300:
637:
70:
31:
1873:
1897:
94:
81:
1885:
1861:
533:, and sitting in a prescribed sequence – even if done only by making slight movements. The fatwa also allowed the omission of the prayers – normally performed an obligatory five times a day at prescribed times – when they were prevented from doing so, and instructed them to make up the missed prayers at night instead. It also provided instructions for performing
769:
706:, the leading living authority on the issue, was among the proponents of this view. Stewart contended that, while the fatwa's text did not mention any opponent, it was intended as a rebuke against the views of al-Wansharisi. Recipients of this fatwa would be able to stay put, outwardly conforming to Christianity and not see themselves as abandoning their faith. The fatwa addressed the recipient as "
332:, to reject baptism and be enslaved or killed, or to be exiled. The option of exile was often not feasible in practice because of the difficulty in uprooting one's family and making the journey to Muslim lands in North Africa, the inability to pay the fee required by the authorities for safe passage, and the general tendency by the authorities to discourage and hinder such an exodus.
343:, and by 1501 the entire Muslim population of Granada was nominally converted to Christianity. The apparent success of Granada's forced conversions triggered a series of edicts and proclamations in 1501 and 1502, which effectively put the Muslims elsewhere in Castile to the same fate. These new converts, along with their descendants, were known by Spanish sources as the
698:
historians of Spain and
Western Muslims, described the fatwa as "famous" and called it "one of the most important theological texts of later Spanish Islam". Spanish literature scholar MarĂa del Mar Rosa-RodrĂguez considered the fatwa important because it officially documented "the existence of religiosities that do not depend on traditional ritual practice".
364:, who was considered the leading authority on the subject of Muslims in Spain, wrote in 1491 that emigrating from Christian to Muslim lands was compulsory in almost all circumstances. Further, al-Wansharisi urged severe punishment for the Muslims who remained and predicted that they would temporarily dwell in
669:), rather than external observation of rituals and laws, was the defining characteristic of one's Islam. Generations of Moriscos were born and died within this religious climate. Hybrid or undefined religious practice featured in many Morisco texts. For example, the works of the Morisco writer known as "the
718:) and evokes a spiritual meaning of heroic Muslims loyal to their faith in spite of great suffering. The sympathy shown by the author, as well as his acknowledgement of the Muslims' loyalty and suffering, is in contrast with the predominant opinion such as al-Wansharisi's which saw them unfavourably.
738:
fatwa only addresses a specific enquiry on a difficult point of detail. The fatwa also went into specific practical challenges faced by
Muslims in Spain, such as the pressure to curse Muhammad, eat pork, drink wine, and intermarry with the Christians. This suggests that the author had some knowledge
697:
Modern scholars of
Spanish Islamic history stressed the historical importance of the fatwa. Harvey called it "the key theological document" for the study of Spanish Islam following the forced conversions, a description which Stewart repeated. Mercedes GarcĂa-Arenal and Fernando RodrĂguez Mediano,
655:
The fatwa appeared to enjoy wide currency within the Muslim and
Morisco community in various kingdoms of Spain, for it was translated and copied as late as 1563 and 1609. The full geographical reach of the text is unknown, but it appeared to be originally addressed to the Muslims (or Moriscos) of
721:
Harvey did not consider the fatwa as a permanent and universal relaxation of the sharia; instead, the sender and the recipients of the fatwa must have seen its provisions as temporary expedients under extraordinary circumstances intended to help the
Muslims of Spain through the crisis. The fatwa
618:
At the end of the fatwa, the author encouraged the
Muslims to write to the mufti about anything else that presented difficulty to them, so that he could give further legal opinions. The fatwa discreetly did not name any specific recipient, and instead designated the persons it was addressed to
596:, the fatwa instructed them to do so, and to employ "whatever stratagems" they could to negate their meaning whenever possible. For example, the fatwa suggested mispronouncing the name of Muhammad or intending to curse someone else with a similar name when being required to curse the prophet.
359:
Prior to the Oran fatwa, the predominant position of
Islamic scholars had been that a Muslim could not stay in a country where rulers made proper religious observance impossible. Therefore, a Muslim's obligation was to leave, when they were able to do so. Even before the systematic forcible
760:(Islamic scholars) held meetings in Fez to provide counsel to the Muslims in Granada, who sent letters describing their persecution and their dilemma. Amid the meetings, the protagonist of the novel witnessed the "man from Oran" delivering a speech similar in content to the Oran fatwa.
563:
The fatwa permitted
Muslims outwardly to participate in Christian rituals and worship, so long as they inwardly considered them to be forbidden. When the Muslims had to prostrate to Christian idols, they were to internally desire to perform the Islamic prayer, even if not actually
347:. As well as having to accept Christianity and abandon the Islamic faith and rituals, they were also pressured to conform to Christian ways, including by attending church, sending their children to be instructed in the Christian doctrine, and partaking of food and beverages
701:
Harvey and
Stewart said that the fatwa was a departure from the previous legal opinions among Islamic scholars, which typically emphasised the obligation to emigrate from any country where proper religious observance was not possible. Notably, the Maliki scholar
726:
and many
Moriscos expected or hoped that the crisis to end at some not-too-distant time. Rosa-Rodriguez noted that the fatwa stated a hope that the "Noble Turks" would soon intervene and end the religious persecution in Spain, a reference to the
323:, which governed the surrender of the emirate, guaranteed a set of rights to the conquered Muslims, including religious tolerance and fair treatment, in return for their capitulation. The increasing occurrences of forced conversion triggered
360:
conversion, religious leaders had argued that Muslims in Christian territory would be subject to direct and indirect pressure, and preached emigration as a way to protect the religion from erosion. Notably, the contemporary Algerian scholar
327:
in Granada (1499â1501). The rebellions were suppressed, and afterwards the Muslims in Granada were no longer given the rights that had been provided to them by the Treaty of Granada. They were given the choice to remain and accept
731:'s growing power in the Mediterranean at the time. This hope did not materialise, and the religious persecution in Spain continued, causing the fatwa's recommendations to become the normal way of practicing Islam for generations.
684:
The influence of the fatwa was limited to Spain. Outside the Iberian Peninsula, the predominant opinion continued to uphold the unbending requirements of Islamic law and required Muslims to leave any country, or even choose
190:(Islamic law) requirements, allowing Muslims to conform outwardly to Christianity and perform acts that are ordinarily forbidden in Islamic law, when necessary to survive. It includes pliable instructions for fulfilling the
339:, took the option of exile, but for most, publicly converting to Christianity while secretly continuing to believe and practise Islam was the only available option for surviving as Muslims. The population converted
607:, and other things normally forbidden by the sharia, as long as the Muslims did not intend to take advantage of them and rejected them in their hearts. The fatwa reaffirmed the permissibility of a Muslim man
422:
of Oran" and the document is called "the Oran fatwa", even though there appeared to be no indication that the fatwa was issued in Oran or that the author resided or had an official authority in Oran.
284:, and the total number of Muslims in Spain was estimated to be between 500,000 and 600,000 out of the total Spanish population of 7 to 8 million. Approximately half of the Muslims lived in the former
467:, to Muslim petitioners who wished to learn if they could continue to live in Christian Spain. The recipient of the fatwa is not named. The commonly accepted date of the composition of the fatwa is 1
529:(major ritual ablution), even if they could not be performed in the correct form. It described the obligation of the ritual prayers – normally performed by standing, bowing,
615:. Marriage between a Muslim woman and a Christian man was to be avoided unless under duress, and while doing so the Muslims should "cleave firmly to the belief that that is forbidden".
722:
began by affirming in orthodox terms the obligations of all Muslims, and ended by expressing hopes that Islam may again be practised openly without ordeals, tribulations and fear. The
656:
Castile as a response to their forced conversions in 1500â1502. After the forced conversion was extended to the Crown of Aragon in the 1520s, the fatwa likely circulated there, too.
777:
380:
Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah al-Maghrawi al-Wahrani, with some adding the name 'Ubaydallah, which might be a pious formula meaning "the little servant of God". The author's
510:
The opening of the fatwa displayed sympathy to the Muslims of Spain, who kept their religious faith despite the suffering and risk that this posed them. The
514:(author of the fatwa) exhorted that they continue to adhere to the religion of Islam and instruct it to their children when the latter reached maturity.
376:
The surviving translations of the fatwa give the name of the author in various slightly different forms. All of them are thought to be derived from the
556:(Islamic law) – even if this could only be done by showing generosity to a beggar. It affirmed the obligation of the ritual ablution (
604:
324:
183:
fatwa" was applied by modern scholars, due to the word "Al-Wahrani" ("of Oran") that appears in the text as part of the author's name.
593:
261:
255:
163:
128:
1839:
1748:
1684:
1661:
1636:
1612:
1556:
776:
As of 2006, there are four known surviving manuscripts containing the fatwa. One of them is an Arabic copy, discovered by
545:
was impossible, even making slight pointing motions with hands or face toward clean earth, stone, or tree was acceptable.
1738:
292:. About 20,000 Muslims lived in other territories of Castile, and most of the remainder lived in the territories of the
264:
in the eighth century. At the beginning of the twelfth century, the Muslim population in the Iberian Peninsula, called
1581:
276:
and indigenous converts. In the next few centuries, as the Christians pushed from the north in a process called the
308:
242:, the predominant opinion upheld the requirements of Islamic law and required Muslims to emigrate, or even choose
498:
have suggested that the 1563 date might have been the time of the translation. One other manuscript gives "Rajab
223:
translations was dated at 1564, six decades after it was first issued. The fatwa has been described as the "key
1937:
299:
608:
659:
The opinion formed the basis of the Moriscos' Islamic status and practices for more than a century, until
636:
1932:
280:, the Muslim population declined. At the end of the fifteenth century, the Reconquista culminated in the
202:, and recommendations when obliged to violate Islamic law, such as worshipping as Christians, committing
1952:
1851:
1758:
Rosa-RodrĂguez, MarĂa (2010). "Simulation and Dissimulation: Religious Hybridity in a Morisco Fatwa".
756:
features a fictionalised version of the fatwa. In the novel, Muslim exiles from Granada and the local
210:
1624:
The Orient in Spain: Converted Muslims, the Forged Lead Books of Granada, and the Rise of Orientalism
1600:
660:
641:
232:
124:
1962:
1957:
734:
Harvey also noted that the fatwa covered a wide range of Islamic religious duties, while usually a
30:
1569:
Creating Christian Granada: Society and Religious Culture in an Old-World Frontier City, 1492â1600
1927:
710:", a word that means "outsiders" or "those living abroad", but this word also appears in several
681:
using Christian worship as replacement for regular Islamic rituals, as recommended in the fatwa.
431:
172:
109:
670:
589:
552:) – normally calculated and distributed in a specific manner prescribed by the
1796:"The Identity of "the MuftÄ« of Oran", AbĆ« l-'AbbÄs Aáž„mad b. AbÄ« Jum'ah al-MaghrÄwÄ« al-WahrÄnÄ«"
1592:
663:
in 1609â1614. This led to a non-traditional form of Islam, in which one's internal intention (
1947:
752:
494:
Rajab 910, which would have been a date conversion error, but both Stewart and the historian
461:
Al-Wahrani drafted the fatwa in response to a request of legal opinion, in other words, as a
827:. Historian L. P. Harvey provides a near-complete English translation in his book
478:
AH, as this was the date that appears in most of the surviving manuscripts. This day in the
348:
537:(waterless ritual purification) when ritually pure water was not available to replace the
8:
1922:
573:
361:
316:
203:
217:
Muslims nominally converted to Christianity and their descendants; one of its surviving
1720:
686:
612:
415:
381:
285:
243:
150:, or an Islamic legal opinion, issued in 1502 to address the crisis that occurred when
315:
Prior to the completion of the Reconquista, the defeated Muslims were generally given
1942:
1821:
1779:
1775:
1744:
1716:
1680:
1673:
1657:
1632:
1608:
1577:
1552:
320:
239:
1816:
1795:
1811:
1791:
1771:
1767:
1701:
1573:
820:
816:
640:
The opinion in the fatwa had a lasting impact in the Morisco community until their
600:
479:
423:
412:
289:
155:
46:
541:(minor ritual ablution) that is ordinarily required before performing salah. When
1917:
1901:
1647:
1622:
1567:
1542:
824:
797:
785:
427:
393:
293:
98:
1697:
The Islamic Obligation to Emigrate: Al-WansharÄ«sÄ«'s AsnÄ al-matÄjir Reconsidered
1253:
1251:
307:. This 1873 painting depicts the mass baptism of Muslims in Granada by Cardinal
815:
Since the discovery, the texts have been transcribed or translated into modern
728:
568:. When they bowed down to the idols, they were to focus their attention toward
151:
1911:
1825:
1783:
1548:
1248:
772:
The Vatican Library, which houses the only surviving Arabic copy of the fatwa
703:
678:
548:
The fatwa also maintained the Islamic obligation to give the ritual charity (
288:, the last independent Muslim state in Spain, which had been annexed to the
1889:
1865:
1734:
1726:
781:
747:
569:
495:
455:
443:
268:
in Arabic, was estimated to number up to 5.5 million, among whom were
74:
69:
812:
translation used to be in Madrid, but its location is currently unknown.
585:
530:
377:
281:
277:
228:
1695:
1877:
265:
227:
document" to understand the practice of Spanish Muslims following the
789:
336:
219:
1872:
1896:
1604:
715:
577:
534:
463:
384: â the part of his name that indicates place of origin â
365:
143:
517:
The fatwa reaffirmed the obligation of Spanish Muslims to perform
246:, when the orthodox observance of the religion became impossible.
238:
The influence of the Oran fatwa was limited to Spain: Outside the
1653:
1444:
1366:
451:
408:
344:
329:
273:
214:
1356:
1354:
1807:
1628:
1402:
990:
988:
986:
984:
805:
801:
711:
689:, where approved observance of the religion became impossible.
553:
447:
187:
176:
120:
93:
85:
1620:
1257:
768:
1621:
Garcia-Arenal, Mercedes; RodrĂguez Mediano, Fernando (2013).
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1351:
1339:
757:
665:
647:
581:
565:
526:
522:
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471:
304:
303:
Forced conversions to Christianity was the background of the
269:
224:
195:
191:
168:
159:
147:
80:
1214:
1212:
981:
611:, under the reasoning that both Muslims and Christians were
538:
389:
199:
180:
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1468:
1224:
1172:
1170:
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1209:
934:
932:
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911:
909:
907:
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892:
879:
877:
432:
Abu al-Abbas Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah al-Maghrawi al-Wahrani
1519:
1434:
1432:
1329:
1327:
1325:
1312:
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1302:
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1131:
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971:
969:
967:
1591:
Dumper, Michael R.T.; Stanley, Bruce E., eds. (2008),
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1414:
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1197:
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1849:
1722:
The Moriscos of Spain: Their Conversion and Expulsion
1378:
1029:
904:
889:
874:
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1429:
1322:
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1182:
1128:
1104:
1077:
1041:
1007:
1005:
1003:
1143:
944:
845:
784:in 1951 and kept in the Borgiano collection of the
1672:
1116:
1053:
1017:
599:The fatwa also allowed Spain's Muslims to consume
354:
1065:
1000:
166:to Christianity in 1500â1502. It was authored by
1909:
1840:A near-complete English translation of the fatwa
418:. Thus, the author is often referred to as "the
335:Some Muslims, especially those living near the
64:Extant copies (including translations) kept in:
1757:
1450:
1396:
1372:
1360:
1345:
994:
319:as terms of their surrender. For example, the
1590:
1242:
1544:Blood and Faith: The Purging of Muslim Spain
739:of what life under Christian rule was like.
175:, an Algerian scholar of Islamic law of the
1693:
1218:
560:), "even though by plunging into the sea".
186:The fatwa sets out detailed relaxations of
1597:Cities of the Middle East and North Africa
1258:Garcia-Arenal & RodrĂguez Mediano 2013
502:909", which was probably a copying error.
29:
1815:
1679:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
767:
763:
635:
458:while a professor of Islamic law there.
298:
262:Muslim conquest of the Iberian Peninsula
1790:
1733:
1565:
1513:
1501:
1486:
1474:
1423:
1408:
1287:
1272:
1230:
1203:
1047:
923:
898:
883:
788:. The other three were translations to
623:(those living abroad) yet near to God.
35:A 1915 Spanish translation of the fatwa
1910:
1843:
1670:
1645:
1525:
1462:
1438:
1384:
1333:
1316:
1191:
1176:
1161:
1149:
1137:
1110:
1098:
1086:
1023:
975:
938:
868:
486:December 1504. One manuscript added "3
256:Forced conversions of Muslims in Spain
209:The fatwa enjoyed wide currency among
742:
692:
1540:
1122:
1059:
1035:
1011:
790:Spanish written in the Arabic script
1715:
1071:
450:jurist who had studied in Oran and
397:
13:
631:
388:("of Oran") refers to the city of
14:
1974:
1833:
454:and probably issued the fatwa in
260:Islam existed in Spain since the
1895:
1883:
1871:
1859:
1776:10.1163/138078510X12535199002758
1743:. Chicago: New Amsterdam Books.
92:
79:
68:
1817:10.3989/alqantara.2006.v27.i2.2
1694:Hendrickson, Jocelyn N (2009).
1656:: University of Chicago Press.
1534:
355:Previous Islamic legal opinions
206:, and consuming pork and wine.
1766:(2). Leiden, The Netherlands:
1675:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1614
829:Muslims in Spain, 1500 to 1615
1:
1729:: Lea Brothers & Company.
1671:Harvey, L. P. (16 May 2005).
834:
646:The Expulsion at the Port of
371:
325:a series of Muslim rebellions
309:Francisco Jiménez de Cisneros
249:
52:
1576:: Cornell University Press.
839:
626:
438:unknown – d.
426:, an academic specialist in
7:
1649:Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500
796:). One of them was kept in
430:, identified the author as
235:in the early 17th century.
131:, when necessary to survive
129:forced to become Christians
10:
1979:
1631:, The Netherlands: Brill.
644:in 1609â1614, depicted in
609:marrying a Christian woman
505:
490:May 1563" in addition to 1
253:
16:1504 Islamic legal opinion
1601:Santa Barbara, California
1243:Dumper & Stanley 2008
572:. When obliged to commit
233:expulsion of the Moriscos
115:
105:
60:
40:
28:
23:
1411:, pp. 266, 298â299.
651:by Vicente Mostre, 1613.
349:forbidden by Islamic law
1566:Coleman, David (2003).
778:Muhammad Abdullah 'Inan
482:corresponds to around 8
1646:Harvey, L. P. (1992).
1541:Carr, Matthew (2009).
773:
652:
496:L. P. Harvey
312:
1938:16th century in Spain
771:
764:Surviving manuscripts
639:
366:hell in the afterlife
302:
254:Further information:
671:Young Man of Arévalo
642:expulsion from Spain
173:Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah
110:Ahmad ibn Abi Jum'ah
1760:Medieval Encounters
1489:, pp. 266â267.
1477:, pp. 115â116.
1451:Rosa-RodrĂguez 2010
1397:Rosa-RodrĂguez 2010
1375:, pp. 153â154.
1373:Rosa-RodrĂguez 2010
1361:Rosa-RodrĂguez 2010
1346:Rosa-RodrĂguez 2010
1233:, pp. 270â271.
995:Rosa-RodrĂguez 2010
808:, Spain. The third
411:, then part of the
362:Ahmad al-Wansharisi
317:freedom of religion
55:8 December 1504 CE)
1933:16th-century Islam
1810:, Spain: 265â301.
1717:Lea, Henry Charles
1453:, p. 151â152.
774:
743:In popular culture
693:Scholarly analysis
653:
613:People of the Book
576:, such as cursing
525:(almsgiving), and
416:kingdom of Tlemcen
313:
286:Emirate of Granada
179:school; the term "
1953:History of Madrid
1750:978-1-4616-6331-7
1686:978-0-226-31963-6
1663:978-0-226-31962-9
1638:978-90-04-25029-1
1614:978-1-57607-920-1
1558:978-1-59558-361-1
1528:, pp. 61â63.
1179:, pp. 63â64.
1164:, pp. 49â52.
1101:, pp. 48â49.
1038:, pp. 40â41.
941:, pp. 61â62.
521:(ritual prayer),
321:Treaty of Granada
240:Iberian Peninsula
164:forced to convert
158:, in present-day
135:
134:
123:requirements for
1970:
1900:
1899:
1888:
1887:
1886:
1876:
1875:
1864:
1863:
1862:
1855:
1846:, pp. 61â63
1829:
1819:
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1702:Emory University
1690:
1678:
1667:
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1574:Ithaca, New York
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676:
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489:
485:
480:Islamic calendar
477:
470:
441:
437:
407:) in modern-day
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290:Crown of Castile
156:Crown of Castile
97:
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84:
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72:
56:
54:
49:
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20:
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1963:History of Oran
1958:Aix-en-Provence
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798:Aix-en-Provence
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661:their expulsion
634:
632:Impact in Spain
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580:, or accepting
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428:Islamic studies
401:
374:
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294:Crown of Aragon
282:fall of Granada
258:
252:
200:ritual ablution
125:Spanish Muslims
119:Relaxations of
99:Aix-en-Provence
91:
89:
78:
77:
67:
65:
50:
44:
36:
17:
12:
11:
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1928:Islam in Spain
1925:
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1834:External links
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1792:Stewart, Devin
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704:al-Wansharisi
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1727:Philadelphia
1721:
1705:. Retrieved
1696:
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1596:
1568:
1543:
1535:Bibliography
1521:
1514:Stewart 2007
1509:
1502:Stewart 2007
1487:Stewart 2007
1482:
1475:Maalouf 1998
1470:
1458:
1446:
1424:Stewart 2007
1409:Stewart 2007
1404:
1392:
1380:
1368:
1341:
1288:Stewart 2007
1273:Stewart 2007
1238:
1231:Stewart 2007
1226:
1204:Stewart 2007
1199:
1157:
1152:, p. 6.
1145:
1118:
1106:
1094:
1067:
1055:
1050:, p. 6.
1048:Coleman 2003
1043:
1031:
1026:, p. 9.
1019:
924:Stewart 2007
899:Stewart 2007
884:Stewart 2007
828:
814:
809:
793:
775:
751:
748:Amin Maalouf
746:
735:
733:
723:
720:
714:(sayings of
707:
700:
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683:
664:
658:
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645:
620:
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566:facing Mecca
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213:Muslims and
208:
185:
167:
142:
138:
136:
75:Vatican City
66:
45:1 Rajab 910
18:
1844:Harvey 2005
1770:: 143â180.
1526:Harvey 2005
1463:Harvey 2005
1439:Harvey 2005
1385:Harvey 2005
1334:Harvey 2005
1317:Harvey 2005
1192:Harvey 2005
1177:Harvey 2005
1162:Harvey 2005
1150:Harvey 2005
1138:Harvey 2005
1111:Harvey 2005
1099:Harvey 2005
1087:Harvey 2005
1024:Harvey 1992
976:Harvey 2005
939:Harvey 2005
869:Harvey 2005
782:the Vatican
531:prostrating
378:Arabic name
278:Reconquista
229:Reconquista
225:theological
1923:1504 works
1912:Categories
1800:Al-Qanáčara
1707:1 February
835:References
621:al-ghuraba
594:God's wife
586:son of God
386:al-Wahrani
372:Authorship
266:al-Andalus
250:Background
231:up to the
198:, and the
139:Oran fatwa
24:Oran fatwa
1826:1988-2955
1784:1380-7854
1700:(Ph.D.).
1123:Carr 2009
1060:Carr 2009
1036:Carr 2009
1012:Carr 2009
840:Footnotes
810:aljamiado
794:aljamiado
736:responsum
708:al-guraba
687:martyrdom
627:Reactions
574:blasphemy
464:responsum
244:martyrdom
220:aljamiado
215:Moriscosâ
204:blasphemy
144:responsum
127:who were
106:Author(s)
1943:Moriscos
1902:Religion
1794:(2007).
1737:(1998).
1719:(1901).
1605:ABC-CLIO
1549:New York
1072:Lea 1901
716:Muhammad
578:Muhammad
543:tayammum
535:tayammum
442:1511 in
413:Zayyanid
345:Moriscos
341:en masse
101:, France
88:, Spain
61:Location
1852:Portals
1654:Chicago
821:English
817:Spanish
712:hadiths
584:as the
506:Content
452:Tlemcen
409:Algeria
330:baptism
274:Berbers
211:Spanish
162:, were
154:in the
152:Muslims
116:Subject
41:Created
1918:Fatwas
1824:
1808:Madrid
1782:
1747:
1683:
1660:
1635:
1629:Leiden
1611:
1593:"Oran"
1580:
1555:
825:German
806:Madrid
802:France
675:
554:sharia
500:
492:
488:
484:
476:
469:
448:Maliki
440:
436:
405:Wahran
402:
394:Arabic
194:, the
188:sharia
177:Maliki
141:was a
121:sharia
86:Madrid
1890:Spain
1866:Islam
1806:(2).
1768:Brill
758:ulama
724:mufti
666:niyya
648:Denia
582:Jesus
558:ghusl
550:zakat
527:ghusl
523:zakat
519:salah
512:mufti
472:Rajab
446:), a
420:Mufti
398:ÙÙ۱ۧÙ
382:nisba
305:fatwa
270:Arabs
169:mufti
160:Spain
148:fatwa
1822:ISSN
1780:ISSN
1745:ISBN
1709:2016
1681:ISBN
1658:ISBN
1633:ISBN
1609:ISBN
1578:ISBN
1553:ISBN
823:and
605:pork
601:wine
590:Mary
539:wudu
390:Oran
181:Oran
137:The
1878:Law
1842:in
1812:doi
1772:doi
780:in
592:as
588:or
570:God
474:910
456:Fez
444:Fez
434:(b.
1914::
1820:.
1804:27
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1764:16
1762:.
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1854::
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