334:, who had done much to eliminate the barriers between the bulk of the Egyptian populace and the ruling elite, who were drawn largely from the military castes that had ruled Egypt for centuries. Isma'il abolished the exclusive access to the Egyptian and Sudanese military ranks by Egyptians of Balkan, Circassian, and Turkish origin. Isma'il conscripted soldiers and recruited students from throughout Egypt and Sudan regardless of class and ethnic backgrounds in order to form a "modern" and "national" Egyptian military and bureaucratic elite class. Without these reforms, ʻUrabi's rise through the ranks of the military would likely have been far more restricted.
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386:, then made under-secretary of war, and ultimately a member of the cabinet. Plans were developed to create a parliamentary assembly. During the last months of the revolt (July to September 1882), it was claimed that ʻUrabi held the office of Prime Minister of the hastily created common law government based on popular sovereignty. Feeling threatened, Khedive Tewfik requested assistance against ʻUrabi from the
638:, he consciously linked this 20th century revolution to 'Urabi's revolt against the Egyptian monarch seven decades earlier, reciting 'Urabi's words to Khedive Tewfik that the people of Egypt were "no longer inheritable" by any ruler. The new revolutionary government mimicked 'Urabi in declaring that Ismailia Square, the main public plaza in Cairo, henceforth be
354:
went to meet him, he found the entrance of ʻUrabi's house was blocked with supplicants. When
Khedive Tewfik issued a new law preventing peasants from becoming officers, ʻUrabi led the group protesting the preference shown to aristocratic officers (again, largely Egyptians of foreign descent). ʻUrabi
468:
galloping at full tilt into enemy rifle fire. Their ranks were whittled down from the saddle, but still they charged headlong, ever forward. Sir Baker
Russell commanded 7th on the right; whereas the Household was led by Colonel Ewart, c/o of the Life Guards. They captured 11 Egyptian guns. Despite
355:
repeatedly condemned severe prevalent racial discrimination of ethnic
Egyptians in the army. He and his followers, who included most of the army, were successful and the law was repealed. In 1879 they formed the Egyptian Nationalist Party in the hopes of fostering a stronger national identity.
533:
and the
Khedive Tewfik he had still responded in a manner allowed under Egyptian law and with the hopes that the khedivate remain after his intervention, thus demonstrating loyalty to the Egyptian people as required by his duties. In accordance with an understanding made with the British
759:, the second Caliph of Islam) and the Muslim governor was proven to be wrong. Umar told the non-Muslim to punish the governor in same fashion, after it Umar said: Since when have you considered people as your slaves? Although their mothers gave birth to them as free living people.
341:(1874-1876) in a support role on the Egyptian Army's lines of communication. He is said to have returned from the war - which Egypt lost - "incensed at the way in which it had been mismanaged", and the experience turned him towards politics and decisively against the Khedive.
476:
On
September 9, Urabi seized what he considered his last chance to attack the British position. A fierce battle ensued on the railway line at 7 am. General Willis sallied out from emplacements to drive back the Egyptians, who at 12 pm returned to their trenches. Thereupon
349:
He was a galvanizing speaker. Because of his peasant origins, he was at the time, and is still today, viewed as an authentic voice of the
Egyptian people. Indeed, he was known by his followers as 'El Wahid' (the Only One), and when the British poet and explorer
481:
arrived with the main force, while the
Household Cavalry guarded his flank from a force at Salanieh. A total force of 634 officers and 16,767 NCOs and men were stationed at Kassassin before they marched on September 13, 1882, towards the main objective at
469:
only half a dozen casualties, Wolseley was so concerned about the quality of his men that he wrote
Cambridge for reforms to recruiting. Nonetheless, these were the elite of the British army and, these skirmishes were costly. Legend and a poem "At
578:
While the
British intervention was meant to be a temporary state of affairs, British forces continued to occupy Egypt for decades afterwards. In 1914, fearing that the nationalist Khedive Abbas II would form an alliance with the
320:. ʻUrabi was the son of a village leader and one of the wealthier members of the community, which allowed him to receive a decent education. After completing elementary education in his home village, he enrolled at
370:. The Arab-Egyptian deputies demanded a constitution that granted the state parliamentary power. The revolt then spread to express resentment of the undue influence of foreigners, including the predominantly Turko-
362:, was primarily inspired by his desire for social justice for the Egyptians based on equal standing before the law. With the support of the peasants as well, he launched a broader effort to try to wrest Egypt and
324:
to complete his schooling in 1849. He entered the army and moved up quickly through the ranks, reaching lieutenant colonel by age 20. The modern education and military service of ʻUrabi, from a
719:, was named in honour of 'Urabi as the residents of the suburb felt a sense of solidarity with him due to the fact that they were a part of New Orleans which sought to separate from the city.
650:, who led the Revolution with Naguib and succeeded him as Prime Minister and later President, ʻUrabi would to be hailed as an Egyptian patriot and a national hero. He also inspired
1080:
2127:
538:, ʻUrabi pleaded guilty and was sentenced to death, but the sentence was immediately commuted to one of banishment for life. He left Egypt on 28 December 1882 for
417:. Therefore, they and the French dispatched warships to Egypt to prevent such an eventuality from occurring. Tewfik fled to their protection, moving his court to
1229:
570:, and remained deeply opposed to British influence in Egypt. ʻUrabi returned on 1 October 1901, and remained in Egypt until his death on 21 September 1911.
554:) is now the Orabi Pasha Cultural Center. During his time in Ceylon, ʻUrabi worked to improve the quality of education amongst the Muslims in the country.
1384:
1362:
505:. From there, the British force advanced on Cairo which surrendered without a shot being fired, as did ʻUrabi and the other nationalist leaders.
366:
from foreign control, and also to end the absolutist regime of the
Khedive, who was himself subject to European influence under the rules of the
2107:
2052:
763:"Allah has created us free, and did not make us into heritage or estate. So by Allah, the only god, we shall be bequeathed or enslaved no more"
449:
262:
906:
413:
The British were especially concerned that ʻUrabi would default on Egypt's massive debt and that he might try to gain control of the
2122:
2102:
1013:
566:, Tewfik's son and successor permitted ʻUrabi to return to Egypt. Abbas was a nationalist in the vein of his grandfather, Khedive
1072:
1377:
1263:
622:, with some historians noting that the 1881-1882 revolution laid the foundation for mass politics in Egypt. In July 1952, when
478:
755:. The reference is: Once, a governor of Egypt punished a non-Muslim wrongly. The case was brought to the caliph of time (i.e.
437:
warships in the harbor opened fire on the city's artillery emplacements after the Egyptians ignored an ultimatum from Admiral
438:
426:
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He and his allies in the army joined with the reformers in February 1882 to demand change. This revolt, also known as the
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603:. Five years later, nationalist opposition to the United Kingdom's continued dominance of Egyptian affairs sparked the
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17:
1318:
610:ʻUrabi's revolt had a profound and long-lasting impact on Egypt, surpassing even the efforts of resistance hero
2072:
1131:
775:
838:
1293:
Huffaker, Shauna. "Representations of Ahmed Urabi: Hegemony, Imperialism, and the British Press, 1881–1882."
247:, was an Egyptian military officer. He was the first political and military leader in Egypt to rise from the
2087:
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817:
1055:
Thompson, Elizabeth. "Ahmad Urabi and Nazem al- Islam Kermani: Constitutional Justice in Egypt and Iran,"
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and the cultivated Delta. Both attacks were repulsed. The Household Cavalry under the command of General
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269:
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200:
529:, ʻUrabi's defense stressed the idea that despite the fact that he had been illegally incarcerated by
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In September a British army landed in Alexandria but failed to reach Cairo after being checked at the
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558:, Sri Lanka's first school for Muslims was established on 15 November 1884 and after eight years
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330:, or peasant background, would not have been possible without the modernising reforms of Khedive
1780:
1770:
1462:
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896:
607:, prompting the British to formally recognise Egypt as an independent sovereign state in 1922.
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Buzpinar, S. Tufan. "The Repercussions of the British Occupation of Egypt on Syria, 1882–83".
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force was attacked by the Egyptians, led by 'Urabi. They needed to carve a passage through
421:. The strong naval presence spurred fears of an imminent invasion (as had been the case in
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110:
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that had been destroyed by the Ottomans in 1517 was re-established, with Hussein Kamel as
8:
1635:
1317:
American University in Cairo, Rare Books and Special Collections Library (July 6, 1882),
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501:, landed in the Canal Zone and on 13 September 1882 they defeated ʻUrabi's army at the
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headed a government in rebellion, July–September 1882, beginning during Raghib's term
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Justice Interrupted: The Struggle for Constitutional Government in the Middle East
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Among the mutinous soldiers on that occasion was a fellah officer calling himself
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562:, was established on 22 August 1892 under his patronage. In May 1901, Khedive
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587:, the British administration in Egypt deposed him in favour of his uncle,
253:(peasantry). Urabi participated in an 1879 mutiny that developed into the
1920:
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A History of the British Cavalry 1816-1919: Volume 3: 1872-1898, Volume 3
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910:. Vol. 9 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 114.
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for rebellion on 3 December 1882. He was defended by British solicitor
292:. ʻUrabi and his allies were sentenced by Tewfik into exile far away in
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which led to the capture of ʻUrabi and his allies and the imposition of
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on 12 June 1882. The French fleet was recalled to France, while the
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591:. The legal fiction of Ottoman sovereignty was terminated, and the
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and have an important role in the cultural life of Ireland – was
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276:'s military and civil administrations, but the demonstrations in
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753:"How can you enslave people when their mothers bore them free?"
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390:, to whom Egypt and Sudan still owed technical fealty. The
272:. He was promoted to Tewfik's cabinet and began reforms of
599:. No longer an Ottoman vassal state, Egypt was declared a
308:
He was born in 1841 in the village of Hirriyat Razna near
383:
742:, Sri Lanka, is home to the Orabi Pasha Cultural Centre.
998:
The Secret History of the English Occupation in Egypt
684:'s Al Mohandessin district has a main street and its
1182:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013. 69.
736:, has an Orabi Pasha Street in its central district.
374:
aristocracy from other parts of the Ottoman Empire.
239:; 31 March 1841 – 21 September 1911), also known as
1265:
That exile from Egypt who inspired many Sri Lankans
2128:Prisoners sentenced to death by the United Kingdom
1268:, Kandy Times, March 2008. Accessed 17 June 2021.
2029:
473:", say the battle began as it was getting dark.
1320:Alexandria Bombardment of 1882 Photograph Album
618:. It would later play a very important role in
1201:. Vol. 1. London: Macmillan. p. 336.
460:led the "Moonlight Charge", consisting of the
316:, approximately 80 kilometres to the north of
1378:
931:"The Conflict of East and West in Egypt. II"
816:. London: Hurst and Blackett, Ltd. pp.
726:has a coastal road named Ahmed Orabi Street.
630:, addressed crowds of supporters in Cairo's
234:
890:
786:(1882), a pamphlet (originally a letter to
1385:
1371:
845:, from album showing Alexandria after the
626:, one of the two principal leaders of the
444:The Battle of Kassassin was fought at the
51:
1247:"That exile from Egypt who inspired many"
1125:
1123:
1108:. London,: A. Constable. pp. 676–679
344:
1244:
1129:
803:
614:in its significance as an expression of
401:
394:hesitated in responding to the request.
78:1 July 1882 – 13 September 1882
1073:"The Battle of Kassassin, Egyptian War"
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14:
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1998:
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583:against the United Kingdom during the
377:
261:, which was under the influence of an
224:
2108:Egyptian prisoners sentenced to death
2053:19th-century prime ministers of Egypt
1366:
1216:. Karunaratne & Sons. p. 34.
1130:Anglesey, Lord (September 14, 1993).
1083:from the original on October 25, 2016
1051:
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1047:
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847:British naval bombardment of the city
809:
486:where another battle was fought, the
1976:
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1245:Udumbara, Udugama (March 2, 2008).
1136:. Pen and Sword. pp. 283–307.
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24:
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1986:
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1105:The story of the Household Cavalry
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616:nationalistic sentiments in Egypt
513:ʻUrabi was tried by the restored
2008:
1978:
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792:newspaper) in support of ʻUrabi.
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2123:Egyptian independence activists
2103:People from Sharqia Governorate
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1257:
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1205:
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853:website, accessed 27 June 2021.
774:The earliest published work of
546:). His home in Halloluwa Road,
448:, when on August 28, 1882, the
1988:
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969:
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776:Isabella Augusta, Lady Gregory
257:against the administration of
27:Prime Minister of Egypt (1882)
13:
1:
1012:McGrath, Cam (October 2004).
796:
550:(formerly owned by Mudaliyar
382:ʻUrabi was first promoted to
303:
2010:
1295:Victorian Periodicals Review
1280:, Volume No. 4, Page No. 455
1163:Obituary for Richard Eve in
1001:. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
851:American University in Cairo
7:
1214:The Desoyas of Alfred House
1102:Arthur, Sir George (1909).
935:Political Science Quarterly
702:'s emblem bears his picture
694:'s main square contains an
661:
628:Egyptian Revolution of 1952
605:Egyptian Revolution of 1919
556:Hameed Al Husseinie College
368:Caisse de la Dette Publique
10:
2144:
2093:People of the Urabi revolt
2068:Defence ministers of Egypt
2063:Al-Azhar University alumni
995:Blunt, Wilfred S. (1922).
929:Bowen, John Eliot (1886).
839:Portrait of "'Uraby Pasha"
523:Alexander Meyrick Broadley
1969:
1799:
1614:
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1416:
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894:; Cana, Frank R. (1911).
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337:ʻUrabi served during the
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871:Encyclopaedia Britannica
768:
666:
646:). During the tenure of
634:on the toppling of King
495:Battle of Kafr El Dawwar
290:British control in Egypt
226:[ˈæħmædʕoˈɾɑːbi]
42:
1345:Prime Minister of Egypt
1227:Egypt state information
1077:UK National Army Museum
1059:(Harvard, 2013), 61–88.
907:Encyclopædia Britannica
897:"Egypt § History"
810:Royle, Charles (1900).
784:Arabi and His Household
568:Isma'il the Magnificent
503:Battle of Tell El Kebir
497:. Another army, led by
488:Battle of Tell El Kebir
67:Prime Minister of Egypt
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345:Protest against Tewfik
339:Ethiopian-Egyptian War
201:Egyptian–Ethiopian War
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1355:Muhammad Sharif Pasha
1297:45.4 (2012): 375-405.
1232:May 25, 2007, at the
1178:Thompson, Elizabeth.
1169:, 11 July 1900, pg 93
406:ʻUrabi surrenders to
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1308:Works by Ahmed Urabi
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427:anti-Christian riots
398:British intervention
111:Mohamed Sherif Pasha
2088:People from Zagazig
2058:19th-century rebels
1057:Justice Interrupted
1024:on January 8, 2011.
778:– later to embrace
757:Umar ibn ul Khattab
686:underground station
652:political activists
499:Sir Garnet Wolseley
479:Sir Garnet Wolseley
378:Parliament planning
322:Al-Azhar University
314:Sharqia Governorate
282:British bombardment
280:of 1882 prompted a
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36:Ahmed ʻUrabi Pasha
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446:Sweet Water Canal
441:to remove them.
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1036:Secret History
1027:
1014:"Far and Away"
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941:(3): 449–490.
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902:Chisholm, Hugh
883:
867:"ʿUrābī Pasha"
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388:Ottoman Sultan
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1836:Z. Mohieddin
1343:
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1198:Modern Egypt
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1149:November 21,
1147:. Retrieved
1132:
1112:November 21,
1110:. Retrieved
1104:
1097:
1087:November 21,
1085:. Retrieved
1076:
1056:
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1030:
1022:the original
1017:
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981:
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914:Ahmed Ourabi
913:
911:
905:
886:
874:. Retrieved
870:
834:
822:. Retrieved
812:
805:
787:
783:
762:
752:
677:Orabi Square
643:
609:
577:
512:
492:
475:
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412:
381:
357:
348:
336:
325:
307:
248:
244:
241:Ahmed Ourabi
240:
220:
219:
197:Battles/wars
154:(1911-09-21)
106:Succeeded by
99:Raghib Pasha
87:Tewfik Pasha
73:
29:
18:Ahmed ‘Urabi
2043:1911 deaths
2038:1841 births
1731:Ahmad Maher
1619:(1922–1953)
1579:(1914–1922)
1421:(1878–1914)
1251:Kandy Times
1018:Egypt Today
717:New Orleans
612:Omar Makram
531:Riyad Pasha
519:Richard Eve
245:Orabi Pasha
221:Ahmed Urabi
94:Preceded by
2032:Categories
1636:Y. Ibrahim
1166:The Sphere
797:References
724:Gaza Strip
673:Alexandria
654:living in
435:Royal Navy
431:Alexandria
425:) causing
419:Alexandria
415:Suez Canal
372:Circassian
304:Early life
298:punishment
278:Alexandria
270:consortium
236:أحمد عرابي
174:Allegiance
132:1841-03-31
44:أحمد عرابي
1786:Aly Maher
1766:Aly Maher
1711:Aly Maher
1696:Aly Maher
1463:Elbaroudi
955:0032-3195
789:The Times
734:Sri Lanka
544:Sri Lanka
515:Khedivate
471:Kassassin
74:In office
1961:Madbouly
1936:Ganzouri
1911:Ganzouri
1856:A. Sedky
1831:A. Sabry
1746:Nokrashy
1736:Nokrashy
1716:H. Sabry
1686:A. Yahya
1641:Zaghloul
1230:Archived
1195:(1908).
1081:Archived
849:(1882).
824:June 27,
662:Tributes
564:Abbas II
464:and 7th
454:Ismailia
286:invasion
250:fellahin
1983:interim
1946:Beblawi
1886:Mubarak
1841:Soliman
1706:Mahmoud
1666:Mahmoud
1433:Isma'il
1034:Blunt,
963:2139362
904:(ed.).
876:June 9,
730:Colombo
692:Zagazig
450:British
439:Seymour
332:Isma'il
312:in the
310:Zagazig
139:Zagazig
83:Monarch
2018:period
1956:Ismail
1951:Mahlab
1941:Qandil
1931:Sharaf
1926:Shafik
1876:Khalil
1866:Hegazy
1846:Nasser
1826:Nasser
1821:Naguib
1816:Nasser
1811:Naguib
1791:Naguib
1781:Hilaly
1771:Hilaly
1691:Naseem
1656:Sarwat
1646:Zeiwar
1631:Naseem
1626:Sarwat
1601:Naseem
1586:Roshdy
1523:Roshdy
1493:Fakhry
1473:Sherif
1468:Raghib
1458:Sherif
1448:Tewfik
1443:Sherif
1438:Tewfik
1140:
961:
953:
747:Quotes
707:Abroad
656:Ceylon
636:Farouk
597:Sultan
574:Legacy
540:Ceylon
327:fellah
267:French
231:Arabic
1994:Urabi
1973:Notes
1921:Nazif
1916:Ebeid
1901:Lotfy
1881:Sadat
1871:Salem
1861:Sadat
1851:Fawzi
1776:Sirri
1761:Nahas
1756:Sirri
1741:Sidky
1726:Nahas
1721:Sirri
1701:Nahas
1681:Sidky
1676:Nahas
1671:Yakan
1661:Nahas
1651:Yakan
1606:Yakan
1596:Wahba
1513:Ghaly
1508:Fahmi
1503:Nobar
1488:Fahmi
1478:Nobar
1428:Nobar
1405:Egypt
1040:p.101
959:JSTOR
900:. In
769:Notes
740:Kandy
732:'a ,
682:Cairo
667:Egypt
548:Kandy
542:(now
364:Sudan
318:Cairo
274:Egypt
263:Anglo
182:Egypt
159:Cairo
1751:Hady
1591:Said
1518:Said
1498:Riaz
1483:Riaz
1453:Riaz
1409:List
1151:2016
1138:ISBN
1114:2016
1089:2016
951:ISSN
878:2020
826:2021
722:The
521:and
284:and
187:Rank
149:Died
126:Born
2016:UAR
1896:Aly
1403:of
1310:at
943:doi
841:by
818:601
675:'s
384:Bey
243:or
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2011:^4
2001:^3
1989:^2
1979:^1
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1122:^
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223:(
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130:(
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