253:. First-grade agarwood is one of the most expensive natural raw materials in the world, with 2010 prices for superior pure material as high as US$ 100,000/kg, although in practice adulteration of the wood and oil is common, allowing for prices as low as US$ 100/kg. A wide range of qualities and products come to market, varying in quality with geographical location, botanical species, the age of the specific tree, cultural deposition and the section of the tree where the piece of agarwood stems from. As of 2013 the global market for agarwood had an estimated value of US$ 6 to 8 billion and was growing rapidly.
1749:. 2010. Please note: due to the method of assigning names to medicinal botanicals used in Tibet, it must be considered that woods with similar medicinal properties are named as varieties of the same medicine, and not according to anything akin to the nomenclature of Western botany. Tibetan botanical taxonomy is still in the earliest stage: "white aloeswood" actually refers to the non-aromatic portions of the Indian sandalwood tree; "yellow aloeswood" refers to the scented heartwood of Santalum album. Unique aloeswood is the highest grade of
849:. The tree may then be infected by a mould, and in response will produces a salutary self-defence material to conceal damages or infections. While the unaffected wood of the tree is relatively light in colour, the resin dramatically increases the mass and density of the affected wood, changing its colour from a pale beige to yellow, orange, red, dark brown or black. In natural forests, only about 7 out of 100 Aquilaria trees of the same species are infected and produce aloes/agar wood. A common method in planted forestry is to
691:
279:
125:. The tree defensively secretes a resin to combat the fungal infestation. Prior to becoming infected, the heartwood mostly lacks scent, and is relatively light and pale in colouration. However, as the infection advances and the tree produces its fragrant resin as a final option of defense, the heartwood becomes very dense, dark, and saturated with resin. This product is harvested, and most famously referred to in
2307:
831:
27:
205:
921:
generally used as a base note and is traditionally paired with rose. Oud essential oil is available on the internet but care should be taken in choosing the vendor. Due to the fact that oud is such an expensive material there is a big market for diluting oud oil with patchouli or other chemical components.
722:
took control over the central provinces of modern
Vietnam, he encouraged trade with other countries, specifically China and Japan. Agarwood was exported in three varieties: Calambac (kỳ nam in Vietnamese), trầm hương (very similar but slightly harder and slightly more abundant), and agarwood proper.
656:
Dioscorides in his book
Materia Medica (65 CE) described several medical qualities of agarwood (Áγαλλοχου) and mentioned its use as an incense. Even though Dioscorides describes agarwood as having an astringent and bitter taste, it was used to freshen the breath when chewed or as a decoction held in
617:
The odour of agarwood is complex and pleasing, with few or no similar natural analogues. In the perfume state, the scent is mainly distinguished by a combination of "oriental-woody" and "very soft fruity-floral" notes. The incense smoke is also characterised by a "sweet-balsamic" note and "shades of
1510:
agaru m.n. ʻ fragrant Aloe -- tree and wood, Aquilaria agallocha ʼ lex., aguru -- R. Pa. agalu -- , aggalu -- m., akalu -- m. ʻ a partic. ointment ʼ; Pk. agaru -- , agaluya -- , agaru(a) -- m.n. ʻ Aloe -- tree and wood ʼ; K. agara -- kāth ʻ sandal -- wood ʼ; S. agaru m. ʻ aloe ʼ, P. N. agar m., A.
920:
Oud has become a popular component in perfumery. Most brands have a creation based on or dedicated to "oud" or an accord of oud created through the use of certain chemical scent components. Few perfume houses use real oud in their creations. This is because oud is very expensive and potent. Oud is
1183:
In addition, agarwood plantations have been established in a number of countries, and reintroduced into countries such as
Malaysia and Sri Lanka as commercial plantation crops. The success of these plantations depends on the stimulation of agarwood production in the trees. Numerous inoculation
1472:
Ta. akil (in cpds. akiṛ-) eagle-wood, Aquilaria agallocha; the drug agar obtained from the tree; akku eagle-wood. Ma. akil aloe wood, A. agallocha. Ka. agil the balsam tree which yields bdellium, Amyris agallocha; the dark species of
Agallochum; fragrance. Tu. agilů a kind of tree; kari agilů
743:
over the sale of
Calambac. This monopoly helped fund the Nguyễn state finances during the early years of the Nguyen rule. Accounts of international trade in agarwood date back as early as the thirteenth century, note India being one of the earliest sources of agarwood for foreign markets.
771:
where it goes by the name of Chén Xiāng - 沉香 - Literally meaning 'sinking fragrance'. Its earliest recorded mention is from the
Miscellaneous Records of Famous Physicians, 名医别录 , Ming Yi Bie Lu, ascribed to the author Táo Hǒng-Jǐng c.420-589.
912:, simple volatile aromatic compounds as well as a range of miscellaneous compounds. The exact balance of these materials will vary depending on the age and species of tree as well as the exact details of the oil extraction process.
704:(The Chronicles of Japan) the second oldest book of classical Japanese history, mention is made of a large piece of fragrant wood identified as agarwood. The source for this piece of wood is claimed to be from
1179:
programme). CITES also provides that international trade in agarwood be subject to controls designed to ensure that harvest and exports are not to the detriment of the survival of the species in the wild.
233:
The varying aromatic qualities of agarwood are influenced by the species, geographic location, its branch, trunk and root origin, length of time since infection, and methods of harvesting and processing.
657:
the mouth. He also writes that a root extract was used to treat stomach complaints and dysentery as well as pains of the lungs and liver. Agarwood's use as a medicinal product was also recorded in the
2113:
936:, where it is used as a traditional aromatic and perfume in many forms. Oud is also one of the reasons why the Arab region developed trade routes in ancient times. Popular amongst
2231:
Expensive, Exploited and
Endangered, A review of the agarwood-producing genera Aquilaria and Gyrinops: CITES considerations, trade patterns, conservation, and management
1163:
threatens some populations of agarwood-producing species. Concern over the impact of the global demand for agarwood has thus led to the inclusion of the main taxa on
2028:
1067:
1012:
1831:
527:(literally "rod/stick") and used to describe agarwood in Arab countries. Western perfumers also often use agarwood essential oil under the name "oud" or "oudh".
1123:
626:
gained great cultural and religious significance in ancient civilizations around the world, being described as a fragrant product as early as 1400 BCE in the
985:
974:
1083:
799:, of which nine are known to produce agar wood. Agarwood can in theory be produced from all members, but until recently it was primarily produced from
2279:
1558:, itself a loan from the Tamil (Numbers 24.8; Proverbs 7.17; Song of Songs 4.14; Psalms 45.9--the latter two instances with the feminine plural form
756:, written in seventh century AD in Northern India, mentions use of agarwood products such as 'Xasipat' (writing-material) and 'aloe-oil' in ancient
2320:
1523:
1485:
189:
communities (among other religious groups), oud is prized in Middle
Eastern and South Asian cultures for its distinctive fragrance, utilized in
1958:
1812:
1176:
897:
708:(based on the smell of the wood). The famous piece of wood still remains in Japan today and is showcased less than 10 times per century at the
516:: unique eaglewood, yellow eaglewood: ཨ་ག་རུ་སེར་པོ་ (a-ga-ru ser-po), white eaglewood: ཨར་སྐྱ་ (ar-skya), and black eaglewood: ཨར་ནག་(ar-nag).
2377:
1851:
NPADP Presentation, NTFP MIS Workshop
Luangprabang, North Phongsali Alternative Development Project, United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime
1399:
Naef, Regula (March 2010). "The volatile and semi-volatile constituents of agarwood, the infected heartwood of
Aquilaria species: a review".
909:
1690:
881:
1848:
1562:. Akil is, we think, native to South India, and it is thus not surprising that the word was borrowed by cultures that imported this plant.
1447:
3311:
905:
889:
3328:
1511:
B. agaru, Or. agarū, H. agar, agur m.; G. agar, agru n. ʻ aloe or sandal -- wood ʼ; M. agar m.n. ʻ aloe ʼ, Si. ayal (agil ← Tam. akil).
864:
The composition of agarwood oil is exceedingly complex with more than 150 chemical compounds identified. At least 70 of these are
2184:
2175:
2145:
2136:
212:
One of the main reasons for the relative rarity and high cost of agarwood is the depletion of the wild resource. Since 1995, the
1925:
Psalms 45: "All thy garments smell of myrrh, and aloes, and cassia, out of the ivory palaces, whereby they have made thee glad."
2229:
2261:
1952:
1597:
1267:
2209:
1167:
Appendix II, which requires that international trade in agarwood be monitored. Monitoring is conducted by Cambridge-based
856:
Oud oil can be distilled from agar wood using steam; the total yield of oil for 70 kg of wood will not exceed 20 ml.
1244:
230:
species were listed in Appendix II; however, a number of countries have outstanding reservations regarding that listing.
1757:, while "black aloeswood" is the resin infused wood of the same tree; "brown aloeswood" is the scented wood of several
2088:
The genus Gyrinops, is closely related to Aquilaria and in the past all species were considered to belong to Aquilaria.
1672:
2091:
1789:
282:
Aquilaria tree showing darker agarwood. Poachers had scraped off the bark to allow the tree to become infected by the
3500:
2370:
2015:
1994:
1828:
1734:
2094:, Forest Pathology and Wood Microbiology Research Laboratory, Department of Plant Pathology, University of Minnesota
1168:
2344:
1369:
1503:
2050:
1772:
2180:
2141:
1473:
Agallochum. / Cf. Skt. aguru-, agaru-; Pali akalu, akaḷu, agaru, agalu, agaḷu; Turner, CDIAL, no. 49. DED 14.
3505:
2363:
2045:
Chinese Herbal Medicine: Materia Medica Revised Edition by Dan Bensky (Author), Andrew Gamble (Compiler),
1860:
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences, ISSN 2305-0330, Volume 2, Issue 1: January 2013)
1809:
1646:
2166:
2127:
3457:
3192:
2410:
1172:
2029:"Facing extinction, India's scented agarwood is finding ways to grow in home gardens, polluted fields"
3485:
3166:
2311:
1936:
493:; all meaning "deep scent" and alluding to its intense scent. In Japan, there are several grades of
3386:
2349:
2069:
Ng, L.T.; Chang Y.S.; Kadir, A.A. (1997). "A review on agar (gaharu) producing Aquilaria species".
1624:
1316:
485:
2420:
2338:
1727:
Tibetan medical paintings: illustrations to the Blue beryl treatise of Sangye Gyamtso (1653–1705)
1687:
853:
trees with the fungus. It produces a "damage sap" and is referred to as "fake" aloes/agar wood.
3417:
3396:
3239:
1621:
Daniel the Prophet: Nine Lectures, Delivered in the Divinity School of the University of Oxford
1465:
1443:
71:
2251:
1587:
694:
Antique agarwood beads with inlaid gold, late Qing dynasty, China. Adilnor Collection, Sweden.
3495:
2790:
1091:
238:
218:
20:
2253:
Smallholder Tree Growing for Rural Development and Environmental Services: Lessons from Asia
3376:
1429:
1099:
1039:
1001:
709:
505:, ancient texts also refer to the use of agarwood in relation to travelling Buddhist monks.
1370:"First-grade agarwood can cost as much as $ 100,000 per kilogram. Why is it so expensive?"
1342:
8:
2386:
2317:
1499:
993:
966:
642:
546:
490:
387:
267:
719:
3427:
3171:
3062:
2805:
2696:
2691:
2659:
1899:
1766:
1517:
1479:
1298:
1115:
1107:
834:
732:
405:
349:
3431:
3133:
3098:
2644:
2257:
2046:
2011:
1990:
1982:
1948:
1903:
1891:
1730:
1668:
1628:
1593:
1290:
1047:
1020:
480:
312:
2334:
1302:
760:(Kamarupa). The tradition of making writing materials from its bark still exists in
3422:
3012:
2941:
2926:
2800:
2649:
2629:
1883:
1408:
1373:
1282:
1193:
736:
715:
Agarwood is highly revered in Hinduism, Buddhism, Chinese Folk Religion and Islam.
601:
572:
513:
509:
456:
323:
3490:
3391:
3290:
3093:
2747:
2654:
2482:
1835:
1793:
1694:
1650:
1451:
1248:
1075:
842:
768:
705:
666:
524:
468:
433:
146:
117:
86:
62:
2008:
Nguyễn Cochinchina: southern Vietnam in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries
1729:(English edition of Tibetan text & paintings) (2 volumes) Serindia, London,
841:
Agar wood forms in the trunk and roots of trees that have been penetrated by an
476:
464:
452:
3412:
3214:
2906:
2785:
1974:
1935:
Barden, Angela; Anak, Noorainie Awang; Mulliken, Teresa; Song, Michael (2000).
1156:
1144:
869:
792:
740:
550:
418:
410:
214:
Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora
1887:
1286:
1241:
3479:
2717:
2588:
2535:
2425:
2415:
1895:
1816:
1537:
1294:
752:
623:
579:
338:
2614:
2329:
1871:
3462:
3381:
3366:
3234:
3057:
2727:
2583:
2500:
2287:. University of Heidelberg: HeiDOK: Journal article: JRAS. pp. 103–125
1786:
1160:
933:
877:
658:
638:
425:(அகில்) though what was referred in ancient Tamil literature could well be
283:
182:
2092:"Cultivated Agarwood – Training programs and Research in Papua New Guinea"
1434:, Universitätsbibliothel, Universität Heidelberg, 30 May 2011, (PDF) p. 4.
1431:
The Value of Agarwood: Reflections upon its use and history in South Yemen
3452:
3361:
3224:
3037:
2931:
2866:
2836:
2593:
2525:
2505:
1986:
1938:
Heart of the Matter: Agarwood Use and Trade and CITES Implementation for
1139:
979:
925:
700:
650:
561:
223:
102:
1849:"Marketing and Domestication of NTFPs in North Phonsali Three Districts"
1632:
823:
are the other two members of the genus that are commonly harvested. The
3161:
3141:
3047:
2992:
2886:
2821:
2707:
2634:
2619:
2573:
2558:
2548:
2211:
Wood for the Trees: A review of the agarwood (gaharu) trade in Malaysia
1198:
1052:
929:
865:
796:
724:
690:
680:
246:
242:
2826:
2515:
2355:
512:
it is known as ཨ་ག་རུ་ (a-ga-ru). There are several varieties used in
3176:
3113:
3042:
2971:
2896:
2871:
2831:
2762:
2752:
2578:
2553:
2510:
2490:
2237:. Yokohama, Japan: International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO).
1412:
1006:
957:
893:
880:
have been detected at all. Other common classes of compounds include
873:
850:
787:
673:
662:
619:
237:
Agarwood is one of the most expensive woods in the world, along with
166:
126:
111:
106:
2664:
1665:
The Book of Incense: Enjoying the Traditional Art of Japanese Scents
1498:
278:
3285:
3270:
3181:
3067:
2946:
2916:
2901:
2851:
2722:
2674:
2624:
2609:
2563:
1203:
1132:
1128:
1060:
1056:
1029:
1025:
885:
824:
747:
395:
198:
190:
186:
679:(Strange things from the South) written by Wa Zhen of the Eastern
661:, which dates back to approximately the ninth century, and in the
3295:
3108:
3072:
3052:
3032:
3022:
3017:
2997:
2966:
2956:
2951:
2891:
2876:
2846:
2669:
2520:
1242:
CITES (25 April 2005) "Notification to the Parties" No. 2005/0025
1184:
techniques have been developed, with varying degrees of success.
1033:
941:
937:
901:
684:
683:
mentioned agarwood produced in the Rinan commandery, now Central
502:
437:
194:
98:
3338:
2010:, Southeast Asia Program Publications, Ithaca, New York, p. 79,
3371:
3265:
3260:
3209:
3146:
3088:
2961:
2936:
2921:
2881:
2841:
2777:
2757:
2737:
2712:
2639:
2455:
2450:
2440:
2435:
2405:
2306:
1470:(2 ed.). Oxfordshire: Oxford University Press. p. 4.
698:
During the sixth century CE in Japan, in the recordings of the
1643:
3333:
3300:
3280:
3275:
3229:
3151:
3123:
3118:
3002:
2911:
2861:
2856:
2568:
2543:
2465:
2460:
2445:
2429:
2400:
2068:
1725:
Parfionovitch, Yuri; Dorje, Gyurme and Meyer, Fernand (1992)
1688:
Thứ Hai (9 April 2006) "kỳ nam và trầm hương" Tuổi Trẻ Online
1463:
1424:
1422:
1164:
1151:
830:
761:
757:
728:
646:
631:
627:
519:
Both agarwood and its resin distillate/extracts are known as
250:
213:
178:
162:
149:
91:
161:(this name, as well, is not to be confused with the edible,
3305:
3255:
3219:
3186:
3103:
3027:
3007:
2767:
2732:
2495:
590:
300:
204:
153:
94:
26:
1653:
in Sanskrit Dictionary from Bhaktivedanta VedaBase Network
1419:
947:
672:
As early as the third century CE in ancient Viet Nam, the
290:
Agarwood is known under many names in different cultures:
177:. With thousands of years of known use, and valued across
2250:
Snelder, Denyse J.; Lasco, Rodel D. (29 September 2008).
1444:
International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Life Sciences
1095:, found in Indonesia, Malaysia, Laos, Thailand, and India
1947:. Cambridge, England: Traffic International. p. 7.
970:, found in Papua New Guinea, Indonesia & Philippines
3156:
2795:
2742:
2343:
Traditional and Medicinal Uses of Aquilaria / Agarwood
1934:
1707:
Persoon, G.A. "Agarwood: the life of a wounded tree".
2217:. Petaling Jaya: TRAFFIC Southeast Asia. p. 108.
618:
vanilla and musk" and amber (not to be confused with
2335:"Sustainable Agarwood Production in Aquilaria Trees"
1592:. National Institute of Industrial Re. p. 182.
1505:
A Comparative Dictionary of the Indo-Aryan Languages
767:
It is to this day still used in traditional Chinese
76:
2227:
2114:"The history and meaning of oud in the Middle East"
1266:López-Sampson, Arlene; Page, Tony (20 March 2018).
1870:López-Sampson, Arlene; Page, Tony (1 March 2018).
1225:Broad, S. (1995) "Agarwood harvesting in Vietnam"
1869:
1265:
3477:
1589:Aromatic Plants Cultivation, Processing And Uses
1454:ISSN 2305-0330, Volume 2, Issue 1: January 2013)
687:, and how people collected it in the mountains.
208:Uninfected aquilaria wood lacking the dark resin
115:trees after they become infected with a type of
2228:Thompson, I. D.; Lim, T.; Turjaman, M. (2022).
837:process used to extract agarwood essential oils
298:or Aloeswood, unrelated to the familiar genus,
1810:"Dawn Spencer Hurwitz Oude Arabique (extrait)"
1536:
1508:. London: Oxford University Press. p. 3.
2371:
2207:
1847:Hkum, Seng Hkum N and Maodee, M. (July 2005)
270:languages, probably from Tamil அகில் (agil).
2249:
2208:Lim, Teckwyn; Awang Anak, Noorainie (2010).
1697:. Tuoitre.com.vn. Retrieved on 22 July 2013.
1544:. Harvard University Press. pp. 19–20.
1522:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1484:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
645:24:6 and a perfume compounded of aloeswood,
224:Appendix II (potentially threatened species)
19:"Aloes" redirects here. For other uses, see
1079:, found in Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia
440:, it is known by the same Sanskrit name as
414:tree is known as "Walla Patta" (වල්ල පට්ට).
2378:
2364:
1394:
1392:
1390:
1317:"Top 10 Most Expensive Woods in the World"
1152:Conservation of agarwood-producing species
266:The word ultimately comes from one of the
1579:
785:There are seventeen species in the genus
641:, "trees of lign aloes" are mentioned in
363:. The fragrance from this wood is called
1367:
1237:
1235:
829:
689:
277:
203:
25:
2385:
2185:United States Department of Agriculture
2176:Germplasm Resources Information Network
2146:United States Department of Agriculture
2137:Germplasm Resources Information Network
1550:, probably derived directly from Tamil
1387:
1221:
1219:
845:insect feeding on wood and oily resin,
394:, which is derived originally from the
3478:
2064:
2062:
2060:
2058:
1964:from the original on 23 November 2008.
1919:
1872:"History of Use and Trade of Agarwood"
1662:
1567:
1464:Burrow, T., and M. B. Emeneau (1984).
1343:"11 Most Expensive Woods in the World"
1268:"History of Use and Trade of Agarwood"
2359:
2203:
2201:
2026:
1585:
1232:
538:, from similarity to Tamil-Malayalam
85:
2277:
2256:. シュプリンガー・ジャパン株式会社. p. 248 ff.
1398:
1261:
1259:
1257:
1251:. (PDF) . Retrieved on 22 July 2013.
1216:
944:where the incense chips are burned.
940:, it has been traditionally used in
16:Fragrant wood of some Thymelaeoideae
2071:Journal of Tropical Forest Products
2055:
1979:Zen Effects: the Life of Alan Watts
1706:
1467:A Dravidian etymological dictionary
1206:, the band named after the agarwood
575:it is called "ghara" or eagle wood.
497:, the highest of which is known as
273:
66:
13:
2281:The cultural biography of agarwood
2278:Jung, Dr. Dinah (1 January 2013).
2244:
2198:
1138:* Sri Lankan agarwood is known as
780:
14:
3517:
2299:
2027:Ghosh, Sahana (25 October 2018).
1500:Turner, R. L. (Ralph Lilley), Sir
1254:
1103:, found in Indonesia and Malaysia
1043:, found in Indonesia and Malaysia
622:). As a result, agarwood and its
2305:
1087:, found in Bangladesh and India.
989:, found in Cambodia and Thailand
827:tree can also produce agarwood.
530:In Europe it was referred to as
2221:
2159:
2120:
2106:
2097:
2081:
2039:
2020:
2000:
1968:
1928:
1910:
1863:
1854:
1841:
1822:
1819:(fashion and fragrance reviews)
1802:
1779:
1739:
1719:
1700:
1681:
1656:
1637:
1623:Funk & Wagnalls, New York,
1613:
1530:
1492:
1457:
256:
53:, most commonly referred to as
2330:Etymology of agarwood and aloe
1761:species from India and Bhutan.
1619:Pusey, Edward Bouverie (1885)
1437:
1361:
1335:
1309:
859:
723:A pound of Calambac bought in
1:
2181:Agricultural Research Service
2142:Agricultural Research Service
2090:Blanchette, Robert A. (2006)
1808:Branch, Nathan (30 May 2009)
1401:Flavour and Fragrance Journal
1210:
951:species that produce agarwood
791:, large evergreens native to
145:(not to be confused with the
141:; however, it is also called
1981:. Houghton Mifflin. p. 196.
1715:(2007). IIAS, Leiden: 24–25.
1586:Panda, H. (1 January 2009).
924:Oud scent is popular in the
915:
775:
261:
222:(the primary source) in its
7:
1753:resin, known in English as
1368:Andy Ash (27 August 2020).
1187:
653:is described in Psalms 45.
90:), is a fragrant, dark and
77:
10:
3522:
1771:: CS1 maint: postscript (
1747:Aromatics, an encyclopedia
1554:rather than from Sanskrit
868:which come in the form of
612:
359:In Cambodia, it is called
165:-derived thickening agent
30:Cultivated aloes/agar wood
18:
3445:
3405:
3354:
3347:
3321:
3248:
3202:
3132:
3081:
2980:
2814:
2776:
2687:
2602:
2534:
2481:
2474:
2393:
2352:, BusinessInsider; video.
2326:(archived 13 August 2005)
1888:10.1007/s12231-018-9408-4
1829:"สำนักคุ้มครองภูมิปัญญาฯ"
1573:Palmer, A. Smythe (1882)
1287:10.1007/s12231-018-9408-4
1247:30 September 2007 at the
1119:, found in China and Laos
955:The following species of
330:and the agarwood oil as
129:under the scent names of
3501:Medicinal plants of Asia
1693:15 February 2009 at the
3406:Fruits and other plants
2339:University of Minnesota
1663:Morita, Kiyoko (1999).
847:Dinoplatypus chevrolati
750:'s travelogues and the
718:Starting in 1580 after
326:, agarwood is known as
308:, via Hebrew and Greek.
1834:25 August 2011 at the
1785:Burfield, Tony (2005)
838:
695:
383:in the Khmer language.
287:
209:
31:
1940:Aquilaria malaccensis
1838:, page 1 (๑), in Thai
1450:16 April 2014 at the
1092:Aquilaria malaccensis
1068:Aquilaria grandiflora
1032:, Thailand, Laos and
1013:Aquilaria brachyantha
833:
693:
281:
219:Aquilaria malaccensis
207:
101:, perfume, and small
29:
21:aloe (disambiguation)
2314:at Wikimedia Commons
1815:6 September 2012 at
1792:1 April 2010 at the
1124:Aquilaria subintegra
1100:Aquilaria microcarpa
1040:Aquilaria cumingiana
1002:Aquilaria beccariana
710:Nara National Museum
427:Excoecaria agallocha
379:is the tree species
369:khloem chann crassna
3506:Perfume ingredients
2387:Worship in Hinduism
2345:The Cropwatch Files
2318:Hong Kong Herbarium
2116:. 11 November 2021.
1797:The Cropwatch Files
1751:Aquilaria agallocha
1649:7 June 2010 at the
1111:, found in Malaysia
1016:, found in Malaysia
994:Aquilaria banaensae
986:Aquilaria baillonil
975:Aquilaria apiculata
967:Aquilaria acuminata
739:soon established a
735:for 600 taels. The
665:medicinal text the
643:The Book of Numbers
408:Agarwood producing
375:is 'hard wood' and
332:agor ator (আগর আতর)
328:agor gach (আগর গাছ)
2806:Om Namo Narayanaya
2350:expensive material
2323:Aquilaria sinensis
1787:"Agarwood Trading"
1542:Tamil: A biography
1323:. 18 November 2016
1321:Salpoente Boutique
1116:Aquilaria sinensis
1108:Aquilaria rostrata
1084:Aquilaria khasiana
997:, found in Vietnam
961:produce agarwood:
839:
835:Steam distillation
696:
677:Nan zhou yi wu zhi
604:), it is known as
288:
210:
105:. It forms in the
32:
3471:
3470:
3441:
3440:
3432:Tulasi Vrindavana
2683:
2682:
2645:Panchayatana puja
2310:Media related to
2263:978-1-4020-8260-3
2130:Aquilaria filaria
1954:978-1-85850-177-2
1916:Numbers 24:6, KJV
1599:978-81-7833-057-0
1048:Aquilaria filaria
1021:Aquilaria crassna
811:are synonyms for
731:could be sold in
564:, it is known as
390:, it is known as
381:Aquilaria crassna
239:African blackwood
75:
3513:
3486:Incense material
3352:
3351:
3240:Pilgrimage sites
2801:Om Namah Shivaya
2650:Prana Pratishtha
2630:Kumbhabhishekham
2479:
2478:
2380:
2373:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2309:
2296:
2294:
2292:
2286:
2274:
2272:
2270:
2239:
2238:
2236:
2225:
2219:
2218:
2216:
2205:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2163:
2157:
2156:
2154:
2152:
2124:
2118:
2117:
2110:
2104:
2101:
2095:
2085:
2079:
2078:
2066:
2053:
2043:
2037:
2036:
2024:
2018:
2006:Li, Tana (1998)
2004:
1998:
1972:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1946:
1932:
1926:
1923:
1917:
1914:
1908:
1907:
1867:
1861:
1858:
1852:
1845:
1839:
1826:
1820:
1806:
1800:
1783:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1762:
1743:
1737:
1723:
1717:
1716:
1704:
1698:
1685:
1679:
1678:
1667:. Kodansha USA.
1660:
1654:
1641:
1635:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1583:
1577:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1534:
1528:
1527:
1521:
1513:
1496:
1490:
1489:
1483:
1475:
1461:
1455:
1441:
1435:
1426:
1417:
1416:
1413:10.1002/ffj.2034
1396:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1374:Business Insider
1365:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1339:
1333:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1306:
1272:
1263:
1252:
1239:
1230:
1227:TRAFFIC Bulletin
1223:
1194:Incense in India
1071:, found in China
706:Pursat, Cambodia
573:Papua New Guinea
534:(eagle-wood) or
514:Tibetan Medicine
294:Another name is
274:Vernacular names
89:
84:
80:
70:
68:
3521:
3520:
3516:
3515:
3514:
3512:
3511:
3510:
3476:
3475:
3472:
3467:
3437:
3401:
3343:
3317:
3244:
3198:
3128:
3077:
2976:
2810:
2772:
2748:Sandhyavandanam
2701:
2679:
2655:Sandhyavandanam
2598:
2530:
2470:
2389:
2384:
2302:
2290:
2288:
2284:
2268:
2266:
2264:
2247:
2245:Further reading
2242:
2234:
2226:
2222:
2214:
2206:
2199:
2189:
2187:
2169:Aquilaria hirta
2165:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2148:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2112:
2111:
2107:
2102:
2098:
2086:
2082:
2067:
2056:
2044:
2040:
2025:
2021:
2005:
2001:
1975:Furlong, Monica
1973:
1969:
1961:
1955:
1944:
1933:
1929:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1911:
1876:Economic Botany
1868:
1864:
1859:
1855:
1846:
1842:
1836:Wayback Machine
1827:
1823:
1807:
1803:
1794:Wayback Machine
1784:
1780:
1764:
1763:
1745:
1744:
1740:
1724:
1720:
1709:IIAS Newsletter
1705:
1701:
1695:Wayback Machine
1686:
1682:
1675:
1661:
1657:
1651:Wayback Machine
1642:
1638:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1600:
1584:
1580:
1572:
1568:
1535:
1531:
1515:
1514:
1497:
1493:
1477:
1476:
1462:
1458:
1452:Wayback Machine
1442:
1438:
1427:
1420:
1397:
1388:
1378:
1376:
1366:
1362:
1352:
1350:
1341:
1340:
1336:
1326:
1324:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1275:Economic Botany
1270:
1264:
1255:
1249:Wayback Machine
1240:
1233:
1224:
1217:
1213:
1190:
1154:
1076:Aquilaria hirta
953:
918:
862:
843:Ambrosia beetle
783:
781:Production mode
778:
769:herbal medicine
667:Susruta Samhita
615:
593:it is known as
582:it is known as
553:, it is called
447:It is known as
367:(ខ្លឹមចាន់) or
352:, it is called
341:, it is called
276:
264:
259:
226:. In 2004, all
147:succulent plant
118:Phaeoacremonium
82:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3519:
3509:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3449:
3447:
3443:
3442:
3439:
3438:
3436:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3389:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3369:
3364:
3358:
3356:
3349:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3341:
3336:
3331:
3325:
3323:
3322:Sacred animals
3319:
3318:
3316:
3315:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3252:
3250:
3246:
3245:
3243:
3242:
3237:
3232:
3227:
3222:
3217:
3215:Dhvajastambham
3212:
3206:
3204:
3200:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3189:
3184:
3179:
3174:
3172:Pillaiyar Suḻi
3169:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3144:
3138:
3136:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3096:
3091:
3085:
3083:
3079:
3078:
3076:
3075:
3070:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3050:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3015:
3010:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2984:
2982:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2909:
2904:
2899:
2894:
2889:
2884:
2879:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2859:
2854:
2849:
2844:
2839:
2834:
2829:
2824:
2818:
2816:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2786:Gayatri Mantra
2782:
2780:
2774:
2773:
2771:
2770:
2765:
2760:
2755:
2750:
2745:
2740:
2735:
2730:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2694:
2688:
2685:
2684:
2681:
2680:
2678:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2622:
2617:
2612:
2606:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2597:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2581:
2576:
2571:
2566:
2561:
2556:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2538:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2518:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2485:
2476:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2418:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2390:
2383:
2382:
2375:
2368:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2347:
2341:
2332:
2327:
2315:
2301:
2300:External links
2298:
2262:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2240:
2220:
2197:
2158:
2119:
2105:
2096:
2080:
2054:
2038:
2019:
1999:
1967:
1953:
1927:
1918:
1909:
1882:(1): 107–129.
1862:
1853:
1840:
1821:
1801:
1778:
1738:
1718:
1699:
1680:
1674:978-4770023896
1673:
1655:
1636:
1612:
1598:
1578:
1575:Folk Etymology
1566:
1538:Shulman, David
1529:
1491:
1456:
1436:
1418:
1386:
1360:
1349:. 22 July 2020
1334:
1308:
1253:
1231:
1214:
1212:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1201:
1196:
1189:
1186:
1157:Overharvesting
1153:
1150:
1145:Gyrinops walla
1142:and is of the
1136:
1135:
1120:
1112:
1104:
1096:
1088:
1080:
1072:
1064:
1044:
1036:
1017:
1009:
998:
990:
982:
971:
952:
946:
917:
914:
870:sesquiterpenes
861:
858:
813:A. malaccensis
801:A. malaccensis
793:southeast Asia
782:
779:
777:
774:
741:Royal Monopoly
614:
611:
610:
609:
598:
587:
576:
569:
558:
543:
528:
517:
506:
445:
430:
415:
411:Gyrinops walla
402:
384:
357:
346:
335:
320:
309:
275:
272:
263:
260:
258:
255:
169:), as well as
87:[ʕuːd]
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3518:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3483:
3481:
3474:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3450:
3448:
3444:
3433:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3410:
3408:
3404:
3398:
3397:Sacred groves
3395:
3393:
3390:
3388:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3370:
3368:
3365:
3363:
3360:
3359:
3357:
3353:
3350:
3348:Sacred plants
3346:
3340:
3337:
3335:
3332:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3324:
3320:
3314:
3313:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3253:
3251:
3247:
3241:
3238:
3236:
3233:
3231:
3228:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3207:
3205:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3190:
3188:
3185:
3183:
3180:
3178:
3175:
3173:
3170:
3168:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3145:
3143:
3140:
3139:
3137:
3135:
3131:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3087:
3086:
3084:
3080:
3074:
3071:
3069:
3066:
3064:
3061:
3059:
3056:
3054:
3051:
3049:
3046:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3014:
3011:
3009:
3006:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2985:
2983:
2979:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2893:
2890:
2888:
2885:
2883:
2880:
2878:
2875:
2873:
2870:
2868:
2865:
2863:
2860:
2858:
2855:
2853:
2850:
2848:
2845:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2783:
2781:
2779:
2775:
2769:
2766:
2764:
2761:
2759:
2756:
2754:
2751:
2749:
2746:
2744:
2741:
2739:
2736:
2734:
2731:
2729:
2726:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2718:Brahmamuhurta
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2705:
2703:
2698:
2695:
2693:
2690:
2689:
2686:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2613:
2611:
2608:
2607:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2589:Putrakameshti
2587:
2585:
2582:
2580:
2577:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2565:
2562:
2560:
2557:
2555:
2552:
2550:
2547:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2486:
2484:
2480:
2477:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2427:
2424:
2422:
2419:
2417:
2414:
2412:
2409:
2407:
2404:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2374:
2369:
2367:
2362:
2361:
2358:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2340:
2336:
2333:
2331:
2328:
2325:
2324:
2321:factsheet of
2319:
2316:
2313:
2308:
2304:
2303:
2297:
2283:
2282:
2275:
2265:
2259:
2255:
2254:
2233:
2232:
2224:
2213:
2212:
2204:
2202:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2172:
2170:
2162:
2147:
2143:
2139:
2138:
2133:
2131:
2123:
2115:
2109:
2100:
2093:
2089:
2084:
2077:(2): 272–285.
2076:
2072:
2065:
2063:
2061:
2059:
2052:
2048:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2023:
2017:
2016:0-87727-722-2
2013:
2009:
2003:
1996:
1995:9780395353448
1992:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1971:
1960:
1956:
1950:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1931:
1922:
1913:
1905:
1901:
1897:
1893:
1889:
1885:
1881:
1877:
1873:
1866:
1857:
1850:
1844:
1837:
1833:
1830:
1825:
1818:
1817:archive.today
1814:
1811:
1805:
1798:
1795:
1791:
1788:
1782:
1774:
1768:
1760:
1756:
1752:
1748:
1742:
1736:
1735:0-906026-26-1
1732:
1728:
1722:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1696:
1692:
1689:
1684:
1676:
1670:
1666:
1659:
1652:
1648:
1645:
1640:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1622:
1616:
1601:
1595:
1591:
1590:
1582:
1576:
1570:
1563:
1561:
1557:
1553:
1549:
1543:
1539:
1533:
1525:
1519:
1512:
1507:
1506:
1501:
1495:
1487:
1481:
1474:
1469:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1440:
1433:
1432:
1425:
1423:
1414:
1410:
1406:
1402:
1395:
1393:
1391:
1375:
1371:
1364:
1348:
1344:
1338:
1322:
1318:
1312:
1304:
1300:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1269:
1262:
1260:
1258:
1250:
1246:
1243:
1238:
1236:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1215:
1205:
1202:
1200:
1197:
1195:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1181:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1166:
1162:
1158:
1149:
1147:
1146:
1141:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1121:
1118:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1101:
1097:
1094:
1093:
1089:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1070:
1069:
1065:
1063:(Philippines)
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1041:
1037:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1018:
1015:
1014:
1010:
1008:
1004:
1003:
999:
996:
995:
991:
988:
987:
983:
981:
977:
976:
972:
969:
968:
964:
963:
962:
960:
959:
950:
945:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
922:
913:
911:
907:
903:
899:
898:eremophilanes
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
857:
854:
852:
848:
844:
836:
832:
828:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
809:A. secundaria
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
789:
773:
770:
765:
763:
759:
755:
754:
753:Harshacharita
749:
745:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
721:
716:
713:
711:
707:
703:
702:
692:
688:
686:
682:
678:
675:
670:
668:
664:
660:
654:
652:
648:
644:
640:
635:
633:
629:
625:
624:essential oil
621:
607:
603:
599:
597:(ໄມ້ເກດສະໜາ).
596:
592:
588:
585:
581:
577:
574:
570:
567:
563:
559:
556:
552:
548:
544:
541:
537:
533:
532:Lignum aquila
529:
526:
522:
518:
515:
511:
507:
504:
500:
496:
492:
488:
487:
482:
478:
474:
470:
466:
462:
458:
454:
450:
446:
443:
439:
435:
431:
428:
424:
421:it is called
420:
416:
413:
412:
407:
403:
400:
397:
393:
389:
385:
382:
378:
377:chann crassna
374:
370:
366:
362:
361:chann crassna
358:
355:
351:
347:
344:
340:
336:
333:
329:
325:
321:
318:
315:it is called
314:
310:
307:
303:
302:
297:
293:
292:
291:
285:
280:
271:
269:
254:
252:
248:
244:
240:
235:
231:
229:
225:
221:
220:
215:
206:
202:
200:
196:
192:
188:
184:
180:
176:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
155:
151:
148:
144:
140:
136:
132:
128:
124:
123:P. parasitica
120:
119:
114:
113:
108:
104:
103:hand carvings
100:
96:
93:
88:
79:
73:
64:
60:
56:
52:
48:
44:
40:
36:
28:
22:
3496:Wood by type
3473:
3463:Temple dance
3382:Kalpavriksha
3310:
3191:
2987:
2972:Yajnopavitam
2947:Prayer beads
2791:Hare Krishna
2728:Jai Shri Ram
2584:Purushamedha
2501:Panchamakara
2322:
2289:. Retrieved
2280:
2276:
2267:. Retrieved
2252:
2248:
2230:
2223:
2210:
2188:. Retrieved
2174:
2168:
2161:
2149:. Retrieved
2135:
2129:
2122:
2108:
2103:Harris, 1995
2099:
2087:
2083:
2074:
2070:
2041:
2032:
2022:
2007:
2002:
1978:
1970:
1941:
1937:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1879:
1875:
1865:
1856:
1843:
1824:
1804:
1796:
1781:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1741:
1726:
1721:
1712:
1708:
1702:
1683:
1664:
1658:
1639:
1620:
1615:
1603:. Retrieved
1588:
1581:
1574:
1569:
1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1545:
1541:
1532:
1509:
1504:
1494:
1471:
1466:
1459:
1439:
1430:
1428:Dinah Jung,
1407:(2): 73–87.
1404:
1400:
1379:17 September
1377:. Retrieved
1363:
1353:19 September
1351:. Retrieved
1346:
1337:
1327:19 September
1325:. Retrieved
1320:
1311:
1278:
1274:
1226:
1182:
1161:habitat loss
1155:
1143:
1137:
1122:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1090:
1082:
1074:
1066:
1046:
1038:
1019:
1011:
1000:
992:
984:
973:
965:
956:
954:
948:
934:Arab culture
923:
919:
910:vetispiranes
878:monoterpenes
863:
855:
846:
840:
820:
816:
812:
808:
805:A. agallocha
804:
800:
786:
784:
766:
751:
746:
737:Nguyễn Lords
720:Nguyễn Hoàng
717:
714:
699:
697:
676:
671:
659:Sahih Muslim
655:
639:Hebrew Bible
636:
616:
605:
600:In Myanmar (
594:
584:mai kritsana
583:
565:
554:
539:
535:
531:
520:
498:
494:
484:
472:
460:
448:
441:
426:
422:
409:
398:
391:
380:
376:
372:
368:
365:khloem chann
364:
360:
353:
342:
331:
327:
316:
305:
304:. Also from
299:
296:Lignum aloes
295:
289:
284:ascomycetous
265:
257:Denomination
236:
232:
227:
217:
211:
174:
170:
158:
152:
142:
138:
134:
130:
122:
116:
110:
58:
54:
51:Wood of Gods
50:
46:
42:
38:
34:
33:
3453:Firewalking
3418:Kusha grass
3362:Akshayavata
3225:Temple tank
3134:Iconography
3082:Instruments
3038:Panchagavya
2932:Panchamrita
2837:Banana leaf
2594:Viraja Homa
2526:Pushpanjali
2506:Panchamrita
2394:Main topics
1799:, Cropwatch
1502:(1962–66).
1281:: 107–129.
1140:Walla Patta
1127:, found in
1051:, found in
1005:, found in
980:Philippines
978:, found in
926:Middle East
882:agarofurans
860:Composition
821:A. sinensis
701:Nihon Shoki
608:(သစ်မွှေး).
595:mai ketsana
586:(ไม้กฤษณา).
562:Philippines
216:has listed
3480:Categories
3162:Panchaloha
3142:Ashtadhatu
2887:Agarabattī
2822:Puja thali
2708:Ajapa japa
2697:Meditation
2635:Nityakarma
2625:Karmakāṇḍa
2620:Ashvamedha
2574:Kamyakarma
2559:Agnikaryam
2549:Agnicayana
2291:30 October
2051:0939616157
1755:Agallochum
1211:References
1199:Sandalwood
1053:New Guinea
930:Arab world
906:prezizanes
894:valencanes
890:eudesmanes
866:terpenoids
817:A. crassna
797:south asia
681:Wu Dynasty
606:Thit Mhwae
547:Indonesian
491:Vietnamese
486:trầm hương
247:pink ivory
243:sandalwood
83:pronounced
3177:Shaligram
3114:Mridangam
3099:Karatalas
3094:Harmonium
3043:Rudraksha
2981:Materials
2897:Kamandalu
2832:Banalinga
2763:Third eye
2753:Śaktipāta
2615:Ashirvada
2579:Pravargya
2554:Agnihotra
2511:Parikrama
2491:Abhisheka
2421:Festivals
2269:8 October
2033:scroll.in
1904:255560778
1896:1874-9364
1767:cite book
1759:Dalbergia
1605:8 October
1518:cite book
1480:cite book
1295:0013-0001
1171:(a joint
1148:species.
1024:found in
1007:Indonesia
958:Aquilaria
949:Aquilaria
932:, and in
916:Perfumery
886:cadinanes
874:chromones
851:inoculate
788:Aquilaria
776:Formation
674:chronicle
663:Ayurvedic
620:ambergris
536:Agilawood
523:(عود) in
501:(伽羅). In
461:Chimhyang
449:Chénxiāng
350:Malayalam
268:Dravidian
262:Etymology
228:Aquilaria
183:Christian
167:agar agar
127:cosmetics
112:Aquilaria
107:heartwood
72:romanized
47:gharuwood
43:eaglewood
39:aloeswood
3458:Samskara
3446:See also
3387:Parijata
3286:Sannyasa
3271:Purohita
3182:Swastika
3068:Turmeric
3023:Marigold
2988:Agarwood
2962:Tilakamu
2902:Khirapat
2852:Dhunachi
2723:Jagarana
2675:Upakarma
2610:Achamana
2564:Aupasana
2312:Agarwood
1987:13821191
1977:(1986).
1959:Archived
1832:Archived
1813:Archived
1790:Archived
1691:Archived
1647:Archived
1546:We have
1540:(2016).
1448:Archived
1347:Ventured
1303:49875414
1245:Archived
1204:Agalloch
1188:See also
1133:Thailand
1129:Cambodia
1061:Mindanao
1057:Moluccas
1030:Malaysia
1026:Cambodia
902:guaianes
825:gyrinops
748:Xuanzang
733:Nagasaki
566:Lapnisan
481:Japanese
396:Sanskrit
319:(সাঁচি).
313:Assamese
199:perfumes
191:colognes
97:used in
92:resinous
35:Agarwood
3430: (
3377:Kadamba
3312:more...
3296:Satguru
3193:more...
3109:Manjira
3073:Vibhuti
3053:Sindūra
3048:Candana
3033:Panakam
3018:Kumkuma
3013:Incense
2998:Camphor
2967:Utsavar
2957:Shankha
2952:Rangoli
2917:Mulavar
2892:Kalasha
2877:Garland
2847:Coconut
2815:Objects
2778:Mantras
2670:Tarpana
2660:Shuddhi
2521:Prasada
2516:Pranāma
2475:Rituals
2428: (
2416:Deities
2411:Darshan
2337:at the
2190:22 July
2151:22 July
1644:"Aguru"
1633:5577227
1169:TRAFFIC
1034:Vietnam
942:Mosques
938:Muslims
727:for 15
685:Vietnam
637:In the
613:History
602:Burmese
560:In The
510:Tibetan
503:Vietnam
457:Chinese
438:Kannada
406:Sinhala
356:(അകിൽ).
324:Bengali
195:incense
99:incense
74::
49:or the
3491:Resins
3428:Tulasi
3392:Peepal
3372:Banyan
3367:Ashoka
3266:Pujari
3261:Pandit
3235:Temple
3210:Ashram
3203:Places
3147:Lingam
3089:Dholak
3063:Tulasi
2937:Pandal
2922:Paduka
2882:Ghanta
2872:Cāmara
2842:Biruda
2758:Stotra
2738:Kirtan
2713:Bhajan
2692:Prayer
2665:Śrauta
2640:Ngejot
2456:Utsava
2451:Tilaka
2441:Mantra
2436:Kirtan
2406:Bhajan
2260:
2049:
2014:
1993:
1985:
1951:
1902:
1894:
1733:
1671:
1631:
1625:p. 515
1596:
1560:ahalot
1548:ahalim
1301:
1293:
1059:, and
1055:, the
928:, the
725:Hội An
651:cassia
649:, and
555:gaharu
525:Arabic
483:, and
469:Korean
434:Telugu
373:khloem
345:(ଅଗର).
286:mould.
185:, and
179:Muslim
171:gaharu
121:mold,
63:Arabic
61:(from
3423:Lotus
3355:Trees
3334:Horse
3301:Swami
3281:Sadhu
3276:Rishi
3249:Roles
3230:Matha
3167:Pindi
3152:Murti
3124:Veena
3119:Tabla
3003:Charu
2942:Pinda
2927:Palki
2912:Kolam
2907:Kindi
2862:Dhupa
2857:Dhuni
2827:Altar
2603:Other
2569:Dhuni
2544:Yajna
2466:Yatra
2461:Vrata
2446:Murti
2430:Yajna
2401:Ārati
2285:(PDF)
2235:(PDF)
2215:(PDF)
1962:(PDF)
1945:(PDF)
1900:S2CID
1556:aguru
1299:S2CID
1271:(PDF)
1229:15:96
1165:CITES
876:; no
762:Assam
758:Assam
729:taels
647:myrrh
632:India
628:Vedas
551:Malay
540:aghil
499:Kyara
495:Jinkō
479:) in
473:Jinkō
467:) in
455:) in
442:Aguru
419:Tamil
399:aguru
388:Hindi
343:agara
306:aghil
251:ebony
187:Hindu
175:jinko
163:algae
150:genus
143:aloes
139:aguru
3413:Bael
3339:Nāga
3306:Yogi
3291:Sant
3256:Guru
3220:Ghat
3187:Yoni
3104:Khol
3058:Soma
3028:Milk
3008:Ghee
2993:Alta
2867:Diya
2768:Yoga
2733:Japa
2536:Homa
2496:Bhog
2483:Puja
2426:Homa
2293:2016
2271:2010
2258:ISBN
2192:2013
2153:2013
2047:ISBN
2012:ISBN
1991:ISBN
1983:OCLC
1949:ISBN
1892:ISSN
1773:link
1731:ISBN
1669:ISBN
1629:OCLC
1607:2010
1594:ISBN
1552:akil
1524:link
1486:link
1381:2020
1355:2020
1329:2020
1291:ISSN
1177:IUCN
1175:and
1159:and
896:and
872:and
819:and
807:and
795:and
591:Laos
580:Thai
549:and
436:and
423:aghi
392:agar
354:akil
339:Odia
317:xasi
301:Aloe
249:and
197:and
159:agar
154:Aloe
135:oodh
95:wood
59:oudh
3329:Cow
1884:doi
1409:doi
1283:doi
1173:WWF
815:).
630:of
589:In
578:In
571:In
545:In
521:oud
508:In
489:in
432:In
417:In
404:In
386:In
348:In
337:In
322:In
311:In
173:or
157:),
137:or
131:oud
109:of
78:ʿūd
67:عود
57:or
55:oud
3482::
3157:Om
2796:Om
2743:Om
2200:^
2183:,
2179:.
2173:.
2144:,
2140:.
2134:.
2073:.
2057:^
2031:.
1989:.
1957:.
1898:.
1890:.
1880:72
1878:.
1874:.
1769:}}
1765:{{
1713:45
1711:.
1627:,
1520:}}
1516:{{
1482:}}
1478:{{
1446:,
1421:^
1405:26
1403:.
1389:^
1372:.
1345:.
1319:.
1297:.
1289:.
1279:72
1277:.
1273:.
1256:^
1234:^
1218:^
1028:,
908:,
904:,
900:,
892:,
888:,
884:,
764:.
712:.
669:.
634:.
477:沈香
471:,
465:침향
459:,
453:沉香
371:.
245:,
241:,
201:.
193:,
181:,
133:,
81:,
69:,
65::
45:,
41:,
37:,
3434:)
2432:)
2379:e
2372:t
2365:v
2295:.
2273:.
2194:.
2171:"
2167:"
2155:.
2132:"
2128:"
2075:2
2035:.
1997:.
1906:.
1886::
1775:)
1677:.
1609:.
1526:)
1488:)
1415:.
1411::
1383:.
1357:.
1331:.
1305:.
1285::
1131:,
803:(
568:.
557:.
542:.
475:(
463:(
451:(
444:.
429:.
401:.
334:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
