Religion in Japan - Knowledge

2508: 3060:, who was regarded as one of the founders of modern Japan and found it impossible to combine modern learning with belief in gods, openly declaring: "It goes without saying that the maintenance of peace and security in society requires a religion. For this purpose any religion will do. I lack a religious nature, and have never believed in any religion. I am thus open to the charge that I am advising others to be religious while I am not so. Yet my conscience does not permit me to clothe myself with religion when I have it not at heart...Of religions there are several kinds – Buddhism, Christianity, and what not. From my standpoint there is no more difference between those than between green tea and black...". 1706: 1721: 896: 154: 1421: 1688: 1879:. However, more importantly, the discourses on Christianity became the property of the state during the Tokugawa period. The state leveraged its power over to declare Christians enemies of the state in order to create and maintain a legally enforceable identity for Japanese subjects. As such, Christian identities or icons became the exclusive property of the Japanese state. Although often discussed as a "foreign" or "minority" religion, Christianity has played a key sociopolitical role in the lives of Japanese subjects and citizens for hundreds of years. 1670: 2657: 1161: 1353: 1737: 1138: 311: 2951:. First, the Supreme Court ruled that because the Veterans’ Association—which was not an organ of the state—had acted alone when arranging the ceremony of apotheosis, no violation of Article 20 had occurred. Second, the Supreme Court held that the Self-Defense Forces' provision of Takafumi's documents to the Veterans’ Association did not constitute a religious activity prohibited by Article 20, because neither the intention nor the effects of its action harmed or patronized any religion. 2726: 2325: 9405: 9008: 1393: 825: 5167: 1372: 680: 9415: 920: 1960: 2174: 8997: 5153: 115: 3020:, who reportedly said: "I regard religion itself as quite unnecessary for a nation's life; science is far above superstition, and what is religion – Buddhism or Christianity – but superstition, and therefore a possible source of weakness to a nation? I do not regret the tendency to free thought and atheism, which is almost universal in Japan because I do not regard it as a source of danger to the community". 1103: 3116:, followers of Shintoism make up 70.4% of the total population, followers of Buddhism make up 69.8% of the population, followers of Christianity make up 1.5% of the population, and followers of other religions make up 6.9%. The Japanese National Character Survey of 2013 showed 72.0% of Japanese had no personal faith and the Japanese General Social Survey of 2015 showed 69.6% did not follow any religion. 861: 1227:, a Buddhist sect founded in 1930, gathers around 4 million members. Scholars in Japan have estimated that between 10% and 20% of the population belongs to the new religions, although more realistic estimates put the number at well below the 10% mark. As of 2007 there are 223,831 priests and leaders of the new religions in Japan, three times the number of traditional Shinto priests. 1220:

asking for specific healing or blessing services or participating in pilgrimages – in the new religions individuals formed groups without regard to kinship or territorial origins, and such groups required a voluntary decision to join. These new religions also provided cohesion through a unified doctrine and practice shared by the nationwide community.

1990:. In 2008, Keiko Sakurai estimated that 80–90% of the Muslims in Japan were foreign-born migrants primarily from Indonesia, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Iran. It has been estimated that the Muslim immigrant population amounts to 10,000–50,000 people, while the "estimated number of Japanese Muslims ranges from thousands to tens of thousands". 2893:(spirit altars) are set up in front of Buddhist family altars, which, along with ancestral graves, are cleaned in anticipation of the return of the spirits. People living away from their family homes return for visits with relatives. Celebrations include folk dancing and prayers at Buddhist temples as well as family rituals in the home. 1848:, was started. By the following year there were nine churches, and the Christian community grew steadily in the 1560s. By 1569 there were 30,000 Christians and 40 churches. Following the conversion of some lords in Kyushu, mass baptisms of the local populations occurred, and in the 1570s the number of Christians rose rapidly to 100,000. 2773:) and the individual. The rationalism of Neo-Confucianism was in contrast to the mysticism of Zen Buddhism in Japan. Unlike the Buddhists, the Neo-Confucians believed that reality existed, and could be understood by mankind, even if the interpretations of reality were slightly different depending on the school of Neo-Confucianism. 2885:—involve visits to Shinto shrines or Buddhist temples and only Buddhist temples for later. The New Year's holiday (January 1–3) is marked by the practice of numerous customs and the consumption of special foods. Visiting Shinto shrines or Buddhist temples to pray for family blessings in the coming year, dressing in a 2829:). The vast majority of Japanese wedding ceremonies have been Christian for at least the last three and half decades. Shinto weddings and secular weddings that follow a "western-style" format are also popular but much less so and a small fraction (usually less than one percent) of weddings are Buddhist. 2954:

Third, the Supreme Court adopted a narrow interpretation of individual religious rights, by ruling that violation of individual rights to religion did not occur unless the state or its organs coerced individuals to perform some religious activity or limited their religious freedom. On June 2, 1988, a

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Most Japanese participate in rituals and customs derived from several religious traditions. Life cycle events are often marked by visits to a Shinto shrine and Buddhist temples. The birth of a new baby is celebrated with a formal shrine or temple visit at the age of about one month, as are the third,

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is the largest religion in Japan, practiced by nearly 80% of the population, yet only a small percentage of these identify themselves as "Shintoists" in surveys. This is due to the fact that "Shinto" has different meanings in Japan: most of the Japanese attend Shinto shrines and beseech kami without

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government required each family to be registered as a member of a Buddhist temple. In the early 19th century, the government required that each family belong to a shrine instead, and in the early 20th century, this was supplemented with the concept of a divine right to rule bestowed on the emperor.

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states: "Freedom of religion is guaranteed to all. No religious organization shall receive any privileges from the State, nor exercise any political authority. No person shall be compelled to take part in any religious act, celebration, rite or practice. The State and its organs shall refrain from

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prefectural National-Protecting Shrine, the prefectural Veterans’ Association requested the information from the Self-Defense Forces and completed the enshrinement. As a result, in 1973, Yasuko sued the Yamaguchi Prefectural Branch of the Self-Defense Forces, on the grounds that the ceremony of

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lay societies, provided ways of aggregation for people uprooted from traditional families and village institutions. While traditional Shinto has a residential and hereditary basis, and a person participates in the worship activities devoted to the local tutelary deity or ancestor – occasionally

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in China, shares some roots with Shinto, although Taoism is more hermetic while Shinto is more shamanic. Taoism's influence in Japan has been less profound than that of Japanese Neo-Confucianism. Today, institutional Chinese Taoism is present in the country in the form of some temples; the

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The Japanese concept of religion differs significantly from that of Western culture. Spirituality and worship are highly eclectic; rites and practices, often associated with well-being and worldly benefits, are of primary concern, while doctrines and beliefs garner minor attention.

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religious education or any other religious activity". This change in constitutional rights provided mechanisms for limiting state educational initiatives designed to promote Shinto beliefs in schools and freed the populace from mandatory participation in Shinto rites.

2911:, the ruling class was responsible for performing propitiatory rituals, which later came to be identified as Shinto, and for the introduction and support of Buddhism. Later, religious organization was used by regimes for political purposes; for instance, the 3104:). They opposed "contributions to religious organizations, prayers for practical benefits (kito), preaching in factories, and the religious organizations of all stripes" and viewed religion as a tool used by the upper class to suppress laborers and farmers. 2137:, to issue Japanese transit visa. In doing so, both Zwartendijk and Sugihara disregarded orders and helped more than 6,000 Jews escape the Nazis. After World War II, a large portion of Japan's Jewish population emigrated, many going to what would become 7140:

The Christian community itself counts only those who have been baptized and are currently regular churchgoers — some 1 million people, or less than 1 percent of the population, according to Nobuhisa Yamakita, moderator of the United Church of Christ in

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into Japan. As the Chinese and Korean Neo-Confucians had regarded their own culture as the center of the world, the Japanese Neo-Confucians developed a similar national pride. This national pride would later evolve into the philosophical school of

2691:) was introduced from China between the 7th and 8th centuries, and influenced in varying degrees the Japanese indigenous spirituality. Taoist practices were absorbed into Shinto, and Taoism was the source of the esoteric and mystical religions of 2426:). This differs from Japanese Shinto, where men are seen as the embodiment of purity. Ryukyuan religion has been influenced by Japanese Shinto and Buddhism, and various Chinese religions. It includes sects and reformed movements such as 232:

is an alien notion. Although the vast majority of Japanese citizens follow Shinto, only some 3% identify as Shinto in surveys, because the term is understood to imply membership of organized Shinto sects. Some identify as "without

1335:

becoming the crucial power on the mainland. Buddhism functioned to affirm the state's power and mold its position in the broader culture of East Asia. Japanese aristocrats set about building Buddhist temples in the capital at

808:, and applies as well to various sectarian organizations. Practitioners express their diverse beliefs through a standard language and practice, adopting a similar style in dress and ritual dating from around the time of the 1330:

centered around the worship of ancestral nature deities. It was also a period of intense immigration from Korea, horse riders from northeast Asia, as well as cultural influence from China, which had been unified under the

2235:" originated as Hindu deities, including Benzaiten (Sarasvati), Bishamon (Vaiśravaṇa or Kubera), Daikoku (Mahakala/Shiva), and Kisshoutennyo (Laxmi). Various Hindu deities, including the aforementioned, are worshipped in 1081:

belonging to Shinto organisations, and since there are no formal rituals to become a member of folk "Shinto", "Shinto membership" is often estimated counting those who join organised Shinto sects. Shinto has 100,000

1340:. However, the government's vast investment in spreading Buddhism during the Nara period (646-794) led to corruption, and led to reformation period and a shift in focus from Nara to the new capital of Heian (now 9370: 6511: 2267:

mainly followed by families migrated from India. Sikh communities formed in the 1920s, primarily in Kobe and later in Tokyo. The Sikh population, though small, established gurdwaras. Notable figures include

1314:. The Baekje king sent the Japanese emperor a picture of the Buddha and some sutras. After overcoming brief yet violent oppositions by conservative forces, it was accepted by the Japanese court in 587. The 1208:), including rapid industrialisation and urbanisation. Traditional religions, challenged by the transformation, underwent a reshaping themselves, and principles of religious freedom articulated by the 1947 2363:(more accurately termed "ancestor respect") and the respecting of relationships between the living, the dead, and the gods and spirits of the natural world. Some of its beliefs, such as those concerning 2231:. Nevertheless, Hindu culture have had a significant but indirect role in Japanese culture, through the spread of Buddhism and the fascination of ancient world about Bharatvarsha. Four of the Japanese " 783:

first recorded and codified Shinto practices in the 8th century. Still, these earliest Japanese writings do not refer to a unified "Shinto religion", but rather to a collection of native beliefs and of

9380: 2761:. The Confucian philosophy can be characterized as humanistic and rationalistic, with the belief that the universe could be understood through human reason, corresponding to the universal reason ( 1844:

These missionaries were successful in converting large numbers of people in Kyushu, including peasants, former Buddhist monks, and members of the warrior class. In 1559, a mission to the capital,

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A 2006 Gallup survey, however, is the largest to date and puts the number at 6%, which is much higher than its previous surveys. It notes a major increase among Japanese youth professing Christ.

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described the Japanese Supreme Court's decision as “a major setback for advocates of stronger separation of religion and state in Japan.” On June 7, 1988, an article published in the

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are usually performed by Buddhist priests, and Buddhist rites are also common on death day anniversaries of deceased family members. 91% of Japanese funerals take place according to

1785:

In 2022, there were 1.9 million Christians in Japan, most of them living in the western part of the country, where missionaries' activities were greatest during the 16th century.

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The 2006 Gallup poll, however, disclosed that an astounding 12 per cent of Japanese who claim a religion are now Christian, making six per cent of the entire nation Christian.

3036:, a Japanese novelist who wrote: "God only exists in people’s minds. Especially in Japan, God's always has been a kind of flexible concept. Look at what happened to the war. 259:

is a specified identity, which is used mostly to affirm regular, "normal" religiosity while rejecting affiliation with distinct movements perceived as foreign or extreme.

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reads: "Japanese subjects shall, within limits not prejudicial to peace and order, and not antagonistic to their duties as subjects, enjoy freedom of religious belief".

1916:

had the highest percentage of Christians in 1996 (about 5.1%). As of 2007 there were 32,036 Christian priests and pastors in Japan. According to a poll conducted by the

7223: 1780: 767:

practices to be carried out diligently in order to establish a connection between present-day Japan and its ancient roots. The written historical records of the

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does, the significance of this case also lies in its implications for the constitutionality of state patronage of and official visits to the Yasukuni Shrine.

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is more easily attained. Pure Land attracted members from all of the different classes, from farmers and merchants to noblemen and samurai clans, such as the

2931:

In postwar years, the issue of the separation of Shinto and state arose in the Self-Defense Force Apotheosis Case. In 1973, Nakaya Takafumi, a member of the

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Many of these new religions derive from Shinto, retain the fundamental characters of Shinto, and often identify themselves as forms of Shinto. These include

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LeFebvre, J. (2021). The Oppressor's Dilemma: How Japanese State Policy toward Religion Paved the Way for Christian Weddings. Journal of Religion in Japan.

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Shinto is an action-centered religion (one based on actions) and not a confessional religion (one that requires a set of beliefs or a profession of faith).

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The officially recognized new religions number in the hundreds, and total membership reportedly numbers in the tens of millions. The largest new religion,

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are local events and follow local traditions. They may be sponsored by schools, towns, or other groups but are most often associated with Shinto shrines.

2359:. While specific legends and traditions may vary slightly from place to place and island to island, the Ryukyuan religion is generally characterized by 2935:

and husband of Nakaya Yasuko, died in a traffic accident. Despite Yasuko's refusal to provide relevant documents for her husband's enshrinement at the

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often practice simultaneously. According to estimates, as many as 70% of the populace follow Shinto rituals to some degree, worshiping ancestors and

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LeFebvre, J. (2015). Christian wedding ceremonies: “Nonreligiousness” in contemporary Japan. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 42(2), 185–203.

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LeFebvre, J. (2015). Christian wedding ceremonies: “Nonreligiousness” in contemporary Japan. Japanese Journal of Religious Studies, 42(2), 185-203.

2507: 8704: 3048:, who denounced Confucian scholars and Buddhist clergy as spiritual oppressors of his age, though he still venerated the gods of old Japan as a 6830: 6128: 5987: 5953: 5928: 6544: 7745: 7370: 6676: 6076: 7714: 2804:, which would later challenge Neo-Confucianism, and its perceived foreign Chinese and Korean origins, as the dominant philosophy of Japan. 2792:

and merchants. The samurai were especially avid readers and teachers of Confucian thought in Japan, establishing many Confucian academies.

354: 6593: 8574: 8045: 7426: 2754: 2889:, hanging special decorations, eating noodles on New Year's Eve, and playing a poetry card game are among these practices. During Obon, 6162: 5434: 1062:

essence, that manifests in multiple forms: rocks, trees, rivers, animals, places, and even people can be said to possess the nature of

3100:

Two months later, in November 1931, socialist Toshihiko Sakai and Communist Takatsu Seido created the Japan Anti-religion Alliance (

1450:" and are relatively small. When the capital moved to Heian, more forms of Buddhism arrived from China, including the still-popular 7129: 6263: 2316:

was founded in 1986 by Ryuho Okawa. This Japanese religion has been very active in its political ventures to re-militarize Japan.

9319: 6356: 7365:

LeFebvre, J. (2021). ‘The Oppressor's Dilemma: How Japanese State Policy toward Religion Paved the Way for Christian Weddings’,

7772: 7706: 639: 536: 7073: 8347: 7861: 7587: 7507: 7481: 7278: 7189: 6361: 6320: 6212: 5908: 5735: 5677: 5510: 3258: 3174: 3128: 2757:, and developed into an elite religion, yet having a profound influence on the fabric of Japanese society overall during the 2106:

in 1861. The Jewish population continued to grow into the 1950s, fueled by immigration from Europe and the Middle East, with

2057: 8221: 9294: 9044: 8458: 7269: 1651:

As of 2018, there were 355,000+ Buddhist monks, priests and leaders in Japan, an increase of over 40,000 compared to 2000.

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Kavanagh, Christopher M. and Jong, Jonathan (2020). Is Japan Religious? 14(1), DOI 10.1558/jsrnc.39187, pp. 152–180,

1939:) have become popular among many of the Japanese. For example, 60–70% of weddings performed in Japan are Christian-style. 8517: 5971: 2077: 9339: 8841: 8465: 7028: 7003: 6895: 6780: 6755: 6730: 6702: 1044:

are defined in English as "spirits", "essences" or "gods", referring to the energy generating the phenomena. Since the

1841:, a Japanese convert, helped the Jesuits understanding Japanese culture and translating the first Japanese catechism. 8480: 8244: 7710: 7456: 7412: 7398: 7056: 6974: 6923: 6870: 6172: 6109: 6014: 5622: 8537: 8448: 3040:

ordered the divine emperor to quit being a God, and he did, making a speech saying he was just an ordinary person".

3008:, philosopher and scholar who rejected theism, claimed that God or Buddha, as objective beings, are mere illusions. 2239:. This denomination and all other forms of Tantric Buddhism have multiple sources in common with Tantric Hinduism. 2125:

found refuge in Japan. These mainly Polish Jews received a so-called Curaçao visa from the Dutch consul in Kaunas,

710: 8599: 8475: 8307: 7796: 7785: 6279: 7153: 8544: 7521: 7384: 7340: 7325: 7301: 7288: 7261: 7247: 3119:

According to surveys carried out in 2006 and 2008, less than 40% of the population of Japan identifies with an

1675: 8162: 5416: 2868:

or annual feasts are national holidays, but they are included in the national calendar of annual events. Most

1871:

and his successors enforced the prohibition of Christianity with several further edicts, especially after the

1816: 372: 9129: 8302: 7856: 6529: 1999: 1477:, which focused on meditation and attaining enlightenment in this life. Two schools of Zen were established, 521: 279: 212:. An almost equally high number is reported as Buddhist. Syncretic combinations of both, known generally as 9375: 8485: 8297: 7844: 5185: 2902: 2073: 2061: 6617:

Kim Ha-tai (April 1961), "The Transmission of Neo-Confucianism to Japan by Kang Hang, a Prisoner of War",

1635: 1215:

New sects of Shinto, as well as movements claiming a thoroughly independent status, and also new forms of

895: 9334: 9239: 8108: 7746:

https://brill.com/view/journals/jrj/aop/article-1163-22118349-20210001/article-1163-22118349-20210001.xml

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https://brill.com/view/journals/jrj/aop/article-1163-22118349-20210001/article-1163-22118349-20210001.xml

7111: 6677:"The Oppressor's Dilemma: How Japanese State Policy toward Religion Paved the Way for Christian Weddings" 6294: 6077:"The Oppressor's Dilemma: How Japanese State Policy toward Religion Paved the Way for Christian Weddings" 6001: 5924: 5462: 5448: 1860: 1720: 1693: 1632:, Japan's third largest political party. Common to most lineages of Nichiren Buddhism is the chanting of 7576: 6797: 6486: 6419: 6228:

Kimura, Junko; Belk, Russell (September 2005). "Christmas in Japan: Globalization Versus Localization".

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Percentages calculated using the official total population figure of 126,088,000 as of the end of 2020.

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Percentages calculated using the official total population figure of 126,088,000 as of the end of 2020.

153: 9439: 8734: 8404: 8277: 8249: 8033: 7765: 7722:"Religion and the Secular in Japan: Problems in History, Social Anthropology and the Study of Religion" 6940: 2967:

expressed concern that the Japanese Supreme Court's decision was likely to encourage the resurgence of

1705: 1271: 5329:", the Chinese indigenous religion, distinguishing it from the new Buddhist religion. (Brian Bocking. 2875:

Some of the holidays are secular in nature, but the two most significant for the majority of Japanese—

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living in the country. With the opening of Japan to the external world in 1853 and the end of Japan's

1519:, although elements of it were practiced in Japan for centuries beforehand. It emphasizes the role of 9344: 8914: 8628: 8510: 8470: 8392: 8342: 8204: 8174: 8093: 7991: 7866: 7851: 7721: 2975:. Because the prefectural National-Protecting Shrines perform the same ceremony of apotheosis as the 2932: 1420: 1074:

and people are not separate; they exist within the same world and share its interrelated complexity.

7196:... followers of the Christian faith constitute only about a half percent of the Japanese population 3112:

According to the annual statistical research on religion in 2015 by the Agency for Culture Affairs,

9289: 9254: 9209: 9061: 9037: 8729: 8640: 8438: 8421: 8327: 8312: 8216: 8184: 8157: 7350: 6310: 6136: 2589: 2563: 2242:

According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, there were 25,597 Hindus in Japan in 2020.

1751: 1712: 1697: 1193: 359: 339: 2784:

in Edo society that previously had not existed, dividing Japanese society into four main classes:

2613:"; literally "expressions", the energies that generate things and make them thrive), which can be 1927:

Throughout the latest century, some Western customs originally related to Christianity (including

9179: 9174: 9069: 8604: 8532: 8522: 8399: 8332: 8131: 5727: 5238: 3017: 2852:) and relate to the cultivation of rice and the spiritual well-being of the local community; and 2601: 2531: 2102:, some Jews immigrated to Japan from abroad, with the first recorded Jewish settlers arriving at 1907: 1306:

first arrived in Japan in the 6th century, introduced in the year 538 or 552 from the kingdom of

7702: 7491:

Traces That Remain: A Pictorial History of the Early Days of the Bahá'í Faith Among the Japanese

7446: 2369:

spirits and many other beings classified between gods and humans, are indicative of its ancient

143: 9299: 9274: 9189: 9169: 9119: 9089: 9079: 8589: 8426: 8337: 8317: 8038: 7881: 7876: 7871: 7355:

LeFebvre, J. (2015). ‘Christian Wedding Ceremonies: “Nonreligiousness” in Contemporary Japan’,

6600: 6187:

LeFebvre, J. (2015). "Christian wedding ceremonies: 'Nonreligiousness' in contemporary Japan."

3004: 2944: 1776: 1199: 531: 7733: 7419: 1496:

in 1868 and its accompanying centralisation of imperial power and modernisation of the state,

9385: 9264: 9259: 9139: 8957: 8889: 8879: 8781: 8719: 8685: 8655: 8584: 8409: 8377: 7929: 7758: 7179: 6202: 5374: 2990:

In the early 1990s, Shichihei Yamamoto argued that Japan has shown greater tolerance towards

2924: 2781: 2763: 2502: 2232: 1921: 1762: 1611: 1565:, which claims that only saying the phrase once with a pure heart is necessary, as taught by 1209: 654: 229: 66: 8016: 6849: 6306: 2599:

The Chinese folk religion consists in the worship of the ethnic Chinese gods and ancestors,

2013: 9329: 9279: 9234: 9214: 9204: 9104: 8972: 8714: 8453: 8414: 8322: 8282: 7899: 7181:

Transactions, transgressions, transformations: American culture in Western Europe and Japan

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Yasunori Kawakami, "Local Mosques and the Lives of Muslims in Japan", Japan Focus, May 2007

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Transactions, transgressions, transformations: American culture in Western Europe and Japan

5210: 5028: 4638: 4599: 4560: 3975: 3507: 2936: 2849: 2741: 2305:

published the first simplified Japanese translation of Jainist concepts for common people.

2005: 1967: 1768: 1603: 938: 703: 664: 614: 215: 6472: 6280:

Emile A. Nakhleh, Keiko Sakurai and Michael Penn; "Islam in Japan: A Cause for Concern?",

1687: 907: 8: 9359: 9304: 9219: 9199: 9084: 9074: 9030: 8962: 8894: 8884: 8767: 8645: 8527: 8497: 8194: 7049:

Imperial-Way Zen: Ichikawa Hakugen's critique and lingering questions for Buddhist ethics

6405: 6340: 5617:. Religions of the World. Philadelphia: Infobase Publishing (published 2009). p. 6. 5494: 4989: 4911: 4872: 4404: 4092: 3897: 3780: 3468: 3113: 3028:, who headed the Imperial Academy from 1905 to 1909 and said: "Religion depends on fear". 2707: 2335: 1917: 1913: 1902:, "renewed teaching") began to proselytise in Japan, intensifying their activities after 1887: 1872: 748: 541: 409: 310: 7207:

1984 NHK survey of religion in Japan. Results recorded in: Bestor, Yamagata, 2011, p. 66

4755: 4326: 2767:), and thus it is up to man to create a harmonious relationship between the universe (天 2141:. Some of those who remained married locals and were assimilated into Japanese society. 1183: 9349: 9284: 9249: 9184: 9164: 9154: 9114: 9099: 9094: 8904: 8816: 8739: 8692: 8665: 8660: 8609: 8382: 8292: 8265: 8136: 8088: 8066: 8011: 7984: 6487:"Japan, Religion And Social Profile | National Profiles | International Data | TheARDA" 6245: 5067: 4794: 4521: 4482: 4443: 3819: 3663: 3585: 3546: 3120: 2962: 2917: 2912: 2656: 2431: 2352: 2339: 1932: 1856: 1772: 1512: 1470: 1466: 1129: 785: 619: 564: 546: 344: 6366: 6164:

Handbook of Religion: A Christian Engagement with Traditions, Teachings, and Practices

4950: 1669: 1160: 9414: 9390: 9309: 9269: 9244: 9224: 9134: 9124: 9109: 8826: 8697: 8670: 8361: 8118: 8103: 8001: 7829: 7583: 7571: 7517: 7503: 7477: 7452: 7408: 7394: 7380: 7336: 7321: 7297: 7274: 7257: 7243: 7185: 7052: 7024: 6999: 6992: 6970: 6919: 6891: 6866: 6805: 6776: 6751: 6726: 6698: 6523: 6316: 6249: 6208: 6168: 6105: 5967: 5904: 5741: 5731: 5673: 5618: 5506: 5205: 5200: 4677: 4014: 3858: 3390: 3312: 3239: 3229: 3158: 3037: 2957: 2948: 2876: 2645: 2553: 2346: 2302: 2168: 1944: 1928: 1883: 1876: 1581: 1560: 1493: 1383: 1352: 1283: 1045: 624: 404: 103: 51: 7407:(Kamakura and Muromachi Periods), Los Angeles; Tokyo: Buddhist Books International. 1986:) in Japan is mostly represented by small immigrant communities from other parts of 1204:

Profound changes occurred in Japanese society in the 20th century (especially after

135: 9229: 9194: 9149: 9144: 9053: 8967: 8806: 8759: 8744: 8680: 8562: 8505: 8387: 8006: 7811: 7801: 7489: 7306: 6237: 5308: 5195: 4716: 4287: 4248: 4209: 4131: 3936: 3702: 3624: 3429: 3351: 3220: 3056: 2943:

Although Yasuko won the case at two lower courts, the ruling was overturned by the

2908: 2832: 2571: 2535: 2414: 2360: 2285: 2251: 2236: 2145: 2017: 1505: 1451: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1360: 967: 956: 887: 843: 805: 174: 160: 7934: 1447: 1446:

The six Buddhist sects initially established in Nara are today together known as "

8831: 8801: 8796: 8709: 8675: 8594: 8287: 8179: 8098: 8078: 7979: 7839: 7134: 6406:"Jan Zwartendijk. - Collections Search - United States Holocaust Memorial Museum" 6336: 5672:(1st ed.). Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice Hall Inc. pp. 18–19. 5612: 5234: 5172: 4833: 4365: 4053: 3094: 3032: 2976: 2679: 2672: 2130: 2126: 2034: 1924:, particularly among youth, and a high number of teens were becoming Christians. 1868: 1812: 1796: 1736: 1516: 1501: 1315: 1247: 1152: 868: 839: 756: 696: 684: 607: 289: 201: 95: 7904: 6388: 2864:

were organized into a formal calendar, and other festivals were added. Very few

1595: 1533:

will result in being taken by Amitabha upon death to the "Western Paradise" or "

1137: 170: 9011: 8947: 8899: 8856: 8749: 8650: 8028: 7834: 4170: 2733: 2618: 2480: 2356: 2269: 2099: 1974: 1808: 1148: 1144: 934: 849: 6241: 5529:, ed. Paul L. Swanson and Clark Chilson. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 389: 9433: 9408: 8909: 8821: 8810: 8579: 8443: 8199: 6809: 5498: 5230: 5180: 3225: 3086: 3024: 2856:(annual feasts), which are largely of Chinese or Buddhist origin. During the 2815: 2796: 2668: 2626: 2451: 2313: 2122: 1891: 1574: 1548: 1542: 1433: 1255: 1082: 833: 789: 514: 468: 209: 8152: 7924: 6568: 5745: 1577:, although these are significantly smaller than their larger counterparts. 220:, are common; they represented Japan's dominant religion before the rise of 9001: 8977: 8920: 8786: 8614: 8433: 7958: 7946: 7941: 7919: 7914: 7909: 7633:

Yasukuni fundamentalism: Japanese religions and the politics of restoration

7474:

From Salvation to Spirituality: Popular Religious Movements in Modern Japan

7219: 7094: 6573:. Los Angeles, USA: JAINA: Federation of Jain Associations in North America 6512:"Sikhs hope temple in Tokyo sets the stage for tolerance and understanding" 6087: 5835:

From Salvation to Spirituality: Popular Religious Movements in Modern Japan

5158: 3263: 3190: 3132: 3090: 3078: 3012: 2968: 2881: 2857: 2848:(temple fairs), which are largely of Shinto origin (some are Buddhist like 2825: 2777: 2746: 2692: 2622: 2156: 2118: 1963: 1940: 1903: 1788: 1497: 1267: 1205: 883: 813: 659: 644: 579: 422: 384: 221: 8169: 7996: 7112:"2008 NHK survey of religion in Japan — 宗教的なものにひかれる日本人〜ISSP国際比較調査（宗教）から〜" 5375:"Population Estimates Monthly Report - December 1, 2020 (Final estimates)" 2725: 2713: 2215:) in Japan is practiced by a small number of people, mostly migrants from 1454:, an esoteric form of Buddhism similar to Tibet's Vajrayana Buddhism, and 634: 478: 9418: 8189: 7953: 7500:

Establishing the Revolutionary: An Introduction to New Religions in Japan

6545:"The travelogue of an Indian maharaja who disliked China and loved Japan" 3244: 3044: 2972: 2472: 2365: 2152: 1619: 1589: 1332: 1224: 809: 778: 448: 147: 8023: 7739: 7360: 6994:

Buddhism and Christianity in Japan: from conflict to dialogue, 1854-1899

6664: 5577:"Christian wedding ceremonies: 'Nonreligiousness' in contemporary Japan" 5576: 5505:(2nd ed.). Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. p. 215. 2696: 2324: 2190: 8846: 8211: 8113: 8061: 7974: 6194: 2991: 2758: 2637: 2614: 2423: 2351:

The Ryukyuan religion is the indigenous belief system of the people of

2273: 2194: 1852: 1538: 1469:

took power in the 12th century and the administrative capital moved to

1337: 1243: 1125: 526: 349: 250: 2776:

The social aspects of the philosophy are hierarchical with a focus on

1592:. The main representatives of Nichiren Buddhism include sects such as 1473:, more forms of Buddhism arrived. The most culturally influential was 1392: 824: 8936: 8239: 8083: 8073: 7375:

Victoria Lyon-Bestor, Theodore C. Bestor, & Akiko Yamagata, eds.

7161: 5757: 5755: 5256:

Both mean the "way of the divine" or "of the gods". Other names are:

3049: 2820: 2641: 2610: 2394: 2134: 1936: 1820: 1727: 1534: 1482: 1371: 1263: 1251: 498: 379: 329: 178: 123: 119: 5705: 5703: 3089:, the presence of religion in public education, and the practice of 2700: 1838: 1833: 1569:. Two smaller schools of Pure Land Buddhism exist as well, those of 9022: 7640:

Japanese religions at home and abroad: Anthropological perspectives

5564:

Ritual Practice in Modern Japan: Ordering Place, People, and Action

5312: 5190: 5166: 3273: 3252: 3124: 2836: 2801: 2633: 2524: 2476: 2409: 2204: 2173: 2103: 2030: 1959: 1864: 1828: 1743: 1643: 1585: 1520: 1288: 1259: 1239: 1235: 1231: 1216: 1086: 1055: 928: 919: 760: 679: 629: 569: 193: 127: 8930: 7333:

Christianity in Early Modern Japan: Kirishitan Belief and Practice

5752: 2982:

In 2023, the country was scored 4 out of 4 for religious freedom.

1554: 1486: 8942: 8869: 8864: 7750: 7476:. Japanese Society Series. Melbourne, Vic.: Trans Pacific Press. 6831:"Tokyo Journal; Shinto Is Thrust Back Onto the Nationalist Stage" 6345:. Osaka, Japan: Japan Baháʼí Publishing Trust. pp. 12–4, 21. 5700: 5326: 3082: 2844: 2789: 2785: 2512: 2484: 2370: 2290: 2256: 2182: 2082: 1747: 1627: 1566: 1459: 1458:, a monastic conservative form known better by its Chinese name, 1212:

provided space for the proliferation of new religious movements.

961: 876: 399: 394: 325: 131: 6969:(1st Indian ed.). Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass. p. 519. 5777: 5775: 5773: 5771: 5769: 5767: 5465:

Religious Yearbook 2021, as of the end of 2020, are as follows:

2144:

There are community centres serving Jews in Tokyo and Kobe. The

1553:, which focuses on repeating the phrase many times as taught by 114: 8952: 8874: 8851: 8836: 8791: 8125: 7448:

Essentials of Shinto an Analytical Guide to Principal Teachings

7177: 6750:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. pp. 154–155. 6200: 3216: 2997: 2886: 2684: 2581: 2545: 2138: 2095: 2046:. The first Bahá'í convert on Japanese soil was Kikutaro Fukuta 1831:

traders were active in Kagoshima since 1543, welcomed by local

1824: 1804: 1570: 1527: 1478: 1455: 1307: 1077: 1059: 1024:, meaning a philosophical path or study (from the Chinese word 975: 770: 764: 594: 589: 584: 488: 458: 431: 300: 273: 189: 166: 139: 99: 36: 3208:

Organised religious affiliation in Japan by prefecture (1996)

2408:, the spiritual superiority of women derived from the goddess 1545:. There are two primary branches of Pure Land Buddhism today: 1102: 1027: 8926: 8776: 8772: 7781: 7661:

Asian worldviews: religions, philosophies, political theories

7551:

Japanese culture: the religious and philosophical foundations

7391:

Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Vol. 1: The Aristocratic Age

6619:

Transactions of the Korea Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society

6423: 5789: 5787: 5764: 5693: 5691: 5689: 3741: 2606: 2489: 2330: 2298: 2264: 2224: 2220: 2216: 2198: 2178: 2107: 1979: 1948: 1845: 1679: 1437: 1341: 1311: 985: 911: 793: 752: 197: 6315:. Wilmette, Illinois: Bahá'í Publishing Trust. p. 111. 5537: 5535: 2301:. As of 2009, there were three Jain temples in the country. 1254:

and others. Others are independent new religions, including

860: 7734:

https://journals.equinoxpub.com/OLDJSRNC/article/view/39187

7626:

Agents of world renewal: the rise of yonaoshi gods in Japan

6053: 6051: 6049: 6047: 6045: 5951: 5923: 2947:

on June 1, 1988, based on the precedent established by the

2769: 2644:

regarding some of these gods are codified into the body of

2629: 2427: 2228: 2111: 2090: 1987: 1807:

missions starting in 1549. In that year, the three Jesuits

799: 574: 334: 205: 7405:

Foundation of Japanese Buddhism, Vol. 2: The Mass Movement

7166:

The population of Japan is less than one-percent Christian

6775:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 155. 6725:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 154. 6697:. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 153. 6444: 6026: 6024: 6022: 5784: 5686: 5549: 5547: 1515:, which arrived in the form of independent schools in the 759:. George Williams classifies Shinto as an action-centered 6394:. Pacific Rim Institute of the American Jewish Committee. 5532: 5357: 3234: 2940:

apotheosis violated her religious rights as a Christian.

2033:, and accepted the faith in 1902; the second convert was 1859:. In 1597, Hideyoshi proclaimed a more serious edict and 1474: 6458: 6042: 5966:(in Japanese). Agency for Cultural Affairs. p. 31. 5819: 5817: 2012:) in Japan began after a few mentions of the country by 1781:

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Japan

804:), suited to various purposes such as war memorials and 7605:

The Japanese myths: a guide to gods, heroes and spirits

7092:

Dentsu Communication Institute, Japan Research Center:

6266:. Nippon.com: Your Doorway to Japan. 22 November 2019. 6019: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5657: 5544: 5266:, "way of the divine transmitted from time immemorial"; 1855:

missionaries arrived in Kyoto, despite a ban issued by

788:. Shinto in the 21st century is the religion of public 7647:

Japanese religions in and beyond the Japanese diaspora

6659: 6657: 6104:. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 521. 5876: 5874: 5864: 5862: 5860: 5850: 5848: 5846: 5844: 5525:

Kisala, Robert. 2006. Japanese Religions. Pp. 3-13 in

5290: 5280: 5270: 5260: 1641: 1633: 1625: 1617: 1609: 1601: 1593: 1558: 1546: 1524: 1502:

elimination of mutual influence of Shinto and Buddhism

1427: 1398: 1377: 1358: 1069: 1063: 1049: 1039: 1033: 1004: 926: 901: 874: 866: 847: 830: 797: 776: 768: 742: 254: 213: 158: 7675:

Globalizing Asian religions: management and marketing

6863:

The spirit of Japanese capitalism and selected essays

5814: 5320: 2550:

Zhōngguó mínjiān zōngjiào or Zhōngguó mínjiān xìnyǎng

1920:

in 2006, Christianity had increased significantly in

1025: 959: 7666:

Ian Reader, Esben Andreasen, & Finn Stefánsson.

7393:, Los Angeles; Tokyo: Buddhist Books International. 7146: 6305: 6093: 5654: 5148: 7726:

Electronic Journal of Contemporary Japanese Studies

7649:. Berkeley, Calif.: University of California, 2007. 6654: 5871: 5857: 5841: 2985: 2807: 7703:International Religious Freedom Report 2015: Japan 7575: 7377:Routledge Handbook of Japanese Culture and Society 7318:Historicizing “Tradition” in the Study of Religion 6991: 6268:Christian culture in general has a positive image. 5487: 2412:, which allowed for the development of a class of 1048:does not distinguish between singular and plural, 7645:Ronan Alves Pereira & Hideaki Matsuoka, eds. 7570: 7215: 7213: 7021:A Short History of Freethought Ancient and Modern 6015:US State Department 2022 Religious Freedom Report 5381: 2609:", "spirits", "awarenesses", "consciousnesses", " 1584:, which was established by the 13th century monk 1092: 23:Religious believers in Japan (CIA World Factbook) 9431: 7582:. World Religions. London; New York: Routledge. 7154:"Christians use English to reach Japanese youth" 6941:"Religion in Japan and the Irreligious Japanese" 5898: 5493: 2185:playing the flute in a temple constructed in 752 7296:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 6932: 6518:. Archived from the original on 25 August 2016. 6264:"A Little Faith: Christianity and the Japanese" 5667: 3064: 2842:There are two categories of holidays in Japan: 2457: 2392: 2391:One of its most ancient features is the belief 2374: 2308: 1624:—a denomination whose political wing forms the 1321: 1299: 1175: 1117: 1038:dates from the second half of the 6th century. 1010: 989: 732: 242: 7684:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2006. 7677:. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press, 2019. 7670:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1993. 7635:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2022. 7628:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2019. 7621:. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987. 7614:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2011. 7494:. Osaka, Japan: Japan Bahá'í Publishing Trust. 7469:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 1991. 7270:Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Volume 7 7210: 7074:Measuring religion in Japan: ISM, NHK and JGSS 6342:History of the Baháʼí Faith in Japan 1914-1938 6102:International Handbook of Protestant Education 5899:Kasahara, Kazuo; McCarthy, Paul, eds. (2007). 3077:) was founded in September 1931 by a group of 2557: 2464: 2401: 2381: 2049: 2039: 2022: 2016:first in 1875. The first Japanese convert was 1293: 1169: 1111: 1017: 996: 726: 236: 9038: 7766: 7546:, 5th edn. NY: Oxford University Press, 2019. 7403:Matsunaga, Daigan, Matsunaga, Alicia (1996), 7389:Matsunaga, Daigan; Matsunaga, Alicia (1996), 7088: 7086: 7023:. Vol. 2. Forgotten Books. p. 425. 6916:Evolution of the Japanese, Social and Psychic 2795:Neo-Confucianism also introduced elements of 2575: 2539: 704: 7715:Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor 7596:Robert S. Ellwood & Richard B. Pilgrim. 7516:. Philadelphia, Penn.: Chelsea House, 2004. 7313:, 5th edn. Belmont, Calif.: Wadsworth, 2014. 7130:"Christianity's long history in the margins" 6795: 6160: 5717: 5715: 3093:. Their greatest opposition was towards the 2998:Comments against religion by notable figures 2949:Tsu City Shinto Groundbreaking Ceremony Case 2596:), that is very similar to Japanese Shinto. 7654:Handbook of contemporary Japanese religions 7286:Delmer Brown & John Whitney Hall, eds. 7127: 7121: 6850:Freedom House website, retrieved 2023-08-08 6599:. SOAS University of London. Archived from 6542: 6536: 6099: 5455: 5333:. Routledge, 2005. ASIN: B00ID5TQZY p. 129) 5229:According to the Dentsu survey of 2006: 1% 1511:Today, the most popular school in Japan is 1386:temple with distinctive architectural style 9045: 9031: 7773: 7759: 7719: 7680:Paul L. Swanson & Clark Chilson, eds. 7642:. Hoboken, NJ: Taylor & Francis, 2012. 7498:Staemmler, Birgit & Ulrich Dehn, eds. 7106: 7104: 7083: 6616: 6227: 5369: 5367: 2276:who visited the country during 1903–1904. 1906:, yet they were never as successful as in 711: 697: 94:Total adherents exceeds 100% because many 7598:Japanese religion: a cultural perspective 7417: 7065: 7051:. Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press. 7018: 6909: 6907: 6860: 6798:"Japan Widow Loses Religious Rights Case" 6335: 5832: 5712: 5503:The Japanese today: change and continuity 3081:people. The alliance opposed the idea of 2487:religion centered around the belief that 2064:) estimated some 15,700 Bahá'ís in 2005. 1506:movement to thoroughly eradicate Buddhism 1500:was made the state religion. An order of 1032:). The oldest recorded usage of the word 792:devoted to the worship of a multitude of 7242:. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon Press, 2000. 7178:Heide Fehrenbach, Uta G. Poiger (2000). 6998:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 6964: 6770: 6745: 6720: 6692: 6632: 6630: 6628: 6357:"QuickLists: Most Baha'i Nations (2005)" 6201:Heide Fehrenbach, Uta G. Poiger (2000). 6004:, Government of Japan. 2019. p. 35. 5668:Richard Pilgrim, Robert Ellwood (1985). 5610: 2724: 2655: 2506: 2496: 2334:(Harimizu Shrine), a Ryukyuan shrine in 2323: 2172: 2155:for the first time, the head of Tokyo's 1958: 1711:St. Andrew's Cathedral in Tokyo, of the 152: 113: 8046:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 7652:Inken Prohl & John K. Nelson, eds. 7316:Steven Engler & Gregory P. Grieve. 7101: 7042: 7040: 5566:. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. 5364: 5325:identified what is currently known as " 2755:Japanese invasions of Korea (1592–1598) 2753:) was introduced from Korea during the 2471:is the indigenous belief system of the 2148:organization has two centers in Tokyo. 2089:) in Japan is practiced by about 2,000 9432: 7707:International Religious Freedom Report 7539:. NY: New York University Press, 2015. 7311:Japanese Religion: Unity and Diversity 6989: 6904: 6885: 6879: 6642: 6509: 6349: 6129:"After fatalism, Japan opens to faith" 6008: 3069:The Japan Militant Atheists Alliance ( 2736:, the oldest Confucian school in Japan 2493:(spirits or gods) live in everything. 2263:) is presently a minority religion in 2129:. This allowed one Japanese diplomat, 1580:Another prevalent form of Buddhism is 1523:and promises that reciting the phrase 537:Modern system of ranked Shinto shrines 9026: 7754: 7740:http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4454 7361:http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4454 7357:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 7266: 7220:Religion in Japan by prefecture, 1996 6913: 6716: 6714: 6688: 6686: 6684: 6665:http://nirc.nanzan-u.ac.jp/nfile/4454 6648: 6636: 6625: 6386: 6362:Association of Religion Data Archives 6189:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 5721: 5649:A Year in the Life of a Shinto Shrine 5581:Japanese Journal of Religious Studies 3215: 3131:, and from fewer than 1% to 2.3% are 3052:would, equating them with the nature. 2445: 2151:In September 2015, Japan nominated a 2058:Association of Religion Data Archives 2056:in 1915. Almost a century later, the 1588:who underlined the importance of the 9052: 7668:Japanese religions: past and present 7663:. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell, 2021. 7607:. London: Thames & Hudson, 2022. 7558:Japanese religions and globalization 7487: 7451:. Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press. 7425:. Tokyo: Japan Buddhist Federation. 7379:. Routledge, 2011. ASIN B004XYN3E4, 7071: 7046: 7037: 6938: 6828: 5952:Agency for Cultural Affairs (2002). 2732:(孔子廟, "Temple of Confucius") of the 2534:practice the Chinese folk religion ( 2319: 7544:World religions: Eastern traditions 7320:. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 2005. 6890:. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 94. 6473:"Japan Gets First-Ever Chief Rabbi" 5903:(6. print ed.). Tokyo: Kosei. 2896: 2078:Jewish settlement in Imperial Japan 951:("way of the gods"), originally as 13: 8222:2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 7780: 7682:Nanzan guide to Japanese religions 7619:On understanding Japanese religion 7528: 7349:. London: Routledge Curzon, 2003. 7160:. 3 September 2007. Archived from 6711: 6681: 6543:Kamalakaran, Ajay (29 June 2022). 6503: 5802:Bestor, Yamagata. 2011. pp. 64-65. 5761:Stuart D. B. Picken, 1994. p. xxii 5730:: Charles E Tuttle Co. p. 2. 5592:Stuart D. B. Picken, 1994. p. xxiv 5527:Nanzan Guide to Japanese Religions 5360:, Government of the United States. 3129:Shinto sects and derived religions 3071:Nihon Sentoteki Mushinronsha Domei 2667:, "Temple of the Holy Heaven"), a 2189:CE on the order of Emperor Shomu, 1947:has a generally positive image in 1851:Near the end of the 16th century, 1654: 1365:, an early Buddhist temple in Nara 14: 9451: 8089:Imperial Constitution (1890–1947) 7711:United States Department of State 7696: 7612:Japanese philosophy: a sourcebook 7128:Mariko Kato (February 24, 2009). 7117:. NHK Culture Research Institute. 6796:Schoenberger, Karl (1988-06-02). 6591: 6312:The Secret of Divine Civilization 6230:Consumption Markets & Culture 6135:. 17 October 2007. Archived from 5709:Stuart D. B. Picken, 1994. p. xxi 5071: 5032: 4993: 4954: 4915: 4837: 4798: 4603: 4486: 4447: 4252: 4174: 4135: 4096: 4057: 3979: 3940: 3901: 3862: 3784: 3472: 3433: 3394: 3355: 3316: 3277: 2114:forming the largest communities. 1837:because they imported gunpowder. 1640:(or Nam Myoho Renge Kyo) and the 665:Syncretism of Shinto and Buddhism 262: 251:rejection or apathy towards faith 9413: 9404: 9403: 9007: 9006: 8995: 7095:Sixty Countries' Values Databook 7072:Iwai, Noriko (11 October 2017). 6510:Wadhwa, Megha (24 August 2016). 6461:. Chabad Jewish Center of Japan. 6389:"Japanese Attitudes Toward Jews" 5165: 5151: 2986:Opposition to organised religion 2819:) and the official beginning of 2808:Religious practices and holidays 1803:), was introduced into Japan by 1735: 1719: 1704: 1686: 1668: 1504:was also enacted, followed by a 1419: 1391: 1370: 1351: 1159: 1136: 1101: 918: 894: 859: 823: 678: 309: 7432:from the original on 2013-02-02 7252:John Breen & Mark Teeuwen. 7238:John Breen & Mark Teeuwen. 7201: 7171: 7079:(Report). JGSS Research Center. 7012: 6983: 6958: 6854: 6843: 6822: 6789: 6773:Shintō and the State, 1868-1988 6764: 6748:Shintō and the State, 1868-1988 6739: 6723:Shintō and the State, 1868-1988 6695:Shintō and the State, 1868-1988 6669: 6610: 6585: 6561: 6479: 6465: 6451: 6437: 6412: 6398: 6387:Golub, Jennifer (August 1992). 6380: 6329: 6299: 6288: 6273: 6256: 6221: 6181: 6154: 6121: 6088:Religion in Japan by prefecture 6081: 6069: 6060: 6033: 5980: 5945: 5917: 5892: 5883: 5826: 5805: 5796: 5641: 5604: 5595: 5586: 5569: 5556: 5311:, at the time of the spread of 5301: 5250: 5223: 3107: 2720: 2621:of other human agglomerations, 1993: 1877:continued to practice in secret 1676:Saint Mary's Catholic Cathedral 1659: 9371:British Indian Ocean Territory 8575:Agriculture, forestry, fishing 7720:Fitzgerald, Tim (2003-07-10). 7467:Religion in Contemporary Japan 7420:"A guide to Japanese Buddhism" 7289:The Cambridge History of Japan 7184:. Berghahn Books. p. 62. 6967:A comparative history of ideas 6888:A history of Japanese theology 6207:. Berghahn Books. p. 62. 5901:A History of Japanese religion 5519: 5427: 5409: 5346: 5331:A Popular Dictionary of Shinto 2813:fifth, and seventh birthdays ( 2373:roots, as is its concern with 1875:in the 1630s. Many Christians 1093:Shinto sects and new religions 980: 947:The Japanese adopted the word 1: 7610:James W. Heisig et al., eds. 7578:Introducing Japanese Religion 7567:. 4 vols. London: SAGE, 2012. 7445:Picken, Stuart D. B. (1994). 6918:. BiblioBazaar. p. 198. 6570:2009 Jain Diaspora Conference 6339:(1977). Sims, Barbara (ed.). 6161:R. McDermott, Gerald (2014). 5781:Bestor, Yamagata. 2011. p. 65 5340: 5316: 3139:Organised religions in Japan 2121:, some European Jews fleeing 1608:, and lay organisations like 522:Association of Shinto Shrines 436: 280:Association of Shinto Shrines 118:From left to right: idols of 7600:. Abingdon: Routledge, 2016. 7560:. Abingdon: Routledge, 2013. 7367:Journal of Religion in Japan 6861:Shichihei, Yamamoto (1992). 6445:"Jewish Community of Kansai" 5461:Population figures from the 5451:, Government of Japan. 2021. 5417:"Japan - The World Factbook" 5216: 5186:History of religion in Japan 3200: 3197: 3194: 3184: 3181: 3178: 3168: 3165: 3162: 3065:Anti-religious organisations 2933:Japanese Self-Defense Forces 2903:Freedom of religion in Japan 2309:Other religions of East Asia 2297:) is a minority religion in 2074:History of the Jews in Japan 2062:World Christian Encyclopedia 249:, yet this does not signify 7: 8163:1923 Great Kantō earthquake 8109:Abolition of the han system 7537:Women in Japanese religions 7224:English language bar table. 6939:Hays, Jeffrey (July 2012). 6420:"Jewish Community of Japan" 6100:W. Robinson, David (2012). 6002:Agency for Cultural Affairs 5925:Agency for Cultural Affairs 5463:Agency for Cultural Affairs 5449:Agency for Cultural Affairs 5321: 5291: 5281: 5271: 5261: 5144: 2780:. This created a Confucian 2481:parts of Far Eastern Russia 2458: 2393: 2375: 2162: 1694:Holy Resurrection Cathedral 1642: 1634: 1626: 1618: 1610: 1602: 1594: 1559: 1547: 1525: 1428: 1399: 1378: 1359: 1322: 1300: 1277: 1176: 1118: 1070: 1064: 1050: 1040: 1034: 1026: 1011: 1005: 990: 960: 927: 902: 875: 867: 848: 846:, an example of the native 831: 798: 777: 769: 743: 733: 255: 243: 214: 188:is manifested primarily in 159: 10: 9456: 7691:. London: Routledge, 2002. 7472:Shimazono, Susumu (2004). 7231: 7047:Ives, Christopher (2009). 5941:(in Japanese). p. 35. 5833:Shimazono, Susumu (2004). 5811:Earhart, 2013. pp. 289-290 5793:Earhart, 2013. pp. 286-287 5697:Breen, Teeuwen. 2010. p. 1 5541:Engler, Price. 2005. p. 95 3127:, 3% to 4% are members of 2900: 2739: 2677: 2570:), also known as Shenism ( 2500: 2449: 2344: 2283: 2279: 2249: 2245: 2166: 2071: 2067: 1997: 1972: 1766: 1760: 1281: 1272:Church of World Messianity 1197: 1191: 277: 271: 9399: 9358: 9318: 9060: 8990: 8758: 8636: 8627: 8570: 8561: 8496: 8373: 8369: 8360: 8273: 8264: 8232: 8175:Japan during World War II 8145: 8054: 7992:Mongol invasions of Japan 7967: 7892: 7819: 7810: 7792: 7673:Wendy Smith et al., eds. 6990:Thelle, Notto R. (1987). 6965:Nakamura, Hajime (1992). 6914:Gulic, Sidney L. (1997). 6865:. Lanham: Madison Books. 6528:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 6242:10.1080/10253860500160361 5611:Williams, George (2004). 5319:1st century CE, the name 3152: 3149: 3146: 3143: 2651: 2576: 2568:Chūgoku no minzoku shūkyō 2558: 2540: 2465: 2442:), founded in the 1970s. 2402: 2382: 2133:, the Japanese consul to 2050: 2040: 2023: 1886:, the ban was rescinded, 1294: 1264:Church of Perfect Liberty 1170: 1112: 1018: 997: 971: 727: 267: 237: 177:(the grandson of goddess 144:Buddhist Daishō-in temple 93: 88: 80: 75: 65: 60: 50: 45: 35: 31: 27: 22: 9120:East Timor (Timor-Leste) 8449:House of Representatives 8245:2019 imperial transition 8217:Great Hanshin earthquake 8185:Second Sino-Japanese War 8158:Japan during World War I 7418:Matsunami, Kodo (2004). 7273:, Taylor & Francis, 7019:Robertson, J.M. (2010). 6771:Hardacre, Helen (1989). 6746:Hardacre, Helen (1989). 6721:Hardacre, Helen (1989). 6693:Hardacre, Helen (1989). 6337:Alexander, Agnes Baldwin 6057:Higashibaba, 2002. p. 12 5237:and 0.5% members of the 3095:imperial system of Japan 2159:, Rabbi Binyamin Edrei. 1954: 1752:Japan Baptist Convention 1713:Japanese Anglican Church 1698:Japanese Orthodox Church 1194:Shinto sects and schools 1108:Main shrine of Shinriism 9381:Cocos (Keeling) Islands 8132:First Sino-Japanese War 7347:Shinto, a Short History 7345:Inoue, Nobutaka et al. 7335:. Leiden: Brill, 2002. 7254:A New History of Shinto 6039:Higashibaba, 2002. p. 5 6030:Higashibaba, 2002. p. 1 5994:Religious Yearbook 2019 5960:Religious Yearbook 2001 5935:Religious Yearbook 2019 5562:Kawano, Satsuki. 2005. 5553:Williams, 2004. pp. 4-5 5475:Christianity: 1,915,294 5441:Religious Yearbook 2021 5239:Eastern Orthodox Church 3249:Other Buddhist schools 3018:Prime Minister of Japan 2532:Chinese people in Japan 2418:(priestesses) cult and 2270:Maharaja Jagatjit Singh 2193:, Great Buddha Hall in 1882:In 1873, following the 1861:executed 26 Franciscans 1648:inscribed by Nichiren. 1166:Headquarters of Ennoism 208:at domestic altars and 8600:Science and technology 8039:Council of Five Elders 8034:Azuchi–Momoyama period 7656:. Leiden: Brill, 2012. 7553:. Tokyo: Tuttle, 2016. 7502:. Münster: LIT, 2011. 7488:Sims, Barbara (1989). 7267:Craig, Edward (1998), 6886:Furuya, Yasuo (1997). 6365:. 2005. Archived from 5233:, 0.8% members of the 2945:Supreme Court of Japan 2737: 2675: 2590:Japanese pronunciation 2527: 2342: 2201: 1970: 1929:Western style weddings 1894:missionaries (プロテスタント 1777:Protestantism in Japan 1200:Japanese new religions 1003:, meaning "spirit" or 532:List of Shinto shrines 182: 150: 8545:Deputy Prime Minister 7930:Asuka Kiyomihara Code 6475:. September 17, 2015. 5823:Earhart, 2013. p. 290 5575:LeFebvre, J. (2015). 5296:, the "imperial way". 3102:Nihon Hanshukyo Domei 2782:social stratification 2728: 2717:was founded in 1995. 2659: 2510: 2503:Chinese folk religion 2497:Chinese folk religion 2327: 2233:Seven Gods of Fortune 2176: 2000:Bahá'í Faith in Japan 1962: 1890:was promulgated, and 1763:Christianity in Japan 1198:Further information: 655:Secular Shrine Theory 230:Religious affiliation 224:in the 19th century. 156: 117: 9295:United Arab Emirates 8454:House of Councillors 8348:World Heritage Sites 7638:Hirochika Nakamaki. 7542:Roy C. Amore et al. 7158:Mission Network News 6675:LeFebvre, J. (2021) 5724:Shinto: The Kami Way 5601:Williams, 2004. p. 4 5495:Reischauer, Edwin O. 5472:Buddhism: 83,971,139 5387:CIA World Factbook: 5276:, the "ancient way"; 5211:Religion in Mongolia 5029:Kagoshima Prefecture 4639:Tokushima Prefecture 4600:Yamaguchi Prefecture 4561:Hiroshima Prefecture 3976:Yamanashi Prefecture 3508:Fukushima Prefecture 2742:Edo Neo-Confucianism 1769:Catholicism in Japan 1636:Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō 1429:Hyakumanben chion-ji 615:Edo neo-Confucianism 423:Important literature 9322:limited recognition 8471:Self-Defense Forces 7535:Barbara R. Ambros. 7256:. Blackwell, 2010. 5889:Brown, 1993. p. 453 5880:Brown, 1993. p. 454 5868:Brown, 1993. p. 456 5854:Brown, 1993. p. 455 5722:Sokyo, Ono (1962). 4990:Miyazaki Prefecture 4912:Kumamoto Prefecture 4873:Nagasaki Prefecture 4405:Wakayama Prefecture 4093:Shizuoka Prefecture 3898:Ishikawa Prefecture 3781:Kanagawa Prefecture 3469:Yamagata Prefecture 3209: 3140: 3114:Government of Japan 3005:Shin'ichi Hisamatsu 2708:indigenous religion 2388:, or life essence. 1918:Gallup Organization 1914:Nagasaki Prefecture 1888:freedom of religion 1873:Shimabara Rebellion 955:, from the written 816:(794–1185) periods. 755:and of most of the 749:indigenous religion 685:Religion portal 595:Ritual purification 590:Ritual incantations 542:Shinto architecture 8605:Telecommunications 8137:Russo-Japanese War 8067:Tokugawa shogunate 8017:Nanboku-chō period 8012:Ashikaga shogunate 7985:Kamakura shogunate 7689:Japanese religions 7565:Japanese religions 7359:, 42(2), 185–203. 7331:Ikuo Higashibaba. 7098:(世界60カ国価値観データブック). 6167:. Baker Academic. 6090:. 1996 statistics. 5469:Shinto: 87,924,087 5397:Christianity: 1.5% 5286:, the "great way"; 5262:Kannagara-no-michi 5068:Okinawa Prefecture 4795:Fukuoka Prefecture 4522:Okayama Prefecture 4483:Shimane Prefecture 4444:Tottori Prefecture 3820:Niigata Prefecture 3664:Saitama Prefecture 3586:Tochigi Prefecture 3547:Ibaraki Prefecture 3207: 3138: 3121:organized religion 2923:Article 20 of the 2918:Meiji Constitution 2738: 2676: 2617:, city deities or 2528: 2456:The Ainu religion 2446:Ainu folk religion 2343: 2340:Okinawa Prefecture 2202: 1971: 1857:Toyotomi Hideyoshi 1795:), in the form of 1773:Orthodoxy in Japan 1513:Pure Land Buddhism 1489:, formed in 1661. 1130:Fukuoka Prefecture 640:Mythical creatures 620:Glossary of Shinto 547:Twenty-Two Shrines 183: 151: 9440:Religion in Japan 9427: 9426: 9364:other territories 9054:Religion in Asia 9020: 9019: 8986: 8985: 8735:Sexual minorities 8623: 8622: 8557: 8556: 8553: 8552: 8466:Political parties 8405:Foreign relations 8356: 8355: 8260: 8259: 8250:COVID-19 pandemic 8119:Satsuma Rebellion 8104:Meiji Restoration 8002:Kenmu Restoration 7862:Foreign relations 7617:Joseph Kitagawa. 7589:978-0-4157-7425-3 7572:Robert S. Ellwood 7563:Lucia Dolce, ed. 7549:Roger J. Davies. 7512:George Williams. 7508:978-3-643-90152-1 7482:978-1-8768-4312-0 7328:. pp. 92–108 7307:Earhart, H. Byron 7280:978-0-415-07310-3 7240:Shinto in History 7191:978-1-57181-108-0 7164:on 11 June 2010. 6945:Facts and Details 6829:Haberman, Clyde. 6802:Los Angeles Times 6322:978-0-87743-008-7 6214:978-1-57181-108-0 6191:, 42(2), 185–203. 5910:978-4-333-01917-5 5737:978-0-8048-1960-2 5679:978-0-13-509282-8 5670:Japanese Religion 5512:978-0-674-47184-9 5499:Jansen, Marius B. 5206:Religion in Korea 5201:Religion in China 5142: 5141: 4678:Kagawa Prefecture 4015:Nagano Prefecture 3859:Toyama Prefecture 3391:Miyagi Prefecture 3313:Aomori Prefecture 3205: 3204: 3159:Japanese Buddhism 3123:: around 35% are 3038:Douglas MacArthur 2958:Los Angeles Times 2925:1947 Constitution 2833:Japanese funerals 2706:Taoism, being an 2646:Chinese mythology 2347:Ryukyuan religion 2320:Ryukyuan religion 2303:Minakata Kumagusu 2169:Hinduism in Japan 1945:Christian culture 1884:Meiji Restoration 1696:in Tokyo, of the 1582:Nichiren Buddhism 1494:Meiji Restoration 1284:Buddhism in Japan 1046:Japanese language 984:), combining two 806:harvest festivals 721: 720: 650:Religion in Japan 360:Sects and schools 186:Religion in Japan 110: 109: 9447: 9417: 9407: 9406: 9376:Christmas Island 9062:Sovereign states 9047: 9040: 9033: 9024: 9023: 9010: 9009: 9002:Japan portal 9000: 8999: 8998: 8915:National symbols 8634: 8633: 8568: 8567: 8371: 8370: 8367: 8366: 8271: 8270: 8205:Economic miracle 8007:Muromachi period 7817: 7816: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7752: 7751: 7729: 7603:Joshua Frydman. 7593: 7581: 7495: 7462: 7441: 7439: 7437: 7431: 7424: 7283: 7226: 7217: 7208: 7205: 7199: 7198: 7175: 7169: 7168: 7150: 7144: 7143: 7125: 7119: 7118: 7116: 7108: 7099: 7090: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7069: 7063: 7062: 7044: 7035: 7034: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6997: 6987: 6981: 6980: 6962: 6956: 6955: 6953: 6951: 6936: 6930: 6929: 6911: 6902: 6901: 6883: 6877: 6876: 6858: 6852: 6847: 6841: 6840: 6838: 6837: 6826: 6820: 6819: 6817: 6816: 6793: 6787: 6786: 6768: 6762: 6761: 6743: 6737: 6736: 6718: 6709: 6708: 6690: 6679: 6673: 6667: 6661: 6652: 6646: 6640: 6634: 6623: 6622: 6614: 6608: 6607: 6605: 6598: 6594:""Jain studies"" 6589: 6583: 6582: 6580: 6578: 6565: 6559: 6558: 6556: 6555: 6540: 6534: 6533: 6527: 6519: 6507: 6501: 6500: 6498: 6497: 6483: 6477: 6476: 6469: 6463: 6462: 6455: 6449: 6448: 6441: 6435: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6422:. 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Pacific Press. 5830: 5824: 5821: 5812: 5809: 5803: 5800: 5794: 5791: 5782: 5779: 5762: 5759: 5750: 5749: 5726:(1st ed.). 5719: 5710: 5707: 5698: 5695: 5684: 5683: 5665: 5652: 5645: 5639: 5638: 5633: 5631: 5608: 5602: 5599: 5593: 5590: 5584: 5583:, 42(2), 185-203 5573: 5567: 5560: 5554: 5551: 5542: 5539: 5530: 5523: 5517: 5516: 5491: 5485: 5478:Other: 7,335,572 5459: 5453: 5452: 5446: 5431: 5425: 5424: 5413: 5407: 5385: 5379: 5378: 5371: 5362: 5361: 5350: 5334: 5324: 5318: 5315:to that country 5309:history of China 5305: 5299: 5294: 5284: 5274: 5264: 5254: 5242: 5227: 5196:Religion in Asia 5175: 5170: 5169: 5161: 5156: 5155: 5154: 4756:Kōchi Prefecture 4717:Ehime Prefecture 4327:Hyōgo Prefecture 4288:Osaka Prefecture 4249:Kyoto Prefecture 4210:Shiga Prefecture 4132:Aichi Prefecture 3937:Fukui Prefecture 3703:Chiba Prefecture 3625:Gunma Prefecture 3430:Akita Prefecture 3352:Iwate Prefecture 3210: 3206: 3141: 3137: 3073:, also known as 3057:Fukuzawa Yukichi 2909:Japanese history 2897:Religion and law 2623:national deities 2619:tutelary deities 2579: 2578: 2561: 2560: 2543: 2542: 2541:中国民间宗教 or 中国民间信仰 2515:(關帝廟; Japanese: 2470: 2468: 2467: 2461: 2438:; Japanese: 違順教 2407: 2405: 2404: 2398: 2387: 2385: 2384: 2378: 2361:ancestor worship 2286:Jainism in Japan 2252:Sikhism in Japan 2237:Shingon Buddhism 2188: 2146:Chabad-Lubavitch 2055: 2053: 2052: 2045: 2043: 2042: 2028: 2026: 2025: 2018:Kanichi Yamamoto 1827:, on 15 August. 1739: 1726:Grace Church, a 1723: 1708: 1690: 1672: 1647: 1639: 1631: 1623: 1615: 1612:Risshō Kōsei Kai 1607: 1599: 1564: 1552: 1532: 1528:Namu Amida Butsu 1452:Shingon Buddhism 1431: 1423: 1402: 1395: 1381: 1374: 1364: 1355: 1329: 1328: 1325: 1318:ruled over clans 1305: 1303: 1297: 1296: 1184:Hyōgo Prefecture 1181: 1179: 1173: 1172: 1163: 1143:Headquarters of 1140: 1123: 1121: 1115: 1114: 1105: 1089:in the country. 1073: 1067: 1053: 1043: 1037: 1031: 1023: 1021: 1020: 1014: 1008: 1002: 1000: 999: 993: 982: 973: 965: 932: 922: 905: 898: 881: 872: 863: 853: 837: 827: 803: 782: 774: 763:; it focuses on 746: 740: 738: 730: 729: 713: 706: 699: 683: 682: 441: 438: 313: 303: 295: 292: 284: 283: 258: 248: 246: 240: 239: 219: 175:Ninigi-no-Mikoto 171:descent to earth 164: 161:Takachiho-gawara 157:A ritual at the 20: 19: 9455: 9454: 9450: 9449: 9448: 9446: 9445: 9444: 9430: 9429: 9428: 9423: 9395: 9363: 9354: 9335:Northern Cyprus 9321: 9314: 9056: 9051: 9021: 9016: 8996: 8994: 8982: 8802:Class S (genre) 8754: 8730:Sex trafficking 8705:Life expectancy 8641:Anti-monarchism 8619: 8549: 8492: 8459:List of members 8439:Law enforcement 8352: 8256: 8228: 8180:Mukden Incident 8141: 8099:Meiji oligarchy 8079:Empire of Japan 8050: 7980:Kamakura period 7963: 7888: 7806: 7788: 7779: 7699: 7694: 7624:Takashi Miura. 7590: 7531: 7529:Further reading 7526: 7459: 7444: 7435: 7433: 7429: 7422: 7281: 7234: 7229: 7218: 7211: 7206: 7202: 7192: 7176: 7172: 7152: 7151: 7147: 7135:The Japan Times 7126: 7122: 7114: 7110: 7109: 7102: 7091: 7084: 7076: 7070: 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6020: 6013: 6009: 6000:(in Japanese). 5997: 5986: 5985: 5981: 5974: 5973:978-432406748-2 5963: 5950: 5946: 5938: 5922: 5918: 5911: 5897: 5893: 5888: 5884: 5879: 5872: 5867: 5858: 5853: 5842: 5831: 5827: 5822: 5815: 5810: 5806: 5801: 5797: 5792: 5785: 5780: 5765: 5760: 5753: 5738: 5720: 5713: 5708: 5701: 5696: 5687: 5680: 5666: 5655: 5651:. 1996. pp. 7–8 5646: 5642: 5629: 5627: 5625: 5609: 5605: 5600: 5596: 5591: 5587: 5574: 5570: 5561: 5557: 5552: 5545: 5540: 5533: 5524: 5520: 5513: 5492: 5488: 5481: 5460: 5456: 5447:(in Japanese). 5444: 5433: 5432: 5428: 5415: 5414: 5410: 5403: 5394:Buddhism: 67.2% 5386: 5382: 5373: 5372: 5365: 5354:Japan - Country 5352: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5337: 5306: 5302: 5255: 5251: 5246: 5245: 5235:Catholic Church 5228: 5224: 5219: 5173:Religion portal 5171: 5164: 5157: 5152: 5150: 5147: 4951:Ōita Prefecture 4834:Saga Prefecture 4366:Nara Prefecture 4054:Gifu Prefecture 3110: 3085:, the nation's 3067: 3033:Haruki Murakami 3000: 2994:than the West. 2988: 2977:Yasukuni Shrine 2905: 2899: 2823:at age twenty ( 2810: 2744: 2723: 2682: 2680:Taoism in Japan 2673:Sakado, Saitama 2663:(聖天宮; Chinese: 2654: 2642:Holy narratives 2505: 2499: 2462: 2454: 2448: 2399: 2379: 2349: 2322: 2311: 2288: 2282: 2254: 2248: 2191:Todai-ji Temple 2186: 2171: 2165: 2131:Chiune Sugihara 2127:Jan Zwartendijk 2080: 2072:Main articles: 2070: 2047: 2037: 2035:Saichiro Fujita 2029:, who lived in 2020: 2002: 1996: 1977: 1957: 1933:Valentine's Day 1869:Tokugawa Ieyasu 1813:Cosme de Torres 1783: 1765: 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1755: 1740: 1732: 1731: 1730:church in Tokyo 1724: 1716: 1715: 1709: 1701: 1700: 1691: 1683: 1682: 1673: 1662: 1657: 1655:Minor religions 1604:Nichiren Shōshū 1521:Amitabha Buddha 1517:Kamakura period 1444: 1443: 1442: 1441: 1440: 1424: 1416: 1415: 1396: 1388: 1387: 1375: 1367: 1366: 1356: 1326: 1319: 1291: 1286: 1280: 1262:movements, the 1248:Sekai Shindokyo 1202: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1188: 1187: 1186: 1167: 1164: 1156: 1155: 1153:Gifu Prefecture 1141: 1133: 1132: 1109: 1106: 1095: 1015: 994: 945: 944: 943: 942: 941: 923: 915: 914: 899: 891: 890: 864: 856: 855: 828: 757:people of Japan 724: 717: 677: 670: 669: 610: 600: 599: 560: 552: 551: 517: 507: 506: 503: 493: 483: 473: 463: 453: 443: 439: 425: 415: 414: 375: 365: 364: 340:List of deities 321: 301: 290: 287: 282: 276: 270: 265: 234: 216:shinbutsu-shūgō 202:Japanese people 196:, the two main 112: 111: 96:Japanese people 86: 81:Other religions 73: 58: 43: 12: 11: 5: 9453: 9443: 9442: 9425: 9424: 9422: 9421: 9411: 9400: 9397: 9396: 9394: 9393: 9388: 9383: 9378: 9373: 9367: 9365: 9356: 9355: 9353: 9352: 9347: 9342: 9337: 9332: 9326: 9324: 9316: 9315: 9313: 9312: 9307: 9302: 9297: 9292: 9287: 9282: 9277: 9272: 9267: 9262: 9257: 9252: 9247: 9242: 9237: 9232: 9227: 9222: 9217: 9212: 9207: 9202: 9197: 9192: 9187: 9182: 9177: 9172: 9167: 9162: 9157: 9152: 9147: 9142: 9137: 9132: 9127: 9122: 9117: 9112: 9107: 9102: 9097: 9092: 9087: 9082: 9077: 9072: 9066: 9064: 9058: 9057: 9050: 9049: 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8354: 8353: 8351: 8350: 8345: 8340: 8335: 8330: 8325: 8320: 8315: 8310: 8308:Extreme points 8305: 8300: 8295: 8290: 8285: 8280: 8274: 8268: 8262: 8261: 8258: 8257: 8255: 8254: 8253: 8252: 8247: 8236: 8234: 8230: 8229: 8227: 8226: 8225: 8224: 8219: 8209: 8208: 8207: 8202: 8197: 8192: 8187: 8182: 8177: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8160: 8149: 8147: 8143: 8142: 8140: 8139: 8134: 8129: 8123: 8122: 8121: 8116: 8111: 8106: 8101: 8096: 8091: 8081: 8076: 8071: 8070: 8069: 8058: 8056: 8052: 8051: 8049: 8048: 8043: 8042: 8041: 8036: 8029:Sengoku period 8026: 8021: 8020: 8019: 8014: 8004: 7999: 7994: 7989: 7988: 7987: 7977: 7971: 7969: 7968:Post-Classical 7965: 7964: 7962: 7961: 7956: 7951: 7950: 7949: 7939: 7938: 7937: 7932: 7927: 7917: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7896: 7894: 7890: 7889: 7887: 7886: 7885: 7884: 7879: 7874: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7849: 7848: 7847: 7842: 7837: 7832: 7823: 7821: 7814: 7808: 7807: 7805: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7790: 7789: 7778: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7755: 7749: 7748: 7742: 7736: 7730: 7717: 7705:, most recent 7698: 7697:External links 7695: 7693: 7692: 7687:Michiko Yusa. 7685: 7678: 7671: 7664: 7657: 7650: 7643: 7636: 7631:Mark Mullins. 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7601: 7594: 7588: 7568: 7561: 7554: 7547: 7540: 7532: 7530: 7527: 7525: 7524: 7510: 7496: 7485: 7470: 7463: 7457: 7442: 7415: 7401: 7387: 7373: 7363: 7353: 7343: 7329: 7314: 7304: 7284: 7279: 7264: 7250: 7235: 7233: 7230: 7228: 7227: 7209: 7200: 7190: 7170: 7145: 7120: 7100: 7082: 7064: 7057: 7036: 7030:978-1440055249 7029: 7011: 7005:978-0824810061 7004: 6982: 6975: 6957: 6931: 6924: 6903: 6897:978-0802841087 6896: 6878: 6871: 6853: 6842: 6821: 6788: 6782:978-0691020525 6781: 6763: 6757:978-0691020525 6756: 6738: 6732:978-0691020525 6731: 6710: 6704:978-0691020525 6703: 6680: 6668: 6653: 6651:, p. 553. 6641: 6639:, p. 552. 6624: 6609: 6606:on 2022-06-13. 6584: 6560: 6535: 6502: 6478: 6464: 6459:"Chabad Japan" 6450: 6436: 6411: 6397: 6379: 6348: 6328: 6321: 6298: 6287: 6272: 6255: 6236:(3): 325–338. 6220: 6213: 6193: 6180: 6173: 6153: 6120: 6110: 6092: 6080: 6068: 6059: 6041: 6032: 6018: 6007: 5979: 5972: 5944: 5916: 5909: 5891: 5882: 5870: 5856: 5840: 5825: 5813: 5804: 5795: 5783: 5763: 5751: 5736: 5711: 5699: 5685: 5678: 5653: 5640: 5623: 5603: 5594: 5585: 5568: 5555: 5543: 5531: 5518: 5511: 5486: 5480: 5479: 5476: 5473: 5470: 5466: 5454: 5426: 5408: 5402: 5401: 5398: 5395: 5392: 5388: 5380: 5363: 5344: 5342: 5339: 5336: 5335: 5300: 5298: 5297: 5287: 5277: 5267: 5248: 5247: 5244: 5243: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5215: 5214: 5213: 5208: 5203: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5177: 5176: 5162: 5146: 5143: 5140: 5139: 5136: 5133: 5130: 5125: 5122: 5119: 5116: 5113: 5110: 5107: 5103: 5102: 5099: 5096: 5093: 5088: 5085: 5082: 5079: 5076: 5073: 5070: 5064: 5063: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5049: 5046: 5043: 5040: 5037: 5034: 5031: 5025: 5024: 5021: 5018: 5015: 5010: 5007: 5004: 5001: 4998: 4995: 4992: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4979: 4976: 4971: 4968: 4965: 4962: 4959: 4956: 4953: 4947: 4946: 4943: 4940: 4937: 4932: 4929: 4926: 4923: 4920: 4917: 4914: 4908: 4907: 4904: 4901: 4898: 4893: 4890: 4887: 4884: 4881: 4878: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4865: 4862: 4859: 4854: 4851: 4848: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4830: 4829: 4826: 4823: 4820: 4815: 4812: 4809: 4806: 4803: 4800: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4787: 4784: 4781: 4776: 4773: 4770: 4767: 4764: 4761: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4748: 4745: 4742: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4728: 4725: 4722: 4719: 4713: 4712: 4709: 4706: 4703: 4698: 4695: 4692: 4689: 4686: 4683: 4680: 4674: 4673: 4670: 4667: 4664: 4659: 4656: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4644: 4641: 4635: 4634: 4631: 4628: 4625: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4602: 4596: 4595: 4592: 4589: 4586: 4581: 4578: 4575: 4572: 4569: 4566: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4553: 4550: 4547: 4542: 4539: 4536: 4533: 4530: 4527: 4524: 4518: 4517: 4514: 4511: 4508: 4503: 4500: 4497: 4494: 4491: 4488: 4485: 4479: 4478: 4475: 4472: 4469: 4464: 4461: 4458: 4455: 4452: 4449: 4446: 4440: 4439: 4436: 4433: 4430: 4425: 4422: 4419: 4416: 4413: 4410: 4407: 4401: 4400: 4397: 4394: 4391: 4386: 4383: 4380: 4377: 4374: 4371: 4368: 4362: 4361: 4358: 4355: 4352: 4347: 4344: 4341: 4338: 4335: 4332: 4329: 4323: 4322: 4319: 4316: 4313: 4308: 4305: 4302: 4299: 4296: 4293: 4290: 4284: 4283: 4280: 4277: 4274: 4269: 4266: 4263: 4260: 4257: 4254: 4251: 4245: 4244: 4241: 4238: 4235: 4230: 4227: 4224: 4221: 4218: 4215: 4212: 4206: 4205: 4202: 4199: 4196: 4191: 4188: 4185: 4182: 4179: 4176: 4173: 4171:Mie Prefecture 4167: 4166: 4163: 4160: 4157: 4152: 4149: 4146: 4143: 4140: 4137: 4134: 4128: 4127: 4124: 4121: 4118: 4113: 4110: 4107: 4104: 4101: 4098: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4085: 4082: 4079: 4074: 4071: 4068: 4065: 4062: 4059: 4056: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4043: 4040: 4035: 4032: 4029: 4026: 4023: 4020: 4017: 4011: 4010: 4007: 4004: 4001: 3996: 3993: 3990: 3987: 3984: 3981: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3968: 3965: 3962: 3957: 3954: 3951: 3948: 3945: 3942: 3939: 3933: 3932: 3929: 3926: 3923: 3918: 3915: 3912: 3909: 3906: 3903: 3900: 3894: 3893: 3890: 3887: 3884: 3879: 3876: 3873: 3870: 3867: 3864: 3861: 3855: 3854: 3851: 3848: 3845: 3840: 3837: 3834: 3831: 3828: 3825: 3822: 3816: 3815: 3812: 3809: 3806: 3801: 3798: 3795: 3792: 3789: 3786: 3783: 3777: 3776: 3773: 3770: 3767: 3762: 3759: 3756: 3753: 3750: 3747: 3744: 3738: 3737: 3734: 3731: 3728: 3723: 3720: 3717: 3714: 3711: 3708: 3705: 3699: 3698: 3695: 3692: 3689: 3684: 3681: 3678: 3675: 3672: 3669: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3656: 3653: 3650: 3645: 3642: 3639: 3636: 3633: 3630: 3627: 3621: 3620: 3617: 3614: 3611: 3606: 3603: 3600: 3597: 3594: 3591: 3588: 3582: 3581: 3578: 3575: 3572: 3567: 3564: 3561: 3558: 3555: 3552: 3549: 3543: 3542: 3539: 3536: 3533: 3528: 3525: 3522: 3519: 3516: 3513: 3510: 3504: 3503: 3500: 3497: 3494: 3489: 3486: 3483: 3480: 3477: 3474: 3471: 3465: 3464: 3461: 3458: 3455: 3450: 3447: 3444: 3441: 3438: 3435: 3432: 3426: 3425: 3422: 3419: 3416: 3411: 3408: 3405: 3402: 3399: 3396: 3393: 3387: 3386: 3383: 3380: 3377: 3372: 3369: 3366: 3363: 3360: 3357: 3354: 3348: 3347: 3344: 3341: 3338: 3333: 3330: 3327: 3324: 3321: 3318: 3315: 3309: 3308: 3305: 3302: 3299: 3294: 3291: 3288: 3285: 3282: 3279: 3276: 3270: 3269: 3266: 3261: 3256: 3250: 3247: 3242: 3237: 3232: 3223: 3214: 3203: 3202: 3199: 3196: 3193: 3187: 3186: 3183: 3180: 3177: 3171: 3170: 3167: 3164: 3161: 3155: 3154: 3151: 3148: 3145: 3109: 3106: 3066: 3063: 3062: 3061: 3053: 3041: 3029: 3021: 3009: 2999: 2996: 2987: 2984: 2964:New York Times 2955:report by the 2898: 2895: 2877:New Year's Day 2809: 2806: 2740:Main article: 2734:Ashikaga Gakko 2722: 2719: 2678:Main article: 2653: 2650: 2632:and demigods, 2615:nature deities 2501:Main article: 2498: 2495: 2459:Ainu no shūkyō 2450:Main article: 2447: 2444: 2357:Ryukyu Islands 2355:and the other 2345:Main article: 2321: 2318: 2310: 2307: 2284:Main article: 2281: 2278: 2250:Main article: 2247: 2244: 2167:Main article: 2164: 2161: 2100:foreign policy 2069: 2066: 1998:Main article: 1995: 1992: 1975:Islam in Japan 1973:Main article: 1956: 1953: 1867:as a warning. 1817:Juan Fernández 1809:Francis Xavier 1761:Main article: 1741: 1734: 1733: 1725: 1718: 1717: 1710: 1703: 1702: 1692: 1685: 1684: 1674: 1667: 1666: 1665: 1664: 1663: 1661: 1658: 1656: 1653: 1426:Inner hall of 1425: 1418: 1417: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1376: 1369: 1368: 1357: 1350: 1349: 1348: 1347: 1346: 1282:Main article: 1279: 1276: 1274:, and others. 1192:Main article: 1165: 1158: 1157: 1145:Sukyo Mahikari 1142: 1135: 1134: 1107: 1100: 1099: 1098: 1097: 1096: 1094: 1091: 1054:refers to the 924: 917: 916: 900: 893: 892: 865: 858: 857: 850:shinmei-zukuri 829: 822: 821: 820: 819: 818: 812:(710–794) and 719: 718: 716: 715: 708: 701: 693: 690: 689: 688: 687: 672: 671: 668: 667: 662: 657: 652: 647: 642: 637: 632: 627: 622: 617: 611: 606: 605: 602: 601: 598: 597: 592: 587: 582: 577: 572: 567: 561: 558: 557: 554: 553: 550: 549: 544: 539: 534: 529: 524: 518: 515:Shinto shrines 513: 512: 509: 508: 505: 504: 496: 494: 486: 484: 476: 474: 466: 464: 456: 454: 446: 444: 429: 426: 421: 420: 417: 416: 413: 412: 407: 402: 397: 392: 387: 382: 376: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 362: 357: 355:Sacred objects 352: 347: 342: 337: 332: 322: 319: 318: 315: 314: 306: 305: 297: 296: 272:Main article: 269: 266: 264: 263:Main religions 261: 210:public shrines 108: 107: 98:practice both 91: 90: 87: 84: 82: 78: 77: 74: 71: 69: 63: 62: 59: 56: 54: 48: 47: 44: 41: 39: 33: 32: 30: 28: 25: 24: 18: 17: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 9452: 9441: 9438: 9437: 9435: 9420: 9416: 9412: 9410: 9402: 9401: 9398: 9392: 9389: 9387: 9384: 9382: 9379: 9377: 9374: 9372: 9369: 9368: 9366: 9361: 9357: 9351: 9348: 9346: 9345:South Ossetia 9343: 9341: 9338: 9336: 9333: 9331: 9328: 9327: 9325: 9323: 9317: 9311: 9308: 9306: 9303: 9301: 9298: 9296: 9293: 9291: 9288: 9286: 9283: 9281: 9278: 9276: 9273: 9271: 9268: 9266: 9263: 9261: 9258: 9256: 9253: 9251: 9248: 9246: 9243: 9241: 9238: 9236: 9233: 9231: 9228: 9226: 9223: 9221: 9218: 9216: 9213: 9211: 9208: 9206: 9203: 9201: 9198: 9196: 9193: 9191: 9188: 9186: 9183: 9181: 9178: 9176: 9173: 9171: 9168: 9166: 9163: 9161: 9158: 9156: 9153: 9151: 9148: 9146: 9143: 9141: 9138: 9136: 9133: 9131: 9128: 9126: 9123: 9121: 9118: 9116: 9113: 9111: 9108: 9106: 9103: 9101: 9098: 9096: 9093: 9091: 9088: 9086: 9083: 9081: 9078: 9076: 9073: 9071: 9068: 9067: 9065: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9048: 9043: 9041: 9036: 9034: 9029: 9028: 9025: 9013: 9005: 9003: 8993: 8992: 8989: 8979: 8976: 8974: 8971: 8969: 8966: 8964: 8961: 8959: 8956: 8954: 8951: 8949: 8946: 8944: 8941: 8939: 8938: 8934: 8932: 8928: 8925: 8923: 8922: 8918: 8916: 8913: 8911: 8908: 8906: 8903: 8901: 8898: 8896: 8893: 8891: 8888: 8886: 8883: 8881: 8878: 8876: 8873: 8871: 8868: 8866: 8863: 8860: 8858: 8855: 8853: 8850: 8848: 8845: 8843: 8840: 8838: 8835: 8833: 8830: 8828: 8825: 8823: 8820: 8818: 8815: 8812: 8808: 8805: 8803: 8800: 8798: 8795: 8793: 8790: 8788: 8785: 8783: 8780: 8778: 8774: 8771: 8769: 8766: 8765: 8763: 8761: 8757: 8751: 8748: 8746: 8743: 8741: 8738: 8736: 8733: 8731: 8728: 8726: 8723: 8721: 8718: 8716: 8713: 8711: 8708: 8706: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8695: 8694: 8691: 8687: 8684: 8683: 8682: 8679: 8677: 8674: 8672: 8669: 8667: 8664: 8662: 8659: 8657: 8654: 8652: 8649: 8647: 8644: 8642: 8639: 8638: 8635: 8632: 8630: 8626: 8616: 8613: 8611: 8608: 8606: 8603: 8601: 8598: 8596: 8593: 8591: 8590:Manufacturing 8588: 8586: 8583: 8581: 8578: 8576: 8573: 8572: 8569: 8566: 8564: 8560: 8546: 8543: 8539: 8536: 8535: 8534: 8531: 8529: 8526: 8524: 8521: 8519: 8518:Fiscal policy 8516: 8512: 8509: 8508: 8507: 8504: 8503: 8501: 8499: 8495: 8487: 8484: 8482: 8479: 8477: 8474: 8473: 8472: 8469: 8467: 8464: 8460: 8457: 8455: 8452: 8450: 8447: 8446: 8445: 8444:National Diet 8442: 8440: 8437: 8435: 8432: 8428: 8427:Supreme Court 8425: 8424: 8423: 8420: 8416: 8413: 8412: 8411: 8408: 8406: 8403: 8401: 8398: 8394: 8391: 8390: 8389: 8386: 8384: 8381: 8379: 8376: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8365: 8363: 8359: 8349: 8346: 8344: 8341: 8339: 8336: 8334: 8331: 8329: 8326: 8324: 8321: 8319: 8316: 8314: 8311: 8309: 8306: 8304: 8301: 8299: 8296: 8294: 8291: 8289: 8286: 8284: 8281: 8279: 8276: 8275: 8272: 8269: 8267: 8263: 8251: 8248: 8246: 8243: 8242: 8241: 8238: 8237: 8235: 8231: 8223: 8220: 8218: 8215: 8214: 8213: 8210: 8206: 8203: 8201: 8198: 8196: 8193: 8191: 8188: 8186: 8183: 8181: 8178: 8176: 8173: 8172: 8171: 8168: 8164: 8161: 8159: 8156: 8155: 8154: 8151: 8150: 8148: 8144: 8138: 8135: 8133: 8130: 8127: 8124: 8120: 8117: 8115: 8112: 8110: 8107: 8105: 8102: 8100: 8097: 8095: 8092: 8090: 8087: 8086: 8085: 8082: 8080: 8077: 8075: 8072: 8068: 8065: 8064: 8063: 8060: 8059: 8057: 8053: 8047: 8044: 8040: 8037: 8035: 8032: 8031: 8030: 8027: 8025: 8022: 8018: 8015: 8013: 8010: 8009: 8008: 8005: 8003: 8000: 7998: 7995: 7993: 7990: 7986: 7983: 7982: 7981: 7978: 7976: 7973: 7972: 7970: 7966: 7960: 7957: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7944: 7943: 7940: 7936: 7935:Hakuhō period 7933: 7931: 7928: 7926: 7923: 7922: 7921: 7918: 7916: 7913: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7897: 7895: 7891: 7883: 7882:Imperial Navy 7880: 7878: 7877:Imperial Army 7875: 7873: 7870: 7869: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7853: 7850: 7846: 7843: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7833: 7831: 7828: 7827: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7818: 7815: 7813: 7809: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7791: 7787: 7783: 7776: 7771: 7769: 7764: 7762: 7757: 7756: 7753: 7747: 7743: 7741: 7737: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7723: 7718: 7716: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7701: 7700: 7690: 7686: 7683: 7679: 7676: 7672: 7669: 7665: 7662: 7658: 7655: 7651: 7648: 7644: 7641: 7637: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7599: 7595: 7591: 7585: 7580: 7579: 7573: 7569: 7566: 7562: 7559: 7555: 7552: 7548: 7545: 7541: 7538: 7534: 7533: 7523: 7519: 7515: 7511: 7509: 7505: 7501: 7497: 7493: 7492: 7486: 7483: 7479: 7475: 7471: 7468: 7465:Reader, Ian. 7464: 7460: 7458:9780313369797 7454: 7450: 7449: 7443: 7428: 7421: 7416: 7414: 7413:0-914910-28-0 7410: 7406: 7402: 7400: 7399:0-914910-26-4 7396: 7392: 7388: 7386: 7382: 7378: 7374: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7362: 7358: 7354: 7352: 7348: 7344: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7327: 7323: 7319: 7315: 7312: 7308: 7305: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7294:Ancient Japan 7291: 7290: 7285: 7282: 7276: 7272: 7271: 7265: 7263: 7259: 7255: 7251: 7249: 7245: 7241: 7237: 7236: 7225: 7221: 7216: 7214: 7204: 7197: 7193: 7187: 7183: 7182: 7174: 7167: 7163: 7159: 7155: 7149: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7131: 7124: 7113: 7107: 7105: 7097: 7096: 7089: 7087: 7075: 7068: 7060: 7058:9780824833312 7054: 7050: 7043: 7041: 7032: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7007: 7001: 6996: 6995: 6986: 6978: 6976:9788120810044 6972: 6968: 6961: 6946: 6942: 6935: 6927: 6925:9781426474316 6921: 6917: 6910: 6908: 6899: 6893: 6889: 6882: 6874: 6872:9780819182944 6868: 6864: 6857: 6851: 6846: 6832: 6825: 6811: 6807: 6803: 6799: 6792: 6784: 6778: 6774: 6767: 6759: 6753: 6749: 6742: 6734: 6728: 6724: 6717: 6715: 6706: 6700: 6696: 6689: 6687: 6685: 6678: 6672: 6666: 6660: 6658: 6650: 6645: 6638: 6633: 6631: 6629: 6620: 6613: 6602: 6595: 6588: 6572: 6571: 6564: 6550: 6546: 6539: 6531: 6525: 6517: 6513: 6506: 6492: 6488: 6482: 6474: 6468: 6460: 6454: 6446: 6440: 6426:on 2006-01-17 6425: 6421: 6415: 6407: 6401: 6390: 6383: 6369:on 2009-07-09 6368: 6364: 6363: 6358: 6352: 6344: 6343: 6338: 6332: 6324: 6318: 6314: 6313: 6308: 6302: 6296: 6291: 6285: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6265: 6259: 6251: 6247: 6243: 6239: 6235: 6231: 6224: 6216: 6210: 6206: 6205: 6197: 6190: 6184: 6176: 6174:9781441246004 6170: 6166: 6165: 6157: 6150: 6138: 6134: 6130: 6124: 6117: 6113: 6111:9789400723870 6107: 6103: 6096: 6089: 6084: 6078: 6072: 6063: 6054: 6052: 6050: 6048: 6046: 6036: 6027: 6025: 6023: 6016: 6011: 6003: 5995: 5991: 5990: 5983: 5975: 5969: 5961: 5957: 5956: 5948: 5936: 5932: 5931: 5926: 5920: 5912: 5906: 5902: 5895: 5886: 5877: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5861: 5851: 5849: 5847: 5845: 5836: 5829: 5820: 5818: 5808: 5799: 5790: 5788: 5778: 5776: 5774: 5772: 5770: 5768: 5758: 5756: 5747: 5743: 5739: 5733: 5729: 5725: 5718: 5716: 5706: 5704: 5694: 5692: 5690: 5681: 5675: 5671: 5664: 5662: 5660: 5658: 5650: 5647:John Nelson. 5644: 5637: 5626: 5624:9781438106465 5620: 5616: 5615: 5607: 5598: 5589: 5582: 5578: 5572: 5565: 5559: 5550: 5548: 5538: 5536: 5528: 5522: 5514: 5508: 5504: 5500: 5496: 5490: 5484: 5477: 5474: 5471: 5468: 5467: 5464: 5458: 5450: 5442: 5438: 5437: 5430: 5422: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5399: 5396: 5393: 5391:Shinto: 70.5% 5390: 5389: 5384: 5376: 5370: 5368: 5359: 5355: 5349: 5345: 5332: 5328: 5323: 5314: 5310: 5304: 5295: 5293: 5288: 5285: 5283: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5268: 5265: 5263: 5258: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5240: 5236: 5232: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5209: 5207: 5204: 5202: 5199: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5181:Ainu religion 5179: 5178: 5174: 5168: 5163: 5160: 5149: 5137: 5134: 5131: 5129: 5126: 5123: 5120: 5117: 5114: 5111: 5108: 5105: 5104: 5100: 5097: 5094: 5092: 5089: 5086: 5083: 5080: 5077: 5074: 5069: 5066: 5065: 5061: 5058: 5055: 5053: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5041: 5038: 5035: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5022: 5019: 5016: 5014: 5011: 5008: 5005: 5002: 4999: 4996: 4991: 4988: 4987: 4983: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4969: 4966: 4963: 4960: 4957: 4952: 4949: 4948: 4944: 4941: 4938: 4936: 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It is an 2473:Ainu people 2366:genius loci 2153:Chief Rabbi 1966:, built in 1797:Catholicism 1793:Kirisutokyō 1620:Soka Gakkai 1590:Lotus Sutra 1485:; a third, 1361:Tōshōdai-ji 1333:Sui dynasty 1225:Soka Gakkai 1085:and 78,890 779:Nihon Shoki 449:Nihon Shoki 148:Hatsukaichi 136:Bishamonten 9300:Uzbekistan 9275:Tajikistan 9190:Kyrgyzstan 9170:Kazakhstan 9090:Bangladesh 9080:Azerbaijan 8963:Television 8885:Literature 8847:Hikikomori 8768:Aesthetics 8646:Censorship 8528:Ministries 8498:Government 8212:Heisei era 8195:Occupation 8153:Taishō era 8114:Boshin War 8094:Government 8062:Edo period 7975:Genpei War 7925:Taihō Code 7522:0791080978 7385:0415436494 7341:9004122907 7326:3110188759 7302:0521223520 7292:, vol. 1: 7262:1405155167 7248:0700711708 6950:10 October 6836:2018-05-01 6815:2018-05-01 6649:Craig 1998 6637:Craig 1998 6554:2023-05-12 6496:2023-06-04 6430:2011-12-01 6373:2009-07-04 6143:8 February 5989:宗教年鑑令和元年版 5930:宗教年鑑令和元年版 5436:宗教年鑑令和3年版 5341:References 3133:Christians 2992:irreligion 2901:See also: 2759:Edo period 2611:archetypes 2521:Guāndìmiào 2511:Temple of 2336:Miyakojima 2274:Kapurthala 1984:Isuramukyō 1892:Protestant 1853:Franciscan 1829:Portuguese 1767:See also: 1746:Church in 1539:Buddhahood 1436:temple in 1407:temple in 1379:Myoudou-ji 1244:Shinreikyo 1126:Kitakyushu 925:Shrine of 908:Nagaokakyō 840:Minamibōsō 527:Ichinomiya 373:Major kami 350:Polytheism 278:See also: 9386:Hong Kong 9340:Palestine 9265:Sri Lanka 9260:Singapore 9140:Indonesia 8937:Otokonoko 8905:Mythology 8817:Festivals 8740:Sexuality 8693:Languages 8666:Etiquette 8661:Education 8610:Transport 8422:Judiciary 8383:Elections 8293:Districts 8278:Addresses 8266:Geography 8240:Reiwa era 8170:Shōwa era 8084:Meiji era 8074:Bakumatsu 7997:Genkō War 7857:Education 7820:Overviews 6810:0458-3035 6549:Scroll.in 6309:(1990) . 6250:144740841 5217:Footnotes 3144:Religion 3125:Buddhists 3050:pantheist 2937:Yamaguchi 2907:In early 2821:adulthood 2714:Seitenkyū 2661:Seitenkyū 2634:ancestors 2517:Kanteibyō 2485:animistic 2395:onarigami 2371:animistic 2329:Harimizu 2135:Lithuania 2087:Yudayakyō 2010:Bahāiikyō 1937:Christmas 1821:Kagoshima 1537:", where 1535:Pure Land 1492:With the 1467:shogunate 1465:When the 1409:Matsuyama 1384:Jodo Shin 1252:Zenrinkyo 1119:Shinrikyō 939:Yamaguchi 903:Tenman-gū 786:mythology 747:, is the 635:Ko-Shintō 565:Festivals 559:Practices 499:Engishiki 479:Kogo Shūi 410:Tsukuyomi 380:Amaterasu 345:Mythology 330:Animatism 233:religion" 179:Amaterasu 142:) in the 124:Saraswati 120:Benzaiten 9434:Category 9409:Category 9330:Abkhazia 9280:Thailand 9235:Pakistan 9215:Mongolia 9210:Maldives 9205:Malaysia 9105:Cambodia 9012:Category 8827:Folklore 8725:Religion 8698:Japanese 8671:Gambling 8481:Maritime 8362:Politics 8343:Villages 8024:Ōnin War 7867:Military 7852:Economic 7786:articles 7574:(2008). 7427:Archived 6577:24 March 6524:cite web 5927:(2019). 5746:40672426 5501:(1988). 5313:Buddhism 5191:Koshinto 5145:See also 3274:Hokkaido 3255:overall 3253:Buddhism 3240:Nichiren 2913:Tokugawa 2837:Buddhist 2802:Kokugaku 2790:artisans 2730:Kōshibyō 2697:Shugendō 2627:cultural 2586:Shénjiào 2554:Japanese 2525:Yokohama 2477:Hokkaido 2432:Ryukyuan 2422:(female 2410:Amamikyu 2295:Jainakyō 2209:Hindūkyō 2207:(ヒンドゥー教 2205:Hinduism 2163:Hinduism 2104:Yokohama 2031:Honolulu 2008:(バハーイー教 1865:Nagasaki 1799:(カトリック教 1728:Reformed 1644:Gohonzon 1586:Nichiren 1549:Jōdo-shū 1471:Kamakura 1400:Monju-in 1289:Buddhism 1278:Buddhism 1260:Mahikari 1240:Omotokyo 1236:Konkokyo 1232:Tenrikyo 1217:Buddhist 1177:En'nōkyō 1149:Takayama 1056:divinity 981:shén dào 929:Hachiman 761:religion 630:Kokugaku 608:See also 570:Kannushi 502:(927 CE) 482:(807 CE) 472:(797 CE) 452:(720 CE) 291:a series 288:Part of 256:mushūkyō 244:mushūkyō 200:, which 194:Buddhism 128:Kangiten 104:Buddhism 52:Buddhism 9305:Vietnam 9220:Myanmar 9200:Lebanon 9130:Georgia 9085:Bahrain 9075:Armenia 8968:Theatre 8943:Origami 8870:Irezumi 8865:Ikebana 8832:Gardens 8807:Cuisine 8760:Culture 8745:Smoking 8681:Housing 8629:Society 8563:Economy 8506:Cabinet 8388:Emperor 8328:Regions 8313:Islands 8200:Postwar 8128:(noble) 7893:Ancient 7840:Shoguns 7812:History 7802:Outline 7709:by the 7232:Sources 5327:Shenism 5322:Shendao 5138:~67.5% 5101:~93.4% 5062:~53.2% 5023:~61.7% 4984:~61.6% 4945:~61.6% 4906:~53.8% 4828:~59.3% 4789:~76.9% 4750:~69.7% 4672:~66.5% 4633:~62.5% 4594:~44.8% 4555:~63.4% 4516:~66.1% 4477:~64.8% 4438:~67.4% 4399:~68.5% 4321:~64.3% 4282:~66.1% 4243:~61.1% 4204:~62.9% 4165:~61.8% 4126:~66.5% 4087:~59.9% 4048:~68.1% 4009:~71.4% 3970:~42.2% 3931:~54.8% 3892:~51.7% 3853:~74.3% 3814:~74.6% 3775:~72.6% 3736:~82.4% 3697:~77.7% 3619:~78.8% 3580:~77.8% 3541:~78.8% 3502:~69.5% 3463:~75.6% 3424:~75.7% 3385:~73.1% 3346:~71.7% 3307:~65.3% 3221:Shingon 3083:kokutai 2870:matsuri 2866:matsuri 2862:matsuri 2845:matsuri 2786:samurai 2693:Onmyōdō 2594:Shinkyō 2572:Chinese 2559:中国の民俗宗教 2536:Chinese 2440:Ijunkyō 2434:: いじゅん 2353:Okinawa 2293:(ジャイナ教 2291:Jainism 2280:Jainism 2261:Sikukyō 2257:Sikhism 2246:Sikhism 2213:Indokyō 2211:or 印度教 2183:Krishna 2117:During 2083:Judaism 2068:Judaism 1982:(イスラム教 1900:Shinkyō 1834:daimyōs 1791:(キリスト教 1748:Fukuoka 1744:Baptist 1742:Kashii 1628:Komeito 1567:Shinran 1460:Tiantai 1405:Shingon 1087:priests 1083:shrines 968:Chinese 962:Shendao 957:Chinese 877:Izanagi 873:of the 832:Takabe- 790:shrines 741:, also 625:History 405:Susanoo 400:Izanami 395:Izanagi 326:Animism 320:Beliefs 206:spirits 192:and in 132:Ganesha 85: 72: 57: 42: 9350:Taiwan 9285:Turkey 9250:Russia 9185:Kuwait 9165:Jordan 9155:Israel 9115:Cyprus 9100:Brunei 9095:Bhutan 8953:Shinto 8875:Kawaii 8852:Hanami 8837:Geisha 8797:Cinema 8792:Bonsai 8710:People 8676:Health 8595:Energy 8476:Ground 8333:Rivers 8288:Cities 8126:Kazoku 7826:Lists 7784: 7586: 7520: 7514:Shinto 7506: 7480: 7455: 7436:15 May 7411: 7397: 7383: 7351:online 7339: 7324: 7300: 7277: 7260: 7246: 7188: 7055: 7027: 7002: 6973: 6922: 6894: 6869: 6808: 6779: 6754: 6729: 6701: 6319: 6248: 6211: 6171: 6108: 5996:] 5970: 5962:] 5937:] 5907: 5744: 5734: 5676: 5630:12 May 5621: 5614:Shinto 5509: 5443:] 5128:~29.5% 5124:~2.5% 5112:12.9% 5106:Japan 5052:~43.8% 5036:29.8% 5013:~33.5% 4997:18.2% 4974:~35.4% 4958:20.7% 4935:~38.4% 4919:28.4% 4896:~39.1% 4880:19.5% 4841:21.9% 4818:~37.7% 4802:24.1% 4779:~17.6% 4740:~27.3% 4662:~31.5% 4643:19.8% 4623:~35.5% 4607:21.9% 4584:~51.2% 4568:35.3% 4545:~33.6% 4526:16.6% 4506:~30.9% 4490:18.4% 4467:~31.2% 4451:10.4% 4428:~32.6% 4412:13.5% 4389:~30.5% 4373:17.3% 4334:12.2% 4311:~33.7% 4295:15.6% 4272:~31.9% 4256:17.5% 4233:~37.9% 4217:26.7% 4194:~35.1% 4178:22.9% 4155:~34.2% 4139:16.7% 4116:~31.5% 4077:~38.1% 4061:23.2% 4038:~29.9% 4022:11.8% 3999:~26.6% 3960:~56.8% 3944:41.4% 3921:~43.2% 3905:36.2% 3882:~48.3% 3866:41.3% 3843:~23.7% 3827:10.6% 3804:~21.4% 3726:~16.6% 3687:~20.3% 3609:~20.2% 3570:~20.2% 3531:~21.2% 3492:~27.5% 3453:~21.4% 3414:~23.3% 3375:~25.9% 3362:12.8% 3336:~25.3% 3320:10.3% 3297:~31.7% 3281:13.3% 3217:Tendai 2887:kimono 2860:, the 2701:Kōshin 2685:Taoism 2652:Taoism 2630:heroes 2582:pinyin 2564:rōmaji 2546:pinyin 2513:Guandi 2466:アイヌの宗教 2227:, and 2187: 2181:deity 2139:Israel 2096:sakoku 2085:(ユダヤ教 1898:or 新教 1839:Anjirō 1825:Kyushu 1805:Jesuit 1779:, and 1571:Ji-shu 1557:, and 1498:Shinto 1479:Rinzai 1456:Tendai 1308:Baekje 1301:Bukkyō 1270:, the 1078:Shinto 1060:sacred 1035:Shindo 1009:; and 978:: 976:pinyin 970:: 953:Shindo 949:Shinto 879:-jinja 869:Haiden 771:Kojiki 765:ritual 735:Shintō 723:Shinto 489:Kujiki 459:Fudoki 432:Kojiki 302:Shinto 274:Shinto 268:Shinto 253:. The 198:faiths 190:Shinto 167:Shinto 140:Kubera 134:) and 100:Shinto 37:Shinto 9391:Macau 9310:Yemen 9270:Syria 9245:Qatar 9225:Nepal 9160:Japan 9135:India 9125:Egypt 9110:China 8948:Sport 8931:Sentō 8927:Onsen 8910:Names 8900:Music 8895:Media 8861:Icons 8842:Games 8777:Manga 8773:Anime 8750:Women 8651:Crime 8585:Labor 8338:Towns 8318:Lakes 7872:Naval 7835:Clans 7797:Index 7782:Japan 7430:(PDF) 7423:(PDF) 7141:Japan 7115:(PDF) 7077:(PDF) 6604:(PDF) 6597:(PDF) 6392:(PDF) 6246:S2CID 5998:(PDF) 5992:[ 5964:(PDF) 5958:[ 5939:(PDF) 5933:[ 5445:(PDF) 5439:[ 5292:Teido 5282:Daido 5115:4.1% 5091:~3,6% 5084:3.6% 5017:3.8% 5009:3.3% 4961:4.7% 4903:5.1% 4886:5.1% 4883:3.6% 4877:4.9% 4867:~60% 4844:6.1% 4811:3.3% 4805:3.3% 4783:5.5% 4763:6.3% 4760:6.3% 4727:5.3% 4724:6.7% 4721:9.3% 4711:~60% 4646:6.7% 4616:3.8% 4610:3.8% 4577:4.9% 4571:3.6% 4565:4.4% 4535:5.9% 4529:5.1% 4493:6.5% 4454:8.8% 4421:3.5% 4409:9.6% 4370:4.2% 4360:~63% 4343:3.1% 4337:3.1% 4331:8.6% 4304:5.2% 4292:5.9% 4259:3.4% 4220:3.2% 4181:4.2% 4142:8.5% 4109:3.6% 4106:7.3% 4103:9.4% 4100:6.2% 4064:6.8% 4025:7.6% 4019:3.5% 3989:8.9% 3986:6.2% 3983:4.5% 3950:3.9% 3947:5.5% 3830:4.9% 3824:3.2% 3797:3.5% 3794:3.7% 3791:3.7% 3788:5.5% 3772:3.4% 3755:3.3% 3749:8.3% 3746:3.4% 3742:Tokyo 3716:3.3% 3710:4.5% 3707:3.8% 3680:3.3% 3671:5.2% 3668:5.8% 3658:~73% 3635:5.8% 3632:3.6% 3629:6.6% 3602:3.1% 3593:3.1% 3554:4.1% 3551:7.1% 3518:5.2% 3515:4.8% 3512:5.2% 3488:3.4% 3479:8.5% 3476:5.6% 3440:9.5% 3437:6.9% 3401:9.5% 3398:4.8% 3359:6.1% 3326:3.4% 3323:5.6% 3287:3.2% 3284:8.2% 3268:None 3166:29.5% 3153:2008 3150:1996 3147:1984 3075:Senmu 2751:Jukyō 2689:Dōkyō 2530:Most 2523:) in 2490:Kamuy 2424:media 2376:mabui 2331:utaki 2299:Japan 2265:Japan 2259:(シク教 2225:Nepal 2221:India 2217:China 2199:Japan 2179:Hindu 2108:Tokyo 2051:福田菊太郎 2041:藤田左弌郎 1980:Islam 1955:Islam 1949:Japan 1922:Japan 1908:Korea 1846:Kyoto 1823:, in 1680:Tokyo 1555:Honen 1487:Ōbaku 1438:Kyoto 1413:Ehime 1342:Kyoto 1312:Korea 1058:, or 986:kanji 912:Kyoto 888:Osaka 884:Suita 854:style 844:Chiba 834:jinja 814:Heian 753:Japan 580:Music 390:Inari 61:67.2% 46:70.5% 9230:Oman 9195:Laos 9150:Iraq 9145:Iran 8822:Flag 8811:wine 8538:list 8511:list 8415:LGBT 8393:list 7845:Wars 7830:Eras 7584:ISBN 7518:ISBN 7504:ISBN 7478:ISBN 7453:ISBN 7438:2021 7409:ISBN 7395:ISBN 7381:ISBN 7337:ISBN 7322:ISBN 7298:ISBN 7275:ISBN 7258:ISBN 7244:ISBN 7186:ISBN 7053:ISBN 7025:ISBN 7000:ISBN 6971:ISBN 6952:2015 6920:ISBN 6892:ISBN 6867:ISBN 6806:ISSN 6777:ISBN 6752:ISBN 6727:ISBN 6699:ISBN 6579:2012 6530:link 6317:ISBN 6209:ISBN 6169:ISBN 6145:2022 6106:ISBN 5968:ISBN 5905:ISBN 5742:OCLC 5732:ISBN 5674:ISBN 5632:2019 5619:ISBN 5507:ISBN 5272:Kodo 5135:~2% 5132:~1% 5118:~3% 5056:~3% 5045:~3% 5042:~2% 5039:~1% 5033:~2% 5020:~1% 5006:~3% 5003:~3% 5000:~3% 4994:~3% 4981:~1% 4978:~2% 4970:~1% 4967:~3% 4964:~3% 4955:~3% 4942:~1% 4931:~1% 4928:~2% 4925:~2% 4922:~3% 4916:~2% 4900:~2% 4892:~3% 4889:~3% 4857:~40% 4853:~3% 4850:~2% 4847:~3% 4838:~4% 4825:~2% 4822:~1% 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