispute. It is agreed that at least some Emishi spoke

1199:

to become their wives. This further escalated Japan's presence in the area, as the Tokugawa shogunate believed a monopoly on the Santan trade would better protect the Ainu people.

744:) began in the 13th century. The Ainu formed a society of hunter-gatherers, surviving mainly by hunting and fishing. They followed a religion that was based on natural phenomena. 5351: 8982: 1592:

played a role in the formation of the later Ainu culture. The origin of the Okhotsk culture itself is subject to research. While Okhotsk remains display affinity to the modern

1452:, in particular Hokkaido. The government acknowledges the Ainu to be an ethnic minority as it has maintained a unique cultural identity and has a unique language and religion. 1020:), which were the gowns of the mandarin. Those who offered especially large fur tributes were granted the right to create a familial relationship with officials of the Manchu 4382: 4220:

by the Russian government in Kamchatka Krai): Also known as Kurile in Russian records. They were under Russian rule until 1875; they first came under Japanese rule after the

3137:

and have their hair dressed properly for the first time at age 15 to 16. Women are also considered adults at the age of 15 to 16. They traditionally wear underclothes called

1572: 1150:, and enhanced Matsumae prestige as exotic items. Eventually the Tokugawa government, realizing that they could not depend on the Matsumae, took control of Sakhalin in 1807. 10279: 9196:"Ainu people lay ancient claim to Kurile Islands: The hunters and fishers who lost their land to the Russians and Japanese are gaining the confidence to demand their rights" 3804: 2167: 7925:, "Some glass beads were brought to the Ainu through trade with the Asian continent, but others were secretly made by the Matsumae clan at their headquarters in Hakodate.". 6314: 4236:

in religion. As the islands were given to the Japanese, more than a hundred Ainu fled to Kamchatka along with their Russian employers (where they were assimilated into the

3449:

would return out of delight for the human world. Due to this interaction, the Ainu lived with deep reverence for nature and all objects and phenomena in the hopes that the

3064:

The age of marriage is 17 to 18 years of age for men and 15 to 16 years of age for women, who are traditionally tattooed. At these ages, both sexes are regarded as adults.

11477:

Trekhsviatskyi, Anatolii (2007). "At the far edge of the Chinese Oikoumene: Mutual relations of the indigenous population of Sakhalin with the Yuan and Ming dynasties".

8483: 4048:, but there are also indications that they are a descendant of the Aleut. On the other hand, the descendant of the children born in Poland by the Polish anthropologist 2281:

was considered a sufficient and final penalty. However, in the case of murder, the nose and ears of the culprit were cut off, or the tendons of their feet were severed.

705:

support the historical view that the Ainu people lived in several places throughout northern Honshu. There is also a possibility that Ainu speakers lived throughout the

10890:"Mitochondrial DNA haplogrouping of the Okhotsk people based on analysis of ancient DNA: an intermediate of gene flow from the continental Sakhalin people to the Ainu" 786:

From the Nivkh perspective, their surrender to the Mongols essentially established a military alliance against the Ainu who had invaded their lands. According to the

11876: 7347: 4536:, Bond's character spends some time living in an Ainu village and (in the film) is supposedly disguised as one of the local people, "marrying" a local pearl fisher ( 4020: 2992: 8224: 6341: 875:

pelts as tribute to the Wuliehe post. In 1437, four other assistant commanders (Zhaluha, Sanchiha, Tuolingha, and Alingge) also presented tribute. According to the

3275:

The Ainu religion has no priests by profession. Instead, the village chief performs whatever religious ceremonies are necessary. Ceremonies are confined to making

2527:

stingers or skin-covering stingers. They traditionally hunt in groups with dogs. Before hunting, particularly for bears and similar animals, they may pray to the

7379: 3725: 1118:

was nominally in charge of Sakhalin, but they neither protected nor governed the Ainu there. Instead they extorted the Ainu for Chinese silk, which they sold in

1817:"highland East Asians" and may have contributed some ancestry to surrounding populations around the Sea of Okhotsk. Differences in the frequency of the derived 1004:, village), and a designated chief of each unit was put in charge of district security as well as the annual collection and delivery of fur. By 1750, fifty-six 724:

The ancestors of the Ainu, who were referred to as Emishi came under Japanese subjugation starting in the 9th century and were pushed to the northern islands.

3630: 3558: 442:

Official estimates place the total Ainu population in Japan at 25,000. Unofficial estimates place the total population at 200,000 or higher, as the near-total

3517:. Similarly to many religions, the Ainu also gave prayers and offerings to their ancestors in the spirit world or afterlife. They would also pray to the fire 2637: 13439: 13248: 12768: 8185: 2815:

were also forced to relocate to near fishing grounds so that the Japanese could secure a labor force. When the Japanese moved to other fishing grounds, Ainu

5195:. Monograph (in English and Korean). Honolulu, Hawaiʻi: Center for Korean Studies, University of Hawaiʻi : Distributed by University of Hawaiʻi Press. 4937: 2663:

are made from wood fiber with bundles of partially shaved wood. The crown has wooden figures of animal gods and other ornaments in its center. Men carry an

2252:, the Ainu culture can be included into a wider "northern circumpacific region", referring to various indigenous cultures of Northeast Asia and "beyond the 8631: 9268: 2626:

in southern Hokkaido, but since the technique of lacquering is from Honshu, lacquerware can be considered an introduced item among Ainu folk implements.

1227:... The development of Japan's large northern island had several objectives: First, it was seen as a means to defend Japan from a rapidly developing and 8830: 1273:

settlers to create and maintain farms in the model of Western industrial agriculture. It was known as "colonization" (拓殖) at the time, but later by the

5894:

Indigenous Minorities and Education: Australian and Japanese Perspectives on their Indigenous Peoples, the Ainu, Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders

5174: 4023:

was a maximum of 26,800; it has since declined, due in part to the spread of infectious diseases. It was traditionally regarded as a Tenryō territory.

3829:

on September 18, 1877, after they decided to remain under Russian rule. They refused the offer by Russian officials to move to new reservations in the

3485:(a fence-like row of taller Inau decorated with bear skulls), separated from the main house and raised storehouses and often observed outdoor rituals. 2622:

One of the characteristics of Ainu lacquerware is that it is almost entirely imported from the south of Honshu. Some pieces may have been lacquered in

2504:. The recipe for this poison was a household secret that differed from family to family. They enhanced the poison with mixtures of roots and stalks of 1255: 3783:

was opened. It had originally been scheduled to open on April 24, 2020, prior to the Tokyo Olympic and Paralympic Games scheduled in the same year in

1668:, which was written in 1356. Indeed, Ainu have lived in Sakhalin, the Kuril Islands, Hokkaido, and the northern Tohoku region since the 13th century. 13338: 12357: 3569:

Most Hokkaidō Ainu, and some other Ainu, are members of an umbrella group called the Hokkaido Ainu Association. The organization changed its name to

1472:

notably claimed in 2020, "No other country but this one has lasted for as long as 2,000 years with one language, one ethnic group, and one dynasty."

8886: 7604:, " there is not much written about the Japanese fur trade, though some writers mention it as part of the trade between the Japanese and the Ainu.". 6793:

End of Okhotsk? A Peer Polity Interaction approach to the interaction, exchange and decline of a Northeast-Asian maritime culture on Hokkaido, Japan

6572: 6060: 4816:"Results of the All-Russian Population Census of 2010 in relation to the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of individual nationalities" 2759:, usually made from glass balls. Some glass balls came from trade with the Asian continent. The Ainu also obtained glass balls secretly made by the 2177:

Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.

13343: 11937: 11588: 9584: 10713:

The peoples of Northeast Asia through time : precolonial ethnic and cultural processes along the coast between Hokkaido and the Bering Strait

9315: 13487: 4604: 1437: 11732: 11424: 4823: 13378: 10782:

Tajima, Atsushi; Hayami, Masanori; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Juji, Takeo; Matsuo, Masafumi; Marzuki, Sangkot; Omoto, Keiichi; Horai, Satoshi (2004).

3996:

were moved to the island of Shikotan by providing the pioneers with essential life supplies and for defense purposes (Kurishima Cruise Diary).

2439:. Heavy penalties were imposed on any outsiders trespassing on such hunting grounds or on joint hunting territory. The Ainu traditionally hunt 1527:. Some authors have also described the development of the Ainu culture as the "resistance" of a Jomon society to the emerging Japanese state. 967:

called it "Sagaliyan ula angga hada" (Island at the Mouth of the Black River). The Qing first asserted influence over Sakhalin after the 1689

13406: 11853: 9819: 8248: 3604:

of northern Europe. Both the Sámi and the Ainu participate in the organization for Arctic indigenous peoples and the Sámi research office in

2950: 1951:

The resurgence of Ainu culture and language is in large part due to the pioneering efforts of the late Ainu folklorist, activist, and former

11889: 11848: 11830: 8803: 7592:, "The Ainu hunted sea-otters on Ulup Island where the animals lived, or obtained them by trading with the people of the northern islands.". 6194: 13586: 6273:アイヌの人々が「先住民族」かどうか結論を下せる状況にはないが、アイヌの人々は、いわゆる和人との関係において、日本列島北部周辺、取り分け北海道に先住していたことは歴史的事実であり、また、独自の言語及び宗教を有し、文化の独自性を保持していること等から、少数民族であると認識している。 6130: 3625: 3377:(Russian Ainu) by other members of the Ainu community. Reports indicate that many Ainu have kept their faith in their traditional deities. 1278: 11772: 10888:

Sato, Takehiro; Amano, Tetsuya; Ono, Hiroko; Ishida, Hajime; Kodera, Haruto; Matsumura, Hirofumi; Yoneda, Minoru; Masuda, Ryuichi (2009).

9523: 9290: 2308:. Men and women alike cut their hair level with the shoulders at the sides of the head, trimmed semi-circularly behind. The women tattoo ( 1822:

Tibetans and Sherpa, "raising the possibility that selective pressure on these variants was different in the high-altitude environments."

13675: 12852: 12189: 11084:"Whole-Genome Sequencing of a 900-Year-Old Human Skeleton Supports Two Past Migration Events from the Russian Far East to Northern Japan" 9969:. Arctic Studies Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution in association with University of Washington Press. 8682: 5546: 3730: 7282: 2080: 10608:

Takahashi, Chikashi (April 18, 2006). "Inter-Asian competition in the fur market in the 18th and 19th centuries". In Latham, A. J. H.;

9439: 9381: 4909: 4845: 4052:, who was a leading Ainu researcher and left a vast amount of research material, such as photographs and wax tubes, was born in Japan. 907:. These groups also adopted material goods and practices such as agriculture, husbandry, heating, iron cooking pots, silk, and cotton. 10541: 8361: 5361: 4011:. The Ainu who lived there were repatriated to their home country, Japan, except for those who indicated their willingness to remain. 3825:, the Kuril Islands, along with their Ainu inhabitants, came under Japanese administration. A total of 83 North Kuril Ainu arrived in 12623: 9362: 9070: 8992: 8622: 3796: 3473:(sacred shaved stick), which usually consisted of whittled willow tree wood with decorative shavings still attached, and wine to the 1329: 9858: 9768: 9635: 8615:"Act for the Promotion of Ainu Culture and Dissemination of Knowledge Regarding Ainu Traditions – A Translation of the Ainu Shinpou" 3036: 13670: 13665: 13609: 13193: 9765:

All-Union Population Census of 1926. National composition of the population by regions of the RSFSR. Far East: Nikolaevsky District

7494: 2342:. Ainu culture regards earrings, traditionally made from grapevines, as gender-neutral. Women also wear a beaded necklace called a 1854: 11276:

Martin, Kylie (2011). "特集超国家的枠組、標準化、ネットワーク化--ヨーロッパ、日本、アフリカの組織的多様性マネージメント" [On the road to Ainu language revitalization].

10835:

Hammer, Michael F.; Karafet, Tatiana M.; Park, Hwayong; Omoto, Keiichi; Harihara, Shinji; Stoneking, Mark; Horai, Satoshi (2006).

12274: 9423: 6304: 5926: 3308:

They are placed on an altar used to "send back" the spirits of killed animals. Ainu ceremonies for sending back bears are called

10469:

Sasaki, Shiro (1999). "Trading Brokers and Partners with China, Russia, and Japan". In Fitzhugh, W. W.; Dubreuil, C. O. (eds.).

9345: 8781: 7277: 6239: 13421: 13358: 12307: 10915:

Jinam, Timothy A.; Kanzawa-Kiriyama, Hideaki; Inoue, Ituro; Tokunaga, Katsushi; Omoto, Keiichi; Saitou, Naruya (October 2015).

9632:"Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР. дальне-Восточныи: Саxалинскии округ" 9236: 8475: 4338: 3401:

The Ainu religion consists of a pantheistic animist structure in which the world is founded on interactions between humans and

2025:) tales being committed to memory and related at gatherings that often lasted many hours or even days. Concepts expressed with 1730:

subclades are unique to the Ainu, while the remaining haplogroups are shared with other Asian populations, especially with the

9760:Всесоюзная перепись населения 1926 года. Национальный состав населения по регионам РСФСР. дальне-Восточныи: Николаевскии округ 8113: 7889: 7769: 7631: 1340:, born as the child of an Ainu father and a Japanese mother, became a musician who plays the traditional Ainu instrument, the 474:

speakers; in 2008, there were about 100. In recent years, there have been increasing efforts to revitalize the Ainu language.

11677: 11629: 11611: 11603: 11570: 11534: 11515: 11410: 11343: 11318: 10672: 10557: 10516: 10459: 10436: 10386: 10228: 10105: 10033: 9974: 9951: 9700: 9673: 9568: 8169: 8018: 8008: 7841: 7753: 7667: 7641: 7558: 7531: 7504: 7467: 7442: 7432: 7401: 7081: 6547: 6487: 6421: 5981: 5901: 5797: 5313: 5283: 5227: 5200: 5168: 4991: 4876: 2162: 1008:

and 2,398 households were registered as fur tribute payers, – those who paid with fur were rewarded mainly with Nishiki silk

834:

on the Siberian mainland, which continued operating until the mid-1430s. There is some evidence that the Ming eunuch Admiral

11930: 10572: 10357:[The Ainu and Ainu culture from historical records of the Yuan and Ming]. In Katō, Hirofumi; Suzuki, Kenji (eds.). 9902: 9172: 8423: 7548: 7357: 9038: 8453: 6160: 446:

of the Ainu into Japanese society has resulted in many individuals of Ainu descent having no knowledge of their ancestry.

13088: 12778: 8957: 8221: 6337: 3635: 2463:, and other animals. Ezo deer are a particularly important food resource for the Ainu, as are salmon. The Ainu also hunt 827: 340: 13383: 7850: 7743: 7521: 6806: 3715:. A later action seeking the restoration of Ainu assets held in trust by the Japanese government was dismissed in 2008. 2363:

the village head is used as a public meeting-place when one is needed. Another kind of traditional Ainu house is called

838:

reached Sakhalin in 1413 during one of his expeditions to the lower Amur, and granted Ming titles to a local chieftain.

394: 13655: 13522: 9463:「しかしアキヅキトシユキは実際には1975年の樺太・千島交換条約の際に千島に住んでいた90人のアレウト族の末裔だったのではないかと推測している。そのアイヌがどこのだれのことを示しているのかということに関してそれ以上の情報はでてこなかった」 8759: 8336: 7952: 3511:

that would bring epidemics, using strong-smelling herbs placed in doorways, windows, and gardens to turn away epidemic

2185: 1848: 8513: 7371: 2198:

Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.

1212: 13401: 13293: 12741: 10720: 10701: 10623: 10598: 10580: 10495: 10408: 10343: 10151: 9494: 9406: 7210: 5768: 5463: 5138: 4742: 4221: 3989: 3822: 2603: 1539:, or legends, tells that "he Ainu lived in this place a hundred thousand years before the Children of the Sun came." 1240: 657:("barbarian") as a reference to their hairiness and savagery. The term is considered an insult by contemporary Ainu. 11792: 8390: 8068:, "Ainu women's underclothes were called mour, literally "deer," a sort of one-piece dress with an open front, ...". 3371:

Ainu community. However, there are only reports of a few conversions to Christianity. Converts have been scorned as

3184: 2745:, a long, narrow strip of cloth with metal plaques. They may also wear a necklace that reaches the breast, called a 13645: 13599: 13459: 13268: 13118: 13093: 7316:

Language, Mythology and Geographical Nomenclature of Japan viewed in the Light of Aino Studies and Aino Fairy-tales

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Honna, Nobuyuki; Tajima, Hiroko Tina; Minamoto, Kunihiko (2000). "Japan". In Kam, Ho Wah; Wong, Ruth Y. L. (eds.).

2896:

has a fireplace near the entrance. A husband and wife would traditionally sit on the fireplace's left side (called

11835: 11781: 7176: 5845:"Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)" 5707: 5524:"Indigenous Diplomacy: Sakhalin Ainu (Enchiw) in the Shaping of Modern East Asia (Part 1: Traders and Travellers)" 2975: 13640: 13479: 12845: 12240: 11923: 9735: 7984: 7928: 7688: 7657: 1228: 4341:). They were probably assimilated into the Slavic rural population. Although no one identifies as Ainu today in 2830: 2474: 13532: 13469: 13444: 13330: 13083: 12736: 11363:"Ainu as a Heritage Language of Japan: History, Current State and Future of Ainu Language Policy and Education" 9795: 9589: 9518: 9137: 9104: 8614: 6601: 5789: 5679: 5560: 4929: 4631: 2777: 2249: 1892:(1904–1905), eight of whom died in battle or from illness contracted during military service. Two received the 1781:

lineage. The Jomon lineage is inferred to have diverged from Ancient East Asians before the divergence between

1677: 1235:

class ... Finally, development promised to yield the needed natural resources for a growing capitalist economy.

895:", and motifs such as dragons, spirals, and scrolls spread among the Ainu, Nivkh, and Amur natives such as the 17: 11843: 9258: 7831: 1974:

The Ainu language has no indigenous system of writing and has historically been transliterated using Japanese

1122:

as Matsumae's special product. To obtain Chinese silk, the Ainu fell into debt, owing much fur to the Santan (

13517: 13454: 13301: 13233: 13208: 13105: 12869: 12756: 7567: 5155: 4405: 4232:. Together, they numbered 221 in 1860. These individuals had Russian names, spoke Russian fluently, and were 1929:

early Russian and Japanese administrative officials to communicate with each other and with the Ainu people.

932: 10889: 9165:[Without nationality: Representatives of a small number of people want to legitimize their status]. 7719: 4504:

The history of the island of Hokkaidō and of the Ainu people are part of the plot of a chapter in the manga

1557:

argue for a Satsumon origin of Ainu dialects, with deeper links to cultures centered in Central or Northern

336: 13660: 13650: 13540: 13263: 13053: 12159: 12142: 11003: 4249:

pure-blooded Ainu) was evacuated to Hokkaidō in 1941, where they soon vanished as a separate ethnic group.

4056: 3712: 3640: 2125: 2026: 1260: 780: 751: 11866: 11032:"Ancient Jomon genome sequence analysis sheds light on migration patterns of early East Asian populations" 5672:

Japanese–Russian Relations and Sakhalin Island: Territorial Dispute in the Bakumatsu and First Meiji Years

5391: 3384:, a high percentage of Ainu are members of their household family religion, which is Buddhism (especially 2557:

Fishing is important to Ainu culture. They largely catch trout in summer and salmon in autumn, as well as

1169:

took direct control of southern Hokkaido. Japan proclaimed sovereignty over Sakhalin in 1807, and in 1809

13431: 13228: 13178: 12267: 12215: 10012:

Howell, David L. (1997). "The Meiji State and the Logic of Ainu 'Protection'". In Hardacre, Helen (ed.).

9937: 8678: 7291: 7076:. Weatherhead Books on Asia. Translated by Ethan Mark. New York: Columbia University Press. p. 127. 6718:"Embodying Okhotsk Ethnicity: Human Skeletal Remains from the Aonae Dune Site, Okushiri Island, Hokkaido" 6052: 4528: 3620: 3067: 3051:

between their parents and the parents of their betrothed, or by a go-between. When the betrothed reach a

2801:

and along seashores where food was readily available, particularly in the basins of rivers through which

1786: 1782: 1381: 9594: 8914: 8855: 6467: 6285: 4730: 3977:

official responsible for finance) implemented an assimilation policy for Ainu engaged in fishing in the

3061:, annexed to the southern wall of the house. The parents choose her husband from the men who visit her. 218: 13680: 13604: 13594: 13502: 13497: 12838: 12694: 11335: 10216: 8039: 5552: 4533: 4401: 3570: 11693:. Publications of the Folklore Society, vol. 22. Edward B. Taylor, Introduction. Leipzig: C. G. Röder. 10238:

Levin, Mark (1999). "Kayano et al. v. Hokkaido Expropriation Committee: 'The Nibutani Dam Decision'".

10221:

Alone with the Hairy Ainu: or, 3,800 Miles on a Pack Saddle in Yezo and a Cruise to the Kurile Islands

9993: 9016: 7607: 6083: 4044:

In addition to Japan and Russia, it was reported in 1992 that there was a descendant of Kuril Ainu in

1875:

Japanese (who carried around 11% Jōmon and 89% Yayoi ancestry), corresponding with historical events.

1797:. Beyond their broad affinity with Eastern Asian lineages, the Jomon also display a weak affinity for 13373: 13258: 13148: 12819: 11449: 10841: 10788: 10487: 10470: 8232: 8082: 7633:

Medical Toxicology of Natural Substances: Foods, Fungi, Medicinal Herbs, Plants, and Venomous Animals

7352: 5304: 4815: 4272:

Southern Kuril Ainu (no known living population): This group numbered almost 2,000 people (mainly in

3834: 1741:

Of the 51 Ainu individuals, around 27.5% (14/51) belong to N9 (of which 10 were assigned to subclade

1012:, and every year the dynasty supplied the chief of each clan and village with official silk clothes ( 11650:

The Ainu of Japan: the religion, superstitions, and general history of the hairy aborigines of Japan

10327:[Several questions around "the Mongol attack from the north"]. In Kikuchi, Toshihiko (ed.). 6365:"The Ainu and Indigenous politics in Japan: negotiating agency, institutional stability, and change" 4150:

are generally considered Yamato but may be descendants of Tsugaru Ainu after cultural assimilation.

3767:

realization of a society where the Ainu and Japanese can coexist and possess equal rights in Japan.

1664: 1388:), and his publications are a source of photographs of the Japanese and Ainu close to the missions. 13278: 13113: 12799: 11722: 10784:"Genetic origins of the Ainu inferred from combined DNA analyses of maternal and paternal lineages" 10475:. Arctic Study Center, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington D.C. 9435: 9424: 8260: 4589: 4397: 4181: 4049: 3917: 3894:

in Kamchatka Krai wrote a letter to Vladimir Putin, urging him to reconsider any move to award the

3847: 3826: 2878:

is about seven by five meters, with an entrance at the west end that also serves as a storeroom. A

2193: 1893: 1511:

The exact origins of the early Ainu remain unclear, but it is generally agreed to be linked to the

1102:

reduced the population. In an early colonization attempt, a Japanese settlement was established at

915: 697:

hunters, who still use a large amount of Ainu vocabulary in their dialect and also migrated to the

449:

The Ainu are one of the few ethnic minorities native to the Japanese islands. They were subject to

13223: 5022: 3316:. The Ainu people give thanks to the gods before eating and pray to the deity of fire in times of 2827:

disappeared, and large villages of several dozen families were formed around the fishing grounds.

2678: 1858:

Admixture graph based on the genomic data of Okhotsk (NAT002), Jomon (F23), and modern populations

1384:. Batchelor wrote extensively in English about the beliefs and daily life of the Ainu in Yezo (or 13311: 12679: 12137: 11302: 8815: 5256: 3359: 3179: 2964: 1941: 1864: 1460:

passed a non-binding, bipartisan resolution calling upon the government to recognize the Ainu as

13198: 11589:

Act for the Promotion of Ainu Culture & Dissemination of Knowledge Regarding Ainu Traditions

11137:"Exploring models of human migration to the Japanese archipelago using genome-wide genetic data" 6792: 6122: 5758: 1888:

Ainu men were first recruited into the Japanese military in 1898. Sixty-four Ainu served in the

1440:

in 2007, Hokkaido politicians pressured the government to recognize Ainu rights. Prime Minister

13570: 13464: 13316: 13213: 13158: 12751: 12260: 12149: 12046: 11946: 9663: 9513: 9427:

Area Studies Committee Anthropology Subcommittee (日本学術会議地域研究委員会人類学分科会) (September 15, 2011).

9300: 7550:

Politics of Occupation-Centred Practice: Reflections on Occupational Engagement Across Cultures

7311: 4982:

Language Policies and Language Education: The Impact in East Asian Countries in the Next Decade

4725: 4621: 4549: 4460:

has an Ainu girl, Asirpa, as one of the protagonists and features many aspects of Ainu culture.

3645: 2468: 1868: 1810: 1798: 1777:

of Japan. Previous genetic analyses of Jomon remains found them to represent a deeply diverged

877: 461:

since at least the 18th century. Japanese assimilation policies in the 19th century around the

11769: 11556:. Haskell lectures on History of religions. Vol. 1. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 11426:

Man'yōshū to Fudoki ni Mirareru Fushigina Kotoba to Jōdai Nihon Retto ni Okeru Ainugo no Bunpu

10315: 10293: 10268: 9745: 9690: 9665:

Atlas of Languages of Intercultural Communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas: Maps

8674: 8065: 7994: 7938: 7922: 7860: 7698: 7071: 5453: 3437:

and leaves its physical form behind as a gift to humans. If the humans treated the vessel and

2429:

The Ainu traditionally hunt from late autumn to early summer, in part because in late autumn,

2421: 2354: 1924:

gave an estimate of fewer than 100 remaining speakers of the Ainu language. In 1993, linguist

1549:, which was located in an area stretching from northern Honshu to Hokkaido. Linguists such as 13411: 13273: 13218: 12963: 12773: 12154: 10358: 9805: 9428: 8733: 7873: 7729: 7577: 6411: 5118: 4599: 4497: 4172:

Ainu: Pure-blooded individuals may be surviving in Hokkaidō. From both Northern and Southern

4026:

According to the 1897 Russian census, 1,446 Ainu native speakers lived in Russian territory.

3895: 3854: 2346:. Modern craftswomen weave and embroider traditional garments that command very high prices. 2318:

is used for color. Traditional Ainu dress consists of a robe spun from the inner bark of the

2214: 1802: 1542:

The historical Ainu economy was based on farming as well as hunting, fishing, and gathering.

1244: 443: 11782:

Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture (centers located in Sapporo and Tokyo)

10660: 10483:

A World Trimmed with Fur: Wild Things, Pristine Places, and the Natural Fringes of Qing Rule

9558: 9377: 7267:

One or more of the preceding sentences incorporates text from a publication now in the

5997:

Yamada, Yoshiko (2010). "A Preliminary Study of Language Contact around Uilta in Sakhalin".

5157:

Documentation and Revitalisation of two Endangered Languages in Eastern Asia: Nivkh and Ainu

4901: 4853: 4451:, the Oina people, who inhabit the northern land of Kamui, are heavily inspired by the Ainu. 3333:

The Ainu are part of a larger collective of indigenous people who practice "arctolatry", or

2228: 984:

except the southern tip. The Qing imposed a fur-tribute system on the region's inhabitants.

13630: 13507: 13393: 13363: 13326: 13243: 11236: 11176: 9263:[Representatives of the Ainu people in Kamchatka want to legitimize their status]. 7799: 7328: 6672: 4505: 4067:

These are unofficial subgroups of the Ainu people, with location and population estimates.

3780: 3656: 3615: 3562: 3387: 3173: 2615: 2460: 1806: 1762: 1758: 1754: 1750: 1746: 1715: 1562: 1449: 1406: 1349: 12094: 11810: 10837:"Dual origins of the Japanese: common ground for hunter-gatherer and farmer Y chromosomes" 10749:"Genetic link between Asians and native Americans: evidence from HLA genes and haplotypes" 10401:

Historical Atlas of Northeast Asia, 1590–2010: Korea, Manchuria, Mongolia, Eastern Siberia

9358: 9080: 8078: 689:. Early Ainu-speaking groups (mostly hunters and fishermen) were also present in northern 8: 13153: 12125: 11911:"The Despised Ainu People". The Ainus' Tense Relationship with Japan. 1994. Journeyman.tv 11310: 11004:"Late Jomon male and female genome sequences from the Funadomari site in Hokkaido, Japan" 9850: 9758: 9631: 9011:[In Russia, the Ainu appear again – the most mysterious people of the Far East]. 5357: 4693: 4636: 4143: 3906: 3578:. It is now run exclusively by Ainu and operates mostly independently of the government. 3381: 2278: 1293: 968: 698: 450: 400: 381: 11726:, translated and edited by Alfred F. Majewicz with the assistance of Elzbieta Majewicz. 11240: 11180: 6892: 6869: 6834: 6676: 6182: 5786:

The fabric of indigeneity : Ainu identity, gender, and settler colonialism in Japan

3916:

In March 2017, Alexei Nakamura revealed that plans for an Ainu village to be created in

2724:

are now part of women's formal clothes. However, some old documents state that men wore

1652:; it was originally a highly cultural and political concept with no racial distinction. 1634: 1516: 1146:. As dynastic uniforms, the silk was of considerably higher quality than that traded at 1066:(r. 1735–95), a trade post existed at Delen, upstream of Kiji (Kizi) Lake, according to 13512: 13306: 13238: 13203: 13168: 12746: 12658: 12513: 12503: 11741: 11494: 11259: 11224: 11197: 11164: 11118: 11083: 11064: 11031: 10984: 10959: 10876: 10823: 10255: 10177: 10127: 10082: 10074: 9167: 9075:[Aina ask to be included in the Unified List of Indigenous Peoples of Russia]. 7473: 6833:

Boer, Elisabeth de; Yang, Melinda A.; Kawagoe, Aileen; Barnes, Gina L. (January 2020).

6755: 6693: 6660: 6629: 6392: 4980: 4787: 4641: 3165: 2623: 1959:, himself a native speaker. He first opened an Ainu language school in 1987, funded by 1889: 1398: 1377: 1366: 1166: 1110: 972: 674: 10960:"Deep History of East Asian Populations Revealed Through Genetic Analysis of the Ainu" 10765: 10748: 6099: 5918: 1655:

From the mid-Heian period onward, Emishi who did not fall under the governance of the

13368: 13163: 12945: 12761: 12628: 12618: 12297: 12184: 11673: 11625: 11607: 11599: 11576: 11566: 11540: 11530: 11511: 11486: 11406: 11384: 11349: 11339: 11314: 11285: 11264: 11202: 11123: 11105: 11069: 11051: 10989: 10946: 10938: 10868: 10860: 10815: 10807: 10770: 10726: 10716: 10697: 10678: 10668: 10661: 10619: 10594: 10576: 10553: 10522: 10512: 10491: 10455: 10432: 10404: 10382: 10339: 10311: 10288: 10263: 10259: 10224: 10181: 10147: 10101: 10066: 10029: 9980: 9970: 9963: 9947: 9696: 9669: 9564: 9490: 8922: 8789: 8165: 8014: 7837: 7749: 7663: 7637: 7554: 7527: 7500: 7463: 7438: 7087: 7077: 6874: 6856: 6747: 6698: 6633: 6621: 6483: 6417: 6396: 6384: 6249: 6202: 6103: 5977: 5897: 5793: 5764: 5675: 5556: 5459: 5279: 5233: 5223: 5196: 5164: 5134: 4987: 4882: 4872: 4469: 4393: 4147: 3978: 3902: 3830: 3784: 3605: 3351: 3048: 3047:

The Ainu people have various types of marriage. A child is traditionally promised in

2568: 2440: 2189: 1778: 1727: 1711: 1659:

were singled out as northern Emishi. They began to be referred to as "Ezo" (Emishi).

1629: 1461: 1426: 1317: 1216: 1138:) given to them by the Qing, which made up the majority of what the Japanese knew as 841:

The Ming recruited headmen from Sakhalin for administrative posts such as commander (

762:. In response, the Mongols established an administration post at Nurgan (present-day 505: 462: 233: 223: 10537:

The Return of the Ainu: Cultural Mobilization and the Practice of Ethnicity in Japan

10086: 9910: 9226: 9160: 8831:"Japan's Ainu recognition bill: What does it mean for Hokkaido's indigenous people?" 8186:"How Japan's Bear-Worshipping Indigenous Group Fought Its Way to Cultural Relevance" 6759: 5498:

The Natives of the Lower Reaches of the Amur River as Represented in Chinese Records

3600:

Since late 2011, the Ainu have developed cultural exchange and cooperation with the

1940:

Despite the small number of native speakers of Ainu, there is an active movement to

13552: 13449: 13353: 13348: 13253: 13183: 13029: 13019: 13002: 12997: 12992: 12653: 12164: 12036: 11805: 11374: 11306: 11254: 11244: 11192: 11184: 11148: 11113: 11095: 11059: 11043: 11015: 10979: 10971: 10928: 10901: 10880: 10850: 10827: 10797: 10760: 10645: 10545: 10424: 10247: 10056: 10021: 10017: 9724: 9162:Без национальности: Представители малочисленного народа хотят узаконить свой статус 8887:"Visitors can participate in traditional Ainu dance and try out indigenous cuisine" 8282: 8121: 7897: 7777: 6864: 6846: 6737: 6729: 6688: 6680: 6613: 6557: 6475: 6376: 6244: 6095: 6006: 5299: 4478: 4233: 3969: 3052: 2902:). Children and guests would sit facing them on the fireplace's right side (called 2444: 2245: 2207: 1979: 1968: 1707: 1662:

The first written reference to "Ezo", which is thought to be Ainu, can be found in

1546: 1512: 1082: 1063: 888: 6918: 6716:

Matsumura, Hirofumi; Hudson, Mark J; Koshida, Kenichiro; Minakawa, Yoichi (2006).

5023:"Linguistic Revival: How Japan Restored the Native Ainu Language with "AI Pirika"" 4136: 3953: 1703:

An analysis of 16 Ainu male individuals found that the majority (14/16) belong to

1365:

From the early 1870s, Christian missionary work was conducted among the Ainu. The

361: 195:

in Japan; historically prominent, now critically endangered); Japanese or Russian

13048: 13034: 12975: 12804: 12573: 12553: 12528: 12483: 12382: 12352: 12332: 12322: 12229: 12099: 12072: 12026: 11896: 11796: 11776: 11733:

Volume 2: Materials for the Study of the Ainu Language and Folklore (Kraków 1912)

11700: 11688: 11667: 11648: 11619: 11420: 11400: 11396: 11329: 11249: 10691: 10642:

The Ainu of Tsugaru : the indigenous history and shamanism of northern Japan

10613: 10609: 10535: 10506: 10481: 10418: 10372: 10095: 9295: 8228: 8049: 7957: 7617: 7409: 5501: 5488: 4791: 4737: 4656: 4440: 4342: 4311:

ethnic groups. They were last recorded in the 18th century by Russian explorers.

3874: 3870: 3581: 3248: 2772: 2608: 2564: 2430: 2390: 1925: 1826: 1656: 1589: 1554: 1520: 1430: 1422: 1321: 1208: 1103: 1095: 1086: 956: 788: 458: 410: 385: 344: 330: 261: 169: 155: 13546: 11960: 10975: 10693:

The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800

10663:

The Conquest of Ainu Lands: Ecology and Culture in Japanese Expansion, 1590–1800

10448: 10353:

Nakamura, Kazuyuki (2012). "Gen-Mindai no shiryō kara mieru Ainu to Ainu bunka"

9260:Представители малочисленного народа айну на Камчатке хотят узаконить свой статус 8415: 3837:. As a result of intermarriage, the three ethnic groups assimilated to form the 3611:

Currently, there are several Ainu museums and cultural parks. Some of them are:

1945: 1774: 1765:(1/51), and an unclassified subclade of M not belonging to M7, M8, CZ, D, or G. 1681: 1597: 1501: 1497: 1170: 13563: 13283: 13188: 13058: 12904: 12892: 12809: 12720: 12715: 12438: 12367: 12302: 12199: 12194: 12169: 12120: 11442:

and the Distribution of the Ainu Language in the Japanese Islands in Prehistory

11047: 10747:

Tokunaga, Katsushi; Ohashi, Jun; Bannai, Makoto; Juji, Takeo (September 2001).

10161: 10139: 10115: 9048: 8445: 7051: 6581:, "...the Satsumon people (a direct ancestoral lineage of the Ainu people)...". 6152: 5844: 5523: 4666: 4651: 4594: 4558: 3891: 3816: 3693: 3661: 3343:'s chosen method of delivering the gift of the bear's hide and meat to humans. 2294: 1987: 1956: 1831: 1624: 1524: 1337: 1196: 976: 710: 369: 311: 188: 141: 11910: 11902: 11825: 10855: 10836: 10802: 10783: 10302:

Levin, Mark (2008). "The Wajin's Whiteness: Law and Race Privilege in Japan".

10251: 10061: 10044: 10025: 8947: 7091: 7041: 7039: 7012: 6661:"The origin of the Japanese race based on genetic markers of immunoglobulin G" 6479: 3601: 3494:, a divine or spiritual being in Ainu mythology, to the spiritual realm. This 1492:, a famous Ainu Japanese transcriber and translator of Ainu epic tales. (1922) 31: 13635: 13624: 13416: 13141: 13078: 13009: 12980: 12814: 12689: 12674: 12603: 12543: 12458: 12283: 12104: 12077: 12067: 11996: 11490: 11109: 11055: 10942: 10864: 10811: 10730: 10526: 10070: 8926: 8810: 7301: 7273: 7268: 6860: 6751: 6625: 6617: 6388: 6206: 6107: 5237: 4886: 4661: 4584: 4267: 4241: 4211: 4008: 3993: 3961: 3945: 3928: 3887: 3788: 2869: 2760: 2452: 2386: 2253: 1952: 1905: 1872: 1649: 1550: 1469: 1457: 1418: 1417:

The existence of the Ainu has challenged the notion of ethnic homogeneity in

1308: 1283: 1270: 1115: 1021: 920: 896: 733: 714: 686: 517: 493: 471: 467: 406: 389: 377: 192: 54: 11580: 11544: 11353: 10682: 9984: 8767: 7478: 7286:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 441–442. 6717: 6665:

Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences

4646: 3890:, and that the Japanese and Russians were both invaders. In 2004, the small 13131: 13063: 13043: 12558: 12518: 12174: 12031: 11986: 11965: 11877:

A Salmon's Life: An Incredible Journey (Columbia River basin, June 8, 2016)

11268: 11206: 11188: 11127: 11073: 10993: 10950: 10872: 10819: 10774: 10392: 8505: 7168: 7036: 6878: 6702: 5217: 4671: 4579: 4554: 4539: 4456: 4000: 3575: 3523:

to deliver their offerings of broken snacks and fruit, as well as tobacco.

3334: 3228: 2806: 2798: 2520: 2382: 2378: 2339: 2051: 2047: 1790: 1742: 1731: 1593: 1441: 1402: 1373: 1187: 1183: 1067: 928: 904: 884: 819: 807: 776: 759: 755: 586: 454: 276: 251: 11508:

Ainu Folklore: Traditions and Culture of the Vanishing Aborigines of Japan

11100: 10549: 10428: 10323:

Nakamura, Kazuyuki (2010). "Kita kara no mōko shūrai wo meguru shōmondai"

9820:"Satoru Noda's Golden Kamuy manga series wins the 2016 Manga Taisho award" 9410: 7218: 6988: 6733: 6510: 5548:

A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581-1990

3169: 1648:

region and whose lifestyle and culture differed markedly from that of the

1480: 1409:

63,000), beginning in 2015, to conduct surveys nationwide on this matter.

665: 13126: 13014: 12958: 12921: 12916: 12684: 12568: 12548: 12538: 12468: 12463: 12397: 12347: 12317: 11915: 11789: 9692:

Japan's Competing Modernities: Issues in Culture and Democracy, 1900–1930

8386: 6309: 5665:

Nich-Ro kankei to Saharintō : Bakumatsu Meiji shonen no ryōdo mondai

4565: 4487: 4346: 3321: 3238: 2031: 2005:. Without a writing system, the Ainu were masters of narration, with the 2002: 1960: 1920: 1641: 1545:

The general consensus among historians is to associate the Ainu with the

1489: 1448:

It is a historical fact that the Ainu are the precursors in the northern

1328:

The legal denial of Ainu cultural practices mostly stemmed from the 1899

1220: 1179: 1126:), who lived near the Qing office. The Ainu also sold the silk uniforms ( 1123: 1039: 900: 831: 771: 763: 721:, that appear to be unlikely to be the result of a Japonic intermediary. 706: 11498: 11289: 10933: 10916: 10618:. Routledge Studies in the Modern History of Asia. Abingdon: Routledge. 10165: 10131: 9941: 9127: 6775: 6773: 6771: 6769: 6380: 3864:

Indigenous small-numbered peoples of the North, Siberia and the Far East

2289: 1696: 405:'the land of the Ainu'), since before the arrival of the modern 13576: 13173: 13136: 12970: 12638: 12583: 12523: 12453: 12443: 12377: 12362: 12041: 11379: 11362: 11153: 11136: 11020: 10906: 10650: 10377:, Voices from the Shifting Russo-Japanese Border: Karafuto / Sakhalin, 10078: 10045:"Making 'Useful Citizens' of Ainu Subjects in Early 20th-Century Japan" 9008:В России снова появились айны – самый загадочный народ Дальнего востока 8915:"Japan's Native Ainu Fight to Restore a Last Vestige of Their Identity" 8087:. Board of Tourist Industry, Japanese Government Railways. p. 30. 6942: 6940: 6851: 6742: 6684: 6235: 5711: 5688: 5130: 5126: 4683: 4561: 4523: 4515: 4328: 4229: 4216:

Northern Kuril Ainu (no known living population in Japan; existence is

3974: 3858: 3838: 3748: 3711:

resulting from Ainu Tradition and Modern Settlement" was designated an

3708: 3683: 3218: 3093: 3085: 3023: 2695: 2642: 2530: 2398: 2315: 2196:

to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is

2055: 1794: 822:(1368–1644) placed Sakhalin under its "system for subjugated peoples" ( 718: 641: 356:

are an Indigenous ethnic group who reside in northern Japan, including

208: 11737:

Volume 3: Materials for the Study of the Ainu Language and Folklore II

10360:

Atarashii Ainu shi no kōchiku : senshi hen, kodai hen, chūsei hen

9728: 8310: 6010: 3291:

sticks with wooden shavings attached to them. These sticks are called

1231:. Second ... it offered a solution to the unemployment for the former 1070:. There were 500–600 people at the market during Mamiya's stay there. 13492: 13073: 12936: 12882: 12861: 12578: 12563: 12498: 12021: 12001: 11165:"Ancient genomics reveals tripartite origins of Japanese populations" 10958:

Jeong, Choongwon; Nakagome, Shigeki; Di Rienzo, Anna (January 2016).

10417:

Piłsudski, Bronisław (December 30, 2004). Majewicz, Alfred F. (ed.).

10378: 10207: 9662:

Wurm, Stephen Adolphe; Mühlhäusler, Peter; Tyron, Darrell T. (1996).

9378:"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 9359:"Демоскоп Weekly – Приложение. Справочник статистических показателей" 6766: 5275: 4688: 4626: 4464: 4308: 4301: 4244:

the Kurile, the entire population of 97 individuals was relocated to

4237: 3949: 3134: 3081: 2552: 2514: 2509: 2464: 2448: 2305: 1847:

gene frequencies placed the Ainu in an intermediate position between

1274: 1091: 11801: 11297:

Miyaoka, Osahito; Sakiyama, Osamu; Krauss, Michael E., eds. (2007).

9094: 7024: 6937: 6265:"衆議院議員鈴木宗男君提出先住民族の定義及びアイヌ民族の先住民族としての権利確立に向けた政府の取り組みに関する第三回質問に対する答弁書" 5328: 3677:

Ainu people in front of a traditional building in Shiraoi, Hokkaido.

3407:. Within all living beings, natural forces, and objects, there is a 3143:

and have their hair dressed properly, with wound waistcloths called

2264: 1304: 919:

French map from 1821 shows Sakhalin as part of Qing Empire, and the

12911: 12648: 12608: 12508: 12448: 12417: 12412: 12402: 12372: 12312: 12130: 12006: 11970: 11388: 9721:

The Indigenous Ainu of Japan and the 'Northern Territories' Dispute

8161: 7402:""Umizora No Haru", the restaurant where you can | Hokkaido Likers" 5760:

Ocean of Destiny: A concise History of the North Pacific, 1500–1978

5458:. Seattle, Wash: University of Washington Press. pp. 158–161. 4698: 4431: 4427: 4273: 4245: 4188: 4173: 4169: 4164: 4098: 4093: 4004: 3957: 3941: 3937: 3879: 3799:

to list non-physical cultural assets, including songs and dancing.

3688: 3368: 3363: 3311: 3276: 3040: 2524: 2501: 2335: 2269: 1983: 1844: 1370: 1353: 1289: 1250: 1147: 1099: 1035: 931:, which came to power in China in 1644, called Sakhalin "Kuyedao" ( 741: 702: 682: 678: 590: 578: 550: 483: 373: 357: 256: 104: 11849:

Ainu Komonjo (18th & 19th century records) – Ohnuki Collection

11028: 10914: 7496:

Living Together: Minority People and Disadvantaged Groups in Japan

7122: 7057: 7018: 7000: 6952: 6195:"First nationwide survey on Ainu discrimination to be carried out" 4448: 3324:

and that their spirits will be rewarded hereafter by ascending to

1726:

An analysis of 51 Ainu individuals found that around 51% of their

1580: 1561:. This is in part supported by Ainu-derived loanwords observed in 1433:

and denying the existence of more than one ethnic group in Japan.

736:(ethnonym for Japanese, also known as Yamato-jin) and the Ainu of 13557: 13068: 13024: 12987: 12710: 12643: 12613: 12598: 12593: 12588: 12478: 12407: 12392: 12387: 10917:"Unique characteristics of the Ainu population in Northern Japan" 10540:. Studies in Anthropology and History. Vol. 9. Switzerland: 9072:Айны просят включить их в Единый перечень коренных народов России 9006: 4703: 4225: 3595:

The Foundation for Research and Promotion of Ainu Culture (FRPAC)

3586: 3317: 3201: 3191: 2748: 2652: 2505: 2456: 2343: 2235: 2014: 1932: 1735: 1485: 1343: 1232: 1009: 964: 892: 835: 748: 213: 12252: 12084: 6835:"Japan considered from the hypothesis of farmer/language spread" 3337:. The Ainu believe that the bear holds particular importance as 2154: 1944:

the language, mainly in Hokkaido but also elsewhere, such as in

1265:, an Ainu individual famous for being a promoter of Ainu culture 826:). From 1409 to 1411 the Ming established an outpost called the 388:; they have occupied these areas known to them as "Ainu Mosir" ( 12926: 12633: 12493: 12473: 12337: 12327: 12089: 12011: 11991: 11591:, Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal, vol. 1, no. 1 (2000). 11448:(in Japanese). Kokusai Nihon Bunka Kenkyū Sentā. Archived from 5383: 4749: 4708: 4614: 4609: 4277: 4045: 3982: 3792: 3355: 3350:

Ainu assimilated into mainstream Japanese society have adopted

3288: 2865: 2805:

traveled upstream. In early modern times, the Ainu people were

2802: 2538: 2491: 2406: 1914:

Map of the pre-1945 distribution of Ainu languages and dialects

1645: 1620: 1566: 1558: 1444:

answered a parliamentary question on May 20, 2008, by stating,

1119: 940: 872: 694: 690: 427: 365: 271: 266: 228: 128: 11761: 11161: 11000: 10205:

King, V. (2012). "The Ainu of Japan: A critical ethnography".

8277: 8275: 8273: 8010:

Early European Writings on Ainu Culture: Religion and Folklore

7460:

Songs of Gods, Songs of Humans: The Epic Tradition of the Ainu

7045: 6994: 6964: 6715: 6338:"Japan's Ainu will finally be recognized as indigenous people" 4240:

population). Only about half remained under Japanese rule. To

4224:. The majority of the population was located on the island of 2872:, etc. The length lays east to west or parallel to a river. A 12899: 12887: 12877: 12533: 12488: 12342: 12179: 10280:

New York University Journal of International Law and Politics

9880: 8863: 7073:

Grassroots Fascism: The War Experience of the Japanese People

6437: 5072: 5070: 4713: 4482:

is the sole survivor of an Ainu village wiped out by disease.

3805:

United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People

3550:

teaching their children to look after them in the afterlife.

3207: 3089: 2861: 2718:

were originally also worn by men. Furthermore, aprons called

2487: 2483: 2301: 2059: 2035: 1996: 1840: 1836: 1704: 1533: 532:('comrades' or 'people'). Official documents use both names. 91: 12830: 7151: 7149: 6590:

Ainu ethnogenesis アイヌ民族起源 – Tokyo, August 2018 Juha Janhunen

5610: 5608: 3981:. From that point on, Ainu culture rapidly disappeared from 2821:

were forced to accompany them. As a result, the traditional

1745:

and four to unclassifed N9 clades), around 23.5% (12/51) to

12422: 12016: 10420:

Materials for the Study of the Ainu Language and Folklore 2

8270: 8203: 6511:"Ainu Ethnogenesis and State Evasion (12th-17th Centuries)" 4281: 3886:

The Ainu have emphasized that they were the natives of the

3735:. This panel was criticized for including no Ainu members. 3294: 3282: 3257: 3253:, regarded as the creator of the world in the Ainu religion 3212:(spirit or god) on the inside. The most important include: 2410: 2402: 1975: 1910: 1818: 1691: 1412: 1191: 980: 767: 585:

The Ainu were also called the Kuye by their neighbors. The

11790:

Hokkaido University Center for Ainu and Indigenous Studies

8734:"Japan: Official Recognition of Ainu as Indigenous People" 8555: 8144:

Religion und Schaminismus der Ainu auf Sachalin (Karafuto)

7134: 5625: 5623: 5193:

Consonant lenition in Korean and the Macro-Altaic question

5067: 3673: 3372: 3246: 3236: 3226: 3216: 3205: 2166:

to this template: there are already 1,137 articles in the

1749:, around 19.6% (10/51) to M7, and around 19.6% (10/51) to 1614: 1596:

of northern Sakhalin, both also display affinities to the

1531: 1357: 630: 11802:

Institute for the Study of Languages and Cultures of Ainu

11080: 9790:

Shaman: an international journal for Shamanistic research

9614: 9612: 8528: 7974: 7972: 7146: 6779: 6552: 5738: 5605: 5500:]. Memoirs of the Research Department of Toyo Bunko. 5490:

Shina no kisai ni arawaretaru Kokuryuko karyuiki no dojin

5309: 5222:. Cambridge ; New York: Cambridge University Press. 5087: 5085: 5057: 5055: 4485:

Usui Horokeu, also known as Horohoro in the manga series

4435: 3660:

The Oki Dub Ainu Band, led by the Ainu Japanese musician

2319: 1896:, granted for bravery, leadership, or command in battle. 1385: 1348:. There are also many small towns in the southeastern or 871:). In 1431, one such assistant commander, Alige, brought 737: 414: 10781: 10746: 10118:(1999a). "Ainu Ethnogenesis and the Northern Fujiwara". 9851:"The Philosophy of Fullmetal Alchemist's Hiromu Arakawa" 7742:

Reilly, Kevin; Kaufman, Stephen; Bodino, Angela (2003).

7709: 7707: 7462:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 5. 7030: 6946: 6893:"古代の蝦夷(えみし）とアイヌはどのような関係にあるのですか。アイヌの祖先は蝦夷なのですか。｜株式会社帝国書院" 5674:]. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobo Publishers Ltd. p. 34. 5435: 5433: 2079:

is largely based on an article in the out-of-copyright

1801:(ANE), which may be associated with the introduction of 1773:

The Ainu appear genetically most closely related to the

1223:'s 1890 account of the Japanese government's reasoning: 10144:

Ruins of identity: ethnogenesis in the Japanese Islands

8903:

submitted by Ainu Association of Hokkaido, Japan 2008-9

6034: 6032: 5620: 5593: 5418: 3320:. Traditional Ainu belief holds that their spirits are 2394: 1967:

acceptance, and linguists currently classify Ainu as a

1565:

and the probable distant link between the Ainu and the

11686: 11665: 10957: 10834: 9609: 8715: 8713: 8027: 7969: 7676: 7230: 7228: 7006: 6976: 6958: 5953: 5875: 5873: 5871: 5082: 5052: 5040: 5005: 5003: 4961: 4959: 4537: 3718: 3413:(sacred life force) that is an extension of a greater 3385: 3358:; some northern Ainu were converted as members of the 3280: 2338:

and, in Sakhalin, boots made from the skin of dogs or

1352:

region of Hokkaido where ethnic Ainu live, such as in

1341: 12769:

Japanese evacuation of Karafuto and the Kuril Islands

11867:"Japan's Ainu hope new identity leads to more rights" 11296: 10366:(in Japanese). Hokkaido University. pp. 138–145. 9767:]. Central Statistical Office of the USSR. 1929. 9538: 9429:"Report Ainu Policy and National Understanding (PDF)" 8675:"Database of Registered National Cultural Properties" 8655: 8579: 8567: 8545: 8543: 8410: 8408: 7704: 7128: 6832: 6183:

https://archive.org/details/seagirtyezoglim00socigoog

6017: 5821: 5430: 4944: 3196:, or bear spirit sending ceremony, in Hokkaido (1875) 2300:

Never shaving after a certain age, the men have full

2146:

a machine-translated version of the Japanese article.

1971:. Most Ainu people speak either Japanese or Russian. 1825:

The closest modern ethnic groups to the Ainu are the

11906:. Old videos and photographs arranged by Rawn Joseph 9661: 6548:"NOVA Online – of the Spirits – Origins of the Ainu" 6029: 5976:. Vol. 1. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 72. 5941: 5815:

Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity

5726: 5635: 5406: 5097: 4322: 4295: 4260: 4204: 4130: 3964:

have a phonetic equivalent of the Ainu place names.

3742: 3574:

Ainu assimilation and integration into the Japanese

3540:

Funerals included prayers and offerings to the fire

2150: 1805:

to Northeast Asia and northern East Asia during the

979:. In the following year the Qing sent forces to the 709:

as suggested by various Ainu loanwords found in the

526:, 'divine beings'. Ainu also identify themselves as 470:

was forbidden. In 1966, there were about 300 native

9961:Fitzhugh, William W.; Dubreuil, Chisato O. (1999). 9466: 8956:] (in Russian). vostokmediaTV. March 21, 2011. 8710: 8612: 7836:. Social Studies School Service. 2006. p. 39. 7741: 7225: 7191: 7110: 5868: 5569: 5000: 4977: 4956: 4217: 4041:10,000 Ainu living in the Tokyo metropolitan area. 1496:The Ainu are regarded as having descended from the 598:("island of the Ainu"). The island was also called 59:

Historical homeland and distribution of Ainu people

11762:Hokkaido Utari Kyokai/Ainu Association of Hokkaido 11225:"Evolution of the Ainu Language in Space and Time" 10887: 10447: 9962: 8977: 8975: 8591: 8540: 8405: 8096: 8090: 7800:"-13-第13回アイヌの民具（その２）～漆器（しっき）～－「アイヌ文化情報発信！コラム」より－" 7546: 6970: 6578: 6528: 6230: 6228: 5163:. Verlag Kulturstiftung Sibirien. pp. 49–64. 4979: 3541: 3518: 3512: 3506: 3495: 3489: 3480: 3474: 3468: 3462: 3456: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3426: 3420: 3414: 3408: 3402: 3338: 3325: 3309: 3300: 3292: 3189: 3150: 3144: 3138: 3125: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3098: 3056: 3017: 2999: 2982: 2957: 2939: 2933: 2927: 2921: 2915: 2909: 2903: 2897: 2891: 2885: 2879: 2873: 2855: 2849: 2843: 2835: 2822: 2816: 2810: 2792: 2786: 2754: 2746: 2740: 2731: 2725: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2693: 2670: 2664: 2658: 2650: 2590: 2584: 2578: 2572: 2558: 2536: 2528: 2523:), tobacco, and other ingredients. They also used 2495: 2434: 2364: 2329: 2323: 2309: 2233: 2020: 2012: 2006: 1994: 1320:, which saw the introduction of Hokkaido into the 1202: 652: 646: 624: 615: 572: 566: 560: 554: 537: 527: 521: 498: 487: 11695:(Indiana University, digitized September 3, 2009) 10569:Empire and Environment in the Making of Manchuria 8648:The law's original Japanese text is available at 6461: 6459: 5581: 5153: 2244:Traditional Ainu culture is quite different from 1982:. As of 2019, it was typically written either in 1401:nationwide. The Japanese government will provide 717:languages. Ainu shares a number of cognates with 693:, where their descendants are today known as the 13622: 13344:Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia 11643:(Harvard University, digitized January 24, 2006) 11624:. London: Religious Tract Society. p. 603. 11529:(in Japanese). Tokyo: Asahi Shimbun Publishing. 10338:] (in Japanese). Hokkaido University Press. 10166:"Re-thinking Jōmon and Ainu in Japanese History" 9960: 9714: 9712: 8061: 7918: 7856: 6123:"Human Right Issues on the Ainu People in Japan" 4810: 4808: 4768: 1425:in 1945, successive governments forged a single 1299: 955:'island of the Ainu') or "Kuye Fiyaka" ( 13488:Association of East Asian Research Universities 11890:"A Trip through Japan with the YWCA (ca. 1919)" 11698: 11524: 9316:"Russian Ainu leader calls for greater respect" 8972: 8608: 8606: 8362:"Traditional Ainu dance | Silk Roads Programme" 7826: 7824: 7822: 7820: 7523:Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania 6413:Multicultural Japan: Palaeolithic to Postmodern 6409: 6296: 6225: 5996: 5272:Japan's Minorities: The Illusion of Homogeneity 5154:de Graaf, Tjeerd; Shiraishi, Hidetoshi (2013). 4605:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 3920:and plans for an Ainu dictionary are underway. 3759: 1438:Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples 11653:. London: Religious Tract Society. p. 336 11646: 11617: 11476: 10644:(Thesis). The University of British Columbia. 9401: 9399: 9291:"The Ainu: one of Russia's indigenous peoples" 6456: 6416:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 22–23. 3753: 3701: 2649:Traditionally, Ainu men wear a crown called a 2192:accompanying your translation by providing an 2137:Click for important translation instructions. 2124:expand this section with text translated from 1644:(710–794) referred to people who lived in the 610:used by the Qing is "most probably related to 432: 419: 13440:China–Japan–Korea Friendship Athletic Meeting 12846: 12268: 11931: 11554:Folk Religion in Japan: Continuity and Change 11360: 11223:Lee, Sean; Hasegawa, Toshikazu (April 2013). 10097:Geographies of Identity in 19th Century Japan 9709: 9563:. University of California Press. p. 7. 7140: 5999:Journal of the Center for Northern Humanities 5842: 5521: 5300:"Island of the Spirits – Origins of the Ainu" 4805: 3585:Ainu cultural promotion center and museum in 3488:The Ainu observed a ritual that would return 3467:. Often, the Ainu would make offerings of an 3243:, god of the sea, fishing, and marine animals 2490:with poison-coated points. They obtained the 2358:Ainu woman with mouth tattoos and a live bear 605: 599: 593: 11361:Teeter, Jennifer; Okazaki, Takayuki (2011). 10696:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 10667:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 9508: 9506: 9047:(in Russian). March 22, 2011. Archived from 8603: 8242: 8240: 7817: 7547:Pollard, Nick; Sakellariou, Dikaios (2012). 6335: 5517: 5515: 5513: 5511: 5455:Perpetual Happiness: The Ming Emperor Yongle 4871:(15th ed.). Dallas: SIL International. 4021:population of the Ainu during the Edo period 3204:, believing that everything in nature has a 1637:and initially spoke Ainu-related languages. 1109:In the 1780s, the influence of the Japanese 861:), and "official charged with subjugation" ( 11551: 11222: 10479: 9695:. University of Hawaii Press. p. 163. 9688: 9396: 9231:[Tragedy of the Russian Far East]. 8913:Rich, Motoko; Hida, Hikari (July 2, 2023). 8251:[Religious activities in Sakhalin] 7878:. Primedia Inc. 2003. pp. 76 & 78. 6646: 5076: 4180:Russians, as can be seen from the works of 2730:. Women sometimes wear a bracelet called a 1468:national identity. For example, politician 950: 810:at posts in Wuliehe, Nanghar, and Boluohe. 544: 30:For the ethnic group of Western China, see 12853: 12839: 12275: 12261: 11945: 11938: 11924: 11856:—Ainu–North American cultural similarities 11560: 11299:The Vanishing Languages of the Pacific Rim 11134: 10014:New Directions in the Study of Meiji Japan 9079:(in Russian). July 5, 2011. Archived from 8740:. Library of Congress. Library of Congress 8476:"Joint seminar for Sami and Ainu research" 8387:"Center for Ainu & Indigenous Studies" 8155: 7255: 7253: 7251: 7249: 7247: 7245: 7243: 6982: 6602:"Old Japanese in a panchronic perspective" 6305:"Diet officially declares Ainu indigenous" 5843:Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (November 15, 2020). 5551:(illustrated, reprint, revised ed.). 5522:Morris-Suzuki, Tessa (November 15, 2020). 5215: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4902:"The Untold Story of Japan's First People" 4476:The character Okuru from the anime series 3936:The traditional locations of the Ainu are 1034:The Qing dynasty established an office in 53: 13339:China–Japan–South Korea trilateral summit 11565:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 11378: 11327: 11258: 11248: 11196: 11152: 11117: 11099: 11063: 11019: 10983: 10932: 10905: 10854: 10801: 10764: 10649: 10607: 10416: 10292: 10267: 10060: 9936: 9801: 9741: 9503: 9158: 9132:[Ainu – wrestlers with samurai]. 9125: 9043:[Ainu – ancient and mysterious]. 8808:[House of Councillors election]. 8237: 8209: 8077: 7990: 7934: 7694: 7629: 7601: 7589: 7477: 7155: 6868: 6850: 6741: 6692: 6658: 6410:Denoon, Donald; McCormack, Gavan (2001). 5892:Loos, Noel; Osani, Takeshi, eds. (1993). 5891: 5662: 5508: 4950: 4719: 3956:. Many of the place names that remain in 3455:would return. The Ainu believed that the 1330:Hokkaido Former Aborigines Protection Act 549:. This document gives the native name of 413:. These regions are often referred to as 11770:Sapporo Pirka Kotan Ainu Cultural Center 10398: 10370: 10352: 10336:A history and cultures of Northeast Asia 10322: 9718: 9657: 9655: 9653: 9193: 8912: 8828: 7950: 7492: 7457: 7372:"Check out Tokyo's only Ainu restaurant" 7272: 7069: 6599: 6508: 6465: 6369:Journal of Race, Ethnicity, and Politics 6120: 5971: 5783: 5599: 5424: 5334: 5061: 4899: 4495:"Ainu" is a playable nation in the game 3927: 3901: 3672: 3655: 3580: 3557: 3380:According to a 2012 survey conducted by 3256: 3183: 3066: 3035: 2829: 2776: 2677: 2636: 2602: 2508:, boiled juice of Mekuragumo (a type of 2473: 2420: 2353: 2288: 2263: 2248:. According to Tanaka Sakurako from the 2227: 1931: 1909: 1853: 1789:, but after the divergence of the basal 1690: 1579: 1571: 1519:, with later influences from the nearby 1479: 1413:The Ainu and ethnic homogeneity in Japan 1303: 1249: 1076: 914: 664: 11699:Batchelor, John; Miyabe, Kingo (1898). 10588: 10533: 10508:Race, Resistance, and the Ainu of Japan 10445: 10403:, New York: Columbia University Press, 10138: 10114: 9991: 9946:. London: The Religious Tract Society. 9848: 9206:from the original on September 25, 2015 8949:Камчадальские айны добиваются признания 8334: 8033: 8006: 7978: 7682: 7636:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 1785. 7573: 7430: 7240: 5959: 5916: 5896:. Tokyo: Sanyusha Publishing Co., Ltd. 5879: 5812: 5544: 5338: 5250: 5091: 5046: 5009: 4965: 4916: 3909:Ainu family behind their house in 1912. 3479:. They also built sacred altars called 2598: 2284: 1615:Relationship with the historical Emishi 1421:. After the demise of the multi-ethnic 975:as the border between the Qing and the 341:question marks, boxes, or other symbols 14: 13623: 13359:East Asian Bureau of Economic Research 11587:Hitchingham, Masako Yoshida (trans.), 11510:. Whitfish, MT: Kessinger Publishing. 11275: 10710: 10689: 10658: 10639: 10615:Intra-Asian Trade and the World Market 10504: 10468: 10215: 10160: 10093: 10042: 10011: 9861:from the original on February 28, 2020 9830:from the original on February 28, 2020 9817: 9618: 9544: 9526:from the original on September 6, 2018 9472: 9326:from the original on December 21, 2019 9313: 9194:McCarthy, Terry (September 22, 1992). 8856:"UPOPOY NATIONAL AINU MUSEUM and PARK" 8829:Murakami, Sakura (February 25, 2019). 8719: 8685:from the original on December 23, 2019 8623:Asian–Pacific Law & Policy Journal 8486:from the original on February 16, 2017 8393:from the original on September 1, 2017 8305: 8303: 8136: 8045: 7725: 7713: 7613: 7553:. John Wiley & Sons. p. 112. 7234: 7197: 7116: 7007:Jeong, Nakagome & Di Rienzo (2016) 6534: 6466:Janhunen, Juha A. (October 24, 2022), 6262: 6213:from the original on December 24, 2015 6081: 6063:from the original on December 22, 2015 6038: 6023: 5947: 5919:"Recognition at last for Japan's Ainu" 5827: 5744: 5732: 5694: 5641: 5629: 5614: 5439: 5412: 5269: 5190: 5103: 4940:from the original on January 23, 2023. 4912:from the original on January 23, 2023. 4866: 4846:"2010 Census: Population by ethnicity" 4339:Nikolayevsky District, Khabarovsk Krai 3810: 368:, as well as the land surrounding the 12834: 12256: 11919: 11740:Volume 4: Materials for the Study of 11596:Our Land Was A Forest: An Ainu Memoir 11505: 11429:萬葉集と風土記に見られる不思議な言葉と上代日本列島に於けるアイヌ語の分布 11419: 11395: 10566: 10301: 10276: 10237: 10170:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 9650: 9239:from the original on November 3, 2013 9228:Трагедия Российского Дальнего Востока 9224: 9175:from the original on November 5, 2011 9159:Bogdanova, Svetlana (April 3, 2008). 9140:from the original on February 7, 2012 8960:from the original on October 15, 2015 8782:"Ainu plan group for Upper House run" 8731: 8661: 8597: 8585: 8573: 8561: 8549: 8534: 8516:from the original on October 23, 2018 8259:. Hokkaido University. Archived from 8156:Hauge, Victor; Hauge, Takako (1978). 7382:from the original on January 26, 2020 7129:Miyaoka, Sakiyama & Krauss (2007) 7104: 6828: 6826: 6824: 6515:The Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 6474:, De Gruyter Mouton, pp. 57–78, 6362: 6234: 6163:from the original on October 21, 2012 6082:Cheung, S. C. H. (November 1, 2003). 5929:from the original on November 8, 2017 5849:Japan Focus: The Asia-Pacific Journal 5838: 5836: 5756: 5575: 5528:Japan Focus: The Asia-Pacific Journal 5180:from the original on October 9, 2022. 4930:"Japan's forgotten indigenous people" 4774: 4361: 3770: 3713:Important Cultural Landscape of Japan 3526: 3443:with respect and gratitude, then the 2011:and other forms of narration such as 1883: 1710:, while a minority (2/16) belongs to 1391: 1219:. Researcher Katarina Sjöberg quotes 1106:on Sakhalin's southern end in 1679. 996:, the clan of the father's side) and 11904:The Ainu: The First Peoples of Japan 11729:Volume 1: The Aborigines of Sakhalin 11666:Basil Hall Chamberlain, ed. (1888). 11135:Osada, Naoki; Kawai, Yosuke (2021). 10573:University of British Columbia Press 10454:. Minneapolis: Lerner Publications. 10204: 9849:Donovan, Caitlin (October 7, 2014). 9556: 9484: 9445:from the original on October 9, 2022 9126:Skvortsov, Ivan (January 29, 2012). 8860:UPOPOY NATIONAL AINU MUSEUM and PARK 8613:Yoshida Hitchingham, Masako (2000). 8456:from the original on October 1, 2017 8426:from the original on October 1, 2017 8246: 7662:. Academic Press. 1984. p. 62. 7519: 7179:from the original on January 2, 2010 6050: 5451: 5445: 4927: 4867:Gordon, Raymond G. Jr., ed. (2005). 4365: 4228:, with a few others on islands like 2914:has a platform for valuables called 2577:were often used. Other methods were 2106: 2063: 1871:, and 24% Jōmon), and ~29% from the 1721: 1686: 1498:indigenous Japanese hunter-gatherers 75:Regions with significant populations 12779:Seaboard World Airlines Flight 253A 11899:—Rare Japanese video featuring Ainu 10195: 9771:from the original on August 5, 2012 9668:. Walter de Gruyter. p. 1010. 9638:from the original on August 5, 2012 8884: 8732:Umeda, Sayuri (September 5, 2008). 8300: 7526:. Infobase Publishing. p. 35. 7356:. February 25, 2009. Archived from 6344:from the original on April 22, 2019 6302: 6240:"「麻生発言」で考えた…なぜ「日本は単一民族の国」と思いたがるのか？" 5910: 5817:. Vol. 2. Macmillan Reference. 5587: 5486: 5394:from the original on August 8, 2019 5316:from the original on April 29, 2008 4986:. Singapore: Times Academic Press. 4900:Isabella, Jude (October 25, 2017). 3719:Governmental bodies on Ainu affairs 3636:Hokkaido Museum of Northern Peoples 2739:Women may wear a necklace called a 2259: 1878: 1851:and contemporary Northeast Asians. 828:Nurgan Regional Military Commission 24: 13676:Russian people of Japanese descent 11469: 11311:10.1093/oso/9780199266623.001.0001 10640:Tanaka, Sakurako (Sherry) (2000). 10423:. Vol. 3. Walter de Gruyter. 10100:. University of California Press. 9314:Tanaka, Takayuki (March 3, 2017). 9019:from the original on July 19, 2012 8991:(in Russian). 2008. Archived from 8788:. October 31, 2011. Archived from 8637:from the original on July 13, 2015 7875:Tribal: The Magazine of Tribal Art 7804:ainu-center.hm.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp 6821: 6804: 6659:Matsumoto, Hideo (February 2009). 6600:Janhunen, Juha (October 1, 2022). 6317:from the original on April 8, 2015 6133:from the original on March 4, 2016 6090:. Futures of indigenous cultures. 5917:Fogarty, Philippa (June 6, 2008). 5833: 5219:A history of the Japanese language 4869:Ethnologue: Languages of the World 4826:from the original on July 15, 2012 4557:and which is a remake of the 1992 4396:by removing the content or adding 2809:at Japanese fishing grounds. Ainu 1849:indigenous peoples of the Americas 543:in a 1591 Latin manuscript titled 25: 13692: 12742:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) 12282: 11750: 10472:Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People 9965:Ainu: Spirit of a Northern People 9384:from the original on July 1, 2019 9365:from the original on July 3, 2019 9271:from the original on May 13, 2013 9107:from the original on May 16, 2013 8446:"ドキュメンタリー映画 TOKYO アイヌ首都圏アイヌ団体紹介" 8089:One is a nettle-hemp braid named 8013:. Psychology Press. p. 110. 6817:(1): 139–154 – via J-STAGE. 5253:The Dictionary of Asian Mythology 4222:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) 3990:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) 3823:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) 3743:Formation of Ainu political party 2884:has three windows, including the 2669:(ceremonial sword) secured by an 1277:, "opening up undeveloped land" ( 1241:Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875) 792:, a group of people known as the 13523:Ludwigshafen East Asia Institute 12935: 12235: 12234: 10200:, Harvard University Asia Center 9895: 9873: 9842: 9818:Rogers, Krista (April 4, 2016). 9811: 9783: 9751: 9682: 9624: 9577: 9550: 9478: 9457: 9417: 9351: 9338: 9307: 9283: 9251: 9218: 9187: 9152: 9119: 9103:(in Russian). January 17, 2012. 9087: 9063: 9031: 8999: 8940: 8906: 8897: 8878: 8848: 8822: 8796: 8774: 8752: 8725: 8697: 8667: 8498: 8468: 8438: 8379: 8354: 8335:History, HWYN (April 26, 2019). 8328: 8215: 8178: 8149: 8106: 8071: 8000: 7944: 7882: 7866: 7792: 7762: 7735: 7650: 7623: 7540: 7513: 7486: 7451: 7424: 7394: 7364: 7340: 7260: 7203: 7161: 7063: 5697:, p. 49–56, 61–71, 172–176. 4820:Federal State Statistics Service 4564:, the character of Goro Sawada ( 4370: 3866:. This request was also denied. 3651: 3362:. Regarding Ainu communities in 3009: 2991: 2974: 2949: 2571:, and other fish. Spears called 2111: 2068: 1936:Place names in the Ainu language 1768: 1714:. D-M55 is found throughout the 1619:While the view that the ancient 1588:It has also been noted that the 779:, resulting in reprisals by the 752:conquered the Jin dynasty (1234) 577:did not come into common use as 565:, 'land of the Ainu'. The terms 482:This people's most widely known 321: 162: 148: 134: 121: 97: 84: 27:Ethnic group in Japan and Russia 13671:People of Kamakura-period Japan 13666:Indigenous peoples of East Asia 11687:Basil Hall Chamberlain (1888). 11278:Media and Communication Studies 10329:Hokutō Ajia no rekishi to bunka 10146:. University of Hawai'i Press. 8954:Kamchadal Ainu seek recognition 8416:"Documentary Film 'TOKYO Ainu'" 8158:Folk Traditions in Japanese Art 7953:"Ainu Family Life and Religion" 6911: 6885: 6798: 6785: 6709: 6652: 6593: 6584: 6540: 6502: 6430: 6403: 6356: 6336:Emiko Jozuka (April 20, 2019). 6329: 6278: 6256: 6187: 6175: 6145: 6114: 6075: 6044: 5990: 5965: 5885: 5859: 5806: 5777: 5750: 5708:"Time Table of Sakhalin Island" 5700: 5656: 5647: 5538: 5480: 5452:Tsai, Shih-Shan Henry (2002) . 5376: 5344: 5292: 5263: 5244: 5209: 5184: 5147: 5109: 5015: 4971: 4677: 3892:Ainu community living in Russia 3668: 3593:Other key institutions include 3553: 3373: 3339: 3287:, saying prayers, and offering 3247: 3237: 3227: 3217: 2500:, from the roots and stalks of 2038:that represent nouns or ideas. 1213:Hokkaidō Development Commission 1203:Japanese annexation of Hokkaido 910: 813: 727: 669:Hokkaido Ainu clan leader, 1930 499: 13470:EAFF E-1 Football Championship 13445:East Asian Football Federation 11421:Vovin, Alexander Vladimirovich 11402:A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu 11397:Vovin, Alexander Vladimirovich 10715:. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. 10480:Schlesinger, Jonathan (2017). 10446:Poisson, Barbara Aoki (2002). 10223:. Cambridge University Press. 9929: 9590:Joetsu University of Education 9015:(in Russian). March 22, 2011. 8062:Fitzhugh & Dubreuil (1999) 7951:Goodrich, J. K. (April 1889). 7919:Fitzhugh & Dubreuil (1999) 7857:Fitzhugh & Dubreuil (1999) 7046:Kanzawa-Kiriyama et al. (2019) 6263:Fukuda, Yasuo (May 20, 2008). 5790:University of New Mexico Press 5360:. June 2, 2010. Archived from 5125:(in Japanese) (2nd ed.). 4893: 4860: 4838: 4780: 4632:Genocide of indigenous peoples 4345:, there are a large number of 3386: 2834:Ainu traditional house. Ainu: 2797:were traditionally located in 2692:Ainu women traditionally wear 2250:University of British Columbia 2202:You may also add the template 1678:Genetic history of East Asians 1500:who lived in Japan during the 945: 936: 867: 862: 857: 852: 847: 802: 797: 639:) was coined according to the 439:in historical Japanese texts. 13: 1: 13518:Journal of East Asian Studies 13455:East Asian Judo Championships 13302:East Asia Climate Partnership 12860: 12757:Invasion of the Kuril Islands 11871:The Christian Science Monitor 11836:Nibutani Ainu Cultural Museum 11328:Shibatani, Masayoshi (1990). 10766:10.1016/S0198-8859(01)00301-9 10363:新しいアイヌ史の構築 : 先史編・古代編・中世編 10240:International Legal Materials 9593:(in Japanese). Archived from 9560:Harukor: An Ainu Woman's Tale 9040:Айны – древние и таинственные 8885:Deb, Soham (August 4, 2020). 8814:(in Japanese). Archived from 7630:Barceloux, Donald G. (2012). 6472:Handbook of the Ainu Language 6159:(in Japanese). May 23, 2006. 6100:10.1016/S0016-3287(03)00051-X 6053:"Will the Ainu language die?" 5116:"えみし【蝦夷】" [Emishi]. 4756: 4562:Western film of the same name 4492:is a member of an Ainu tribe. 4014: 3932:Historical extent of the Ainu 3795:listing, in consequence of a 3262: 3031: 2706:, metal earrings with balls. 2700:, embroidered headbands, and 2683: 2682:An Ainu woman from Hokkaido, 2086:, which was produced in 1911. 1734:in northern Sakhalin and the 1576:Ainu people of Hokkaido, 1904 1505: 1436:Following the United Nations 1300:Assimilation after annexation 1094:) in the spring of 1637. The 754:, they suffered raids by the 520:, particularly as opposed to 13541:Horses in East Asian warfare 13084:other ethnic groups in China 11621:The Ainu and their folk-lore 11250:10.1371/journal.pone.0062243 11088:Genome Biology and Evolution 10374:Japanese Society on Karafuto 10049:The Journal of Asian Studies 9994:"The Ainu's modern struggle" 9943:The Ainu and their folk-lore 9779:– via Демоскоп Weekly. 9689:Minichiello, Sharon (1998). 9646:– via Демоскоп Weekly. 8283:"Prayer to Kamuy – Religion" 8097: 8091: 7458:Phillipi, Donald L. (2015). 7296:The Ainu and their Folk-lore 6084:"Ainu culture in transition" 6051:Shim, Karen (May 31, 2004). 4928:Cobb, Ellie (May 20, 2020). 4852:(in Russian). Archived from 4761: 4743:Ryūkyū independence movement 4349:with partial Ainu ancestry. 4062: 4057:Ainu Association of Hokkaido 3992:, most of the Ainu from the 3923: 3641:Nibutani Ainu Culture Museum 3542: 3519: 3513: 3507: 3496: 3490: 3481: 3475: 3469: 3463: 3457: 3451: 3445: 3439: 3433: 3427: 3421: 3415: 3409: 3403: 3326: 3310: 3301: 3293: 3233:, god of bears and mountains 3206: 3190: 3151: 3145: 3139: 3126: 3120: 3114: 3108: 3099: 3057: 3018: 3000: 2983: 2958: 2940: 2934: 2928: 2922: 2916: 2910: 2904: 2898: 2892: 2886: 2880: 2874: 2856: 2850: 2844: 2836: 2823: 2817: 2811: 2793: 2787: 2755: 2747: 2741: 2732: 2726: 2720: 2714: 2708: 2702: 2694: 2671: 2665: 2659: 2651: 2632: 2591: 2585: 2579: 2573: 2559: 2537: 2529: 2496: 2447:, Ezo deer (a subspecies of 2435: 2365: 2349: 2330: 2324: 2234: 2021: 2013: 2007: 1995: 1787:Ancient Southern East Asians 1783:Ancient Northern East Asians 1753:; the minor haplogroups are 1738:on the Kamchatka Peninsula. 1532: 1358: 1038:, situated midway along the 781:Mongols who invaded Sakhalin 673:The Ainu are considered the 631: 616: 573: 567: 561: 555: 538: 528: 522: 488: 7: 12668:Other geographical features 12216:Ethnic nationalism in Japan 11811:Foundation for Ainu Culture 10976:10.1534/genetics.115.178673 10593:. Oxford: Clarendon Press. 10567:Smith, Norman, ed. (2017), 10542:Harwood Academic Publishers 10217:Landor, Arnold Henry Savage 9487:流亡: 日露に追われた北千島アイヌ|和書|要ページ番号 9099:[Alexey Nakamura]. 8679:Agency for Cultural Affairs 7748:. M.E. Sharpe. p. 44. 7141:Teeter & Okazaki (2011) 7070:Yoshiaki, Yoshimi (2015) . 6839:Evolutionary Human Sciences 5974:Encyclopedia of Modern Asia 5663:Toshiyuki, Akizuki (1994). 5216:Frellesvig, Bjarke (2010). 4572: 4538: 4454:The manga and anime series 4003:invaded Japan and occupied 3760: 3702: 3621:Kawamura Kaneto Ainu Museum 3535: 3281: 3261:Ainu traditional ceremony, 3200:The Ainu are traditionally 3159: 2174:will aid in categorization. 1899: 1671: 1342: 732:Active contact between the 606: 600: 594: 535:The name first appeared as 10: 13697: 13595:Needham Research Institute 13503:East Asia Image Collection 13498:East Asian Economic Review 12933: 12737:Menashi–Kunashir rebellion 11854:The Regions: North America 11844:The Ainu Museum at Shiraoi 11795:September 1, 2017, at the 11705:. Vol. 21. p. 43 11336:Cambridge University Press 11048:10.1038/s42003-020-01162-2 10534:Sjöberg, Katarina (1993). 8257:日本とロシアの研究者の目から見るサハリン・樺太の歴史 8114:"Ainu History and Culture" 7890:"Ainu History and Culture" 7770:"Ainu History and Culture" 7659:Advances in Marine Biology 7493:Ishikida, Miki Y. (2005). 7434:Encyclopedia of the Arctic 6509:Fukuzawa, Hosanna (2022). 5553:Cambridge University Press 5191:Martin, Samuel E. (1996). 4822:(in Russian). March 2019. 4146:, while the people on the 3814: 3571:Hokkaidō Utari Association 3396: 3177: 3163: 3103:, until they come of age. 2770: 2766: 2675:strap to their shoulders. 2657:for important ceremonies. 2550: 2546: 2425:Bear hunting, 19th century 2416: 2372: 2149:Machine translation, like 2045: 2041: 1903: 1675: 1475: 1369:missionaries included the 660: 653: 647: 625: 497: 393: 29: 13656:History of Northeast Asia 13585: 13531: 13478: 13430: 13392: 13374:Human rights in East Asia 13325: 13292: 13259:Sino-Xenic pronunciations 13104: 12944: 12868: 12820:Maarten Gerritszoon Vries 12787: 12729: 12703: 12667: 12431: 12290: 12224: 12208: 12113: 12055: 11979: 11953: 11895:October 27, 2015, at the 11814:(in Japanese and English) 11785:(in Japanese and English) 11765:(in Japanese and English) 11367:Heritage Language Journal 10921:Journal of Human Genetics 10856:10.1007/s10038-005-0322-0 10842:Journal of Human Genetics 10803:10.1007/s10038-004-0131-x 10789:Journal of Human Genetics 10690:Walker, Brett L. (2006). 10488:Stanford University Press 10371:Nakayama, Taisho (2015), 10252:10.1017/S0020782900013061 10094:Howell, David L. (2005). 10062:10.1017/S002191180400004X 10043:Howell, David L. (2004). 10026:10.1163/9789004644847_049 9514:"北海道のアイヌ、10年余で４割減実態反映せず" 8007:Refsing, Kirsten (2002). 7520:West, Barbara A. (2010). 7437:. Routledge. p. 18. 7353:Bureau of Land Management 6791:Smale, Joran (June 2014) 6647:Lee & Hasegawa (2013) 6480:10.1515/9781501502859-003 6121:Yokoyama, Yuzuru (n.d.). 4547:In the 2013 samurai film 4392:Please help Knowledge to 3754: 3747:On January 21, 2012, the 3124:("small excrement"), and 2998:Gathering place around a 2409:, vegetables, herbs, and 2126:the corresponding article 1640:The term "Emishi" in the 842: 766:) at the junction of the 513: 509: 433: 420: 307: 297: 289: 247: 242: 204: 199: 187: 182: 116: 79: 74: 69: 64: 52: 45: 12800:William Robert Broughton 11594:Kayano, Shigeru (1994). 11525:Honda Katsuichi (1993). 11479:Journal of Asian History 11428: 10711:Zgusta, Richard (2015). 10505:Siddle, Richard (1996). 10362: 10354: 10331: 10324: 10196:Kim, Loretta E. (2019), 9719:Harrison, Scott (2007). 9436:Science Council of Japan 9425:Science Council of Japan 9259: 9227: 9161: 9129:Айны – борцы с самураями 9128: 9095: 9071: 9039: 9007: 8983: 8948: 8804: 7499:. iUniverse. p. 8. 7306:Korea and her Neighbours 6983:Osada & Kawai (2021) 6618:10.1515/lingty-2022-0017 6363:Komai, Eléonore (2021). 6303:Ito, M. (June 7, 2008). 5972:Levinson, David (2002). 5667: 5492: 5477:Link is to partial text. 5352: 5270:Weiner, M., ed. (1997). 5122: 4850:Federal State Statistics 4590:Bibliography of the Ainu 3918:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 3827:Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky 2607:Lacquer stored in cise ( 2381:consists of the meat of 1918:In 2008, the news block 1894:Order of the Golden Kite 1488:, right, with her niece 1292:after its annexation as 851:), assistant commander ( 623:The Old Japanese exonym 516:), means 'human' in the 477: 13646:Ethnic groups in Russia 13460:East Asian martial arts 13407:Archaeological cultures 12680:Ilya Muromets Waterfall 11826:Smithsonian Institution 11721:The Collected Works of 11647:John Batchelor (1892). 11618:John Batchelor (1901). 11303:Oxford University Press 11141:Anthropological Science 11008:Anthropological Science 10894:Anthropological Science 8703:Levin & Tsunemoto, 8389:. Hokkaido University. 8160:(1st ed.). Tokyo: 8142:Norbert Richard Adami: 7745:Racism: A Global Reader 7283:Encyclopædia Britannica 6468:"2 Ainu ethnic origins" 6286:"アイヌ民族を先住民族とすることを求める決議" 5813:Shelton, Dinah (2005). 5545:Forsyth, James (1994). 5257:Oxford University Press 5251:Leeming, David (2001). 4544:) as part of his cover. 4447:In the 2006 video game 3807:, which it had signed. 3360:Russian Orthodox Church 3223:, goddess of the hearth 3180:Category:Ainu mythology 3133:Men traditionally wear 3049:marriage by arrangement 2965:Popular Science Monthly 2469:white-tailed sea eagles 2310: 2293:Ainu ceremonial dress, 2213:For more guidance, see 2204:{{Translated|ja|アイヌ文化}} 2082:Encyclopædia Britannica 1865:Ancient Northeast Asian 1811:Ancient Paleo-Siberians 1799:Ancient North Eurasians 1165:From 1799 to 1806, the 1085:, the second daimyō of 426:and its inhabitants as 13641:Ethnic groups in Japan 13587:Science and technology 13571:The Book of Five Rings 13465:East Asian Youth Games 12695:Kuril–Kamchatka Trench 11947:Ethnic groups of Japan 11879:—Posterback Activities 11775:June 14, 2021, at the 11563:Ancient Jomon of Japan 11331:The Languages of Japan 11189:10.1126/sciadv.abh2419 11036:Communications Biology 10659:Walker, Brett (2001). 10589:Stephan, John (1971). 9992:Hohmann, Skye (2008). 9881:"Ainu Mosir the Movie" 8227:March 4, 2016, at the 8146:, Bonn 1989, p. 40-42. 7431:Nuttall, Mark (2012). 7406:www.hokkaidolikers.com 7348:"Columbia River Basin" 7312:Basil Hall Chamberlain 7058:Gakuhari et al. (2020) 7031:Tokunaga et al. (2001) 6153:"アイヌ⇔ダブ越境！異彩を放つOKIの新作" 5757:Lower, Arthur (1978). 5668:日露関係とサハリン島：幕末明治初年の領土問題 5353:第59回交易の民アイヌ VII 元との戦い 4726:Ethnic issues in Japan 4720:Ethnic groups in Japan 4622:Ethnic groups of Japan 4513:A coming-of-age film, 3933: 3910: 3896:Southern Kuril Islands 3869:Ethnic Ainu living in 3835:Ust-Bolsheretsky Raion 3803:not abide by the 2007 3779:On July 12, 2020, the 3678: 3665: 3646:Shinhidaka Ainu Museum 3590: 3566: 3268: 3197: 3072: 3044: 2840: 2791:in the Ainu language. 2785:A village is called a 2782: 2781:Ainu house in Hokkaido 2689: 2646: 2641:Ainu leader wearing a 2612: 2479: 2426: 2359: 2297: 2273: 2241: 1937: 1915: 1869:Ancient Paleo-Siberian 1859: 1700: 1665:Suwa Daimyōjin Ekotoba 1612: 1585: 1584:A high-status Ainu man 1577: 1493: 1458:National Diet of Japan 1454: 1312: 1266: 1237: 1163: 1114:the Qing dynasty. The 1046:) or "village chief" ( 1032: 924: 878:Ming Veritable Records 670: 545: 329:This article contains 12870:Countries and regions 12774:Kuril Islands dispute 11506:Etter, Carl (2004) . 11434:Strange Words in the 10550:10.4324/9781315077130 10429:10.1515/9783110895681 10399:Narangoa, Li (2014), 9792:, Volumes 4–5, p.155. 9225:Yampolsky, Vladimir. 8311:"Ainu Beliefs | TOTA" 8084:Ainu Life and Legends 7360:on February 25, 2009. 6734:10.1353/asi.2006.0010 5119:Nihon Kokugo Daijiten 4731:Human rights in Japan 4600:Constitution of Japan 4498:Europa Universalis IV 3931: 3905: 3855:2010 Census of Russia 3726:1997 Ainu Culture Law 3676: 3664:, in Germany in 2007. 3659: 3589:(Sapporo Pirka Kotan) 3584: 3561: 3260: 3188:Painting of the Ainu 3187: 3164:Further information: 3112:("a baby's crying"), 3070: 3039: 2833: 2780: 2771:Further information: 2681: 2640: 2606: 2551:Further information: 2482:The Ainu hunted with 2477: 2461:Japanese raccoon dogs 2424: 2357: 2292: 2267: 2231: 2215:Knowledge:Translation 2186:copyright attribution 1935: 1913: 1857: 1803:microblade technology 1694: 1607: 1583: 1575: 1483: 1456:On June 6, 2008, the 1446: 1307: 1253: 1225: 1152: 1077:Japanese colonization 986: 918: 668: 243:Related ethnic groups 13610:Traditional medicine 13508:East Asia Law Review 13364:East Asian Community 13054:Indigenous Taiwanese 11831:The Boone Collection 11820:Museums and exhibits 11702:Ainu economic plants 11552:Ichiro Hori (1968). 11455:on February 11, 2014 11305:. pp. 377–382. 10355:元・明代の史料にみえるアイヌとアイヌ文化 10020:. pp. 612–634. 9913:on November 17, 2020 9346:市史編さんニュース №100 ヌプンケシ 9051:on December 29, 2016 9045:russiaregionpress.ru 8968:– via YouTube. 8738:Global Legal Monitor 8564:, pp. 419, 447. 8190:Smithsonian Magazine 8124:on November 24, 2018 6959:Hammer et al. (2006) 6947:Tajima et al. (2004) 6919:"シントコ（行器）文化遺産オンライン" 6290:Japanese Upper House 6252:on October 17, 2021. 6238:(February 5, 2020). 5792:. pp. 131–142. 5493:支那の記載に現はれたる黒龍江下流域の土人 4434:, and Rera from the 4394:improve this article 4263:Southern Kuril Ainu 4207:Northern Kuril Ainu 3781:National Ainu Museum 3631:Ainu folklore museum 3616:National Ainu Museum 3563:National Ainu Museum 3330:(Land of the Gods). 3174:Shamanism in Siberia 2616:Japanese lacquerware 2599:Japanese lacquerware 2478:Ainu people, c. 1840 2285:Appearance and dress 1807:Last Glacial Maximum 1775:Jōmon period peoples 1716:Japanese archipelago 1699:in traditional dress 1563:Eastern Old Japanese 1508:14,000 to 300 BCE). 1450:Japanese archipelago 971:, which defined the 923:are a part of Japan. 189:Ainu language family 13661:History of Sakhalin 13651:History of Hokkaido 13035:Khalkha in Mongolia 11723:Bronisław Piłsudski 11672:. Forgotten Books. 11561:Junko Habu (2004). 11241:2013PLoSO...862243L 11181:2021SciA....7.2419C 11101:10.1093/gbe/evab192 10934:10.1038/jhg.2015.79 10591:Sakhalin: a history 10120:Arctic Anthropology 9522:. August 27, 2018. 9320:Nikkei Asian Review 9233:Kamchatskoye Vremya 8705:Oklahoma Law Review 8537:, pp. 445–446. 7900:on January 23, 2013 7412:on January 26, 2020 7292:Rev. John Batchelor 7019:Jinam et al. (2015) 6995:Cooke et al. (2021) 6677:2009PJAB...85...69M 6606:Linguistic Typology 6381:10.1017/rep.2021.16 6201:. August 29, 2014. 5763:. UBC. p. 75. 5747:, pp. 149–150. 5617:, pp. 134–135. 5027:stanfordrewired.com 4694:Ainu genre painting 4637:Hiram M. Hiller Jr. 4529:You Only Live Twice 4473:is of Ainu descent. 4406:independent sources 4187:Southern Sakhalin ( 4182:Bronisław Piłsudski 4144:Shimokita Peninsula 4050:Bronisław Piłsudski 3952:, and the northern 3907:Karafuto (Sakhalin) 3821:As a result of the 3811:Situation in Russia 3382:Hokkaidō University 3071:An Ainu man smoking 2401:, as well as fish, 1605:by later analyses. 1294:Karafuto Prefecture 1239:As a result of the 1229:expansionist Russia 1209:imperial government 969:Treaty of Nerchinsk 699:Kamchatka Peninsula 451:forced assimilation 382:Kamchatka Peninsula 42: 13513:East Asian studies 13209:Hip-and-gable roof 13204:Chinese characters 12747:Russo-Japanese War 12659:Zavaritski Caldera 12514:Goryashchaya Sopka 12504:Golets-Torny Group 11742:Tungusic Languages 11598:. Westview Press. 11380:10.46538/hlj.8.2.5 11154:10.1537/ase.201215 11021:10.1537/ase.190415 10907:10.1537/ase.081202 10651:10.14288/1.0076926 9168:Rossiyskaya Gazeta 9083:on March 25, 2016. 8919:The New York Times 8792:on April 27, 2012. 8079:Kindaichi, Kyōsuke 7325:(Washington, 1892) 7323:The Ainos of Japan 7221:on April 26, 2014. 6971:Sato et al. (2009) 6852:10.1017/ehs.2020.7 6780:Sato et al. (2021) 6722:Asian Perspectives 6685:10.2183/pjab.85.69 6579:Sato et al. (2009) 6438:"公益財団法人アイヌ民族文化財団" 5714:on October 3, 2015 5487:Sei, Wada (1938). 5077:Schlesinger (2017) 4856:on April 24, 2012. 4642:Indigenous peoples 4362:In popular culture 3934: 3911: 3771:Official promotion 3679: 3666: 3591: 3567: 3527:Dancing in rituals 3269: 3198: 3166:Ainu creation myth 3073: 3045: 2841: 2783: 2690: 2647: 2613: 2480: 2441:Ussuri brown bears 2427: 2360: 2298: 2274: 2242: 2194:interlanguage link 1938: 1916: 1890:Russo-Japanese War 1884:Russo-Japanese War 1860: 1701: 1586: 1578: 1494: 1399:standard of living 1392:Standard of living 1378:Bishop of Hokkaido 1367:Anglican Communion 1313: 1267: 1167:Tokugawa shogunate 1111:Tokugawa Shogunate 973:Stanovoy Mountains 925: 830:near the ruins of 671: 219:Ainu folk religion 40: 13681:Genocides in Asia 13618: 13617: 13369:Four Asian Tigers 12828: 12827: 12762:Battle of Shumshu 12629:Tao-Rusyr Caldera 12298:Antsiferov Island 12250: 12249: 12095:Ōbeikei Islanders 11679:978-1-60620-087-2 11631:978-0-524-04857-3 11612:978-0-8133-1880-6 11604:978-0-8133-1880-6 11572:978-0-521-77670-7 11536:978-4-02-256577-8 11517:978-1-4179-7697-3 11412:978-90-04-09905-0 11405:. Leiden: Brill. 11345:978-0-521-36918-3 11320:978-0-19-153289-4 10674:978-0-52022-736-1 10559:978-3-71865-401-7 10518:978-0-41513-228-2 10461:978-0-82254-176-9 10450:The Ainu of Japan 10438:978-3-11-017614-8 10388:978-1-315-75268-6 10325:「北からの蒙古襲来」をめぐる諸問題 10230:978-1-10804-941-2 10107:978-0-520-24085-8 10035:978-9-00410-735-9 9976:978-0-96734-290-0 9953:978-5-87145-119-9 9702:978-0-8248-2080-0 9675:978-3-11-013417-9 9570:978-0-520-21020-2 9303:on March 5, 2012. 8995:on June 23, 2012. 8891:Outlook Traveller 8770:on July 10, 2013. 8450:2kamuymintara.com 8420:2kamuymintara.com 8266:on March 4, 2016. 8212:, pp. 51–52. 8171:978-0-87011-360-4 8118:ainu-museum.or.jp 8020:978-0-70071-486-5 7843:978-1-56004-256-3 7774:ainu-museum.or.jp 7755:978-0-76561-060-7 7669:978-0-08057-944-3 7643:978-1-11838-276-9 7560:978-1-11829-098-9 7533:978-1-43811-913-7 7506:978-0-59535-032-2 7469:978-1-40087-069-1 7444:978-1-136-78680-8 7378:. March 5, 2013. 7321:Romyn Hitchcock, 7083:978-0-231-53859-6 6560:on April 29, 2008 6489:978-1-5015-0285-9 6442:www.ff-ainu.or.jp 6423:978-0-521-00362-9 5983:978-0-684-80617-4 5903:978-4-88322-597-2 5799:978-0-8263-5736-6 5784:Lewallen (2016). 5632:, pp. 87–89. 5384:"公益社団法人北海道アイヌ協会" 5285:978-0-41515-218-1 5229:978-0-521-65320-6 5202:978-0-8248-1809-8 5170:978-3-942883-12-2 4993:978-9-81210-149-5 4878:978-1-55671-159-6 4423: 4422: 4359: 4358: 4332:(Eastern Russia) 4325:Amur Valley Ainu 4148:Tsugaru Peninsula 3979:Tsugaru Peninsula 3831:Commander Islands 3606:Lapland (Finland) 3092:and the roots of 2944:(quivers) there. 2926:. The Ainu place 2512:), Matsumomushi ( 2445:Asian black bears 2226: 2225: 2138: 2134: 2105: 2104: 2001:, a form of Ainu 1722:Maternal lineages 1712:Haplogroup C-M217 1687:Paternal lineages 1462:indigenous people 1427:Japanese identity 1318:Meiji Restoration 1217:Meiji Restoration 953: 683:southern Sakhalin 546:De yezorum insula 463:Meiji Restoration 404: 337:rendering support 317: 316: 285: 284: 234:Russian Orthodoxy 224:Japanese Buddhism 16:(Redirected from 13688: 13553:Miyamoto Musashi 13450:East Asian Games 13422:Former countries 13354:East Asia Summit 13184:Chinese knotting 12939: 12855: 12848: 12841: 12832: 12831: 12752:Hawaii Operation 12704:Cities and towns 12654:Vernadskii Ridge 12277: 12270: 12263: 12254: 12253: 12238: 12237: 11940: 11933: 11926: 11917: 11916: 11840: 11815: 11806:Samani, Hokkaidō 11786: 11766: 11714: 11712: 11710: 11694: 11683: 11662: 11660: 11658: 11642: 11640: 11638: 11584: 11557: 11548: 11521: 11502: 11464: 11462: 11460: 11454: 11447: 11416: 11392: 11382: 11357: 11324: 11293: 11272: 11262: 11252: 11210: 11200: 11175:(38): eabh2419. 11169:Science Advances 11158: 11156: 11131: 11121: 11103: 11077: 11067: 11025: 11023: 10997: 10987: 10954: 10936: 10911: 10909: 10884: 10858: 10831: 10805: 10778: 10768: 10759:(9): 1001–1008. 10753:Human Immunology 10734: 10707: 10686: 10666: 10655: 10653: 10636: 10634: 10632: 10610:Kawakatsu, Heita 10604: 10585: 10563: 10530: 10501: 10476: 10465: 10453: 10442: 10413: 10395: 10367: 10349: 10319: 10298: 10296: 10273: 10271: 10234: 10212: 10201: 10198:Ethnic Chrysalis 10192: 10190: 10188: 10157: 10135: 10111: 10090: 10064: 10039: 10018:Brill Publishers 10008: 9998: 9988: 9968: 9957: 9923: 9922: 9920: 9918: 9909:. Archived from 9899: 9893: 9892: 9890: 9888: 9877: 9871: 9870: 9868: 9866: 9846: 9840: 9839: 9837: 9835: 9815: 9809: 9802:Piłsudski (2004) 9799: 9793: 9787: 9781: 9780: 9778: 9776: 9755: 9749: 9742:Piłsudski (2004) 9739: 9733: 9732: 9716: 9707: 9706: 9686: 9680: 9679: 9659: 9648: 9647: 9645: 9643: 9628: 9622: 9616: 9607: 9606: 9604: 9602: 9597:on July 22, 2011 9585:"VI 〈東北〉史の意味と射程" 9581: 9575: 9574: 9554: 9548: 9542: 9536: 9535: 9533: 9531: 9510: 9501: 9500: 9482: 9476: 9470: 9464: 9461: 9455: 9454: 9452: 9450: 9444: 9433: 9421: 9415: 9414: 9413:on May 18, 2011. 9409:. Archived from 9403: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9389: 9374: 9372: 9370: 9355: 9349: 9342: 9336: 9335: 9333: 9331: 9311: 9305: 9304: 9299:. Archived from 9287: 9281: 9280: 9278: 9276: 9255: 9249: 9248: 9246: 9244: 9222: 9216: 9215: 9213: 9211: 9191: 9185: 9184: 9182: 9180: 9156: 9150: 9149: 9147: 9145: 9123: 9117: 9116: 9114: 9112: 9096:Алексей Накамура 9091: 9085: 9084: 9067: 9061: 9060: 9058: 9056: 9035: 9029: 9028: 9026: 9024: 9003: 8997: 8996: 8987:[Ainu]. 8979: 8970: 8969: 8967: 8965: 8944: 8938: 8937: 8935: 8933: 8910: 8904: 8901: 8895: 8894: 8882: 8876: 8875: 8873: 8871: 8862:. Archived from 8852: 8846: 8845: 8843: 8841: 8826: 8820: 8819: 8818:on July 9, 2012. 8800: 8794: 8793: 8778: 8772: 8771: 8766:. Archived from 8756: 8750: 8749: 8747: 8745: 8729: 8723: 8717: 8708: 8701: 8695: 8694: 8692: 8690: 8671: 8665: 8659: 8653: 8646: 8644: 8642: 8636: 8619: 8610: 8601: 8595: 8589: 8583: 8577: 8571: 8565: 8559: 8553: 8547: 8538: 8532: 8526: 8525: 8523: 8521: 8502: 8496: 8495: 8493: 8491: 8480:arcticcentre.org 8472: 8466: 8465: 8463: 8461: 8442: 8436: 8435: 8433: 8431: 8412: 8403: 8402: 8400: 8398: 8383: 8377: 8376: 8374: 8372: 8358: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8347: 8332: 8326: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8307: 8298: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8279: 8268: 8267: 8265: 8254: 8247:Potapova, Н. В. 8244: 8235: 8219: 8213: 8210:Batchelor (1901) 8207: 8201: 8200: 8198: 8196: 8182: 8176: 8175: 8153: 8147: 8140: 8134: 8133: 8131: 8129: 8120:. Archived from 8110: 8104: 8103: 8100: 8095:(small sash) or 8094: 8075: 8069: 8059: 8053: 8043: 8037: 8031: 8025: 8024: 8004: 7998: 7991:Batchelor (1901) 7988: 7982: 7976: 7967: 7966: 7948: 7942: 7935:Batchelor (1901) 7932: 7926: 7916: 7910: 7909: 7907: 7905: 7896:. Archived from 7886: 7880: 7879: 7870: 7864: 7854: 7848: 7847: 7828: 7815: 7814: 7812: 7810: 7796: 7790: 7789: 7787: 7785: 7776:. Archived from 7766: 7760: 7759: 7739: 7733: 7723: 7717: 7711: 7702: 7695:Batchelor (1901) 7692: 7686: 7680: 7674: 7673: 7654: 7648: 7647: 7627: 7621: 7611: 7605: 7602:Takahashi (2006) 7599: 7593: 7590:Takahashi (2006) 7587: 7581: 7571: 7565: 7564: 7544: 7538: 7537: 7517: 7511: 7510: 7490: 7484: 7483: 7481: 7455: 7449: 7448: 7428: 7422: 7421: 7419: 7417: 7408:. Archived from 7398: 7392: 7391: 7389: 7387: 7368: 7362: 7361: 7344: 7338: 7287: 7266: 7264: 7263: 7257: 7238: 7232: 7223: 7222: 7217:. Archived from 7207: 7201: 7195: 7189: 7188: 7186: 7184: 7165: 7159: 7156:Shibatani (1990) 7153: 7144: 7138: 7132: 7126: 7120: 7114: 7108: 7102: 7096: 7095: 7067: 7061: 7055: 7049: 7043: 7034: 7028: 7022: 7016: 7010: 7004: 6998: 6992: 6986: 6980: 6974: 6968: 6962: 6956: 6950: 6944: 6935: 6934: 6932: 6930: 6915: 6909: 6908: 6906: 6904: 6889: 6883: 6882: 6872: 6854: 6830: 6819: 6818: 6802: 6796: 6789: 6783: 6777: 6764: 6763: 6745: 6713: 6707: 6706: 6696: 6656: 6650: 6644: 6638: 6637: 6597: 6591: 6588: 6582: 6576: 6570: 6569: 6567: 6565: 6556:. Archived from 6544: 6538: 6532: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6521: 6506: 6500: 6499: 6498: 6496: 6463: 6454: 6453: 6451: 6449: 6434: 6428: 6427: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6360: 6354: 6353: 6351: 6349: 6333: 6327: 6326: 6324: 6322: 6300: 6294: 6293: 6282: 6276: 6275: 6260: 6254: 6253: 6248:. Archived from 6245:Mainichi Shimbun 6232: 6223: 6222: 6220: 6218: 6191: 6185: 6179: 6173: 6172: 6170: 6168: 6149: 6143: 6142: 6140: 6138: 6118: 6112: 6111: 6079: 6073: 6072: 6070: 6068: 6048: 6042: 6036: 6027: 6021: 6015: 6014: 5994: 5988: 5987: 5969: 5963: 5957: 5951: 5945: 5939: 5938: 5936: 5934: 5914: 5908: 5907: 5889: 5883: 5877: 5866: 5863: 5857: 5856: 5840: 5831: 5825: 5819: 5818: 5810: 5804: 5803: 5781: 5775: 5774: 5754: 5748: 5742: 5736: 5730: 5724: 5723: 5721: 5719: 5710:. Archived from 5704: 5698: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5660: 5654: 5651: 5645: 5639: 5633: 5627: 5618: 5612: 5603: 5597: 5591: 5585: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5566: 5542: 5536: 5535: 5519: 5506: 5505: 5484: 5478: 5476: 5474: 5472: 5449: 5443: 5437: 5428: 5422: 5416: 5410: 5404: 5403: 5401: 5399: 5380: 5374: 5373: 5371: 5369: 5364:on July 21, 2011 5348: 5342: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5323: 5321: 5296: 5290: 5289: 5267: 5261: 5260: 5248: 5242: 5241: 5213: 5207: 5206: 5188: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5162: 5151: 5145: 5144: 5113: 5107: 5101: 5095: 5089: 5080: 5074: 5065: 5059: 5050: 5044: 5038: 5037: 5035: 5033: 5019: 5013: 5007: 4998: 4997: 4985: 4975: 4969: 4963: 4954: 4951:Shibatani (1990) 4948: 4942: 4941: 4925: 4914: 4913: 4897: 4891: 4890: 4864: 4858: 4857: 4842: 4836: 4835: 4833: 4831: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4800: 4798: 4784: 4778: 4772: 4543: 4479:Samurai Champloo 4418: 4415: 4409: 4374: 4373: 4366: 4324: 4297: 4262: 4234:Russian Orthodox 4206: 4132: 4070: 4069: 3973:(a high-ranking 3765: 3763: 3757: 3756: 3734: 3705: 3545: 3522: 3516: 3510: 3499: 3493: 3484: 3478: 3472: 3466: 3460: 3454: 3448: 3442: 3436: 3430: 3424: 3418: 3412: 3406: 3391: 3390: 3376: 3375: 3342: 3341: 3329: 3315: 3304: 3298: 3286: 3267: 3264: 3252: 3251: 3242: 3241: 3232: 3231: 3222: 3221: 3211: 3195: 3154: 3148: 3142: 3129: 3123: 3117: 3111: 3102: 3060: 3053:marriageable age 3021: 3013: 3003: 2995: 2986: 2981:Plan of an Ainu 2978: 2961: 2953: 2943: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2919: 2913: 2907: 2901: 2895: 2889: 2883: 2877: 2859: 2853: 2847: 2839: 2826: 2820: 2814: 2796: 2790: 2758: 2752: 2744: 2735: 2729: 2723: 2717: 2711: 2705: 2699: 2688: 2685: 2674: 2668: 2662: 2656: 2594: 2588: 2582: 2576: 2562: 2542: 2534: 2499: 2438: 2368: 2333: 2327: 2313: 2268:Ainu wedding in 2260:Social structure 2246:Japanese culture 2239: 2232:Woman playing a 2205: 2199: 2173: 2172:|topic= 2170:, and specifying 2155:Google Translate 2136: 2132: 2115: 2114: 2107: 2100: 2097: 2091: 2084:Eleventh Edition 2072: 2071: 2064: 2024: 2018: 2010: 2000: 1980:Russian Cyrillic 1969:language isolate 1879:Military service 1708:Haplogroup D-M55 1695:Three Ainu from 1635:Epi-Jōmon tribes 1630:Japonic-speakers 1547:Satsumon culture 1538: 1517:Epi-Jōmon period 1513:Satsumon culture 1507: 1405:7 million ( 1361: 1347: 1287: 1264: 1256:Tatsujiro Kuzuno 1254:A photograph of 1211:established the 1161: 1083:Matsumae Kinhiro 1064:Qianlong Emperor 1030: 1003: 995: 961: 954: 951: 947: 938: 889:Chinese New Year 869: 864: 859: 854: 849: 844: 804: 799: 656: 655: 650: 649: 638: 628: 627: 619: 609: 603: 597: 576: 570: 564: 558: 548: 541: 531: 525: 515: 511: 503: 502: 501: 491: 438: 436: 435: 425: 423: 422: 399: 397: 343: instead of 325: 324: 287: 286: 168: 166: 165: 154: 152: 151: 140: 138: 137: 127: 125: 124: 103: 101: 100: 90: 88: 87: 65:Total population 57: 43: 39: 21: 13696: 13695: 13691: 13690: 13689: 13687: 13686: 13685: 13621: 13620: 13619: 13614: 13581: 13527: 13474: 13426: 13388: 13384:Stock exchanges 13321: 13288: 13100: 12940: 12931: 12864: 12859: 12829: 12824: 12805:Vasily Golovnin 12783: 12725: 12699: 12663: 12574:Milna (volcano) 12554:Lomonosov Group 12529:Karpinsky Group 12427: 12383:Polonsky Island 12358:Lowuschki Rocks 12353:Kunashir Island 12333:Habomai Islands 12323:Chyornye Bratya 12286: 12281: 12251: 12246: 12230:Japanese people 12220: 12204: 12109: 12073:Menasunkur Ainu 12051: 11975: 11949: 11944: 11897:Wayback Machine 11838: 11813: 11797:Wayback Machine 11784: 11777:Wayback Machine 11764: 11753: 11717: 11708: 11706: 11690:Aino folk-tales 11680: 11669:Aino Folk-Tales 11656: 11654: 11636: 11634: 11632: 11573: 11537: 11518: 11472: 11470:Further reading 11467: 11458: 11456: 11452: 11445: 11430: 11413: 11346: 11321: 11280:(in Japanese). 11213: 10927:(10): 565–571. 10740:Genetic studies 10737: 10723: 10704: 10675: 10630: 10628: 10626: 10601: 10583: 10560: 10519: 10498: 10462: 10439: 10411: 10389: 10364: 10356: 10346: 10333: 10326: 10231: 10186: 10184: 10162:Hudson, Mark J. 10154: 10140:Hudson, Mark J. 10116:Hudson, Mark J. 10108: 10036: 9996: 9977: 9954: 9938:Batchelor, John 9932: 9927: 9926: 9916: 9914: 9901: 9900: 9896: 9886: 9884: 9879: 9878: 9874: 9864: 9862: 9847: 9843: 9833: 9831: 9816: 9812: 9800: 9796: 9788: 9784: 9774: 9772: 9757: 9756: 9752: 9740: 9736: 9717: 9710: 9703: 9687: 9683: 9676: 9660: 9651: 9641: 9639: 9630: 9629: 9625: 9617: 9610: 9600: 9598: 9583: 9582: 9578: 9571: 9555: 9551: 9543: 9539: 9529: 9527: 9512: 9511: 9504: 9497: 9483: 9479: 9471: 9467: 9462: 9458: 9448: 9446: 9442: 9431: 9422: 9418: 9405: 9404: 9397: 9387: 9385: 9376: 9368: 9366: 9357: 9356: 9352: 9343: 9339: 9329: 9327: 9312: 9308: 9296:Voice of Russia 9289: 9288: 9284: 9274: 9272: 9261: 9257: 9256: 9252: 9242: 9240: 9229: 9223: 9219: 9209: 9207: 9200:The Independent 9192: 9188: 9178: 9176: 9163: 9157: 9153: 9143: 9141: 9130: 9124: 9120: 9110: 9108: 9097: 9093: 9092: 9088: 9073: 9069: 9068: 9064: 9054: 9052: 9041: 9037: 9036: 9032: 9022: 9020: 9009: 9005: 9004: 9000: 8985: 8981: 8980: 8973: 8963: 8961: 8950: 8946: 8945: 8941: 8931: 8929: 8911: 8907: 8902: 8898: 8883: 8879: 8869: 8867: 8866:on May 28, 2019 8854: 8853: 8849: 8839: 8837: 8835:The Japan Times 8827: 8823: 8806: 8802: 8801: 8797: 8780: 8779: 8775: 8758: 8757: 8753: 8743: 8741: 8730: 8726: 8718: 8711: 8702: 8698: 8688: 8686: 8673: 8672: 8668: 8660: 8656: 8647: 8640: 8638: 8634: 8617: 8611: 8604: 8596: 8592: 8584: 8580: 8572: 8568: 8560: 8556: 8548: 8541: 8533: 8529: 8519: 8517: 8510:japan-guide.com 8504: 8503: 8499: 8489: 8487: 8474: 8473: 8469: 8459: 8457: 8452:(in Japanese). 8444: 8443: 8439: 8429: 8427: 8414: 8413: 8406: 8396: 8394: 8385: 8384: 8380: 8370: 8368: 8360: 8359: 8355: 8345: 8343: 8333: 8329: 8319: 8317: 8309: 8308: 8301: 8291: 8289: 8281: 8280: 8271: 8263: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8229:Wayback Machine 8222:北千島アイヌの改宗政策について 8220: 8216: 8208: 8204: 8194: 8192: 8184: 8183: 8179: 8172: 8164:. p. 262. 8154: 8150: 8141: 8137: 8127: 8125: 8112: 8111: 8107: 8076: 8072: 8060: 8056: 8044: 8040: 8032: 8028: 8021: 8005: 8001: 7989: 7985: 7977: 7970: 7958:Popular Science 7949: 7945: 7933: 7929: 7917: 7913: 7903: 7901: 7888: 7887: 7883: 7872: 7871: 7867: 7855: 7851: 7844: 7830: 7829: 7818: 7808: 7806: 7798: 7797: 7793: 7783: 7781: 7780:on May 14, 2019 7768: 7767: 7763: 7756: 7740: 7736: 7724: 7720: 7712: 7705: 7693: 7689: 7681: 7677: 7670: 7656: 7655: 7651: 7644: 7628: 7624: 7612: 7608: 7600: 7596: 7588: 7584: 7572: 7568: 7561: 7545: 7541: 7534: 7518: 7514: 7507: 7491: 7487: 7470: 7456: 7452: 7445: 7429: 7425: 7415: 7413: 7400: 7399: 7395: 7385: 7383: 7370: 7369: 7365: 7346: 7345: 7341: 7276:, ed. (1911). " 7261: 7259: 7258: 7241: 7233: 7226: 7209: 7208: 7204: 7196: 7192: 7182: 7180: 7167: 7166: 7162: 7158:, pp. 3–5. 7154: 7147: 7139: 7135: 7127: 7123: 7115: 7111: 7103: 7099: 7084: 7068: 7064: 7056: 7052: 7044: 7037: 7029: 7025: 7017: 7013: 7005: 7001: 6993: 6989: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6965: 6957: 6953: 6945: 6938: 6928: 6926: 6923:bunka.nii.ac.jp 6917: 6916: 6912: 6902: 6900: 6891: 6890: 6886: 6831: 6822: 6805:工藤, 雅樹 (1994). 6803: 6799: 6790: 6786: 6778: 6767: 6714: 6710: 6657: 6653: 6645: 6641: 6598: 6594: 6589: 6585: 6577: 6573: 6563: 6561: 6546: 6545: 6541: 6533: 6529: 6519: 6517: 6507: 6503: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6464: 6457: 6447: 6445: 6436: 6435: 6431: 6424: 6408: 6404: 6361: 6357: 6347: 6345: 6334: 6330: 6320: 6318: 6301: 6297: 6292:. June 6, 2008. 6284: 6283: 6279: 6261: 6257: 6233: 6226: 6216: 6214: 6193: 6192: 6188: 6180: 6176: 6166: 6164: 6151: 6150: 6146: 6136: 6134: 6119: 6115: 6080: 6076: 6066: 6064: 6057:TalkingITGlobal 6049: 6045: 6037: 6030: 6022: 6018: 5995: 5991: 5984: 5970: 5966: 5958: 5954: 5946: 5942: 5932: 5930: 5915: 5911: 5904: 5890: 5886: 5878: 5869: 5864: 5860: 5841: 5834: 5826: 5822: 5811: 5807: 5800: 5788:. Albuquerque: 5782: 5778: 5771: 5755: 5751: 5743: 5739: 5731: 5727: 5717: 5715: 5706: 5705: 5701: 5693: 5689: 5682: 5669: 5661: 5657: 5652: 5648: 5640: 5636: 5628: 5621: 5613: 5606: 5600:Narangoa (2014) 5598: 5594: 5586: 5582: 5574: 5570: 5563: 5555:. p. 214. 5543: 5539: 5520: 5509: 5494: 5485: 5481: 5470: 5468: 5466: 5450: 5446: 5438: 5431: 5425:Nakamura (2010) 5423: 5419: 5411: 5407: 5397: 5395: 5390:(in Japanese). 5382: 5381: 5377: 5367: 5365: 5356:(in Japanese). 5354: 5350: 5349: 5345: 5337:, p. 415; 5333: 5329: 5319: 5317: 5298: 5297: 5293: 5286: 5268: 5264: 5249: 5245: 5230: 5214: 5210: 5203: 5189: 5185: 5177: 5171: 5160: 5152: 5148: 5141: 5124: 5115: 5114: 5110: 5102: 5098: 5090: 5083: 5075: 5068: 5062:Nakayama (2015) 5060: 5053: 5045: 5041: 5031: 5029: 5021: 5020: 5016: 5008: 5001: 4994: 4976: 4972: 4964: 4957: 4949: 4945: 4926: 4917: 4898: 4894: 4879: 4865: 4861: 4844: 4843: 4839: 4829: 4827: 4814: 4813: 4806: 4796: 4794: 4786: 4785: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4764: 4759: 4754: 4738:Ryukyuan people 4722: 4680: 4657:Racism in Japan 4575: 4568:) is half-Ainu. 4526:novel and film 4441:Samurai Shodown 4426:The characters 4419: 4413: 4410: 4391: 4387:popular culture 4375: 4371: 4364: 4343:Khabarovsk Krai 4298:Kamchatka Ainu 4065: 4017: 3926: 3875:Khabarovsk Krai 3871:Sakhalin Oblast 3819: 3813: 3797:UNESCO decision 3773: 3761:Ainu minzoku tō 3751: 3745: 3728: 3721: 3671: 3654: 3556: 3538: 3529: 3431:returns to the 3399: 3388:Nichiren Shōshū 3299:(singular) and 3265: 3249:Kotan-kar-kamuy 3182: 3176: 3162: 3034: 3027: 3014: 3005: 2996: 2987: 2979: 2970: 2954: 2807:forced to labor 2775: 2773:Kotan (village) 2769: 2686: 2635: 2609:Hokkaido Museum 2601: 2565:Japanese huchen 2555: 2549: 2519:, a species of 2431:plant gathering 2419: 2375: 2352: 2287: 2262: 2222: 2221: 2220: 2203: 2197: 2171: 2139: 2116: 2112: 2101: 2095: 2092: 2088: 2073: 2069: 2062: 2046:Main articles: 2044: 1926:Alexander Vovin 1908: 1902: 1886: 1881: 1809:via the ANE or 1771: 1724: 1689: 1684: 1674: 1657:Yamato Kingship 1617: 1590:Okhotsk culture 1555:Alexander Vovin 1521:Okhotsk culture 1478: 1431:monoculturalism 1423:Empire of Japan 1419:post-WWII Japan 1415: 1394: 1380:, and the Rev. 1322:Japanese Empire 1302: 1281: 1271:Yamato Japanese 1258: 1215:as part of the 1205: 1190:peoples of the 1162: 1160:Brett L. Walker 1159: 1096:Tokugawa bakufu 1087:Matsumae Domain 1079: 1031: 1028: 1001: 993: 977:Russian Empires 959: 957: 913: 816: 789:History of Yuan 730: 663: 635: 480: 430: 417: 386:Khabarovsk Krai 350: 349: 348: 345:Manchu alphabet 335:Without proper 326: 322: 293: 281: 238: 175: 170:Khabarovsk Krai 163: 161: 149: 147: 135: 133: 122: 120: 109: 98: 96: 85: 83: 60: 48: 38: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 13694: 13684: 13683: 13678: 13673: 13668: 13663: 13658: 13653: 13648: 13643: 13638: 13633: 13616: 13615: 13613: 13612: 13607: 13602: 13597: 13591: 13589: 13583: 13582: 13580: 13579: 13574: 13567: 13564:The Art of War 13560: 13555: 13550: 13543: 13537: 13535: 13529: 13528: 13526: 13525: 13520: 13515: 13510: 13505: 13500: 13495: 13490: 13484: 13482: 13476: 13475: 13473: 13472: 13467: 13462: 13457: 13452: 13447: 13442: 13436: 13434: 13428: 13427: 13425: 13424: 13419: 13414: 13409: 13404: 13398: 13396: 13390: 13389: 13387: 13386: 13381: 13376: 13371: 13366: 13361: 13356: 13351: 13346: 13341: 13335: 13333: 13323: 13322: 13320: 13319: 13314: 13309: 13304: 13298: 13296: 13290: 13289: 13287: 13286: 13284:Chinese zodiac 13281: 13276: 13271: 13266: 13261: 13256: 13251: 13246: 13241: 13236: 13231: 13226: 13221: 13216: 13211: 13206: 13201: 13196: 13191: 13189:Chinese dragon 13186: 13181: 13176: 13171: 13166: 13161: 13156: 13151: 13149:Blepharoplasty 13146: 13145: 13144: 13139: 13134: 13129: 13121: 13116: 13110: 13108: 13102: 13101: 13099: 13098: 13097: 13096: 13091: 13081: 13076: 13071: 13066: 13061: 13056: 13051: 13046: 13041: 13040: 13039: 13038: 13037: 13032: 13017: 13012: 13007: 13006: 13005: 13000: 12995: 12985: 12984: 12983: 12973: 12968: 12967: 12966: 12956: 12950: 12948: 12942: 12941: 12934: 12932: 12930: 12929: 12924: 12919: 12914: 12909: 12908: 12907: 12897: 12896: 12895: 12890: 12885: 12874: 12872: 12866: 12865: 12858: 12857: 12850: 12843: 12835: 12826: 12825: 12823: 12822: 12817: 12812: 12810:Takadaya Kahei 12807: 12802: 12797: 12791: 12789: 12785: 12784: 12782: 12781: 12776: 12771: 12766: 12765: 12764: 12754: 12749: 12744: 12739: 12733: 12731: 12727: 12726: 12724: 12723: 12721:Yuzhno-Kurilsk 12718: 12716:Severo-Kurilsk 12713: 12707: 12705: 12701: 12700: 12698: 12697: 12692: 12687: 12682: 12677: 12671: 12669: 12665: 12664: 12662: 12661: 12656: 12651: 12646: 12641: 12636: 12631: 12626: 12621: 12616: 12611: 12606: 12601: 12596: 12591: 12586: 12581: 12576: 12571: 12566: 12561: 12556: 12551: 12546: 12541: 12536: 12531: 12526: 12521: 12516: 12511: 12506: 12501: 12496: 12491: 12486: 12481: 12476: 12471: 12466: 12461: 12456: 12451: 12446: 12441: 12435: 12433: 12429: 12428: 12426: 12425: 12420: 12415: 12410: 12405: 12400: 12395: 12390: 12385: 12380: 12375: 12370: 12365: 12360: 12355: 12350: 12345: 12340: 12335: 12330: 12325: 12320: 12315: 12310: 12305: 12303:Atlasov Island 12300: 12294: 12292: 12288: 12287: 12280: 12279: 12272: 12265: 12257: 12248: 12247: 12245: 12244: 12232: 12225: 12222: 12221: 12219: 12218: 12212: 12210: 12206: 12205: 12203: 12202: 12197: 12192: 12187: 12182: 12177: 12172: 12167: 12162: 12157: 12152: 12147: 12146: 12145: 12135: 12134: 12133: 12123: 12117: 12115: 12111: 12110: 12108: 12107: 12102: 12097: 12092: 12087: 12082: 12081: 12080: 12075: 12070: 12059: 12057: 12056:Post-classical 12053: 12052: 12050: 12049: 12044: 12039: 12034: 12029: 12024: 12019: 12014: 12009: 12004: 11999: 11994: 11989: 11983: 11981: 11977: 11976: 11974: 11973: 11968: 11963: 11957: 11955: 11951: 11950: 11943: 11942: 11935: 11928: 11920: 11914: 11913: 11908: 11900: 11886: 11885: 11881: 11880: 11874: 11873:, June 9, 2008 11863: 11862: 11858: 11857: 11851: 11846: 11841: 11833: 11828: 11822: 11821: 11817: 11816: 11808: 11799: 11787: 11779: 11767: 11758: 11757: 11752: 11751:External links 11749: 11748: 11747: 11746: 11745: 11738: 11735: 11730: 11716: 11715: 11696: 11684: 11678: 11663: 11644: 11630: 11615: 11592: 11585: 11571: 11558: 11549: 11535: 11522: 11516: 11503: 11485:(2): 131–155. 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11465: 11417: 11411: 11393: 11358: 11344: 11325: 11319: 11294: 11273: 11219: 11218: 11217: 11212: 11211: 11159: 11132: 11078: 11026: 10998: 10970:(1): 261–272. 10955: 10912: 10900:(3): 171–180. 10885: 10832: 10796:(4): 187–193. 10779: 10743: 10742: 10741: 10736: 10735: 10721: 10708: 10702: 10687: 10673: 10656: 10637: 10624: 10605: 10599: 10586: 10581: 10564: 10558: 10531: 10517: 10502: 10496: 10477: 10466: 10460: 10443: 10437: 10414: 10409: 10396: 10387: 10368: 10350: 10344: 10320: 10299: 10274: 10235: 10229: 10213: 10202: 10193: 10158: 10152: 10136: 10126:(1/2): 73–83. 10112: 10106: 10091: 10040: 10034: 10009: 9989: 9975: 9958: 9952: 9933: 9931: 9928: 9925: 9924: 9894: 9872: 9841: 9810: 9794: 9782: 9750: 9734: 9708: 9701: 9681: 9674: 9649: 9623: 9621:, p. 187. 9608: 9576: 9569: 9549: 9537: 9502: 9495: 9477: 9465: 9456: 9416: 9395: 9380:(in Russian). 9361:(in Russian). 9350: 9337: 9306: 9282: 9267:(in Russian). 9250: 9235:(in Russian). 9217: 9186: 9171:(in Russian). 9151: 9136:(in Russian). 9118: 9086: 9062: 9030: 8998: 8989:Kamchatka-Etno 8971: 8939: 8905: 8896: 8877: 8847: 8821: 8795: 8773: 8751: 8724: 8709: 8696: 8666: 8664:, p. 467. 8654: 8602: 8590: 8588:, p. 442. 8578: 8576:, p. 443. 8566: 8554: 8539: 8527: 8497: 8467: 8437: 8404: 8378: 8353: 8327: 8315:www.tota.world 8299: 8269: 8236: 8214: 8202: 8177: 8170: 8148: 8135: 8105: 8070: 8054: 8038: 8034:Poisson (2002) 8026: 8019: 7999: 7983: 7979:Poisson (2002) 7968: 7943: 7927: 7911: 7881: 7865: 7849: 7842: 7816: 7791: 7761: 7754: 7734: 7718: 7703: 7687: 7683:Poisson (2002) 7675: 7668: 7649: 7642: 7622: 7606: 7594: 7582: 7574:Sjöberg (1993) 7566: 7559: 7539: 7532: 7512: 7505: 7485: 7468: 7450: 7443: 7423: 7393: 7363: 7339: 7337: 7336: 7335:(Berlin, 1881) 7329:H. von Siebold 7326: 7319: 7309: 7304:(Mrs Bishop), 7299: 7298:(London, 1901) 7274:Chisholm, Hugh 7239: 7224: 7202: 7190: 7160: 7145: 7133: 7121: 7109: 7097: 7082: 7062: 7050: 7035: 7023: 7011: 6999: 6987: 6975: 6963: 6951: 6936: 6910: 6884: 6820: 6797: 6784: 6765: 6708: 6651: 6639: 6612:(3): 683–691. 6592: 6583: 6571: 6539: 6527: 6501: 6488: 6455: 6429: 6422: 6402: 6355: 6328: 6295: 6277: 6255: 6224: 6186: 6174: 6144: 6113: 6094:(9): 951–959. 6074: 6043: 6028: 6026:, p. 233. 6016: 5989: 5982: 5964: 5962:, p. 117. 5960:Sjöberg (1993) 5952: 5940: 5909: 5902: 5884: 5880:Sjöberg (1993) 5867: 5858: 5832: 5830:, p. 614. 5820: 5805: 5798: 5776: 5769: 5749: 5737: 5725: 5699: 5687: 5680: 5655: 5646: 5634: 5619: 5604: 5602:, p. 295. 5592: 5580: 5568: 5561: 5537: 5507: 5479: 5464: 5444: 5442:, p. 133. 5429: 5427:, p. 415. 5417: 5405: 5388:公益社団法人北海道アイヌ協会 5375: 5358:Asahikawa City 5343: 5327: 5291: 5284: 5262: 5243: 5228: 5208: 5201: 5183: 5169: 5146: 5139: 5108: 5096: 5094:, p. 226. 5092:Hudson (1999b) 5081: 5079:, p. 135. 5066: 5051: 5049:, p. 208. 5047:Hudson (1999b) 5039: 5014: 5010:Hohmann (2008) 4999: 4992: 4970: 4966:Poisson (2002) 4955: 4943: 4915: 4892: 4877: 4859: 4837: 4804: 4779: 4766: 4765: 4763: 4760: 4758: 4755: 4753: 4752: 4747: 4746: 4745: 4735: 4734: 4733: 4721: 4718: 4717: 4716: 4711: 4706: 4701: 4696: 4691: 4686: 4679: 4676: 4675: 4674: 4669: 4667:Shigeru Kayano 4664: 4659: 4654: 4652:Mieko Chikappu 4649: 4644: 4639: 4634: 4629: 4624: 4619: 4618: 4617: 4607: 4602: 4597: 4595:Bikki Sunazawa 4592: 4587: 4582: 4576: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4569: 4559:Clint Eastwood 4545: 4520: 4511: 4502: 4493: 4483: 4474: 4463:The character 4461: 4452: 4445: 4421: 4420: 4385:references to 4378: 4376: 4369: 4363: 4360: 4357: 4356: 4353: 4350: 4334: 4326: 4319: 4318: 4315: 4312: 4304: 4299: 4292: 4291: 4288: 4285: 4270: 4264: 4257: 4256: 4253: 4250: 4218:not recognized 4214: 4208: 4201: 4200: 4197: 4194: 4193: 4192: 4185: 4167: 4162: 4161:Sakhalin Ainu 4158: 4157: 4154: 4151: 4139: 4134: 4127: 4126: 4123: 4120: 4117: 4114: 4110: 4109: 4106: 4103: 4096: 4091: 4087: 4086: 4083: 4080: 4077: 4074: 4064: 4061: 4016: 4013: 3967:In 1756 CE, a 3925: 3922: 3817:Ainu in Russia 3815:Main article: 3812: 3809: 3772: 3769: 3744: 3741: 3720: 3717: 3709:Sarugawa River 3694:Kayano Shigeru 3670: 3667: 3653: 3650: 3649: 3648: 3643: 3638: 3633: 3628: 3623: 3618: 3555: 3552: 3537: 3534: 3528: 3525: 3398: 3395: 3255: 3254: 3244: 3234: 3224: 3161: 3158: 3033: 3030: 3029: 3028: 3016:Interior of a 3015: 3008: 3006: 2997: 2990: 2988: 2980: 2973: 2971: 2955: 2948: 2854:(houses) in a 2768: 2765: 2634: 2631: 2600: 2597: 2548: 2545: 2418: 2415: 2374: 2371: 2351: 2348: 2295:British Museum 2286: 2283: 2261: 2258: 2224: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2211: 2200: 2178: 2175: 2163:adding a topic 2158: 2147: 2140: 2121: 2120: 2119: 2117: 2110: 2103: 2102: 2076: 2074: 2067: 2043: 2040: 1988:Latin alphabet 1957:Shigeru Kayano 1904:Main article: 1901: 1898: 1885: 1882: 1880: 1877: 1770: 1767: 1723: 1720: 1688: 1685: 1673: 1670: 1625:Ainu languages 1616: 1613: 1525:Sea of Okhotsk 1477: 1474: 1429:by advocating 1414: 1411: 1393: 1390: 1382:John Batchelor 1301: 1298: 1204: 1201: 1157: 1078: 1075: 1054:). In 1732, 6 1026: 912: 909: 858:zhǐhuī qiānshì 815: 812: 740:(now known as 729: 726: 662: 659: 633: 479: 476: 370:Sea of Okhotsk 339:, you may see 327: 320: 319: 318: 315: 314: 312:Ainu languages 309: 305: 304: 299: 295: 294: 283: 282: 280: 279: 274: 269: 264: 259: 254: 248: 245: 244: 240: 239: 237: 236: 231: 226: 221: 216: 211: 205: 202: 201: 197: 196: 185: 184: 180: 179: 176: 174: 173: 159: 145: 142:Kamchatka Krai 131: 117: 114: 113: 112:16,786 or more 110: 108: 107: 94: 80: 77: 76: 72: 71: 67: 66: 62: 61: 58: 50: 49: 46: 36: 26: 18:Ainu mythology 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 13693: 13682: 13679: 13677: 13674: 13672: 13669: 13667: 13664: 13662: 13659: 13657: 13654: 13652: 13649: 13647: 13644: 13642: 13639: 13637: 13634: 13632: 13629: 13628: 13626: 13611: 13608: 13606: 13603: 13601: 13598: 13596: 13593: 13592: 13590: 13588: 13584: 13578: 13575: 13573: 13572: 13568: 13566: 13565: 13561: 13559: 13556: 13554: 13551: 13549: 13548: 13544: 13542: 13539: 13538: 13536: 13534: 13530: 13524: 13521: 13519: 13516: 13514: 13511: 13509: 13506: 13504: 13501: 13499: 13496: 13494: 13491: 13489: 13486: 13485: 13483: 13481: 13477: 13471: 13468: 13466: 13463: 13461: 13458: 13456: 13453: 13451: 13448: 13446: 13443: 13441: 13438: 13437: 13435: 13433: 13429: 13423: 13420: 13418: 13415: 13413: 13410: 13408: 13405: 13403: 13400: 13399: 13397: 13395: 13391: 13385: 13382: 13380: 13377: 13375: 13372: 13370: 13367: 13365: 13362: 13360: 13357: 13355: 13352: 13350: 13347: 13345: 13342: 13340: 13337: 13336: 13334: 13332: 13328: 13324: 13318: 13315: 13313: 13310: 13308: 13305: 13303: 13300: 13299: 13297: 13295: 13291: 13285: 13282: 13280: 13277: 13275: 13272: 13270: 13267: 13265: 13262: 13260: 13257: 13255: 13252: 13250: 13247: 13245: 13242: 13240: 13237: 13235: 13232: 13230: 13227: 13225: 13222: 13220: 13217: 13215: 13212: 13210: 13207: 13205: 13202: 13200: 13197: 13195: 13192: 13190: 13187: 13185: 13182: 13180: 13177: 13175: 13172: 13170: 13167: 13165: 13162: 13160: 13157: 13155: 13152: 13150: 13147: 13143: 13140: 13138: 13135: 13133: 13130: 13128: 13125: 13124: 13122: 13120: 13119:Architecture‎ 13117: 13115: 13114:Age reckoning 13112: 13111: 13109: 13107: 13103: 13095: 13092: 13090: 13087: 13086: 13085: 13082: 13080: 13077: 13075: 13072: 13070: 13067: 13065: 13062: 13060: 13057: 13055: 13052: 13050: 13047: 13045: 13042: 13036: 13033: 13031: 13028: 13027: 13026: 13023: 13022: 13021: 13018: 13016: 13013: 13011: 13008: 13004: 13001: 12999: 12996: 12994: 12991: 12990: 12989: 12986: 12982: 12979: 12978: 12977: 12974: 12972: 12969: 12965: 12962: 12961: 12960: 12957: 12955: 12952: 12951: 12949: 12947: 12946:Ethnic groups 12943: 12938: 12928: 12925: 12923: 12920: 12918: 12915: 12913: 12910: 12906: 12903: 12902: 12901: 12898: 12894: 12891: 12889: 12886: 12884: 12881: 12880: 12879: 12876: 12875: 12873: 12871: 12867: 12863: 12856: 12851: 12849: 12844: 12842: 12837: 12836: 12833: 12821: 12818: 12816: 12815:Matsumae clan 12813: 12811: 12808: 12806: 12803: 12801: 12798: 12796: 12793: 12792: 12790: 12786: 12780: 12777: 12775: 12772: 12770: 12767: 12763: 12760: 12759: 12758: 12755: 12753: 12750: 12748: 12745: 12743: 12740: 12738: 12735: 12734: 12732: 12728: 12722: 12719: 12717: 12714: 12712: 12709: 12708: 12706: 12702: 12696: 12693: 12691: 12690:Cape Koritsky 12688: 12686: 12683: 12681: 12678: 12676: 12675:Bussol Strait 12673: 12672: 12670: 12666: 12660: 12657: 12655: 12652: 12650: 12647: 12645: 12642: 12640: 12637: 12635: 12632: 12630: 12627: 12625: 12622: 12620: 12617: 12615: 12612: 12610: 12607: 12605: 12604:Sarychev Peak 12602: 12600: 12597: 12595: 12592: 12590: 12587: 12585: 12582: 12580: 12577: 12575: 12572: 12570: 12567: 12565: 12562: 12560: 12557: 12555: 12552: 12550: 12547: 12545: 12544:Kolokol Group 12542: 12540: 12537: 12535: 12532: 12530: 12527: 12525: 12522: 12520: 12517: 12515: 12512: 12510: 12507: 12505: 12502: 12500: 12497: 12495: 12492: 12490: 12487: 12485: 12482: 12480: 12477: 12475: 12472: 12470: 12467: 12465: 12462: 12460: 12459:Bogatyr Ridge 12457: 12455: 12452: 12450: 12447: 12445: 12442: 12440: 12437: 12436: 12434: 12430: 12424: 12421: 12419: 12416: 12414: 12411: 12409: 12406: 12404: 12401: 12399: 12396: 12394: 12391: 12389: 12386: 12384: 12381: 12379: 12376: 12374: 12371: 12369: 12366: 12364: 12361: 12359: 12356: 12354: 12351: 12349: 12346: 12344: 12341: 12339: 12336: 12334: 12331: 12329: 12326: 12324: 12321: 12319: 12316: 12314: 12311: 12309: 12306: 12304: 12301: 12299: 12296: 12295: 12293: 12289: 12285: 12284:Kuril Islands 12278: 12273: 12271: 12266: 12264: 12259: 12258: 12255: 12243: 12242: 12233: 12231: 12227: 12226: 12223: 12217: 12214: 12213: 12211: 12207: 12201: 12198: 12196: 12193: 12191: 12188: 12186: 12183: 12181: 12178: 12176: 12173: 12171: 12168: 12166: 12163: 12161: 12158: 12156: 12153: 12151: 12148: 12144: 12141: 12140: 12139: 12136: 12132: 12129: 12128: 12127: 12124: 12122: 12119: 12118: 12116: 12112: 12106: 12103: 12101: 12098: 12096: 12093: 12091: 12088: 12086: 12083: 12079: 12078:Sumunkur Ainu 12076: 12074: 12071: 12069: 12068:Ishikari Ainu 12066: 12065: 12064: 12061: 12060: 12058: 12054: 12048: 12045: 12043: 12040: 12038: 12035: 12033: 12030: 12028: 12025: 12023: 12020: 12018: 12015: 12013: 12010: 12008: 12005: 12003: 12000: 11998: 11995: 11993: 11990: 11988: 11985: 11984: 11982: 11978: 11972: 11969: 11967: 11964: 11962: 11959: 11958: 11956: 11952: 11948: 11941: 11936: 11934: 11929: 11927: 11922: 11921: 11918: 11912: 11909: 11907: 11905: 11901: 11898: 11894: 11891: 11888: 11887: 11883: 11882: 11878: 11875: 11872: 11868: 11865: 11864: 11860: 11859: 11855: 11852: 11850: 11847: 11845: 11842: 11839:(in Japanese) 11837: 11834: 11832: 11829: 11827: 11824: 11823: 11819: 11818: 11812: 11809: 11807: 11803: 11800: 11798: 11794: 11791: 11788: 11783: 11780: 11778: 11774: 11771: 11768: 11763: 11760: 11759: 11756:Organizations 11755: 11754: 11743: 11739: 11736: 11734: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11725: 11724: 11719: 11718: 11704: 11703: 11697: 11692: 11691: 11685: 11681: 11675: 11671: 11670: 11664: 11652: 11651: 11645: 11633: 11627: 11623: 11622: 11616: 11613: 11609: 11605: 11601: 11597: 11593: 11590: 11586: 11582: 11578: 11574: 11568: 11564: 11559: 11555: 11550: 11546: 11542: 11538: 11532: 11528: 11523: 11519: 11513: 11509: 11504: 11500: 11496: 11492: 11488: 11484: 11480: 11475: 11474: 11451: 11443: 11439: 11435: 11431: 11427: 11422: 11418: 11414: 11408: 11404: 11403: 11398: 11394: 11390: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11373:(2): 96–114. 11372: 11368: 11364: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11341: 11337: 11333: 11332: 11326: 11322: 11316: 11312: 11308: 11304: 11300: 11295: 11291: 11287: 11283: 11279: 11274: 11270: 11266: 11261: 11256: 11251: 11246: 11242: 11238: 11235:(4): e62243. 11234: 11230: 11226: 11221: 11220: 11215: 11214: 11208: 11204: 11199: 11194: 11190: 11186: 11182: 11178: 11174: 11170: 11166: 11160: 11155: 11150: 11146: 11142: 11138: 11133: 11129: 11125: 11120: 11115: 11111: 11107: 11102: 11097: 11093: 11089: 11085: 11079: 11075: 11071: 11066: 11061: 11057: 11053: 11049: 11045: 11041: 11037: 11033: 11027: 11022: 11017: 11014:(2): 83–108. 11013: 11009: 11005: 10999: 10995: 10991: 10986: 10981: 10977: 10973: 10969: 10965: 10961: 10956: 10952: 10948: 10944: 10940: 10935: 10930: 10926: 10922: 10918: 10913: 10908: 10903: 10899: 10895: 10891: 10886: 10882: 10878: 10874: 10870: 10866: 10862: 10857: 10852: 10848: 10844: 10843: 10838: 10833: 10829: 10825: 10821: 10817: 10813: 10809: 10804: 10799: 10795: 10791: 10790: 10785: 10780: 10776: 10772: 10767: 10762: 10758: 10754: 10750: 10745: 10744: 10739: 10738: 10732: 10728: 10724: 10722:9789004300439 10718: 10714: 10709: 10705: 10703:0-520-24834-1 10699: 10695: 10694: 10688: 10684: 10680: 10676: 10670: 10665: 10664: 10657: 10652: 10647: 10643: 10638: 10627: 10625:9781134194070 10621: 10617: 10616: 10611: 10606: 10602: 10600:9780198215509 10596: 10592: 10587: 10584: 10582:9780774832908 10578: 10574: 10570: 10565: 10561: 10555: 10551: 10547: 10543: 10539: 10538: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10514: 10511:. Routledge. 10510: 10509: 10503: 10499: 10497:9781503600683 10493: 10489: 10485: 10484: 10478: 10474: 10473: 10467: 10463: 10457: 10452: 10451: 10444: 10440: 10434: 10430: 10426: 10422: 10421: 10415: 10412: 10410:9780231160704 10406: 10402: 10397: 10394: 10390: 10384: 10380: 10376: 10375: 10369: 10365: 10361: 10351: 10347: 10345:9784832967342 10341: 10337: 10330: 10321: 10317: 10313: 10309: 10305: 10300: 10295: 10290: 10286: 10282: 10281: 10275: 10270: 10265: 10261: 10257: 10253: 10249: 10245: 10241: 10236: 10232: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10214: 10210: 10209: 10203: 10199: 10194: 10183: 10179: 10175: 10171: 10167: 10163: 10159: 10155: 10153:9780824864194 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10113: 10109: 10103: 10099: 10098: 10092: 10088: 10084: 10080: 10076: 10072: 10068: 10063: 10058: 10054: 10050: 10046: 10041: 10037: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10010: 10006: 10002: 9995: 9990: 9986: 9982: 9978: 9972: 9967: 9966: 9959: 9955: 9949: 9945: 9944: 9939: 9935: 9934: 9912: 9908: 9904: 9898: 9883:(in Japanese) 9882: 9876: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9845: 9829: 9825: 9821: 9814: 9807: 9803: 9798: 9791: 9786: 9770: 9766: 9762: 9761: 9754: 9747: 9743: 9738: 9730: 9726: 9722: 9715: 9713: 9704: 9698: 9694: 9693: 9685: 9677: 9671: 9667: 9666: 9658: 9656: 9654: 9637: 9633: 9627: 9620: 9619:Howell (2005) 9615: 9613: 9596: 9592: 9591: 9586: 9580: 9572: 9566: 9562: 9561: 9557:本多勝一 (2000). 9553: 9547:, p. 92. 9546: 9545:Siddle (1996) 9541: 9525: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9509: 9507: 9498: 9496:9784893639431 9492: 9488: 9485:小坂洋右 (1992). 9481: 9474: 9473:Howell (2005) 9469: 9460: 9441: 9437: 9430: 9426: 9420: 9412: 9408: 9402: 9400: 9383: 9379: 9364: 9360: 9354: 9348:平成17年1月15日発行） 9347: 9341: 9325: 9321: 9317: 9310: 9302: 9298: 9297: 9292: 9286: 9270: 9266: 9265:indigenous.ru 9262: 9254: 9238: 9234: 9230: 9221: 9205: 9201: 9197: 9190: 9174: 9170: 9169: 9164: 9155: 9139: 9135: 9131: 9122: 9106: 9102: 9098: 9090: 9082: 9078: 9074: 9066: 9050: 9046: 9042: 9034: 9018: 9014: 9010: 9002: 8994: 8990: 8986: 8978: 8976: 8959: 8955: 8951: 8943: 8928: 8924: 8920: 8916: 8909: 8900: 8892: 8888: 8881: 8865: 8861: 8857: 8851: 8836: 8832: 8825: 8817: 8813: 8812: 8811:Asahi Shimbun 8807: 8799: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8777: 8769: 8765: 8761: 8755: 8739: 8735: 8728: 8721: 8720:Siddle (1996) 8716: 8714: 8706: 8700: 8684: 8680: 8676: 8670: 8663: 8658: 8651: 8633: 8629: 8625: 8624: 8616: 8609: 8607: 8599: 8594: 8587: 8582: 8575: 8570: 8563: 8558: 8551: 8546: 8544: 8536: 8531: 8515: 8511: 8507: 8501: 8485: 8481: 8477: 8471: 8460:September 30, 8455: 8451: 8447: 8441: 8430:September 30, 8425: 8421: 8417: 8411: 8409: 8397:September 30, 8392: 8388: 8382: 8367: 8366:en.unesco.org 8363: 8357: 8342: 8338: 8331: 8316: 8312: 8306: 8304: 8288: 8284: 8278: 8276: 8274: 8262: 8258: 8250: 8243: 8241: 8234: 8230: 8226: 8223: 8218: 8211: 8206: 8191: 8187: 8181: 8173: 8167: 8163: 8159: 8152: 8145: 8139: 8123: 8119: 8115: 8109: 8102: 8101:(under sash). 8099: 8093: 8086: 8085: 8080: 8074: 8067: 8063: 8058: 8051: 8047: 8046:Landor (2012) 8042: 8036:, p. 31. 8035: 8030: 8022: 8016: 8012: 8011: 8003: 7996: 7992: 7987: 7981:, p. 35. 7980: 7975: 7973: 7964: 7960: 7959: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7936: 7931: 7924: 7920: 7915: 7904:September 30, 7899: 7895: 7891: 7885: 7877: 7876: 7869: 7862: 7858: 7853: 7845: 7839: 7835: 7834: 7833:Ancient Japan 7827: 7825: 7823: 7821: 7805: 7801: 7795: 7779: 7775: 7771: 7765: 7757: 7751: 7747: 7746: 7738: 7731: 7727: 7726:Siddle (1996) 7722: 7716:, p. 91. 7715: 7714:Walker (2006) 7710: 7708: 7700: 7696: 7691: 7685:, p. 32. 7684: 7679: 7671: 7665: 7661: 7660: 7653: 7645: 7639: 7635: 7634: 7626: 7619: 7615: 7614:Landor (2012) 7610: 7603: 7598: 7591: 7586: 7579: 7575: 7570: 7562: 7556: 7552: 7551: 7543: 7535: 7529: 7525: 7524: 7516: 7508: 7502: 7498: 7497: 7489: 7480: 7475: 7471: 7465: 7461: 7454: 7446: 7440: 7436: 7435: 7427: 7411: 7407: 7403: 7397: 7381: 7377: 7373: 7367: 7359: 7355: 7354: 7349: 7343: 7334: 7333:Über die Aino 7330: 7327: 7324: 7320: 7317: 7313: 7310: 7307: 7303: 7302:Isabella Bird 7300: 7297: 7293: 7290: 7289: 7285: 7284: 7279: 7275: 7270: 7269:public domain 7256: 7254: 7252: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7244: 7236: 7235:Howell (2004) 7231: 7229: 7220: 7216: 7212: 7206: 7199: 7198:Tanaka (2000) 7194: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7164: 7157: 7152: 7150: 7142: 7137: 7130: 7125: 7118: 7117:Martin (2011) 7113: 7106: 7101: 7093: 7089: 7085: 7079: 7075: 7074: 7066: 7059: 7054: 7047: 7042: 7040: 7032: 7027: 7020: 7015: 7008: 7003: 6996: 6991: 6984: 6979: 6972: 6967: 6960: 6955: 6948: 6943: 6941: 6925:(in Japanese) 6924: 6920: 6914: 6899:(in Japanese) 6898: 6894: 6888: 6880: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6862: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6844: 6840: 6836: 6829: 6827: 6825: 6816: 6812: 6808: 6807:"考古学から見た古代蝦夷" 6801: 6794: 6788: 6781: 6776: 6774: 6772: 6770: 6761: 6757: 6753: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6735: 6731: 6727: 6723: 6719: 6712: 6704: 6700: 6695: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6666: 6662: 6655: 6648: 6643: 6635: 6631: 6627: 6623: 6619: 6615: 6611: 6607: 6603: 6596: 6587: 6580: 6575: 6559: 6555: 6554: 6549: 6543: 6536: 6535:Hudson (2022) 6531: 6516: 6512: 6505: 6491: 6485: 6481: 6477: 6473: 6469: 6462: 6460: 6444:(in Japanese) 6443: 6439: 6433: 6425: 6419: 6415: 6414: 6406: 6398: 6394: 6390: 6386: 6382: 6378: 6374: 6370: 6366: 6359: 6343: 6339: 6332: 6316: 6312: 6311: 6306: 6299: 6291: 6287: 6281: 6274: 6270: 6269:Japanese Diet 6266: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6246: 6241: 6237: 6231: 6229: 6212: 6208: 6204: 6200: 6196: 6190: 6184: 6178: 6162: 6158: 6154: 6148: 6132: 6128: 6124: 6117: 6109: 6105: 6101: 6097: 6093: 6089: 6085: 6078: 6062: 6058: 6054: 6047: 6041:, p. 45. 6040: 6039:Siddle (1996) 6035: 6033: 6025: 6024:Walker (2001) 6020: 6012: 6008: 6004: 6000: 5993: 5985: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5961: 5956: 5950:, p. 51. 5949: 5948:Siddle (1996) 5944: 5928: 5924: 5920: 5913: 5905: 5899: 5895: 5888: 5881: 5876: 5874: 5872: 5862: 5854: 5850: 5846: 5839: 5837: 5829: 5828:Howell (1997) 5824: 5816: 5809: 5801: 5795: 5791: 5787: 5780: 5772: 5770:9780774843522 5766: 5762: 5761: 5753: 5746: 5745:Walker (2006) 5741: 5735:, p. 88. 5734: 5733:Sasaki (1999) 5729: 5713: 5709: 5703: 5696: 5695:Walker (2001) 5691: 5683: 5677: 5673: 5666: 5659: 5650: 5644:, p. 87. 5643: 5642:Sasaki (1999) 5638: 5631: 5630:Sasaki (1999) 5626: 5624: 5616: 5615:Walker (2006) 5611: 5609: 5601: 5596: 5590:, p. 81. 5589: 5584: 5578:, p. 83. 5577: 5572: 5564: 5558: 5554: 5550: 5549: 5541: 5533: 5529: 5525: 5518: 5516: 5514: 5512: 5503: 5499: 5495: 5491: 5483: 5467: 5465:0-295-98124-5 5461: 5457: 5456: 5448: 5441: 5440:Walker (2006) 5436: 5434: 5426: 5421: 5415:, p. 96. 5414: 5413:Zgusta (2015) 5409: 5393: 5389: 5385: 5379: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5347: 5341:, p. 21. 5340: 5336: 5335:Nakamura 2010 5331: 5315: 5311: 5307: 5306: 5301: 5295: 5287: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5266: 5259:. p. 10. 5258: 5254: 5247: 5239: 5235: 5231: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5212: 5204: 5198: 5194: 5187: 5176: 5172: 5166: 5159: 5158: 5150: 5142: 5140:4-09-521001-X 5136: 5132: 5128: 5121: 5120: 5112: 5106:, p. 64. 5105: 5104:Zgusta (2015) 5100: 5093: 5088: 5086: 5078: 5073: 5071: 5064:, p. 20. 5063: 5058: 5056: 5048: 5043: 5028: 5024: 5018: 5011: 5006: 5004: 4995: 4989: 4984: 4983: 4974: 4967: 4962: 4960: 4952: 4947: 4939: 4935: 4931: 4924: 4922: 4920: 4911: 4907: 4903: 4896: 4888: 4884: 4880: 4874: 4870: 4863: 4855: 4851: 4847: 4841: 4825: 4821: 4817: 4811: 4809: 4793: 4789: 4783: 4776: 4771: 4767: 4751: 4748: 4744: 4741: 4740: 4739: 4736: 4732: 4729: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4723: 4715: 4712: 4710: 4707: 4705: 4702: 4700: 4697: 4695: 4692: 4690: 4687: 4685: 4682: 4681: 4673: 4670: 4668: 4665: 4663: 4662:Takashi Ukaji 4660: 4658: 4655: 4653: 4650: 4648: 4645: 4643: 4640: 4638: 4635: 4633: 4630: 4628: 4625: 4623: 4620: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4611: 4608: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4598: 4596: 4593: 4591: 4588: 4586: 4585:Akira Ifukube 4583: 4581: 4578: 4577: 4567: 4563: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4551: 4546: 4542: 4541: 4535: 4531: 4530: 4525: 4521: 4518: 4517: 4512: 4509: 4508: 4503: 4500: 4499: 4494: 4491: 4489: 4484: 4481: 4480: 4475: 4472: 4471: 4466: 4462: 4459: 4458: 4453: 4450: 4446: 4443: 4442: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4424: 4417: 4407: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4388: 4384: 4379:This article 4377: 4368: 4367: 4355:20th century 4354: 4351: 4348: 4344: 4340: 4335: 4333: 4330: 4327: 4321: 4320: 4317:18th century 4316: 4313: 4310: 4305: 4303: 4300: 4294: 4293: 4289: 4286: 4283: 4279: 4275: 4271: 4269: 4268:Kuril islands 4265: 4259: 4258: 4255:20th century 4254: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4231: 4227: 4223: 4219: 4215: 4213: 4212:Kuril islands 4209: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4195: 4190: 4186: 4183: 4178: 4177: 4175: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4159: 4156:17th century 4155: 4152: 4149: 4145: 4140: 4138: 4135: 4129: 4128: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4115: 4112: 4111: 4107: 4104: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090:Hokkaido Ainu 4089: 4088: 4084: 4081: 4078: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4068: 4060: 4058: 4053: 4051: 4047: 4042: 4038: 4035: 4031: 4027: 4024: 4022: 4012: 4010: 4009:Kuril Islands 4006: 4002: 3999:In 1945, the 3997: 3995: 3994:Kuril islands 3991: 3986: 3984: 3980: 3976: 3972: 3971: 3965: 3963: 3962:Kuril Islands 3959: 3955: 3954:Tōhoku region 3951: 3947: 3946:Kuril Islands 3943: 3939: 3930: 3921: 3919: 3914: 3908: 3904: 3900: 3897: 3893: 3889: 3888:Kuril Islands 3884: 3881: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3865: 3860: 3856: 3851: 3849: 3848:Petropavlovsk 3843: 3840: 3836: 3832: 3828: 3824: 3818: 3808: 3806: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3790: 3789:Ainu language 3786: 3782: 3777: 3768: 3762: 3750: 3740: 3736: 3732: 3727: 3716: 3714: 3710: 3704: 3697: 3695: 3690: 3685: 3675: 3663: 3658: 3652:Ethnic rights 3647: 3644: 3642: 3639: 3637: 3634: 3632: 3629: 3627: 3624: 3622: 3619: 3617: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3609: 3607: 3603: 3598: 3596: 3588: 3583: 3579: 3577: 3572: 3564: 3560: 3551: 3547: 3544: 3533: 3524: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3486: 3483: 3477: 3471: 3465: 3459: 3453: 3447: 3441: 3435: 3429: 3423: 3417: 3411: 3405: 3394: 3389: 3383: 3378: 3370: 3365: 3361: 3357: 3353: 3348: 3344: 3336: 3331: 3328: 3323: 3319: 3314: 3313: 3306: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3290: 3285: 3284: 3278: 3273: 3259: 3250: 3245: 3240: 3235: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3215: 3214: 3213: 3210: 3209: 3203: 3194: 3193: 3186: 3181: 3175: 3171: 3167: 3157: 3153: 3147: 3141: 3136: 3131: 3128: 3122: 3116: 3110: 3104: 3101: 3095: 3091: 3087: 3083: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3062: 3059: 3054: 3050: 3042: 3038: 3025: 3020: 3012: 3007: 3002: 2994: 2989: 2985: 2977: 2972: 2968: 2966: 2960: 2952: 2947: 2946: 2945: 2942: 2936: 2930: 2924: 2918: 2912: 2906: 2900: 2894: 2888: 2882: 2876: 2871: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2852: 2846: 2838: 2832: 2828: 2825: 2819: 2813: 2808: 2804: 2800: 2795: 2789: 2779: 2774: 2764: 2762: 2761:Matsumae clan 2757: 2751: 2750: 2743: 2737: 2734: 2728: 2722: 2716: 2710: 2704: 2698: 2697: 2680: 2676: 2673: 2667: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2644: 2639: 2630: 2627: 2625: 2620: 2617: 2610: 2605: 2596: 2593: 2589:fishing, and 2587: 2581: 2575: 2570: 2566: 2561: 2554: 2544: 2541: 2540: 2533: 2532: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2516: 2511: 2507: 2503: 2498: 2493: 2489: 2485: 2476: 2472: 2470: 2466: 2462: 2458: 2454: 2450: 2446: 2442: 2437: 2432: 2423: 2414: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2370: 2367: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2332: 2326: 2321: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2303: 2296: 2291: 2282: 2280: 2271: 2266: 2257: 2255: 2254:Bering Strait 2251: 2247: 2238: 2237: 2230: 2216: 2212: 2209: 2201: 2195: 2191: 2187: 2183: 2179: 2176: 2169: 2168:main category 2165: 2164: 2159: 2156: 2152: 2148: 2145: 2142: 2141: 2135: 2129: 2127: 2122:You can help 2118: 2109: 2108: 2099: 2096:November 2016 2087: 2085: 2083: 2077:This section 2075: 2066: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2053: 2049: 2039: 2037: 2033: 2028: 2023: 2017: 2016: 2009: 2004: 1999: 1998: 1991: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1977: 1972: 1970: 1964: 1962: 1958: 1954: 1949: 1947: 1943: 1934: 1930: 1927: 1923: 1922: 1912: 1907: 1906:Ainu language 1897: 1895: 1891: 1876: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1856: 1852: 1850: 1846: 1842: 1838: 1833: 1828: 1823: 1820: 1814: 1812: 1808: 1804: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1784: 1780: 1776: 1769:Autosomal DNA 1766: 1764: 1760: 1756: 1752: 1748: 1744: 1739: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1719: 1717: 1713: 1709: 1706: 1698: 1693: 1683: 1679: 1669: 1667: 1666: 1660: 1658: 1653: 1651: 1650:Yamato people 1647: 1643: 1638: 1636: 1631: 1626: 1622: 1611: 1606: 1602: 1599: 1598:Jōmon peoples 1595: 1591: 1582: 1574: 1570: 1568: 1564: 1560: 1556: 1552: 1551:Juha Janhunen 1548: 1543: 1540: 1537: 1535: 1530:One of their 1528: 1526: 1522: 1518: 1514: 1509: 1503: 1499: 1491: 1487: 1484:A picture of 1482: 1473: 1471: 1465: 1463: 1459: 1453: 1451: 1445: 1443: 1439: 1434: 1432: 1428: 1424: 1420: 1410: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1389: 1387: 1383: 1379: 1375: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1360: 1355: 1351: 1346: 1345: 1339: 1333: 1331: 1326: 1323: 1319: 1310: 1309:Sakhalin Ainu 1306: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1285: 1280: 1276: 1272: 1262: 1257: 1252: 1248: 1246: 1242: 1236: 1234: 1230: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1207:In 1869, the 1200: 1198: 1193: 1189: 1185: 1181: 1175: 1172: 1168: 1156: 1151: 1149: 1145: 1141: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1116:Matsumae clan 1112: 1107: 1105: 1101: 1097: 1093: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1071: 1069: 1065: 1061: 1057: 1053: 1049: 1045: 1041: 1037: 1025: 1023: 1022:Eight Banners 1019: 1015: 1011: 1007: 999: 991: 985: 982: 978: 974: 970: 966: 962: 948: 942: 934: 930: 922: 921:Kuril Islands 917: 908: 906: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 880: 879: 874: 870: 860: 850: 839: 837: 833: 829: 825: 821: 811: 809: 805: 795: 791: 790: 784: 782: 778: 773: 769: 765: 761: 760:Udege peoples 757: 753: 750: 745: 743: 739: 735: 725: 722: 720: 716: 712: 708: 704: 700: 696: 692: 688: 684: 680: 676: 675:native people 667: 658: 651:("shrimp") + 644: 643: 637: 621: 618: 613: 608: 602: 596: 592: 588: 583: 580: 575: 569: 563: 557: 552: 547: 542: 540: 533: 530: 524: 519: 518:Ainu language 507: 495: 490: 485: 475: 473: 469: 468:Ainu language 464: 460: 456: 452: 447: 445: 440: 429: 416: 412: 408: 402: 396: 391: 387: 383: 379: 378:Kuril Islands 375: 371: 367: 363: 362:Tōhoku region 359: 355: 346: 342: 338: 334: 332: 313: 310: 306: 303: 300: 296: 292: 288: 278: 275: 273: 270: 268: 265: 263: 260: 258: 255: 253: 250: 249: 246: 241: 235: 232: 230: 227: 225: 222: 220: 217: 215: 212: 210: 207: 206: 203: 198: 194: 190: 186: 181: 177: 171: 160: 157: 146: 143: 132: 130: 119: 118: 115: 111: 106: 95: 93: 82: 81: 78: 73: 68: 63: 56: 51: 44: 33: 19: 13569: 13562: 13547:Bansenshūkai 13545: 13312:Rainy season 13089:unrecognized 12953: 12794: 12559:Lvinaya Past 12519:Grozny Group 12239: 12062: 11903: 11870: 11744:and Folklore 11720: 11707:. Retrieved 11701: 11689: 11668: 11655:. Retrieved 11649: 11635:. Retrieved 11620: 11595: 11562: 11553: 11527:Ainu Minzoku 11526: 11507: 11482: 11478: 11457:. Retrieved 11450:the original 11441: 11437: 11433: 11425: 11401: 11370: 11366: 11330: 11298: 11281: 11277: 11232: 11228: 11172: 11168: 11147:(1): 45–58. 11144: 11140: 11091: 11087: 11039: 11035: 11011: 11007: 10967: 10963: 10924: 10920: 10897: 10893: 10849:(1): 47–58. 10846: 10840: 10793: 10787: 10756: 10752: 10712: 10692: 10662: 10641: 10629:. Retrieved 10614: 10590: 10568: 10536: 10507: 10482: 10471: 10449: 10419: 10400: 10393:Google Books 10391:– via 10373: 10359: 10335: 10328: 10307: 10304:Hōritsu Jihō 10303: 10284: 10278: 10243: 10239: 10220: 10206: 10197: 10187:November 18, 10185:. Retrieved 10173: 10169: 10143: 10123: 10119: 10096: 10052: 10048: 10013: 10004: 10000: 9964: 9942: 9917:November 30, 9915:. Retrieved 9911:the original 9907:Tribeca Film 9906: 9903:"Ainu Mosir" 9897: 9887:November 30, 9885:. Retrieved 9875: 9865:February 27, 9863:. Retrieved 9855:The Mary Sue 9854: 9844: 9834:February 27, 9832:. Retrieved 9823: 9813: 9797: 9789: 9785: 9773:. Retrieved 9764: 9759: 9753: 9737: 9720: 9691: 9684: 9664: 9640:. Retrieved 9626: 9599:. Retrieved 9595:the original 9588: 9579: 9559: 9552: 9540: 9530:September 7, 9528:. Retrieved 9517: 9486: 9480: 9468: 9459: 9447:. Retrieved 9419: 9411:the original 9386:. Retrieved 9367:. Retrieved 9353: 9340: 9328:. Retrieved 9319: 9309: 9301:the original 9294: 9285: 9275:February 21, 9273:. Retrieved 9264: 9253: 9243:February 22, 9241:. Retrieved 9232: 9220: 9208:. Retrieved 9199: 9189: 9179:February 21, 9177:. Retrieved 9166: 9154: 9144:February 21, 9142:. Retrieved 9133: 9121: 9111:February 21, 9109:. Retrieved 9101:nazaccent.ru 9100: 9089: 9081:the original 9076: 9065: 9055:February 21, 9053:. Retrieved 9049:the original 9044: 9033: 9023:February 22, 9021:. Retrieved 9012: 9001: 8993:the original 8988: 8962:. Retrieved 8953: 8942: 8930:. Retrieved 8918: 8908: 8899: 8890: 8880: 8868:. Retrieved 8864:the original 8859: 8850: 8838:. Retrieved 8834: 8824: 8816:the original 8809: 8798: 8790:the original 8785: 8776: 8768:the original 8763: 8760:"Ainu Party" 8754: 8742:. Retrieved 8737: 8727: 8704: 8699: 8687:. Retrieved 8669: 8662:Levin (2001) 8657: 8639:. Retrieved 8627: 8621: 8598:Levin (2008) 8593: 8586:Levin (1999) 8581: 8574:Levin (2001) 8569: 8562:Levin (2001) 8557: 8550:Levin (1999) 8535:Levin (2001) 8530: 8518:. Retrieved 8509: 8500: 8488:. Retrieved 8479: 8470: 8458:. Retrieved 8449: 8440: 8428:. Retrieved 8419: 8395:. Retrieved 8381: 8369:. Retrieved 8365: 8356: 8344:. Retrieved 8340: 8330: 8318:. Retrieved 8314: 8290:. Retrieved 8286: 8261:the original 8256: 8249:"樺太における宗教活動" 8217: 8205: 8193:. Retrieved 8189: 8180: 8157: 8151: 8143: 8138: 8126:. Retrieved 8122:the original 8117: 8108: 8088: 8083: 8073: 8057: 8041: 8029: 8009: 8002: 7986: 7962: 7956: 7946: 7930: 7914: 7902:. Retrieved 7898:the original 7893: 7884: 7874: 7868: 7852: 7832: 7809:September 1, 7807:. Retrieved 7803: 7794: 7782:. Retrieved 7778:the original 7773: 7764: 7744: 7737: 7721: 7690: 7678: 7658: 7652: 7632: 7625: 7609: 7597: 7585: 7569: 7549: 7542: 7522: 7515: 7495: 7488: 7479:j.ctt13x0q8v 7459: 7453: 7433: 7426: 7414:. Retrieved 7410:the original 7405: 7396: 7384:. Retrieved 7375: 7366: 7358:the original 7351: 7342: 7332: 7322: 7315: 7305: 7295: 7281: 7219:the original 7214: 7205: 7193: 7181:. Retrieved 7173:omniglot.com 7172: 7163: 7136: 7124: 7112: 7105:Vovin (1993) 7100: 7072: 7065: 7053: 7026: 7014: 7002: 6990: 6978: 6966: 6954: 6929:September 1, 6927:. Retrieved 6922: 6913: 6903:September 1, 6901:. Retrieved 6896: 6887: 6842: 6838: 6814: 6810: 6800: 6787: 6725: 6721: 6711: 6671:(2): 69–82. 6668: 6664: 6654: 6642: 6609: 6605: 6595: 6586: 6574: 6562:. Retrieved 6558:the original 6551: 6542: 6530: 6520:November 18, 6518:. Retrieved 6514: 6504: 6495:November 18, 6493:, retrieved 6471: 6446:. Retrieved 6441: 6432: 6412: 6405: 6372: 6368: 6358: 6346:. Retrieved 6331: 6319:. Retrieved 6308: 6298: 6289: 6280: 6272: 6268: 6258: 6250:the original 6243: 6217:December 13, 6215:. Retrieved 6198: 6189: 6177: 6165:. Retrieved 6156: 6147: 6137:December 13, 6135:. Retrieved 6126: 6116: 6091: 6087: 6077: 6067:December 13, 6065:. Retrieved 6056: 6046: 6019: 6002: 5998: 5992: 5973: 5967: 5955: 5943: 5931:. Retrieved 5922: 5912: 5893: 5887: 5861: 5852: 5848: 5823: 5814: 5808: 5785: 5779: 5759: 5752: 5740: 5728: 5716:. Retrieved 5712:the original 5702: 5690: 5671: 5664: 5658: 5649: 5637: 5595: 5583: 5576:Smith (2017) 5571: 5547: 5540: 5531: 5527: 5497: 5489: 5482: 5469:. Retrieved 5454: 5447: 5420: 5408: 5396:. Retrieved 5387: 5378: 5366:. Retrieved 5362:the original 5346: 5339:Stephan 1971 5330: 5318:. Retrieved 5303: 5294: 5271: 5265: 5252: 5246: 5218: 5211: 5192: 5186: 5156: 5149: 5117: 5111: 5099: 5042: 5030:. Retrieved 5026: 5017: 4981: 4973: 4968:, p. 5. 4953:, p. 3. 4946: 4933: 4905: 4895: 4868: 4862: 4854:the original 4849: 4840: 4828:. Retrieved 4819: 4795:. Retrieved 4782: 4775:Vovin (2008) 4770: 4678:Ainu culture 4672:Nibutani Dam 4555:Ken Watanabe 4548: 4527: 4514: 4507:Silver Spoon 4506: 4496: 4486: 4477: 4468: 4457:Golden Kamuy 4455: 4439: 4438:game series 4411: 4381:may contain 4380: 4331: 4133:Tohoku Ainu 4066: 4054: 4043: 4039: 4036: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4018: 4001:Soviet Union 3998: 3987: 3968: 3966: 3935: 3915: 3912: 3885: 3868: 3852: 3844: 3820: 3801: 3778: 3774: 3746: 3737: 3722: 3698: 3680: 3669:Legal action 3610: 3599: 3594: 3592: 3576:nation-state 3568: 3554:Institutions 3548: 3539: 3530: 3503: 3487: 3400: 3379: 3374:"Nutsa Ainu" 3349: 3345: 3340:Kim-un Kamuy 3335:bear worship 3332: 3307: 3274: 3272:influences. 3270: 3229:Kim-un-kamuy 3199: 3132: 3105: 3078: 3074: 3063: 3046: 3043:Ainu working 2963: 2866:bamboo grass 2860:are made of 2842: 2799:river basins 2784: 2738: 2691: 2648: 2628: 2621: 2614: 2556: 2513: 2481: 2428: 2379:Ainu cuisine 2377:Traditional 2376: 2361: 2299: 2275: 2243: 2190:edit summary 2181: 2161: 2131: 2123: 2093: 2081: 2078: 2052:Ainu cuisine 2048:Ainu culture 2032:agglutinated 2027:prepositions 1992: 1973: 1965: 1950: 1939: 1919: 1917: 1887: 1861: 1824: 1815: 1791:Tianyuan man 1772: 1740: 1725: 1702: 1682:Jōmon people 1663: 1661: 1654: 1639: 1618: 1608: 1603: 1594:Nivkh people 1587: 1544: 1541: 1529: 1510: 1502:Jōmon period 1495: 1466: 1455: 1447: 1442:Fukuda Yasuo 1435: 1416: 1395: 1374:Philip Fyson 1364: 1334: 1327: 1314: 1268: 1238: 1226: 1206: 1176: 1171:Mamiya Rinzō 1164: 1153: 1143: 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1108: 1080: 1072: 1068:Rinzo Mamiya 1059: 1055: 1051: 1047: 1043: 1033: 1029:Shiro Sasaki 1017: 1013: 1005: 997: 989: 987: 944: 929:Qing dynasty 926: 911:Qing dynasty 883: 876: 866: 856: 846: 840: 823: 820:Ming dynasty 818:The Chinese 817: 814:Ming dynasty 808:Yuan dynasty 801: 793: 787: 785: 777:Yuan dynasty 746: 731: 728:Yuan dynasty 723: 672: 640: 622: 611: 587:Qing dynasty 584: 536: 534: 481: 455:colonization 448: 444:assimilation 441: 353: 351: 328: 301: 290: 277:Nivkh people 252:Jomon people 37:Ethnic group 13631:Ainu people 13402:Archaeology 13294:Environment 13159:Calligraphy 13003:in Sakhalin 12959:Han Chinese 12922:South Korea 12917:North Korea 12795:Ainu people 12685:Kasatka Bay 12569:Mendeleyeva 12549:Kuntomintar 12539:Kharimkotan 12469:Chirinkotan 12464:Chikurachki 12398:Shiashkotan 12348:Kharimkotan 12318:Chirinkotan 11954:Prehistoric 10332:北東アジアの歴史と文化 10055:(1): 5–29. 10007:(6): 20–24. 10001:World Watch 9930:Works cited 9330:February 4, 8964:October 18, 8786:Japan Times 8764:ainu-org.jp 8128:January 20, 7894:Ainu Museum 7416:January 26, 7386:January 26, 7376:Japan Today 7288:Citations: 6743:10125/17243 6728:(1): 1–23. 6448:December 8, 6375:: 141–164. 6310:Japan Times 6236:Oguma, Eiji 6199:Japan Times 5305:NOVA Online 5032:December 8, 4830:January 28, 4788:"アイヌ生活実態調査" 4566:Yuya Yagira 4553:, starring 4488:Shaman King 4347:ethnic Ulch 4113:Tokyo Ainu 4082:Population 4079:Description 3970:kanjō-bugyō 3729: [ 3602:Sámi people 3327:kamuy mosir 3266: 1930 3239:Repun Kamuy 2967:, Volume 33 2920:behind the 2887:rorun-puyar 2862:cogon grass 2687: 1930 2521:backswimmer 2133:(June 2012) 2128:in Japanese 1961:Ainu Kyokai 1921:World Watch 1795:Hoabinhians 1642:Nara period 1490:Yukie Chiri 1282: [ 1259: [ 1124:Ulch people 1040:Mudan River 927:The Manchu 893:Chinese god 824:ximin tizhi 764:Tyr, Russia 707:Amur region 604:. The word 601:Kuye Fiyaka 556:Aino moxori 512:; Russian: 32:Äynu people 13625:Categories 13577:Yi Sun-sin 13412:Bronze Age 13349:Capitalism 13274:Typography 13269:Television 13239:Philosophy 13224:Mādhyamaka 13219:Literature 13174:Sinosphere 13094:historical 12639:Tri Sestry 12584:Prevo Peak 12524:Ivao Group 12454:Berutarube 12444:Atsonupuri 12378:Paramushir 12363:Makanrushi 12228:See also: 12126:Brazilians 12114:Immigrants 12042:Tsuchigumo 11301:. Oxford: 11290:AA12286697 11042:(1): 437. 10016:. Leiden: 9824:SoraNews24 9804:, p. 9744:, p. 9729:10012/2765 9723:(Thesis). 9489:. 北海道新聞社. 9449:January 8, 9407:"北海道アイヌ協会" 9210:August 21, 9134:Сегодня.ру 9077:severdv.ru 8650:Wikisource 8195:October 6, 8064:, p. 8048:, p. 7993:, p. 7937:, p. 7921:, p. 7859:, p. 7728:, p. 7697:, p. 7616:, p. 7576:, p. 7211:"北海道ウタリ協会" 7092:1047893815 6011:2115/42939 5718:August 16, 5681:4480856684 5588:Kim (2019) 5562:0521477719 5502:Tōyō Bunko 5274:. London: 5131:Shogakukan 4757:References 4684:Ainu music 4647:Kankō Ainu 4550:Unforgiven 4524:James Bond 4516:Ainu Mosir 4470:Big Hero 6 4383:irrelevant 4329:Amur River 4230:Paramushir 4015:Population 3988:After the 3975:Edo period 3749:Ainu Party 3684:Saru River 3626:Ainu Kotan 3305:(plural). 3219:Kamuy-huci 3178:See also: 3135:loincloths 3094:butterburs 3086:endodermis 3032:Traditions 3024:Saru River 2709:Matanpushi 2696:matanpushi 2643:matanpushi 2531:Kamuy-huci 2517:triguttata 2510:harvestman 2506:dog's bane 2467:, such as 2465:sea eagles 2316:birch bark 2311:anchi-piri 2306:moustaches 2056:Ainu music 2034:sounds or 1986:or in the 1942:revitalize 1779:East Asian 1676:See also: 1245:assimilate 747:After the 738:Ezogashima 719:Old Korean 685:, and the 642:Kojiki-den 562:Ainu mosir 384:, and the 372:, such as 209:Irreligion 13493:CrossAsia 13480:Education 13234:Mythology 13214:Languages 13194:Festivals 13142:Taiwanese 13049:Ryukyuans 12964:subgroups 12883:Hong Kong 12862:East Asia 12579:Nemo Peak 12564:Medvezhya 12499:Fuss Peak 12432:Volcanoes 12100:Ryukyuans 12022:Mishihase 12002:Koshibito 11709:April 23, 11491:0021-910X 11459:March 27, 11436:Man'yoshū 11284:: 57–93. 11110:1759-6653 11056:2399-3642 10943:1435-232X 10865:1435-232X 10812:1435-232X 10731:912504787 10527:243850790 10379:Routledge 10260:164944206 10219:(2012) . 10208:Routledge 10182:251835463 10142:(1999b). 10071:0021-9118 9388:March 16, 9369:March 16, 8927:0362-4331 8689:April 29, 8098:ra-nn kut 7183:August 2, 6861:2513-843X 6752:1535-8283 6634:249679997 6626:1613-415X 6397:237755856 6389:2056-6085 6348:April 22, 6321:April 25, 6207:0447-5763 6167:March 26, 6157:HMV Japan 6127:China.org 6108:0016-3287 6005:: 59–75. 5398:August 7, 5276:Routledge 5238:468978601 4887:224749653 4797:April 20, 4762:Citations 4689:Ainu flag 4627:Ethnocide 4465:Fredzilla 4444:are Ainu. 4398:citations 4309:Kamchadal 4302:Kamchatka 4266:Southern 4242:derussify 4238:Kamchadal 4210:Northern 4063:Subgroups 3950:Kamchatka 3924:Geography 3839:Kamchadal 3277:libations 3170:Ko-Shintō 3082:decoction 3004:fireplace 2733:tekunkani 2633:Ornaments 2583:fishing, 2553:Itaomacip 2515:Notonecta 2494:, called 2457:red foxes 2449:sika deer 2385:, foxes, 2350:Dwellings 2322:, called 2208:talk page 2160:Consider 1827:Ryukyuans 1275:euphemism 1092:Poronaysk 1081:In 1635, 1044:hala-i-da 868:wèizhènfǔ 848:zhǐhuīshǐ 579:ethnonyms 183:Languages 178:109–1,000 172:: Unknown 158:: Unknown 70:c. 25,000 13600:Printing 13533:Military 13417:Iron Age 13331:Politics 13279:Yogācāra 13264:Surnames 13244:Religion 13154:Buddhism 13132:Japanese 13059:Tibetans 13030:in China 13020:Mongolic 12998:in Japan 12993:in China 12976:Japanese 12912:Mongolia 12893:Mainland 12649:Ushishur 12609:Shirinki 12509:Golovnin 12449:Baransky 12418:Ushishir 12413:Simushir 12403:Shikotan 12373:Onekotan 12313:Broutona 12241:Category 12185:Russians 12131:Dekasegi 12037:Satsumon 12007:Kumabito 11971:Toraijin 11893:Archived 11861:Articles 11793:Archived 11773:Archived 11657:March 1, 11637:March 1, 11581:53131386 11545:29601145 11499:41933457 11438:and the 11423:(2008). 11399:(1993). 11389:EJ937154 11354:19456186 11269:23638014 11229:PLOS ONE 11216:Language 11207:34533991 11128:34410389 11074:32843717 10994:26500257 10964:Genetics 10951:26178428 10873:16328082 10820:14997363 10775:11543902 10683:45958211 10631:March 5, 10612:(eds.). 10164:(2022). 10132:40316506 10087:34934412 9985:42801973 9940:(1901). 9859:Archived 9828:Archived 9775:March 1, 9769:Archived 9642:March 1, 9636:Archived 9601:March 2, 9524:Archived 9440:Archived 9382:Archived 9363:Archived 9324:Archived 9269:Archived 9237:Archived 9204:Archived 9173:Archived 9138:Archived 9105:Archived 9017:Archived 8958:Archived 8744:June 26, 8683:Archived 8641:June 20, 8632:Archived 8514:Archived 8484:Archived 8454:Archived 8424:Archived 8391:Archived 8371:March 5, 8346:March 5, 8341:hwyn.org 8320:March 5, 8292:March 5, 8287:AKARENGA 8225:Archived 8162:Kodansha 8081:(1941). 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