691:, he states that Micah, for his inauspicious prophecy, was killed by order of Ahab through being thrown from a precipice, and was buried at Morathi (Maroth?; Mic. i. 12), near the cemetery of Enakim (Ένακεὶμ Septuagint rendering of ; ib. i. 10). According to "Gelilot Ereẓ Yisrael" (quoted in "Seder ha-Dorot," i. 118, Warsaw, 1889), Micah was buried in Chesil, a town in southern Judah (Josh. xv. 30). Naboth's soul was the lying spirit that was permitted to deceive Ahab to his death.
585:
1424:
1367:
1342:
46:
647:
the words, "Ahab hath abjured the living God of Israel." Nevertheless, he paid great respect to the representatives of learning, "to the Torah given in twenty-two letters," for which reason he was permitted to reign for twenty-two successive years. He generously supported the students of the Law out
613:
However, Yahwists commend him for fortifying numerous
Israelite cities and building an ivory palace. Christian Frevel argues that Ahab used imperialism to introduce Yahweh to the Kingdom of Judah. To do this, he gave his children theophoric names whilst expanding in northern territories and Judah.
511:
and 10,000 men. In reality, however, the number of chariots in Ahab's forces was probably closer to a number in the hundreds (based upon archaeological excavations of the area and the foundations of stables that have been found). If, however, the numbers are referring to allies, they could include
791:
Grabbe, Lester (2017). p. 183-184. Ancient Israel: What Do We Know and How Do We Know It?. Bloomsbury. ISBN 978-0-567-67043-4. “ His chief palace overseer
Obadiah was a devoted Yhwh worshipper, and Ahab could hardly have been ignorant of that (1 Kgs 17.3). Furthermore, his two sons had theophoric
441:
630:; Tosef., Sanh. xii. 11). Midrash Konen places him in the fifth department of Gehenna, as having the heathen under his charge. Though held up as a warning to sinners, Ahab is also described as displaying noble traits of character (Sanh. 102b; Yer. Sanh. xi. 29b).
668:
and penances for a long time; praying thrice a day to God for forgiveness, until his prayer was heard (PirḲe R. El. xliii). Hence, the name of Ahab in the list of wicked kings was changed to Ahaz (Yer. Sanh. x. 28b; Tanna debe
Eliyahu Rabba ix, Zuṭṭa xxiv.).
664:), some of the ancient teachers gave him the same position in the world to come as a sinner who had repented (Sanh. 104b, Num. R. xiv). Like Manasseh, he was made a type of repentance (I Kings, xxi. 29). Accordingly, he is described as undergoing
605:
Ahab's reign was deeply unpopular among
Yahwists and was considered to be worse than the previous kings of Israel. Whilst the previous kings followed a "heretical" interpretation of Yahwism, known as the "sins of Jeroboam", Ahab institutionalized
596:
from the
Arameans. Depending on translation, Ahab's corpse was licked by dogs or a combination of dogs and pigs, according to Elijah's prophecy. It marked his "uncleanliness" in the presence of Israelites, who abstained from pork consumption.
652:), the Crœsus of his time, he was, according to ancient tradition (Meg. 11a), ruler over the whole world. Two hundred and thirty subject kings had initiated a rebellion; but he brought their sons as hostages to Samaria and
642:
without an idol before which he bowed, and to which he or his wife, Jezebel, brought his weight in gold as a daily offering. So defiant in his apostasy was he that he had inscribed on all the doors of the city of
524:. The Assyrian king claimed victory, but his immediate return and subsequent expeditions in 849 BC and 846 BC against a similar but unspecified coalition implied that the victory had no lasting impact.
546:, who predicts a drought because of Ahab's sins. Because of this, Ahab blames Elijah for Israel's misfortunes but Elijah proclaims the supremacy of Yahweh so that Ahab could repent.
850:
1139:
732:
414:", which was opposed as Yahwist heresy by the Judean priests. Others disagree based on archaeological evidence and extrabiblical sources about Jezebel's upbringing.
649:
406:, even though it was 'cursed' by Yahweh (1 Kings 16:34), and helped his wife kill opponents, such as the "servants of Yahweh" and possibly, the priests of
660:). Each of his seventy sons had an ivory palace built for him. Since, however, it was Ahab's idolatrous wife who was the chief instigator of his crimes (
1501:
792:
names that contained a form of the divine name Yhwh (Ahaziah and
Jehoram ), which would hardly have been the case if he had been a Baal worshipper.”
610:, which was completely divorced from Yahwism. He was likewise criticized for his oppressive policies, both domestically and internationally.
1885:
1140:
https://www.jstor.org/stable/43076168?read-now=1&refreqid=excelsior%3A54c8fd0364c06eb40a10c02adb319296&seq=2#page_scan_tab_contents
1308:
908:
614:
Michael J. Stahl clarifies that this mostly occurred in the latter half of his reign, according to biblical and extrabiblical evidence.
858:
1911:
437:
promised to withdraw from conquered territory. He also allowed Ahab to conquer
Aramean territory to compensate (1 Kings 20:34).
1494:
1331:
1251:
937:
1549:
1511:
1921:
950:
1487:
1461:
1394:
The
Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings: A Reconstruction of the Chronology of the Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
929:
1916:
52:
592:
After some years, Ahab is mortally wounded by an unaimed arrow after he and
Jehoshaphat tried to re-capture
411:
1063:
1052:
1931:
1584:
623:
140:
61:
1150:
1134:
Alviero
Niccacci from his article "The Stele of Mesha and the Bible: Verbal System and Narrativity" in
1123:
1074:
648:
of his royal treasury, in consequence of which half his sins were forgiven him. A type of worldliness (
1173:
1041:
1527:
1198:
756:
For a discussion about whether Athaliah was actually the daughter of Ahab or Ahab's father Omri, see
402:
cults in Israel according to 1 Kings 16:29-33. For example, he allowed Hiel the Bethelite to rebuild
1088:
410:(1 Kings 18:3-16). Edward Lipiński argues that the "Baal" worshipped by Ahab and Jezebel was the "
1906:
1864:
1382:
1357:
280:
780:
644:
252:
136:
1323:
The Bible Unearthed: Archaeology's New Vision of Ancient Israel and the Origin of Sacred Texts
1321:
1454:
1428:
916:
28:
807:"When and from Where did YHWH Emerge? Some Reflections on Early Yahwism in Israel and Judah"
549:
The second encounter is between Ahab and an unnamed prophet, who criticized him for sparing
627:
8:
1669:
1373:
806:
657:
367:
344:
421:
of Israel (2 Kings 1:1). According to the Moabite Mesha Stele, Omri and Ahab "oppressed
1844:
1654:
1317:
1284:
1880:
1819:
1794:
1779:
1674:
1659:
1644:
1639:
1471:
1327:
1247:
933:
759:
672:
417:
In terms of foreign policy, Ahab continued Omri's policies against Moab, which was a
263:
175:
170:
162:
99:
1298:
1936:
1926:
1849:
1754:
1749:
1739:
1734:
1704:
1604:
1274:
826:
818:
680:
572:
513:
461:
348:
333:
219:
1348:
1719:
1599:
1392:
1241:
720:
705:
676:
469:
444:
418:
371:
340:
243:
1859:
1532:
1377:
1352:
1237:
932:"Studia z dziejów i kultury starożytnego Bliskiego Wschodu" Nomos Press, 2013,
639:
527:
481:
448:
433:
was the only foreign state that Ahab opposed but he made peace with them after
375:
297:
125:
1900:
1839:
1834:
1784:
1479:
1303:
822:
656:. All the latter turned from idolaters into worshipers of the God of Israel (
593:
568:
489:
465:
430:
391:
321:
121:
1372:
Singer, Isidore; Seligsohn, M.; Schechter, Solomon; Hirsch, Emil G. (1906).
1312:. Vol. 1 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 428–429.
1829:
1724:
1614:
1522:
710:
700:
626:
singled out by tradition as being excluded from the future world of bliss (
560:'s unjust execution. Ahab sincerely repents, which Yahweh relays to Elijah.
407:
359:
317:
24:
1243:
A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context
1178:
347:
documented in 853 BC that he defeated an alliance of a dozen kings in the
1854:
1729:
1664:
1609:
1564:
1402:
Ussishkin, David (2010). "Jezreel–Where Jezebel Was Thrown to the Dogs".
661:
426:
352:
351:; one of these was Ahab. He is also mentioned on the inscriptions of the
584:
571:
before revealing that Ahab was deceived by his court advisers, who were
553:
and told him that Israel would be invaded by the Arameans as punishment.
538:
In the Biblical text, Ahab has four important encounters with prophets:
387:
363:
336:
via imperialism. This mostly occurred in the latter half of his reign.
1288:
865:
831:
1799:
1539:
715:
653:
550:
497:
434:
1809:
1804:
1774:
1744:
1714:
1684:
1594:
1279:
1262:
635:
339:
The existence of Ahab is historically supported outside the Bible.
180:
1679:
1633:
1574:
1443:
684:
665:
607:
564:
508:
477:
473:
403:
399:
395:
394:. Under Jezebel's influence, he abandoned Yahweh and established
325:
309:
195:
190:
151:
1079:
1789:
1764:
1759:
1694:
1423:
631:
557:
543:
329:
328:. Modern scholars argue that Ahab was a Yahwist and introduced
1371:
1184:
1689:
1619:
1569:
733:
List of biblical figures identified in extra-biblical sources
530:
was identified as Ahab's fortified chariot and cavalry base.
485:
358:
Ahab became king of Israel in the thirty-eighth year of King
313:
155:
1769:
1649:
1624:
1559:
1297:
688:
521:
517:
422:
386:
As Omri's successor, Ahab married Jezebel, the daughter of
305:
225:
205:
89:
45:
989:
987:
985:
983:
981:
1155:
1084:
1082:
440:
291:
231:
1093:
999:
464:
is mentioned in extra-biblical records, and occurred at
978:
567:, who sarcastically assures that Ahab would re-capture
274:
1023:
1011:
909:"1 Kings 18 Cambridge Bible for Schools and Colleges"
851:"Yahweh or Baal- Who Was the God of Northern Israel?"
556:
The third is with Elijah, who criticized his role in
1316:
889:
871:
257:
234:
228:
222:
1105:
877:
362:, and reigned for twenty-two years, according to
1898:
1138:NOVA SERIES, Vol. 63, No. 3 (1994), pp. 226-248
492:(853 BCE), including Arabs, Ahab the Israelite (
1347:McCurdy, J. Frederic; Kohler, Kaufmann (1906).
1220:
760:"Queen Athaliah: The Daughter of Ahab or Omri?"
429:, who was the king of Judah (2 Kings 8:16-18).
1509:
1495:
1346:
1161:
800:
798:
575:. Instead of victory, he would die in battle.
476:fought a great confederation of princes from
374:offered the dates 874–853 BC. Most recently,
1886:List of Jewish leaders in the Land of Israel
425:for many days". By marriage, he allied with
1263:"The Monolith Inscription of Salmaneser II"
1502:
1488:
1227:
1099:
795:
507:Ahab's contribution was estimated at 2000
44:
1401:
1278:
1196:
1029:
830:
622:Ahab was one of the three or four wicked
617:
1190:
923:
583:
533:
439:
320:. He was widely criticized for causing "
951:"Fit for a Queen: Jezebel's Royal Seal"
1899:
1390:
1236:
1199:"The Lying Spirit Which Deceived Ahab"
1111:
1017:
948:
895:
883:
804:
378:has dated Ahab's reign to 871–852 BC.
1483:
1260:
1197:Rosenfeld, Dovid (January 26, 2019).
1005:
848:
844:
842:
757:
694:
370:dated his reign to 869–850 BC, while
1295:
993:
738:
304:) was the son and successor of King
709:(1953). He is also the namesake of
455:
247:
13:
1230:The HarperCollins Bible Dictionary
942:
839:
634:represents him as an enthusiastic
14:
1948:
1416:
975:(Chicago: Moody Press, 1977) 327.
62:King of Israel (Northern Kingdom)
1422:
1386:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1365:
1361:. New York: Funk & Wagnalls.
1340:
1320:; Silberman, Neil Asher (2002).
949:Korpel, Marjo C. A. (May 2008).
872:Finkelstein & Silberman 2002
579:
218:
1167:
1144:
1128:
1117:
1068:
1057:
1046:
1035:
965:
53:Promptuarium Iconum Insigniorum
1912:9th-century BC Kings of Israel
1391:Thiele, Edwin Richard (1965).
1228:Achtemeier, Paul, ed. (1996).
953:. Biblical Archaeology Society
901:
785:
774:
750:
588:Death of Ahab, by Gustave Doré
324:" in Israel, according to the
1:
1296:Cook, Stanley Arthur (1911).
113:
71:
1246:. Oxford: University Press.
1221:General and cited references
758:Klein, Reuven Chaim (2014).
743:
563:The fifth encounter is with
542:The first encounter is with
292:
275:
7:
1404:Biblical Archaeology Review
855:Biblical Archaeology Review
726:
638:who left no hilltop in the
258:
10:
1953:
1232:. New York: HarperCollins.
849:Stahl, Michael J. (2023).
805:Frevel, Christian (2021).
284:
267:
18:
1922:Monarchs killed in action
1873:
1818:
1703:
1583:
1548:
1528:Kings of Israel and Judah
1518:
1468:
1459:
1451:
1437:
1162:McCurdy & Kohler 1906
675:("Opera," ii. 245) makes
600:
573:empowered by evil spirits
201:
189:
161:
147:
131:
109:
105:
95:
85:
67:
60:
43:
38:
1261:Craig, James A. (1887).
973:Unger’s Bible Dictionary
823:10.46586/er.12.2021.8776
658:Tanna debe Eliyahu, i. 9
494:A-ha-ab-bu Sir-'a-la-a-a
488:, and the tribes of the
381:
1865:Antigonus II Mattathias
1383:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1358:The Jewish Encyclopedia
1309:Encyclopædia Britannica
683:. Confounding him with
16:Biblical King of Israel
1917:Deaths by arrow wounds
1380:; et al. (eds.).
1355:; et al. (eds.).
1326:. Simon and Schuster.
915:. 2024. Archived from
764:Jewish Bible Quarterly
618:In Rabbinic literature
589:
452:
301:
27:. For other uses, see
1238:Coogan, Michael David
919:on February 11, 2024.
699:Ahab is portrayed by
587:
534:Ahab and the prophets
443:
29:Ahab (disambiguation)
1431:at Wikimedia Commons
1397:. Paternoster Press.
1822:(Hasmonean dynasty)
1318:Finkelstein, Israel
1008:, pp. 201–232.
996:, pp. 428–429.
874:, pp. 169–195.
811:Entangled Religions
632:Talmudic literature
368:William F. Albright
345:Neo-Assyrian Empire
308:and the husband of
1932:Biblical murderers
1845:Alexander Jannaeus
1707:(southern kingdom)
1587:(northern kingdom)
1185:Singer et al. 1906
971:Merrill F. Unger,
861:on April 18, 2024.
695:In popular culture
590:
512:forces from Tyre,
453:
1894:
1893:
1881:Jewish leadership
1552:(united monarchy)
1478:
1477:
1469:Succeeded by
1427:Media related to
1333:978-0-7432-2338-6
1253:978-0-19-533272-8
938:978-83-7688-156-0
739:Explanatory notes
673:Pseudo-Epiphanius
316:according to the
290:
273:
256:
211:
210:
181:Athaliah of Judah
176:Jehoram of Israel
171:Ahaziah of Israel
141:Kingdom of Israel
1944:
1850:Salome Alexandra
1512:Israel and Judah
1504:
1497:
1490:
1481:
1480:
1452:Preceded by
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1434:
1426:
1411:
1398:
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1188:
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1159:
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1109:
1103:
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1091:
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1077:
1072:
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1064:1 Kings 20:34–43
1061:
1055:
1053:1 Kings 18:17–40
1050:
1044:
1039:
1033:
1027:
1021:
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1009:
1003:
997:
991:
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940:
927:
921:
920:
905:
899:
893:
887:
881:
875:
869:
863:
862:
857:. Archived from
846:
837:
836:
835:– via RUB.
834:
802:
793:
789:
783:
781:1 Kings 16:29–34
778:
772:
771:
754:
462:Battle of Qarqar
456:Battle of Qarqar
451:names King Ahab.
447:'s (859–824 BC)
349:Battle of Qarqar
334:Kingdom of Judah
295:
289:romanized:
288:
286:
278:
272:romanized:
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118:
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80:
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48:
36:
35:
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1508:
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1419:
1414:
1378:Singer, Isidore
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1353:Singer, Isidore
1341:
1334:
1254:
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1217:
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1205:
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1183:
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1168:
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1156:
1149:
1145:
1133:
1129:
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1118:
1110:
1106:
1100:Achtemeier 1996
1098:
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1087:
1080:
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1062:
1058:
1051:
1047:
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1036:
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1024:
1016:
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930:Edward Lipiński
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786:
779:
775:
755:
751:
746:
741:
729:
721:Herman Melville
706:Sins of Jezebel
697:
624:kings of Israel
620:
603:
582:
536:
470:Shalmaneser III
458:
445:Shalmaneser III
419:tributary state
412:YHWH of Samaria
408:Jeroboam's cult
384:
372:Edwin R. Thiele
341:Shalmaneser III
221:
217:
185:
143:
120:
116:
78:
74:
56:
32:
23:character, see
17:
12:
11:
5:
1950:
1940:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1907:850s BC deaths
1892:
1891:
1889:
1888:
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1877:
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1867:
1862:
1860:Aristobulus II
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1533:Kings of Judah
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1462:King of Israel
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1417:External links
1415:
1413:
1412:
1399:
1388:
1363:
1338:
1332:
1314:
1304:Chisholm, Hugh
1293:
1280:10.1086/368966
1273:(4): 201–232.
1258:
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1222:
1219:
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1215:
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1177:
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1154:
1143:
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1116:
1104:
1092:
1078:
1067:
1056:
1045:
1034:
1030:Ussishkin 2010
1022:
1020:, p. 243.
1010:
998:
977:
964:
941:
922:
900:
898:, p. 237.
888:
876:
864:
838:
794:
784:
773:
748:
747:
745:
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640:Land of Israel
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457:
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449:Kurkh Monolith
383:
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376:Michael Coogan
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50:Portrait from
49:
41:
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15:
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1840:Aristobulus I
1838:
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1835:John Hyrcanus
1833:
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1444:House of Omri
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1208:September 15,
1204:
1200:
1193:
1186:
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1158:
1152:
1151:1 Kings 22:39
1147:
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1137:
1131:
1125:
1124:1 Kings 16:30
1120:
1113:
1108:
1102:, p. 18.
1101:
1096:
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1075:1 Kings 21:27
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629:
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615:
611:
609:
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595:
594:Ramoth-Gilead
586:
580:Death of Ahab
574:
570:
569:Ramoth-Gilead
566:
562:
559:
555:
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548:
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541:
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531:
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490:Syrian desert
487:
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431:Aram-Damascus
428:
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322:moral decline
319:
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122:Ramoth-Gilead
112:
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91:
88:
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70:
66:
63:
59:
55:
54:
47:
42:
37:
34:
30:
26:
22:
1830:Simon Thassi
1629:
1523:Davidic line
1466:874–853 BCE
1460:
1442:
1407:
1403:
1393:
1381:
1356:
1322:
1307:
1299:"Ahab"
1270:
1266:
1242:
1229:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:
1192:
1180:
1174:1 Kings 22:8
1169:
1157:
1146:
1135:
1130:
1119:
1107:
1095:
1070:
1059:
1048:
1042:1 Kings 17:1
1037:
1025:
1013:
1001:
972:
967:
957:November 17,
955:. Retrieved
944:
925:
917:the original
913:Biblehub.com
912:
903:
891:
879:
867:
859:the original
854:
814:
810:
787:
776:
767:
763:
752:
714:
711:Captain Ahab
704:
703:in the film
701:Eduard Franz
698:
671:
621:
612:
604:
591:
537:
526:
506:
501:
493:
459:
416:
385:
360:Asa of Judah
357:
338:
318:Hebrew Bible
213:
212:
51:
33:
25:Captain Ahab
20:
1855:Hyrcanus II
1730:Jehoshaphat
1665:Jeroboam II
1565:Ish-bosheth
1112:Coogan 2009
1018:Coogan 2009
896:Coogan 2009
884:Thiele 1965
770:(1): 11–20.
480:, northern
427:Jehoshaphat
353:Mesha Stele
281:Koinē Greek
86:Predecessor
79: 853
1901:Categories
1595:Jeroboam I
1510:Rulers of
1136:Orientalia
1089:1 Kings 22
1006:Craig 1887
832:2263/84039
681:Ephraimite
628:Sanh. x. 2
502:Adad-'idri
484:, Israel,
435:their king
388:Ithobaal I
364:1 Kings 16
117: 853
77: – c.
75: 874
1800:Jehoiakim
1670:Zechariah
1540:Maccabees
994:Cook 1911
744:Citations
716:Moby Dick
687:, son of
662:B. M. 59a
654:Jerusalem
551:Ben-hadad
498:Hadadezer
253:romanized
96:Successor
21:Moby-Dick
1874:See also
1810:Zedekiah
1805:Jeconiah
1795:Jehoahaz
1780:Manasseh
1775:Hezekiah
1745:Athaliah
1715:Rehoboam
1685:Pekahiah
1655:Jehoahaz
1267:Hebraica
1240:(2009).
727:See also
650:Ber. 61b
636:idolater
509:chariots
468:, where
326:Yahwists
268:𒀀𒄩𒀊𒁍
264:Akkadian
19:For the
1937:Jezebel
1927:Omrides
1755:Amaziah
1750:Jehoash
1740:Ahaziah
1735:Jehoram
1680:Menahem
1675:Shallum
1660:Jehoash
1645:Jehoram
1640:Ahaziah
1634:Jezebel
1575:Solomon
1472:Ahaziah
1374:"Micah"
1306:(ed.).
1203:aishcom
685:Micaiah
645:Samaria
608:Baalism
565:Micaiah
528:Jezreel
478:Cilicia
474:Assyria
404:Jericho
400:Asherah
343:of the
332:to the
310:Jezebel
255::
248:אַחְאָב
196:Omrides
191:Dynasty
152:Jezebel
148:Consort
137:Samaria
100:Ahaziah
1790:Josiah
1765:Jotham
1760:Uzziah
1720:Abijam
1695:Hoshea
1605:Baasha
1585:Israel
1550:Israel
1370:
1349:"Ahab"
1345:
1330:
1289:527096
1287:
1250:
936:
601:Legacy
558:Naboth
544:Elijah
520:, and
496:) and
466:Apamea
330:Yahweh
293:Akhaáb
276:Aḫâbbu
259:ʾAḥʾāḇ
244:Hebrew
202:Father
132:Burial
1820:Judea
1705:Judah
1690:Pekah
1620:Tibni
1615:Zimri
1600:Nadab
1570:David
1439:Ahab
1376:. In
1351:. In
1302:. In
1285:JSTOR
817:(2).
689:Imlah
677:Micah
666:fasts
514:Judah
486:Ammon
482:Syria
382:Reign
366::29.
314:Sidon
302:Achab
298:Latin
285:Ἀχαάβ
163:Issue
156:Sidon
126:Syria
68:Reign
1785:Amon
1770:Ahaz
1650:Jehu
1630:Ahab
1625:Omri
1610:Elah
1560:Saul
1455:Omri
1429:Ahab
1410:(4).
1328:ISBN
1248:ISBN
1210:2020
959:2013
934:ISBN
522:Moab
518:Edom
460:The
423:Moab
398:and
396:Baal
392:Tyre
306:Omri
214:Ahab
206:Omri
110:Died
90:Omri
39:Ahab
1725:Asa
1275:doi
827:hdl
819:doi
719:by
713:in
679:an
504:).
472:of
390:of
312:of
154:of
1903::
1408:36
1406:.
1283:.
1269:.
1265:.
1201:.
1081:^
980:^
911:.
853:.
841:^
825:.
815:12
813:.
809:.
797:^
768:42
766:.
762:.
723:.
516:,
355:.
300::
296:;
287:,
283::
279:;
270:,
266::
262:;
250:,
246::
242:;
226:eɪ
139:,
124:,
119:BC
114:c.
81:BC
72:c.
1636:)
1632:(
1503:e
1496:t
1489:v
1336:.
1291:.
1277::
1271:3
1256:.
1212:.
1187:.
1164:.
1114:.
1032:.
961:.
886:.
829::
821::
500:(
238:/
235:b
232:æ
229:h
223:ˈ
220:/
216:(
31:.
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