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Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah

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1015: 405:("of Oran") that appeared in the text as part of his name. The fatwa instructed the Muslims in Spain about how to secretly practice Islam, and granted comprehensive dispensations for them to publicly conform to Christianity and perform acts normally forbidden in Islam when necessary to survive. The fatwa, while reaffirming the orthodox obligation of all Muslims, sets out detailed relaxations of the 365:(in today's Morocco), not Oran, at the time of the fatwa's composition, and likely penned it there. His name did not appear in the list of official muftis of Fez, so it is likely that the fatwa was not issued in any official capacity, but as a private mufti issuing a legal opinion 409:
requirements for the benefit of the persecuted Muslims of Spain. The fatwa allowed for outwardly conforming to Christianity and performing acts that are ordinarily forbidden in Islamic law when necessary to survive, while maintaining internal convictions against such acts.
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His various names, and the various renditions and combinations that appear in various manuscripts and transliterations, have given rise to occasional confusions. The renditions that appeared include: "Ahmed ben Juma'a", "Ubaydallah Ahmed Ben Bu Jumu'ah", "Ahmad
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Because of his authorship of the Oran fatwa, he has frequently been referred to as "the Mufti of Oran", suggesting that he wrote the fatwa there and he had some sort of official authority as a
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translations was dated at 1564, 60 years after the original fatwa. The fatwa has been described as the "key theological document" to understand the practice of Spanish Muslims following the
335: 441:("The Epitome of Epitomes of Competence and Explanation, on What Arises Between Teachers and the Fathers of Boys"), a treatise on elementary education while in Tlemcen. 190:
His name was given in various forms and rendition, both by surviving manuscripts of his works and by modern scholars. His full name is made up of several names:
240:, while agreeing that al-Maghrawi must be a toponymic, instead argued that it refers to Maghrawah, an area in north-western Algeria. While an opinion, argued by 174:
when necessary to survive. Because of his authorship of the fatwa he is often referred to as "the Mufti of Oran", although he likely issued the fatwa in
1014: 229: 1588: 1464: 369:. In theory, any competent Islamic jurist could issue a fatwa, although normally it carries less weight than ones from an official mufti. 1252: 943: 1781: 1766: 350:
in 1504, likely when he was in Fez. He died in Fez in 3 June 1511. His son, Muhammad Shaqrun would also become an Islamic scholar.
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from the end of the fifteenth century until his death. He was identified as the author of the 1504 fatwa commonly named the
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There are several contradicting theories about his birth and childhood. He may have been born in Oran, then part of the
1761: 896: 691: 1641: 1623: 1370: 1352: 936: 1718: 1199: 224:, a name signifying place of origin or tribal affiliation. Its meaning is contested. An opinion, argued by 1635: 1529: 1523: 1047: 1570: 1004: 417:(Muslims nominally converted to Christianity and their descendants) in Spain, and one of the surviving 1771: 1713: 1629: 1287: 1141: 1035: 426: 1723: 1708: 929: 1429: 1387: 1323: 1240: 1135: 1505: 1482: 1094: 885:"The Identity of "the Muftī of Oran", Abū l-'Abbās Aḥmad b. Abī Jum'ah al-Maghrāwī al-Wahrānī" 675: 292:
Abu Jumu'ah", "Obaydala Ahmed Abenabigiomoa", "Ubayd Allah al-Wahrani" and "Ahmad Bu Jum'a".
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Jami' Jawami' al-Ikhtisar wa al-Tibyan fima ya'rudu bayna al-mu'allimin wa aba al-sibyan
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and had a teaching position. At some point (estimated to be around 1493), he moved to
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name that means "the little servant of God", and was likely added as a pious formula.
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tribal confederation. Some opinions also say that he was a native of Spain, born in
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al-Wahrani is another nisba, which means "of Oran", referring to the city of
236:", implying that he was a Spanish Muslim who had later fled to North Africa. 401:. The name "Oran fatwa" itself was given by modern scholars due to the name 307:, or in the nearby region of Maghrawah. In either way, he was presumably of 1676: 1606: 1364: 1358: 1228: 1169: 1082: 1076: 362: 343: 241: 194: 175: 167: 166:, and granting comprehensive dispensations for them to publicly conform to 163: 85: 61: 1682: 1317: 1157: 1088: 1070: 422: 327: 151: 1558: 1511: 1417: 1305: 1293: 1281: 1234: 1187: 1181: 1117: 969: 964: 398: 383: 347: 279: 159: 109: 460: 346:
and obtained a salaried position as a professor of law. He issued the
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In some of the manuscripts the name "Ubaydallah" is also added, a
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and he did not have any official capacity in either city.
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Scholars of other Sunni Islamic schools of jurisprudence
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Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah al-Maghrawi al-Wahrani
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Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah al-Maghrawi al-Wahrani
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He studied in Oran in his early years, then moved to
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Michael R.T. Dumper; Bruce E. Stanley, eds. (2007),
655: 338:, a well-known Islamic scholar. In Tlemcen he wrote 536: 326:, the nearest major capital to get an education in 197:al-Abbas, meaning "father of al-Abbas", possibly a 858: 413:The fatwa enjoyed wide currency among Muslims and 1738: 162:, instructing the Muslims in Spain about how to 937: 667: 944: 930: 680:Cities of the Middle East and North Africa 904: 144:أبو العباس احمد بن جمعة المغراوي الوهراني 397:commonly named by modern scholar as the 879: 841: 817: 802: 787: 763: 748: 736: 724: 705: 649: 637: 622: 605: 586: 574: 559: 530: 518: 503: 16:Maliki scholar of Islamic law (d. 1511) 1739: 1330:Taqi al-Din Muhammad ibn Ahmad al-Fasi 856: 829: 775: 661: 547: 340:Jami' Jawami' al-Ikhtisar wa al-Tibyan 213:ibn (or bin) Abi (or Abu) Jum'ah is a 925: 146:) (died 3 June 1511) was an Algerian 953:Muslim scholars of the Maliki school 260: 143: 13: 14: 1793: 897:Spanish National Research Council 1013: 989:(founder of the school; 711–795) 1782:16th-century Muslim theologians 1767:15th-century Muslim theologians 906:10.3989/alqantara.2006.v27.i2.2 865:. University of Chicago Press. 850: 861:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614 432: 1: 1777:16th-century Moroccan writers 1642:Muhammad ibn 'Alawi al-Maliki 1624:Muhammad al-'Arabi al-Tabbani 857:Harvey, L. P. (16 May 2005). 844:, pp. 275, 276–277, 296. 473: 377: 217:, meaning "son of Abu Jum'ah" 210:is presumably his given name. 170:and performing acts normally 478: 361:noted that he was active in 336:Muhammad ibn Yusuf al-Sanusi 295: 7: 1636:Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur 1048:Ahmad ibn Abi Bakr al-Zuhri 444: 311:origin and belonged to the 244:held that it means "of the 10: 1798: 1757:16th-century Berber people 1752:15th-century Berber people 1353:Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi 1011: 381: 1703: 1651: 1630:Mohamed Fadhel Ben Achour 1616: 1545: 1498: 1439: 1380: 1339: 1268: 1209: 1150: 1110: 1063: 1036:Yahya ibn Yahya al-Laythi 1022: 979: 959: 427:expulsion of the Moriscos 388:He is best known for the 125: 115: 105: 95: 78: 68: 54: 33: 28: 21: 1762:Algerian Maliki scholars 372: 129:Professor of Islamic law 1388:Ali ibn Qasim al-Zaqqaq 232:said that it means "of 185: 164:secretly practice Islam 42:in the municipality of 1371:Ibn Hilal al-Sijilmasi 682:, Santa Barbara, USA: 1536:Al-Qasim al-Sijilmasi 1176:Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi 23:Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah 1689:Muhammad al-Yaqoubi 1665:Abdallah bin Bayyah 1577:Abdullahi dan Fodio 1489:Muhammad al-Zurqani 1095:Qadi 'Abd al-Wahhab 708:, pp. 295–296. 652:, pp. 270–271. 625:, pp. 271–272. 562:, pp. 297–298. 451:Ahmad al-Wansharisi 334:. He studied under 1601:Ahmed Harrak Srifi 1530:Al-Tawudi ibn Suda 686:(published 2008), 305:kingdom of Tlemcen 172:forbidden in Islam 48:Kingdom of Tlemcen 1732: 1731: 1695:Rashid Al Marikhi 1524:M'Hamed Al-Azhari 1477:Al-Rahman al-Fasi 1101:Abu Imran al-Fasi 1054:Ibn 'Abd al-Hakam 1030:Asad ibn al-Furat 872:978-0-226-31963-6 220:al-Maghrawi is a 133: 132: 1789: 1772:People from Oran 1553:Ahmad ibn 'Ajiba 1471:Al-Qadir al-Fasi 1288:Khalil ibn-Ishaq 1124:Ibn 'Abd al-Barr 1017: 946: 939: 932: 923: 922: 918: 908: 876: 864: 845: 839: 833: 827: 821: 815: 806: 800: 791: 785: 779: 773: 767: 761: 752: 746: 740: 734: 728: 722: 709: 703: 697: 696: 671: 665: 659: 653: 647: 641: 635: 626: 620: 609: 603: 590: 584: 578: 572: 563: 557: 551: 545: 534: 528: 522: 516: 507: 501: 359:Devin J. Stewart 266: 262: 238:Devin J. Stewart 154:, active in the 145: 116:Other names 19: 18: 1797: 1796: 1792: 1791: 1790: 1788: 1787: 1786: 1737: 1736: 1733: 1728: 1699: 1647: 1612: 1595:Salim al-Bishri 1583:Muhammad 'Ilish 1571:Al-Hajj al-Fasi 1565:Usman dan Fodio 1541: 1494: 1435: 1376: 1335: 1264: 1205: 1146: 1106: 1059: 1018: 1009: 975: 955: 950: 873: 853: 848: 840: 836: 828: 824: 816: 809: 801: 794: 786: 782: 774: 770: 762: 755: 747: 743: 735: 731: 723: 712: 704: 700: 694: 672: 668: 660: 656: 648: 644: 636: 629: 621: 612: 604: 593: 585: 581: 573: 566: 558: 554: 546: 537: 529: 525: 517: 510: 502: 485: 481: 476: 447: 435: 386: 380: 375: 298: 264: 226:Mikel de Epalza 215:patronymic name 188: 120: 106:Notable work(s) 88: 64: 59: 50: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 1795: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1774: 1769: 1764: 1759: 1754: 1749: 1730: 1729: 1727: 1726: 1721: 1716: 1711: 1704: 1701: 1700: 1698: 1697: 1692: 1686: 1680: 1674: 1671:Ahmed el-Tayeb 1668: 1662: 1659:Othman Battikh 1655: 1653: 1649: 1648: 1646: 1645: 1639: 1633: 1627: 1620: 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Devin 877: 871: 852: 849: 847: 846: 834: 822: 820:, p. 266. 807: 805:, p. 265. 792: 790:, p. 298. 780: 768: 766:, p. 273. 753: 751:, p. 277. 741: 739:, p. 295. 729: 727:, p. 297. 710: 698: 692: 666: 654: 642: 640:, p. 272. 627: 610: 608:, p. 271. 591: 589:, p. 276. 579: 577:, p. 270. 564: 552: 535: 533:, p. 255. 523: 521:, p. 279. 508: 506:, p. 296. 482: 480: 477: 475: 472: 471: 470: 469: 468: 463: 456:Islam in Spain 453: 446: 443: 434: 431: 382:Main article: 379: 376: 374: 371: 297: 294: 276: 275: 249: 230:Jean Cantineau 218: 211: 205: 187: 184: 131: 130: 127: 123: 122: 117: 113: 112: 107: 103: 102: 97: 93: 92: 80: 76: 75: 70: 66: 65: 60: 56: 52: 51: 37: 35: 31: 30: 26: 25: 22: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 1794: 1783: 1780: 1778: 1775: 1773: 1770: 1768: 1765: 1763: 1760: 1758: 1755: 1753: 1750: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1735: 1725: 1722: 1720: 1717: 1715: 1712: 1710: 1707: 1706: 1702: 1696: 1693: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1678: 1675: 1672: 1669: 1666: 1663: 1660: 1657: 1656: 1654: 1650: 1643: 1640: 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1153: 1149: 1143: 1140: 1137: 1134: 1131: 1128: 1125: 1122: 1119: 1116: 1115: 1113: 1109: 1102: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1087: 1084: 1081: 1078: 1075: 1072: 1069: 1068: 1066: 1062: 1055: 1052: 1049: 1046: 1043: 1040: 1037: 1034: 1031: 1028: 1027: 1025: 1021: 1016: 1006: 1003: 1000: 997: 994: 993:Ali ibn Ziyad 991: 988: 985: 984: 982: 978: 971: 968: 966: 962: 961: 958: 954: 947: 942: 940: 935: 933: 928: 927: 924: 916: 912: 907: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 882: 878: 874: 868: 863: 862: 855: 854: 843: 838: 832:, p. 64. 831: 826: 819: 814: 812: 804: 799: 797: 789: 784: 778:, p. 60. 777: 772: 765: 760: 758: 750: 745: 738: 733: 726: 721: 719: 717: 715: 707: 702: 695: 693:9781576079201 689: 685: 681: 677: 670: 664:, p. 42. 663: 658: 651: 646: 639: 634: 632: 624: 619: 617: 615: 607: 602: 600: 598: 596: 588: 583: 576: 571: 569: 561: 556: 550:, p. 67. 549: 544: 542: 540: 532: 527: 520: 515: 513: 505: 500: 498: 496: 494: 492: 490: 488: 483: 467: 464: 462: 459: 458: 457: 454: 452: 449: 448: 442: 440: 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706:Stewart 2007 701: 679: 669: 657: 650:Stewart 2007 645: 638:Stewart 2007 623:Stewart 2007 606:Stewart 2007 587:Stewart 2007 582: 575:Stewart 2007 560:Stewart 2007 555: 531:Stewart 2007 526: 519:Stewart 2007 504:Stewart 2007 438: 436: 412: 402: 389: 387: 352: 339: 321: 299: 287: 284: 277: 267: 242:L. P. Harvey 189: 168:Christianity 135: 134: 86:North Africa 1747:1511 deaths 1683:Hamza Yusuf 1661:(1941–2022) 1644:(1944–2004) 1638:(1879–1973) 1632:(1909–1970) 1626:(1897–1970) 1609:(1878–1944) 1597:(1832–1916) 1585:(1802–1882) 1579:(1766–1829) 1573:(1760–1817) 1567:(1754–1817) 1555:(1747–1809) 1532:(1700–1795) 1520:(1715–1786) 1514:(1727–1780) 1508:(1698–1756) 1491:(1645–1710) 1485:(1611–1688) 1479:(1631–1685) 1473:(1599–1680) 1461:(1591–1662) 1449:(1582–1631) 1430:Al-Tamgruti 1426:(1520–1587) 1420:(1512–1575) 1414:(1497–1547) 1408:(1437–1513) 1367:(1442–1493) 1361:(1427–1491) 1355:(1384–1479) 1349:(1394–1453) 1332:(1373–1429) 1320:(1332–1406) 1318:Ibn Khaldun 1314:(1316–1401) 1302:(1320–1388) 1300:Ash-Shatibi 1261:(1259–1321) 1259:Ibn Rushayd 1249:(1259–1310) 1243:(1228–1285) 1237:(1214–1273) 1225:(1162–1236) 1196:(1126–1198) 1190:(1114–1185) 1184:(1083–1149) 1178:(1076–1148) 1166:(1061–1141) 1160:(1059–1126) 1158:At-Turtushi 1138:(1006–1085) 1132:(1013–1081) 1089:Sidi Mahrez 1071:Abu al-Arab 1044:(d. 854/55) 899:: 265–301. 830:Harvey 2005 776:Harvey 2005 662:Harvey 2005 548:Harvey 2005 433:Other works 423:Reconquista 357:. However, 328:Islamic law 152:Islamic law 150:scholar of 58:3 June 1511 1741:Categories 1559:Ad-Desouki 1512:Al-Bannani 1483:Az-Zurqani 1424:Al-Mandjur 1418:Al-Akhdari 1406:Al-Miknasi 1312:Ibn 'Arafa 1306:Ibn Farhun 1294:Ibn Marzuq 1282:Ibn Juzayy 1276:Ibn al-Haj 1253:Al-Zarwili 1235:Al-Qurtubi 1188:Al-Suhayli 1182:Qadi Ayyad 1118:Ibn Battal 1097:(973–1035) 1091:(951–1022) 1085:(950–1013) 889:Al-Qanṭara 474:References 425:up to the 403:al-Wahrani 399:Oran fatwa 384:Oran fatwa 378:Oran fatwa 367:on request 348:Oran fatwa 280:theophoric 160:Oran fatwa 126:Occupation 121:Ubaydallah 110:Oran fatwa 1691:(b. 1963) 1685:(b. 1958) 1679:(b. 1951) 1673:(b. 1946) 1667:(b. 1935) 1652:15th/21st 1617:14th/20th 1603:(d. 1925) 1591:(d. 1888) 1561:(d. 1815) 1546:13th/19th 1538:(d. 1800) 1518:Ad-Dardir 1499:12th/18th 1467:(d. 1678) 1465:Al-Dila'i 1455:(d. 1631) 1453:Al-Laqani 1447:Ibn Ashir 1440:11th/17th 1412:Al-Hattab 1402:(d. 1511) 1396:(d. 1508) 1381:10th/16th 1326:(d. 1415) 1324:Al-Sakkak 1308:(d. 1397) 1296:(d. 1379) 1290:(d. 1365) 1284:(d. 1340) 1278:(d. 1336) 1255:(d. 1319) 1241:Al-Qarafi 1231:(d. 1249) 1219:(d. 1231) 1217:Al-Qattan 1200:Al-Tamimi 1172:(d. 1141) 1164:Al-Maziri 1136:Al-Lakhmi 1126:(d. 1071) 1120:(d. 1057) 1103:(d. 1039) 1079:(922–996) 1056:(801–871) 1050:(767–856) 1032:(759–828) 1001:(743–813) 915:1988-2955 479:Footnotes 437:He wrote 419:aljamiado 391:responsum 313:Maghrawah 296:Biography 178:, not in 38:possibly 1589:Al Alawi 1347:Ibn Faïd 1340:9th/15th 1269:8th/14th 1223:Al-Azafi 1210:7th/13th 1194:Averroes 1151:6th/12th 1142:Al-Lamti 1111:5th/11th 1073:(d. 945) 1064:4th/10th 1038:(d. 848) 999:Ibn Wahb 995:(d. 799) 883:(2007). 684:ABC-CLIO 445:See also 415:Moriscos 332:theology 302:Zayyanid 246:Maghrawa 203:teknonym 69:Religion 29:Personal 1719:Shafi'i 1714:Hanbali 1459:Mayyara 1130:Al-Baji 1023:3rd/9th 980:2nd/8th 466:Morisco 461:Mudéjar 324:Tlemcen 317:Almagro 289:fijo de 272:Algeria 234:Almagro 156:Maghreb 83:Maghreb 1724:Zahiri 1709:Hanafi 1042:Sahnun 913:  869:  690:  676:"Oran" 407:sharia 309:Berber 268:Wahran 265:  257:Arabic 148:Maliki 140:Arabic 100:Maliki 79:Region 895:(2). 394:fatwa 373:Works 355:mufti 261:وهران 222:nisba 208:Ahmad 199:kunya 90:Spain 73:Islam 44:Gdyel 911:ISSN 867:ISBN 688:ISBN 330:and 253:Oran 228:and 186:Name 180:Oran 55:Died 40:Oran 34:Born 901:doi 363:Fez 344:Fez 201:or 195:Abu 176:Fez 62:Fez 1743:: 970:CE 965:AH 909:. 893:27 891:. 887:. 810:^ 795:^ 756:^ 713:^ 678:, 630:^ 613:^ 594:^ 567:^ 538:^ 511:^ 486:^ 429:. 259:: 248:". 142:: 46:, 972:) 945:e 938:t 931:v 917:. 903:: 875:. 274:. 263:, 255:( 138:(

Index

Oran
Gdyel
Kingdom of Tlemcen
Fez
Islam
Maghreb
North Africa
Spain
Maliki
Oran fatwa
Arabic
Maliki
Islamic law
Maghreb
Oran fatwa
secretly practice Islam
Christianity
forbidden in Islam
Fez
Oran
Abu
kunya
teknonym
Ahmad
patronymic name
nisba
Mikel de Epalza
Jean Cantineau
Almagro
Devin J. Stewart

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