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fortify the various forts and towers with additional guns until
Admiral Seymour issued an ultimatum to 'Urabi's forces to stop fortifying or the British fleet would bombard the city. That same day, the French Admiral Conrad, had informed Seymour that in the event of British bombardment, the French fleet would depart for
482:
and four gunboats arrived in
Alexandria. By 5 June, six more warships had entered Alexandria harbour and more cruised off the coast. The reasons that the British government sent warships to Alexandria is an object of historical debate, with arguments proposed that it was to protect the Suez Canal and
437:
Due to the excessive spending of the
Egyptian Government under the ambitious Khedive, Britain purchased the Khedive's shares of the Suez Canal company in 1875, thus becoming a substantial partner, owning 40% of the total share issue. French and British concern over Egypt's mounting debts led to the
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It has been estimated that as many as 30 percent of the shells fired by the Royal Navy missed their targets and landed in the city itself, causing death and injury among the inhabitants, damaging or destroying many buildings, and starting fires which spread over the following days. This damage was
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By 4:00 p.m. a fire had broken out on shore, and by evening the fire had engulfed the wealthiest quarter of
Alexandria, the area predominantly inhabited by Europeans. The fire raged for the next two days before it burned itself out. Admiral Seymour, unsure of the situation in the city, didn't
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to commence firing at the Ras El Tin fortifications followed by the general order to attack the enemy's batteries. According to Royle, " steady cannonade was maintained by the attacking and defending forces, and for the next few hours the roar of the guns and the shrieks of passing shot and shell
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began in
Alexandria. The city's European residents fled and the Egyptian 'Urabist army began fortifying and arming the harbour. An ultimatum to cease this build-up being refused, the British fleet began a 10½-hour bombardment of the city without French assistance. Historians argue about whether
502:
The reaction by
European countries to the disturbance was swift. As refugees fled Alexandria, a flotilla of over 26 ships belonging to most of the countries of Europe gathered in the harbour. By 6 July nearly every non-Egyptian had evacuated Alexandria. Meanwhile, the garrison had continued to
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The presence of the foreign fleet exacerbated the tensions in
Alexandria between the nationalist forces and the large foreign and Christian population. On 11 and 12 June ferocious riots erupted, possibly started by 'Urabi's supporters but also blamed upon the Khedive himself as a
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I find a man prowling about my house with obviously felonious purposes. I hasten to get locks and bars, and to barricade my windows. He says that is an insult and threat to him, and he batters down my doors, and declares that he does so only as an act of strict
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financiers. He was joined in the show of force by a French flotilla as well. The move provided some security to the khedive, who withdrew his court to the now-protected port, but strengthened 'Urabi's nationalists within the army and throughout the remainder of
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focused their fire on the remaining eastern forts until, at 5:15, the general order to cease fire was issued. The
Egyptians, both outmanned and outgunned, had used their firepower to good effect, but the outcome of the bombardment had never been in doubt. The
430:. During the excavation of the canal so many Egyptian workers died that it became common in the collective memory of Egyptians to say that Egyptian blood ran in the canal before the water of the seas. The canal cut sailing time from Britain to
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British sailors and marines landed and attempted to take control of the blackened ruins of the city and prevent the looting, while propping up the
Khedive's shaky government. Eventually order was restored, and a month later General
784:
in the Rare Books and
Special Collections Digital Library. This digital library was established in the fall of 2011 and the photographs of the Bombardment of Alexandria were compiled between June and August 2012.
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blew up the magazine of Fort Adda, and those batteries ceased firing. At about this time, the British fleet began to run short of ammunition. However, nearly all of the guns from Fort Adda west were silenced. HMS
446:. Egyptian nationalism was sparked and, after a revolt by Egyptian troops in 1881, complete control of the government was held by 'Urabi Pasha by February 1882. The rebellion expressed resentment of foreigners.
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opened fire, and the battery raised the flag of truce at 10:48 a.m. Very soon an Egyptian boat set out to the flagship bearing the flag of truce, and a cease-fire was ordered. By 2:50 p.m., HMS
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was within range of the guns at Fort Marabout, sailed to within 1,200 feet of the fort and began furiously firing at the fort. When Fort Marabout's guns were disabled, the flagship signaled "Well Done,
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were alone audible." The attack was carried out by the off-shore squadron as it was underway, the ships turning from time to time to keep up the barrage. This was not entirely effective and by 9:40,
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to discuss reestablishing the power of the Khedive and an Anglo-French fleet was ordered to the port of Alexandria. The Egyptians began reinforcing and upgrading their fortifications and the British
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signaled that the negotiations had failed and the bombardment was to resume. Still, most of the forts flew white flags and an irregular cannonade by the British fleet began.
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After that the Urabi revolt was put down. Egypt came under partial British military occupation and significant governmental supervision (including as an outright British
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exacerbated by panic, looting and arson, while many buildings rendered unsafe by the bombardment were subsequently demolished by the British during their occupation.
608:(Beresford) went to her assistance and she was refloated and resumed the attack on the Mex fort. While the off-shore squadron was engaging the forts at long-range,
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with British Admiral Seymour, who was ashore at the time, narrowly escaping the mob. Upon learning of the riot, 'Urabi ordered his forces to restore order.
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anchored off the Lighthouse Fort and concentrated their now-stationary batteries on Ras El Tin. The fort battery was able to score hits, particularly on
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created an album of fifty pages showing the changes in Alexandria from start to finish of this attack. These photos can now be found online at
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land any troops to take control of the city or fight the fire. It was not until 14 July that British marines and sailors landed in Alexandria.
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The ultimatum, which was ignored amid denials of the defensive works by the Egyptian governor, was set to expire at 7:00 am on 11 July.
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was dispatched into the harbour flying flags saying she was carrying a message from the Egyptian government to the city defenders.
1429:
Brook, Peter; Beasecker, Robert; Lee, Anthony J. & Millar, Steve (2001). "Question 39/00: British Bombardment of Alexandria".
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prevent anarchy, and other arguments claiming that it was to protect the interests of British investors with assets in Egypt (see
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was the flagship of the Mediterranean fleet, but at the Bombardment of Alexandria, Admiral Seymour transferred his flag to HMS
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splitting its broadsides between Ras El Tin and Mex) and was causing damage to Mex when she grounded on a reef. The gunboat
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landed a large force of British troops in Alexandria as a staging location for attacking 'Urabi near the Suez Canal at the
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Admiral Seymour exaggerated the threat from the Egyptian batteries at Alexandria in order to force the hand of a reluctant
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reconnoitred the forts and discovered that the Hospital battery had reconstituted its defences. At 10:30 a.m.,
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Hopkins, A. G. (1986). "The Victorians and Africa: A Reconsideration of the Occupation of Egypt, 1882".
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449:'Urabi organized a militia and marched on Alexandria. Meanwhile, the European powers gathered in
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operation. Over 50 Europeans and 125 Egyptians were killed in the fracas that began near
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were ordered into close engagements with the forts at Maza El Kanat and Fort Marabout.
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On 20 May 1882, the combined Anglo-French fleet, consisting of the British battleship
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to restore the authority of the khedive. Egypt remained under British influence until
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Plan of the Bombardment showing the locations of British ships during 11 July.
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Empires of the Sand: The Struggle for Mastery in the Middle East, 1789–1923
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Large sections of Alexandria destroyed in bombardment and subsequent fires
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Gibbs, Jay (2003). "Question 39/00: British Bombardment of Alexandria".
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Photo in Alexandria after the bombardment and fire of 11–13 July 1882.
1491:"The Ruined Egyptian City; The Dreadful Scenes Enacted in Alexandria"
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Alexandria after the bombardment of 1882, French consulate, in ruins
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erroneously reported that the Egyptian forts had sunk three ships.
392:. Once the British had attacked the city, they then proceeded to a
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1532:– via Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library,
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from 1914-22) and remained under British domination through the
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100-150 killed, 250-350 wounded (Egyptian Army official figures)
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The bombardment was described in disparaging terms by British
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against his administration and its close ties to British and
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to attack Fort Adda, which she did with the assistance of
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had joined the attack and the fort's guns were silenced.
1386:. AUC Rare Books and Special Collections Digital Library
1333:"Fiorillo, Luigi | Armenian Photography Foundation"
1243:. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. p. 409.
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At 7:00 a.m. on 11 July Admiral Seymour aboard HMS
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Famous Fighters of the Fleet, Edward Fraser, 1904, .293
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A Tidy Little War: The British Invasion of Egypt, 1882
1191:"'Well Done "Condor"': The Bombardment of Alexandria"
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British ships shelling Alexandria by a French artist.
1172:. London: Hurst and Blackett, Ltd. pp. 60-113 (
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ordered ships to be temporarily dispatched from the
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19th-century military history of the United Kingdom
649:s action allowed the ships to finish off Fort Mex.
355:ships which had previously sailed to the harbor of
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1530:"Alexandria Bombardment of 1882 photograph album"
1414:. House of Commons. 25 July 1882. col. 1778.
442:over Egypt which was still nominally part of the
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538:A view of the bombardment by an artist in Cairo.
1384:Alexandria Bombardment of 1882 Photograph Album
434:by weeks and Britain's interest in Egypt grew.
232:600–700 killed (British and American estimates)
507:and would not participate in the bombardment.
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16:1882 battle of the Anglo-Egyptian War
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1380:"Portrait of Khedive Taufik Pasha"
1169:The Egyptian Campaigns (1882–1885)
1088:List of conflicts in the Near East
664:. At 1:30, a lucky shell from HMS
237:Unknown number of civilians killed
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1510:"Threatened Hostilities in Egypt"
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1411:Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)
1220:. New York, St. Martin's Press.
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400:, with the last British troops
339:took place on 11–13 July 1882.
1561:Military history of Alexandria
1483:Bombardment of Alexandria 1882
1355:"Exhibitions: British Battles"
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1266:The Journal of African History
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1556:Naval battles involving Egypt
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1193:. National Maritime Museum
1111:. Spellmount. p. 101.
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26:Bombardment of Alexandria
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1528:Fiorillo, Luigi (1882).
1107:Wright, William (2009).
390:Gladstone administration
1237:; Karsh, Inari (1999).
1166:Royle, Charles (1900).
1126:Tidy Little War, p. 101
771:Battle of Tell El Kebir
485:1882 Anglo-Egyptian War
1212:Blake, Robert (1967).
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408:Background (1869–1882)
151:Commanders and leaders
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92:31.19972°N 29.87111°E
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278:Anglo-Egyptian War
97:31.19972; 29.87111
33:Anglo-Egyptian War
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1026:Citadel of El Max
418:In 1869, Khedive
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1458:(4): 304–305.
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414:'Urabi Revolt
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24:
19:
1518:, retrieved
1513:
1499:, retrieved
1494:
1475:
1455:
1451:
1434:
1430:
1423:Bibliography
1409:
1400:
1388:. Retrieved
1383:
1374:
1362:. Retrieved
1349:
1337:. Retrieved
1327:
1319:
1302:
1269:
1265:
1259:
1239:
1215:
1207:
1197:24 September
1195:. Retrieved
1168:
1125:
1108:
1102:
1046:Fort Kamaria
1012:
1004:
996:
988:
980:
965:
950:
943:Torpedo boat
935:
927:
919:
911:
903:
895:
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863:
842:
829:
825:
806:Protectorate
803:
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787:
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763:
759:
712:
707:
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656:signaled to
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541:
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489:
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471:
467:
448:
436:
417:
368:Ahmed 'Urabi
364:Tewfik Pasha
341:
325:
323:
290:
198:torpedo boat
187:
176:Ahmed 'Urabi
120:Belligerents
31:Part of the
18:
1520:11 November
1501:11 November
872:Battleships
590:Meanwhile,
440:condominium
193:battleships
95: /
1545:Categories
1272:(2): 375.
1094:References
1041:Fort Agami
973:Gunvessels
928:Invincible
912:Inflexible
830:Invincible
703:Inflexible
686:newspaper
675:Inflexible
658:Invincible
635:Invincible
599:Invincible
585:Inflexible
551:Invincible
493:false flag
472:Invincible
424:Suez Canal
357:Alexandria
350:Royal Navy
291:Alexandria
227:27 wounded
83:29°52′16″E
80:31°11′59″N
67:Alexandria
1464:0043-0374
1443:0043-0374
1294:162732269
1036:Fort Adda
1011:HMS
1003:HMS
995:HMS
987:HMS
979:HMS
964:HMS
949:HMS
904:Temeraire
880:Alexandra
864:Alexandra
862:HMS
843:Temeraire
826:Alexandra
756:Aftermath
699:Temeraire
695:Temeraire
679:Temeraire
662:Temeraire
594:Temeraire
581:Alexandra
577:Alexandra
557:Alexandra
555:HMS
505:Port Said
470:HMS
306:Kassassin
1322:, p. 107
1318:Wright,
1216:Disraeli
1124:Wright,
1082:See also
936:Penelope
622:and HMS
619:Penelope
575:and HMS
353:ironclad
225:6 killed
208:gunboats
188:British:
182:Strength
62:Location
1435:XXXVIII
981:Bittern
966:Helicon
920:Monarch
839:One of
708:Bittern
688:El Taif
642:." The
612:Monarch
361:khedive
343:Admiral
334:British
332:by the
203:steamer
1462:
1441:
1390:4 July
1364:4 July
1339:4 July
1292:
1286:181140
1284:
1247:
1005:Cygnet
997:Condor
989:Beacon
896:Sultan
888:Superb
858:rifles
671:Superb
666:Superb
654:Sultan
644:Condor
640:Condor
631:Condor
624:Condor
605:Condor
572:Superb
565:Sultan
514:Battle
475:, the
376:French
108:Result
1290:S2CID
1282:JSTOR
1013:Decoy
951:Hecla
846:'
684:Cairo
647:'
463:Malta
432:India
381:Egypt
366:amid
330:Egypt
214:forts
145:Egypt
71:Egypt
1522:2009
1503:2009
1460:ISSN
1439:ISSN
1392:2015
1366:2015
1341:2015
1245:ISBN
1199:2013
934:HMS
926:HMS
918:HMS
910:HMS
902:HMS
894:HMS
886:HMS
878:HMS
841:HMS
824:HMS
701:and
677:and
629:HMS
617:HMS
610:HMS
603:HMS
592:HMS
570:HMS
563:HMS
398:1952
324:The
54:Date
1274:doi
1174:606
487:).
461:to
370:'s
328:in
212:11
1547::
1512:,
1493:,
1456:XL
1454:.
1433:.
1408:.
1382:.
1357:.
1311:^
1288:.
1280:.
1270:27
1268:.
1226:^
1182:^
1176:).
1132:^
1117:^
860:.
812:.
795::
790:MP
773:.
673:,
615:,
568:,
404:.
206:5
201:1
196:1
191:9
69:,
1536:.
1466:.
1445:.
1394:.
1368:.
1343:.
1296:.
1276::
1253:.
1201:.
848:s
268:e
261:t
254:v
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