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1408:â containing the complete findings of the inquiry about the morning of the assassination in the section "The crash of the Presidential plane; genocide begins". Although Lt Lotin, the blue beret commander, had been ordered not to surrender his weapons, his orders also included the U.N. directive not to fire unless fired upon, and by the time his commander told him to negotiate (rather than surrender) four of his men were already disarmed.
402:
498:, from where she planned to make a dawn broadcast appealing for national calm. Uwilingiyimana's house was further guarded by five Ghanaian U.N. troops, who were stationed outside. Inside the house, the family was protected by the Rwandan presidential guard, but between 6:55 and 7:15 am the presidential guard surrounded the U.N. troops and told them to lay down their arms. Fatally, the
379:
President
Habyarimana officially dismissed her as prime minister on 4 August 1993, but she stayed on in a caretaker capacity for eight months, until her death in April 1994. This was despite being excoriated by all the Hutu-dominated parties, including her own MDR, and President Habyarimana's ruling
387:
The swearing in of the Broad Based
Transitional Government (BBTG), was to have taken place on 25 March 1994. At that point, Uwilingiyimana was to have stepped down in favor of Faustin Twagiramungu, having been guaranteed a lower-level ministerial post in the new government. However, the RPF did not
335:
Uwilingiyimana succeeded
Nsengiyaremye as Rwanda's prime minister on July 17, 1993, following a meeting between President Habyarimana and the five parties. The party was divided between moderates and extremists, and she was a moderate. Nsengiyaremye and the MDR convened an extraordinary congress in
505:
Seeing the stand-off outside her home, Uwilingiyimana and her family took refuge in the Kigali U.N. volunteer compound around 8 am. Eyewitnesses to the inquiry on U.N. actions say that
Rwandan soldiers entered the compound at 10 am and searched it for Uwilingiyimana. Fearing for the lives of her
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In 1986 she created a
Soriority and Credit Cooperative Society among the staff of the Butare academic school, and her high-profile role in the self-help organization brought her to the attention of the Kigali authorities, who wanted to appoint decision makers from the discontented south of the
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Uwilingiyimana is remembered as a pioneer in women's rights and education in Rwanda, and her efforts to reconcile ethnic differences in the country. Though short, her political career was precedent-setting as one of the few female political figures in Africa. She was contemporaneous with
347:, made her renounce her resignation. The MDR was thus split into two factions each claiming to be the real MDR. At a meeting in Kigali, Habyarimana addressed her condescendingly as "You, woman!", to which she replied "Don't talk to me like that. I'm not your wife!"
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party, which held a press conference in
January 1994 attacking Uwilingiyimana for being a "political trickster". On November 3, 1993, she publicly warned against retaliatory violence against Tutsis for the assassination of the Hutu Burundian President,
481:
There is shooting, people are being terrorized, people are inside their homes lying on the floor. We are suffering the consequences of the death of the head of state, I believe. We, the civilians, are in no way responsible for the death of our head of
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and five major opposition parties. As education minister, Uwilingiyamana scrapped the academic ethnic quota system, instead distributing public school spots and awards on the basis of open merit. This came in the midst of the
367:-dominated guerilla movement. An agreement between Habyarimana, the five opposition parties (led ostensibly by Uwilingiyimana), and the RPF, was finally reached on 4 August 1993. Under Arusha Accords, Habyarimana's ruling
523:, states clearly: "Although the bodies show signs of fighting, some have rifle-butt or bayonet injuries, some show signs of having been struck by machetes or bullet wounds, there are no traces of sadistic mutilations."
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in Butare. She received a B.Sc. in 1985, and taught chemistry for four years in Butare academic schools. She received criticism from traditionalists for promoting mathematics and science study amongst female students.
506:
children, Uwilingiyimana and her husband emerged. The presidential guard killed them both on the morning of 7 April 1994; Uwilingiyimana had been shot point-blank. Her children escaped and eventually took refuge in
518:
writes that the U.N. troops sent to protect
Uwilingiyimana were castrated, gagged with their own genitalia, and then murdered. However, page 44 and 45 of the UNKIBAT-01 Tab 241 of the Prosecution Case File of the
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477:
on the night of
President Habyarimana's assassination, Uwilingiyimana said that there would be an immediate investigation. She said her home was under siege, and gave her last recorded words:
470:. From Habyarimana's death until her assassination the following morning (approximately 14 hours), Prime Minister Uwilingiyimana was Rwanda's constitutional head of state and of government.
303:
Uwilingiyimana married a high-school classmate, Ignace
Barahira, in 1976; she kept her maiden name, as is customary for Rwandese women. She had the first of her five children the next year.
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in 1973. She continued with graduate studies in mathematics and chemistry, after which she became a schoolteacher in Butare in 1976. By 1983 she was teaching chemistry at the
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615:. The award funds educational and income generating projects aimed at improving the prospects of African girls. One of FAWE's founding members was Agathe Uwilingiyimana.
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appear at the ceremony, postponing the establishment of the new regime. She reached agreement with them that the new government would be sworn in on the following day.
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writes that
Uwilingiyimana and her husband surrendered themselves to save their children, who stayed hidden in the adjoining housing compound for employees of the
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After success in public examinations she was educated at Notre Dame des CĂźteaux Secondary School, and obtained the certificate to teach
570:, but the charges were dropped. He was eventually convicted of murder of the peacekeepers. On 18 December 2008, the ICTR found Colonel
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Uwilingiyimana briefly resigned in view of her lack of support, but a group of prominent personalities, including Twagiramungu and
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Kabusunzu on 23â24 July, during which hardliners had her resign from the party, together with the president of MDR,
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Report of the independent inquiry into the actions of the United Nations during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda
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would take the transitional presidency, and the Prime Minister would be Faustin Twagiramungu from the MDR.
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of 1990â94, and earned her the enmity of the Hutu extremists, as the quota system had favoured Hutus.
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939:"Peace Agreement between the Government of the Republic of Rwanda and the Rwandese Patriotic Front"
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835:"Rwanda - A Chronology (1867-1994) | Sciences Po Mass Violence and Resistance - Research Network"
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The HabyarimanaâUwilingiyimana government had the daunting task of successfully completing the
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from 18 July 1993 until her assassination on 7 April 1994, during the opening stages of the
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319:(MDR), an opposition party, in 1992, and that April was appointed Minister of Education by
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Leave None to Tell the Story: Genocide in Rwanda â Choosing War â Splitting the Opposition
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Agathe Uwilingiyimana was born 23 May 1953 in the village of Nyaruhengeri in the southern
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peacekeepers to her home before 3 am the following morning; they intended to take her to
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257:. She was also Rwanda's acting head of state in the hours leading up to her death.
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Women of Power: Half a Century of Female Presidents and Prime Ministers Worldwide
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Inside the Hotel Rwanda: The Surprising True Story ... and Why It Matters Today
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1100:"Bernard Ntuyahaga indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda"
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to find work, but they moved back to Butare in 1957. She was a member of the
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Uwilingiyimana was succeeded as prime minister of the interim government by
1332:
Famous Assassinations in World History: An Encyclopedia [2 volumes]
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384:, and said that violence was being used to disrupt the Arusha transition.
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221:
1212:
Hoogensen, Gunhild; Solheim, Bruce O. (2006). "Agathe Uwilingiyimana".
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499:
426: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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shot down by surface-to-air missiles at around 8:30 pm on 6 April 1994
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country. In 1989 she became a director in the Ministry of Commerce.
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ultimately complied, handing over their weapons just before 9 am.
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642:
The Failure to Prevent Genocide in Rwanda: The Role of Bystanders
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ethnicity that made up the majority of the Rwandan population.
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276:, 140 kilometres (87 mi) southeast of the Rwandan capital
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Violence against women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
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260:
She was Rwanda's first and so far only female prime minister.
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815:
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From War to Genocide: Criminal Politics in Rwanda, 1990â1994
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1402:(Contains nothing negative about Madame Uwilingiyimana.)
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607:. As a memorial to the late Rwandan Prime Minister, the
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1260:. In Salokar, Rebecca Mae; Volcansek, Mary L. (eds.).
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1994 murders in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1143:"Planner of Rwandan massacres convicted of genocide"
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659:
1650:
Academic staff of the National University of Rwanda
1262:
Women and the Law: A Bio-Bibliographical Sourcebook
1188:
1169:"Rwanda's Bagosora sentenced to life for genocide"
1005:"UNKIBAT-01, Tab 241 of the Prosecution Case File"
245:; 23 May 1953 â 7 April 1994), sometimes known as
1311:The International Dimension of Genocide in Rwanda
555:. They were eventually resettled in Switzerland.
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1211:
925:
688:
566:(ICTR) for the murder of Uwilingiyimana and the
249:, was a Rwandan political figure. She served as
1371:Skard, Torild (2015). "Agathe Uwilingiyimana".
1238:Rwandan Genocide: The Essential Reference Guide
1115:"Rwandan Officer Found Guilty of 1994 Genocide"
728:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of African History
198: 1976; their deaths 1994)
551:military observer, who smuggled them into the
540:. The children survived and were picked up by
1675:African politicians assassinated in the 1990s
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280:. She moved with her farming parents to the
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1620:Republican Democratic Movement politicians
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864:. University of Wisconsin Press. pp.
564:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
521:International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda
1214:Women in Power â Women Leaders Since 1960
859:
639:Frederik GrĂŒnfeld, Anke Huijboom (2007).
442:Learn how and when to remove this message
306:
1287:Kayihura, Edouard; Zukus, Kerry (2014).
1166:
1140:
1112:
1615:People who died in the Rwandan genocide
1160:
1048:"Genocide suspect 'likely to be tried'"
766:Twagilimana, Aimable (1 October 2007).
613:The Agathe Innovative Award Competition
609:Forum for African Women Educationalists
1585:20th-century Rwandan women politicians
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1328:
1141:Chhatbar, Sukhdev (18 December 2008).
1029:, Carroll & Graf: New York, 2003,
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736:10.1093/acrefore/9780190277734.013.487
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1640:People from Southern Province, Rwanda
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1655:National University of Rwanda alumni
1630:Women government ministers of Rwanda
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1234:
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1167:Nyakuiru, Frank (18 December 2008).
1113:Polgreen, Lydia (18 December 2008).
793:Power, Samantha (1 September 2001).
538:United Nations Development Programme
424:adding citations to reliable sources
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56:18 July 1993 â 7 April 1994
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1680:20th-century women prime ministers
1377:. Policy Press. pp. 291â292.
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242:[u.wÇË.ÉŸiË.ÉČÉi.jĂ.mÉÌË.nÉ]
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1685:Politicians assassinated in 1994
1670:Violence against women in Rwanda
1600:Assassinated Rwandan politicians
1590:20th-century Rwandan politicians
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1204:
772:. Scarecrow Press. p. 170.
722:Burnet, Jennie (26 March 2019).
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1635:Women prime ministers in Africa
1353:The Lion, the Fox and the Eagle
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769:Historical Dictionary of Rwanda
645:. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers.
411:needs additional citations for
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165:Rwanda National Heroes Cemetery
1400:A complete biography from FAWE
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462:were never concluded, and the
317:Republican Democratic Movement
174:Republican Democratic Movement
1:
1074:"Rwanda genocide adjournment"
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297:National University of Rwanda
263:
212:National University of Rwanda
1595:Assassinated prime ministers
988:"UN ICC TRIBUNAL FOR RWANDA"
926:Hoogensen & Solheim 2006
689:Hoogensen & Solheim 2006
454:The talks between President
7:
10:
1701:
1356:. Random House of Canada.
1026:Shake Hands with the Devil
529:Shake Hands with the Devil
458:, Uwilingiyimana, and the
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1645:Prime ministers of Rwanda
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1479:Prime ministers of Rwanda
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860:Guichaoua, André (2015).
822:Kayihura & Zukus 2014
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152:Manner of death
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1430:Prime Minister of Rwanda
1329:Newton, Michael (2014).
1308:Klinghoffer, A. (1998).
795:"Bystanders to Genocide"
724:"Uwilingiyimana, Agathe"
553:HĂŽtel des Mille Collines
391:
375:Caretaker prime minister
361:Rwandese Patriotic Front
251:Prime Minister of Rwanda
44:Prime Minister of Rwanda
19:Not to be confused with
16:Prime Minister of Rwanda
1495:post abolished, 1962â91
1258:"Agathe Uwilingiyimana"
1256:Hill, Kevin A. (1996).
580:crimes against humanity
488:U.N. peacekeeping force
460:Rwandan Patriotic Front
1625:Rwandan murder victims
490:sent an escort of ten
484:
307:Rise to prime minister
1235:Herr, Alexis (2018).
586:and sentenced him to
512:Me Against My Brother
479:
473:In an interview with
234:Agathe Uwilingiyimana
32:Agathe Uwilingiyimana
1423:Dismas Nsengiyaremye
622:, a Hutu hardliner.
603:, Prime Minister of
562:was indicted by the
420:improve this article
338:Faustin Twagiramungu
321:Dismas Nsengiyaremye
77:Dismas Nsengiyaremye
1350:Off, Carol (2010).
611:(FAWE) established
325:Juvénal Habyarimana
65:Juvénal Habyarimana
1605:People from Butare
1415:Political offices
1293:. BenBella Books.
1220:. pp. 48â50.
1218:Praeger Publishing
1120:The New York Times
1037:, pp. 245â246, 268
900:Human Rights Watch
890:Des Forges, Alison
572:Théoneste Bagosora
345:Théoneste Bagosora
21:Agathe Habyarimana
1562:
1561:
1446:
1445:
1437:Succeeded by
1384:978-1-4473-1580-3
1363:978-0-307-37077-8
1342:978-1-61069-286-1
1300:978-1-937856-73-1
1279:978-0-313-29410-5
1248:978-1-4408-5561-0
841:. 25 January 2016
839:www.sciencespo.fr
779:978-0-8108-6426-9
745:978-0-19-027773-4
588:life imprisonment
568:U.N. peacekeepers
560:Bernard Ntuyahaga
532:, U.N. commander
464:president's plane
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122:Rwanda-Urundi
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1520:Twagiramungu
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1335:. ABC-CLIO.
1331:
1314:. Springer.
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1241:. ABC-CLIO.
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1178:. Retrieved
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1124:. Retrieved
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1056:. Retrieved
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943:refworld.org
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843:. Retrieved
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545:Mbaye Diagne
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526:In his book
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418:Please help
413:verification
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238:Kinyarwanda:
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133:(1994-04-07)
131:7 April 1994
84:Succeeded by
51:
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1610:Hutu people
1580:1994 deaths
1575:1953 births
1535:Habumuremyi
1268:. pp.
1180:19 December
1152:19 December
1126:19 December
963:Newton 2014
710:Newton 2014
677:Newton 2014
508:Switzerland
500:blue berets
456:Habyarimana
363:(RPF), the
222:Catholicism
114:23 May 1953
72:Preceded by
1569:Categories
1500:Nsanzimana
1434:1993â1994
626:References
584:war crimes
574:guilty of
432:March 2019
293:humanities
264:Early life
207:Alma mater
110:1953-05-23
1490:Kayibanda
1195:Herr 2018
272:province
61:President
52:In office
1545:Ngirente
1540:Murekezi
1515:Kambanda
1084:23 April
1078:BBC News
1058:23 April
1052:BBC News
576:genocide
218:Religion
1525:Rwigema
1270:323â328
1174:Reuters
845:3 April
804:3 April
751:3 April
605:Burundi
542:Captain
492:Belgian
270:Rwandan
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594:Legacy
558:Major
549:UNAMIR
482:state.
278:Kigali
274:Butare
180:Spouse
146:Rwanda
138:Kigali
118:Butare
1008:(PDF)
991:(PDF)
866:89â90
392:Death
365:Tutsi
194:(
190:
1379:ISBN
1358:ISBN
1337:ISBN
1316:ISBN
1295:ISBN
1274:ISBN
1243:ISBN
1222:ISBN
1182:2008
1154:2008
1128:2008
1086:2010
1060:2010
1031:ISBN
904:ISBN
870:ISBN
847:2022
806:2022
774:ISBN
753:2022
740:ISBN
647:ISBN
582:and
547:, a
486:The
466:was
369:MRND
286:Hutu
128:Died
104:Born
42:4th
732:doi
422:by
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