759:, are most vulnerable to introduction and endemic establishment, largely because the biosecurity of their pig sector is predominantly low. Preventing the spread of into Ukraine is particularly critical for the whole pig production sector in Europe. Given the worrisome developments in the Russian Federation, European countries have to be alert. They must be ready to prevent and to react effectively to introductions into their territories for many years to come...". To stop the virus's spread, "the current scenario in the Russian Federation suggests that should be particularly stressed at the often informal backyard level and should involve not just pig keepers, but all actors along the whole value chain—butchers, middlemen, slaughterhouses, etc. … They need to be aware of how to prevent and recognize the disease, and must understand the importance of reporting outbreaks to the national authorities … It is particularly important that -free areas remain free by preventing the introduction of the disease and by swiftly responding to it when it occurs".
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895:, just a few kilometres from the Polish border. The dead animal had been there for quite a while according to the Friedrich-Loeffler Institute, which was the agency hired for testing. Following these events the German government tried to lobby China and other Asian countries to allow West German states to keep exporting to Asia, while barring their own eastern states from doing so; the Asian countries ultimately refused these proposals.
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the efficacy of chemical products and commercial disinfectants against
African swine fever. The National Pig Association, a UK industry body, states that the virus can also be transmitted by direct or indirect contact with infected pigs, faeces or body fluids. As the virus may survive 11 days in pig faeces, and months or years in pork products, the association advises strict biosecurity measures for pig farms including a three-day
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become apparent on the ears and abdomen. Groups of infected pigs lie huddled together shivering, breathing abnormally, and sometimes coughing. If forced to stand, they appear unsteady on their legs; this is called congenital tremor type A-I in newborn piglets. Within a few days of infection, they enter a comatose state and then die. In pregnant sows, spontaneous abortions may occur.
1109:(Quemoy) county. In June 2019, the Taiwanese government temporarily halted export of pigs and pork products from Kinmen county after two infected pig carcasses were discovered on the shore. Nearby farms were inspected by veterinarians and no live pigs tested positive for ASF. On February 3, 2020, another infected pig carcass was discovered on the shore of
1113:(Lesser Kinmen), bringing the total number of infected pig carcasses found on Kinmen county shores to eleven. In April 2020, a twelfth pig carcass confirmed to be carrying African swine fever virus washed up on the shore of Lieyu (Lesser Kinmen). After testing, no outbreak of the disease was detected in the seven active hog farms on the island.
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Virus replication takes place in perinuclear factory areas. It is a highly orchestrated process with at least four stages of transcription—immediate-early, early, intermediate, and late. The majority of replication and assembly occurs in discrete, perinuclear regions of the cell called virus factories, and finally progeny
215:
1078:. This 235-bp segment had an identity of 99% to a 235-bp DNA segment of ASFV and contained three single nucleotide mutations (C38T, C76T and A108C). C38T, resulting in a single amino-acid mutation G66D, suggests the existence of a new ASFV strain, which is different from all reported ASFV strains in the
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The virus can be spread by ticks, but also by swine eating pork products that contain the virus. Biosecurity measures are essential for prevention and control of
African swine fever. Disinfection procedures are an important asset of the mitigation phase. Laboratory tests have been conducted to assess
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The first case of
African swine fever in the Philippines was confirmed on 9 September 2019 by the country's agriculture department. The department sent 20 blood samples to the United Kingdom for testing, with 14 samples testing positive for African swine fever virus. At the time of the confirmation,
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Vietnam successfully produced the first vaccine against
African swine fever on June 1, 2022. Against the Eurasian "Georgia07" isolate, an experimental vaccine attenuated by deletion of the viral I177L gene has been in development in the United States since January 22, 2020. This experimental vaccine
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confirmed a second case of
African swine fever at a pig farm in Yeoncheon, where 4,700 pigs had been raised, a day after reporting its first-ever outbreak of the virus. As of 31 October 2019, the virus has been detected in domestic pigs in nine places in Gyeonggi-do and five places in Incheon City.
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In the acute form of the disease caused by highly virulent strains, pigs may develop a high fever, but show no other noticeable symptoms for the first few days. They then gradually lose their appetites and become depressed. In white-skinned pigs, the extremities turn blueish-purple and hemorrhages
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Latvia on
Tuesday declared a state of emergency in a second area of this Baltic EU state as efforts continued to contain an outbreak of deadly African swine fever in its pig population. Straujuma blamed wild boar crossing in from Russia for Latvia's first-ever outbreak of the disease, detected on
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province, which was also the first reported case in East Asia. By
September 1, 2018, the country had culled more than 38,000 hogs. Since the week of September 10, 2018, China has blocked transports of live pigs and pig products in a large part of the country to avoid spread beyond the 6 provinces
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This date is corroborated by the historical record. Pigs were initially domesticated in North Africa and
Eurasia. They were introduced into southern Africa from Europe and the Far East by the Portuguese (300 years ago) and Chinese (600 years ago), respectively. At the end of the 19th century, the
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ASFV first occurred in Europe in 1957, when it was introduced in
Portugal. From there, it spread to Spain and France. Although concerted efforts to eradicate ASFV were undertaken, such as widespread culling and the construction of modern farming facilities, the disease was only eradicated in the
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The virus encodes enzymes required for replication and transcription of its genome, including elements of a base excision repair system, structural proteins, and many proteins that are not essential for replication in cells, but instead have roles in virus survival and transmission in its hosts.
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The
Vietnamese government acted to limit movement of pigs and pig products and implemented measures to prevent, promptly detect and strictly handle cases of smuggling, illegal transportation, and trafficking of animals and animal products—especially of pigs and pig products—into the country.
869:. Professional observers suspect that importation of wild boars from Eastern European countries by game hunters was the origin of the virus. By 4 October, 32 wild boars had tested positive for the virus. For control of the outbreak, 4,000 domestic pigs were slaughtered preventively in the
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In September 2020, the German agriculture minister confirmed on a press conference that the African swine fever virus reached Germany. The virus was discovered on a wild boar carcass, which the test results confirmed all as positive results. The dead boar was located in the district of
739:"Wholesale buyers, particularly the military food supply system, hav been implicated multiple times in the illegal distribution of contaminated meat" were vectors for the virus's spread, said the Food and Agriculture Organization report—and evidence of that was "repeated outbreaks in
829:, which also borders Latvia. All the pigs were culled and their carcasses incinerated. Less than a month later, almost 15,000 farmed pigs had been culled and the country was "struggling to get rid of hundreds of tons of carcasses". The death toll was "expected to rise".
428:(I–XXIII) have been identified. All ASFV p72 genotypes have been circulating in eastern and southern Africa. Genotype I has been circulating in Europe, South America, the Caribbean, and western Africa. Genotype VIII is confined to four East African countries.
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In 1971, an outbreak of the disease occurred in Cuba, resulting in the slaughter of 500,000 pigs to prevent a nationwide animal epidemic. The outbreak was labeled the "most alarming event" of 1971 by the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization.
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where the virus was then confirmed. By the end of 2018, the outbreaks had been reported in 23 provinces and municipalities across China. On April 25, 2019, the virus was reported to have spread to every region of China, as well as parts of
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and exists in the wild through a cycle of infection between ticks and wild pigs, bushpigs, and warthogs. The disease was first described after European settlers brought pigs into areas endemic with ASFV, and as such, is an example of an
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Chen, Ze; Xu, Xiaofeng; Yang, Xiaojun; Dou, Weihao; Jin, Xiufeng; Ji, Haishuo; Liu, Guangyuan; Luo, Jianxun; Yin, Hong; Shan, Gao (2018). "DNA segment of African Swine Fever Virus first detected in hard ticks from sheep and bovine".
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database and the ASFV strain (GenBank: MH713612.1) reported in China in 2018. In December 2019, China banned imports of pigs and wild boars from Indonesia because of African swine fever outbreaks that reached 392 on 17 December.
978:, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Knowledge.
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In June 2017, the Czech Republic recorded its historically first case of African swine fever. The veterinary administration of Zlin prevented the spread of the ASF infection by confining the contaminated zone via
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had been found dead as of March 2021; the Sabah Wildlife Department later stated that it was probably due to ASF. Other Southeast Asian pig species are thought to also be vulnerable including the (Sulawesi)
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Vietnam confirmed its first case of African swine fever on 19 February 2019. As of 31 October 2019, all 63 provinces / municipalities have reported outbreaks and more than 5,700,000 pigs have been culled.
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The first outbreak was retrospectively recognized as having occurred in 1907 after ASF was first described in 1921 in Kenya. The disease remained restricted to Africa until 1957, when it was reported in
1907:"Pathogenesis of highly virulent African swine fever virus in domestic pigs exposed via intraoropharyngeal, intranasopharyngeal, and intramuscular inoculation, and by direct contact with infected pigs"
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The South Korean government set a buffer zone to separate affected areas from the rest of the country and instituted a compensation scheme for farms within 10 km (6.2 mi) of infected farms.
2907:глава ветеринарно-пищевой службы Литвы Йонас Милюс представил российской стороне факты о том, что у двух диких кабанов на территории страны был выявлен вирус АЧС, который стал причиной их гибели
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African swine fever had become endemic in the Russian Federation since spreading into the North Caucasus in November 2007, most likely through movements of infected wild boar from Georgia to
585:. A further outbreak occurred in Portugal in 1960. Subsequent to these initial introductions, the disease became established in the Iberian peninsula, and sporadic outbreaks occurred in
728:(with 25.4% of the national herd) and northwest towards Ukraine, Belarus, Poland and the Baltic nations. In Russia, the report added, the disease was 'on its way to becoming endemic in
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On May 29, China's Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs said on Friday it had found a new outbreak of African swine fever near the city of Lanzhou in northwestern Gansu province.
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was the 'distribution' of 'infected pig products' outside affected (quarantined and trade restricted) areas, travelling large distances (thousands of kilometers) within the country.
836:, that resulted in a cull of around 5,000 sows and piglets by using gas. In February, another massive pig cull was required, after an industrial-scale farm of the same company in
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projections to infect new cells. As the virus progresses through its lifecycle, most if not all of the host cell's organelles are modified, adapted, or in some cases destroyed.
2177:"Development of a highly effective African swine fever virus vaccine by deletion of the I177L gene results in sterile immunity against the current epidemic Eurasia strain"
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Leblanc, N.; Cortey, M.; Fernandez Pinero, J.; Gallardo, C.; Masembe, C.; Okurut, A. R.; Heath, L.; Van Heerden, J.; Sánchez-Vizcaino, J. M.; Ståhl, K.; Belák, S. (2012).
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1212:, outbreaks of ASF had been detected in domestic pigs by February 2021. However, large numbers of dead wild pigs had been reported dead since January, and over a hundred
1061:. The Chinese pig population was reported to have declined by almost 100 million compared with the previous year, driving European pork prices to reach a six-year high.
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In 2018 the virus spread to Asia, affecting more than 10 percent of the total pig population in several countries, leading to severe economic losses in the pig sector.
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containing more than 180 genes. The number of genes differs slightly among different isolates of the virus. ASFV has similarities to the other large DNA viruses, e.g.,
1739:"Development of a Suspension Microarray for the Genotyping of African Swine Fever Virus Targeting the SNPs in the C-Terminal End of the p72 Gene Region of the Genome"
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were among most affected by the disease (with several occasions on the east). Many regions effectively established local quarantines some of which was ended later.
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Gogin, A.; Gerasimov, V.; Malogolovkin, A.; Kolbasov, D. (2013). "African swine fever in the North Caucasus region and the Russian Federation in years 2007–2012".
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On 16 September 2019, the Bureau of Animal Industry's Director Ronnie Domingo confirmed that the status of the virus in the country is in an outbreak level in
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from 9 September 2019. On 30 September 2019, it was reported that 405 animals were killed or culled. By the end of October 2019, a total of 100 outbreaks in
732:' (about 106 km north of Moscow—and about 500 km east of Russia's littoral neighbours on the Baltic. Among the vectors for the spread in Russia of
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2228:"Taking a Promising Vaccine Candidate Further: Efficacy of ASFV-G-ΔMGF after Intramuscular Vaccination of Domestic Pigs and Oral Vaccination of Wild Boar"
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agency. The report showed how the disease had spread north from the Caucasus to other parts of the country where pig production was more concentrated the
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Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article.
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1245:. According to the data available with the veterinary department, over 15,000 pigs has been recorded dead from the 9 affected districts so far in
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2897:[Rosselkhoznadzor bans the import of pigs from Lithuania immediately on account of ASF] (in Russian). Russia. ITAR-TASS. 24 January 2014
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for suspected African swine fever cases. The department ordered the culling of pigs within a 1 km (0.62 mi) radius of affected farms.
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Evolution of African swine fever across the world from 1 January 2018 to 22 September 2018 in domestic swine (circles) and wild boar (triangles)
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industry in the country. Major outbreaks of ASF in Africa are regularly reported to the World Organisation for Animal Health (previously called
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1780:"Comprehensive phylogenetic reconstructions of African swine fever virus: proposal for a new classification and molecular dating of the virus"
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657:. The virus was allegedly delivered to the operatives from an army base in the Panama Canal Zone by an unnamed U.S. intelligence source.
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400:. The virus encodes proteins that inhibit signalling pathways in infected macrophages and thus modulate transcriptional activation of
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2022:
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Feorino, P.; Schable, G.; Schochetman, G.; Jaffe, H.; Curran, J.; Witte, J.; Hess, W. (1986). "Aids and African Swine Fever Virus".
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African swine fever in the Russian Federation: risk factors for Europe and beyond, Food and Agriculture Organization, Rome, May 2013
1956:
Harding, J. D.; Done, J. T.; Darbyshire, J. H. (1 October 1966). "Congenital tremors in piglets and their relation to swine fever".
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lineage. Entry of the virus into the host cell is receptor-mediated, but the precise mechanism of endocytosis is presently unclear.
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Levathes LE (1994) When China ruled the seas: The treasure fleet of the Dragon Throne, 1405–1433. New York: Oxford University Press
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Ewers, Robert M.; Nathan, Senthilvel K. S. S.; Lee, Peter A. K. (4 May 2021). "African swine fever ravaging Borneo's wild pigs".
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Latvia in January 2017 declared African swine fever emergency in relation to outbreaks in three regions, including a pig farm in
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In milder infections, affected pigs lose weight, become thin, and develop signs of pneumonia, skin ulcers, and swollen joints.
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Close to 23,000 pigs killed as African swine fever ravages Estonian farms, Estonian Public Broadcasting, Tallinn, 21 July 2015
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though, the department has stated that the disease has not reached epidemic levels yet and is still assessing its severity.
534:, and the two diseases normally have to be distinguished by laboratory diagnosis. This diagnosis is usually performed by an
253:; some isolates can cause death of animals as quickly as a week after infection. It persistently infects its natural hosts,
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In February 2020, authorities announced the first outbreak of African swine fever in a restricted area of Northern Greece.
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701:, raising concerns that ASFV may spread further geographically and have negative economic effects on the swine industry.
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In 2018, Romania experienced a nationwide African swine fever pandemic, which prompted the slaughter of most farm pigs.
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A hunter takes a blood sample for ASP testing of a wild boar he killed outside Kaiserslautern, Germany, October 2, 2018.
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A multi-language sign in Germany telling people to dispose of waste food in closed waste bins to prevent boars eating it
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Dixon, L.K.; Chapman, D.A.G.; Netherton, C.L.; Upton, C. (2013). "African swine fever virus replication and genomics".
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3580:"FAO ASF situation update - African Swine Fever (ASF) - FAO Emergency Prevention System for Animal Health (EMPRES-AH)"
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Content in this edit is translated from the existing Chinese Knowledge article at ]; see its history for attribution.
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The swelling around the kidneys and the muscle hemorrhages visible here are typical of pigs with African swine fever.
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538:, real time PCR or isolation of the virus from either the blood, lymph nodes, spleen, or serum of an infected pig.
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of infected cells to facilitate production of progeny virions. Viral membrane proteins with similarity to cellular
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1289:. On 4 July, the test results of certain pig carcass samples came in as a confirmation for African Swine Fever in
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Zilinskas, R. A. (1999). "Cuban Allegations of Biological Warfare by the United States: Assessing the Evidence".
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In January 2021, Romania suffered again from a new breakout of the African swine fever virus that started in the
392:. Products from proteolytically processed polyproteins form the core shell between the internal membrane and the
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774:), a Russian federal agency that supervises over agriculture, and state media. According to official report the
462:). In these wild hosts, infection is generally asymptomatic. This virus appears to have evolved around 1700 AD.
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Gaudreault, Natasha N.; Madden, Daniel W.; Wilson, William C.; Trujillo, Jessie D.; Richt, Juergen A. (2020).
848:. Odor fences with a total length of 44.5 km were effective in keeping wild boar inside the health zone.
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six weeks before the outbreak in 1971, to destabilize the Cuban economy and encourage domestic opposition to
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is on high alert to prevent any spread to the US, which would inflict billions of dollars of damage to the
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are transported to the plasma membrane along microtubules where they bud out or are propelled away along
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The Implementation of Legally Binding Measures to Strengthen the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention
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1105:, between December 2018 and June 2019, ten pig carcasses infected with ASF washed up on the shore in
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in 1905. Pig farming was free-range at that time. The first outbreak of ASF was reported in 1907.
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743:". The report warned that "countries immediately bordering the Russian Federation, particularly
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and Portugal had managed to eradicate the disease by the mid-1990s through a slaughter policy.
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2432:"FAO - News Article: One year on, close to 5 million pigs lost to Asia's swine fever outbreak"
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2500:. NATO Science Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry. Vol. 150. pp. 15–68.
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Arzt; et al. (2010). "Agricultural diseases on the move early in the third millennium".
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2001:
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Netherton, C.L.; Wileman, T.E. (2013). "African swine fever virus organelle rearrangements".
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modulate interaction of virus-infected cells and extracellular virions with host components.
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To date, 12 pig carcasses that washed ashore in Kinmen have tested positive for swine fever.
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In January 2022 an outbreak occurred in northern Italy, detected on some dead wild boars in
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It was also confirmed in 18 wild boars from Gangwon-do and Gyeonggi-do, inside or near the
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2407:"CBP Ag Specialists on Alert for African Swine Fever After Disease Confirmed in Caribbean"
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8:
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supporting this in 1986. However, the realization that the human immunodeficiency virus (
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1127:(Lienchiang County) leading to a week-long ban on the transport of pigs from the county.
80:
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2278:"Asf vaccine candidate developed by UConn in collaboration with USDA licensed by Zoetis"
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1241:. It has been said that the disease is being spread via transboundary transmission from
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Please expand the article to include this information. Further details may exist on the
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Beato MS, D’Errico F, Iscaro C, Petrini S, Giammarioli M, Feliziani F (24 June 2022).
1839:"Domesticating Animals in Africa: Implications of Genetic and Archaeological Findings"
1604:"The first complete genomic sequences of African swine fever virus isolated in Poland"
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Mazur-Panasiuk, Natalia; Woźniakowski, Grzegorz; Niemczuk, Krzysztof (14 March 2019).
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Estonia in July 2015 recorded its first case of African swine fever in farmed pigs in
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China culls 900 pigs after reports of first African swine fever outbreak in country
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In August 2018, authorities announced the first outbreak of African swine fever in
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3906:"100 Borneo Bearded Pigs Found Dead in Sabah Due to Spread of African Swine Fever"
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Costard, S.; Mur, L.; Lubroth, J.; Sanchez-Vizcaino, J.M.; Pfeiffer, D.U. (2013).
1285:. Sale and consumption of pork meat have been banned in the affected districts of
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858:. By July 2019 five Bulgarian pig farms had had outbreaks of African swine fever.
3753:"Dead pig floating off Taiwan island of Matsu diagnosed with African swine fever"
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In July 2019, authorities announced the first outbreak of African swine fever in
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275:, with no disease signs. It does not cause disease in humans. ASFV is endemic to
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The appearance of ASF outside Africa at about the same time as the emergence of
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In January 2022, ASF cases were reported in Northern Italy, Latvia and Hungary.
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on entering the UK, and avoiding both pigs and areas where wild boar are found.
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outbreak. Pigs were imported on a massive scale for breeding by colonizers from
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3219:"Un nou focar de pesta porcină africană în județul Brăila, la începutul anului"
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led to some interest in whether the two were related, and a report appeared in
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Europe's farmers on red alert as deadly African swine fever spreads to Belgium
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In January 2014, authorities announced the presence of African swine fever in
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2576:"'It's not if, it's when': the deadly pig disease spreading around the world"
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Manuel V. Borca; Elizabeth Ramirez-Medina; Ediane Silva; et al. (2020).
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1977:
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started a probe in August 2019 regarding incidents of hog deaths in towns in
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or wild pigs were reported by veterinary department of the Rosselkhoznadzor (
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2894:Россельхознадзор запретит ввоз свинины из Литвы из-за АЧС в ближайшее время
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on the country's border with Latvia. Another case was reported same day in
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African swine fever spreads to farmed pigs, 500 animals to be exterminated
1985:
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To date, Kinmen has confirmed ASF in 12 pig carcasses that washed ashore.
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3251:"African Swine Fever detected in two more European countries | Pig World"
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Wheelis, M. (2004). "A Short History of Biological Warfare and Weapons".
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1969:
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2703:"Эпизоотическая ситуация в Российской Федерации 2007-2018: 1367 случаев"
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reported the first African Swine Fever disease outbreak in the state of
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On April 9, 2019, a pig carcass with ASF was discovered on the shore of
3452:"Quarter of world's pig population 'to die due to African swine fever'"
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to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is
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ASFV has no known close relatives. It is the only species in the genus
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core. An additional outer membrane is gained as particles bud from the
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3520:"China bans imports of pigs from Indonesia due to African swine fever"
2226:
Deutschmann, Paul; Tessa Carrau; Julia Sehl-Ewer; et al. (2022).
2094:
307:
218:
Reddening of the ears is a common sign of African swine fever in pigs.
2933:
June 26. In July, 3 farms discovered African swine fever in Estonia.
2749:
1736:
1589:"African Swine Fever Virus - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics"
1302:
1278:
1258:
862:
803:
425:
343:
323:
296:
288:
262:
232:
4098:
4068:
at OIE. WAHID Interface—OIE World Animal Health Information Database
3546:"South Korea confirms second case of deadly African swine fever,..."
3299:"Italy bans hunting, other activities in regions hit by swine fever"
3024:
ASF first time recorded in Czech republic - official report in Czech
436:
The virus is thought to be derived from a virus of soft tick (genus
4121:
3488:
3383:
Pig Progress, overview of ASF outbreaks and transport bans in China
3354:"China says has culled over 38,000 hogs due to African swine fever"
3032:
The most recent information about the ASF in Czech republic - Czech
2892:
2150:"Vietnam successfully produces vaccine against African swine fever"
1306:
1298:
1294:
1290:
1250:
1209:
1171:
1054:
1046:
1037:
910:
877:
855:
840:
region was found infected, leading to a cull of about 10,000 pigs.
788:
In August 2012, an outbreak of African swine fever was reported in
713:
642:
604:, and outbreaks were reported in some Caribbean islands, including
582:
351:
335:
331:
2599:
1601:
2362:
1266:
1163:
1148:
1079:
1075:
1058:
906:
866:
815:
796:
789:
748:
744:
716:, said a 2013 report by the Food and Agriculture Organization, a
698:
682:
590:
479:
258:
254:
975:
502:. Each of these three taxa is at least partly named after ASFV.
291:
of infected cells. It is the only virus with a double-stranded
26:
4169:
3634:
3192:"China bans German pork imports after African swine fever case"
3028:
ASF first time recorded in Czech republic - machine translation
2871:"Russia bans hogs and pork from Belarus on African swine fever"
1879:
1382:
1301:. It is suspected that the infection came into the region from
1282:
1254:
1106:
1102:
873:
region, and the forest was declared off-limits for recreation.
811:
807:
756:
694:
649:
officials, allegedly introduced African swine fever virus into
586:
578:
385:
363:
327:
312:
3980:
3727:"China reports African swine fever outbreak in Gansu province"
3403:"African swine fever hits huge, foreign-invested Chinese farm"
3273:"Hungary reports African swine fever in nine wild boars - OIE"
2284:. 4 January 2023. Archived from the original on 4 January 2023
2078:"Disinfectants against African Swine Fever: An Updated Review"
1536:
1488:"Spread of deadly pig virus in China hastens vaccine research"
1331:) causes AIDS discredited any potential connection with ASF.
1286:
1246:
1242:
1234:
1230:
1205:
1110:
1033:
870:
594:
535:
467:
367:
105:
3784:"Philippines Confirms African Swine Fever Caused Pig Deaths"
3430:"Is China losing the battle against an incurable pig virus?"
2075:
1342:
530:
The clinical symptoms of ASFV infection are very similar to
420:
Based on sequence variation in the C-terminal region of the
3879:"Mass wild boar deaths in eastern Sabah puzzle authorities"
3115:
2849:"Ukraine reports its first outbreak of African swine fever"
2750:"В Омской области снят карантин по африканской чуме свиней"
1777:
1318:
1190:
1050:
762:
Since around 2007 to August 31, 2018, 1367 cases of ASF of
690:
650:
613:
568:
was licensed as a vaccine candidate as of January 3, 2023.
3059:
Bulgaria reports its first outbreak of African swine fever
2775:"В Брянской области сняли карантин по АЧС | Наш Брянск·Ru"
1666:
922:
3237:"Case of African swine fever confirmed in northern Italy"
1328:
617:
292:
2827:"Карантин по АЧС в Воронежской области отменен досрочно"
2801:"Карантин ввели в Свердловской области из-за вируса АЧС"
2724:"Вспышки АЧС зарегистрированы в четырех регионах России"
1479:
2920:"Latvia extends emergency zone for African swine fever"
1836:
641:, citing untraceable sources, claimed that anti-Castro
3809:"Philippines confirms 1st case of African swine fever"
2574:
Devlin, Hannah; Davies, Christian (3 September 2018).
1539:"African Swine Fever Virus: An Emerging DNA Arbovirus"
919:
In September 2023, one case was reported from Sweden.
593:, and other European countries during the 1980s. Both
3635:
Wu Hsin-yun; Huang Huei-min; Ko Lin (18 April 2020).
3073:"Fifth Bulgarian pig farm hit by African swine fever"
2948:, Estonian Public Broadcasting, Tallinn, 21 July 2015
1955:
466:
extensive pig industry in the native region of ASFV (
404:
genes. In addition, the virus encodes proteins which
350:, the main target cells for replication are those of
3637:"Pig carcass found in Kinmen tests positive for ASF"
2023:"Abortion in sows: causes and prevention strategies"
1830:
1338:
971:
424:
gene encoding the major capsid protein p72, 22 ASFV
3687:
3597:
2973:
Farms in three regions have all reported outbreaks.
1036:reported the first African swine fever outbreak in
3144:"Greece reports first case of African swine fever"
1411:
1297:. The pig mortality reached around 800 numbers in
470:) started after massive losses of cattle due to a
3427:
3127:Radio channel RTBF "La Première", 4 October 2018.
1778:Michaud, V; Randriamparany, T; Albina, E (2013).
1189:ASF was reported on farms near the capital city,
677:An outbreak occurred at the beginning of 2007 in
4236:
4089:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
3667:"ASF prevention measures strengthened in Kinmen"
3012:, Public broadcasting of Latvia, 8 February 2017
2302:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (
2021:Cuéllar Sáenz, Jerson Andrés (28 January 2022).
1886:. International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
1701:
1485:
1074:(hard ticks) from sheep and bovines using small
4066:Current status of African Swine Fever worldwide
3853:"Sabah dead pigs linked to African swine fever"
3782:Yap, Cecilia; Jiao, Claire (9 September 2019).
1409:
3929:
3835:"Pork prices rise as virus reaches East Timor"
3750:
3630:
3628:
3605:"Taiwan halts exports of Kinmen pork products"
3421:
996:accompanying your translation by providing an
962:Click for important translation instructions.
949:expand this article with text translated from
3777:
3775:
3472:
2995:Latvia declares African swine fever emergency
2020:
2006:: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of March 2024 (
1170:, and also confirmed across the provinces of
3044:Romania battles African swine fever outbreak
2573:
1695:
608:(Dominican Republic and Haiti). Resultantly
4091:United States National Agricultural Library
4062:World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE)
3903:
3625:
2365:"Epidemiology of African swine fever virus"
1771:
1730:
1376:
1374:
1372:
861:In September 2018, an outbreak occurred in
380:cell in early stages of infection with ASFV
4082:Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
3811:. Xinhua. 9 September 2019. Archived from
3772:
3466:
2069:
2045:
2043:
795:In June 2013, an outbreak was reported in
645:, with at least the tacit backing of U.S.
71:
3487:
2460:
2358:
2356:
2253:
2243:
2202:
2111:
2093:
1854:
1813:
1803:
1754:
1643:
1564:
1554:
1513:
724:(home to 28.8% of Russia's pigs) and the
637:Six years after the event, the newspaper
3444:
2593:
2400:
2398:
1863:
1837:Gifford-Gonzalez, D; Hanotte, O (2011).
1410:Denyer, M. S.; Wilkinson, P. J. (1998).
1369:
703:
664:
545:
509:
372:
306:
213:
3781:
3170:"ASF confirmed in wild boar in Germany"
2550:A People's History of the United States
2495:
2404:
2040:
1660:
1064:Ze Chen, Shan Gao, and co-workers from
923:2018–2020 African swine fever panzootic
4237:
3724:
3574:
3572:
3570:
3568:
3566:
3324:National Veterinary Institute (Sweden)
2530:"CIA Link to Cuban Pig Virus Reported"
2353:
1312:
927:
388:occurs on modified membranes from the
4103:
4102:
4087:Species Profile - African Swine Fever
3216:
2697:
2695:
2395:
1904:
1403:
1380:
1201:pig farms had been recorded in Dili.
619:L'office international des épizooties
505:
442:) that infects wild swine, including
241:family. It is the causative agent of
2546:
2316:
931:
20:
4260:Biological anti-agriculture weapons
3563:
3428:Leisha Santorelli (25 April 2019).
3317:
3217:Coman, Florentin (6 January 2021).
2922:. terradaily.com. AFP. 22 July 2014
2553:. United States: Harper & Row.
1743:Transboundary and Emerging Diseases
1454:
562:
318:ASFV is a large (175–215 nm),
13:
3476:Systematic & Applied Acarology
2692:
2405:Johnson, Bridget (14 April 2022).
1486:Smriti Mallapaty (25 April 2019).
295:genome known to be transmitted by
14:
4271:
4056:Map of affected regions in the EU
4021:
3725:Patton, Dominique (29 May 2020).
3010:Another massive pig cull required
1387:Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology
1130:
38:about genome variability regions.
4041:Farm-level biosecurity practices
4027:Canadian Food Inspection Agency
2674:"Уберечь животных вы не сможете"
2463:Critical Reviews in Microbiology
1756:10.1111/j.1865-1682.2012.01359.x
1341:
936:
610:US Customs and Border Protection
92:
25:
4078:U.S. Department of Agriculture
3974:
3923:
3897:
3871:
3845:
3827:
3801:
3751:Matthew Strong (9 April 2019).
3744:
3718:
3659:
3538:
3512:
3395:
3376:
3346:
3334:
3291:
3265:
3243:
3229:
3210:
3184:
3162:
3136:
3130:
3121:
3118:TV channel, end September 2018.
3108:
3096:
3083:
3065:
3051:
3036:
3017:
3002:
2987:
2975:, Pork Network, 20 January 2017
2965:
2953:
2938:
2912:
2885:
2863:
2841:
2819:
2793:
2781:(in Russian). 15 September 2016
2767:
2742:
2716:
2666:
2654:
2628:
2567:
2540:
2522:
2489:
2454:
2438:. 9 August 2019. Archived from
2424:
2310:
2270:
2219:
2168:
2142:
2128:
2014:
1949:
1898:
1872:
1543:Frontiers in Veterinary Science
2997:, Watt Ag Net, 23 January 2017
2730:(in Russian). 18 December 2017
2638:. 21 June 2013. Archived from
2614:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.007
2381:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.030
1923:10.1016/j.virusres.2013.09.024
1880:"Virus Taxonomy: 2019 Release"
1716:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.12.014
1681:10.1016/j.virusres.2012.10.020
1595:
1581:
1530:
1466:European Food Safety Authority
1006:You may also add the template
231:) is a large, double-stranded
1:
3995:10.1016/S0140-6736(86)90339-9
3904:Ammar Haziq (18 March 2021).
3048:. Retrieved: 3 September 2018
1362:
681:, and subsequently spread to
249:with high mortality rates in
2962:. Retrieved: 12 August 2015.
2950:. Retrieved: 12 August 2015.
2663:. Retrieved: 12 August 2015.
2636:"Россельхознадзор - Новости"
1805:10.1371/journal.pone.0069662
525:
431:
415:
384:Assembly of the icosahedral
7:
3454:. Guardian. 31 October 2019
3014:. Retrieved: 21 March 2017.
2999:. Retrieved: 21 March 2017.
2984:. Retrieved: 21 March 2017.
2807:(in Russian). 1 August 2018
2051:"African Swine Fever (ASF)"
1905:Howey; et al. (2013).
1383:"African Swine Fever Virus"
1381:Dixon; et al. (2008).
1334:
647:Central Intelligence Agency
485:
302:
282:emerging infectious disease
10:
4276:
4036:Biosecurity training video
3952:10.1038/d41586-021-01189-3
2851:. Bloomberg. 2 August 2012
1628:10.1038/s41598-018-36823-0
1515:10.1038/d41586-019-01269-5
1418:Encyclopedia of Immunology
1389:. Caister Academic Press.
970:Machine translation, like
571:
448:Hylochoerus meinertzhageni
245:(ASF). The virus causes a
4143:African swine fever virus
4113:African swine fever virus
4111:
3388:14 September 2018 at the
3114:Different testimonies on
3061:, Reuters, 31 August 2018
2475:10.1080/10408419991299202
2245:10.3390/pathogens11090996
2053:. PigSite. Archived from
1972:(inactive 1 March 2024).
1856:10.1007/s10963-010-9042-2
1178:in the end of September.
1141:Department of Agriculture
951:the corresponding article
771:
734:African swine fever virus
660:
541:
224:African swine fever virus
205:African swine fever virus
87:
79:
70:
65:African swine fever virus
63:
3695:"Taiwan News Quick Take"
3331:. Retrieved: 2023-09-07.
2893:
2873:. Bloomberg. 8 July 2013
2331:10.1177/0300985809354350
1556:10.3389/fvets.2020.00215
1224:
1008:{{Translated|zh|非洲猪瘟病毒}}
722:Central Federal District
348:viral hemorrhagic fevers
271:, which likely act as a
4072:Technical disease cards
2534:San Francisco Chronicle
2506:10.1007/1-4020-2098-8_3
1017:For more guidance, see
628:
346:. In common with other
287:ASFV replicates in the
3223:Obiectiv Vocea Brăilei
3091:L'Avenir du Luxembourg
1430:10.1006/rwei.1999.0015
1305:which is located near
814:, and in July 2015 in
726:Volga Federal District
709:
670:
551:
515:
453:Phacochoerus africanus
381:
315:
219:
36:is missing information
4255:Animal viral diseases
3672:New Southbound Policy
3093:", 15 September 2018.
2980:22 March 2017 at the
2547:Zinn, Howard (1980).
2136:"African Swine Fever"
1958:The Veterinary Record
1462:"African swine fever"
1413:"African Swine Fever"
1093:Civilian Control Zone
1019:Knowledge:Translation
990:copyright attribution
707:
668:
549:
532:classical swine fever
513:
390:endoplasmic reticulum
376:
310:
217:
4047:European Commission
3841:. 30 September 2019.
3498:10.11158/saa.24.1.13
3046:, DW, 29 August 2018
2442:on 29 September 2023
2319:Veterinary Pathology
2195:10.1128/JVI.02017-19
2088:(7). MDPI AG: 1384.
1970:10.1136/vr.79.14.388
1214:Bornean bearded pigs
459:Potamochoerus porcus
89:Virus classification
83:of a virus particle
4031:African swine fever
3944:2021Natur.593...37E
3551:. 18 September 2019
3364:on 4 September 2018
3198:. 12 September 2020
3172:. 10 September 2020
2779:news.nashbryansk.ru
2182:Journal of Virology
2027:Veterinaria Digital
1884:talk.ictvonline.org
1796:2013PLoSO...869662M
1620:2019NatSR...9.4556M
1506:2019Natur.569...13M
1357:Veterinary virology
1313:Historical theories
1086:In September 2019,
928:China and East Asia
243:African swine fever
81:Electron micrograph
3859:. 20 February 2021
3526:. 30 December 2019
3328:Afrikansk svinpest
2536:. 10 January 1977.
1608:Scientific Reports
1229:On 29 April 2020,
998:interlanguage link
810:, in June 2014 in
710:
671:
552:
516:
506:Signs and symptoms
382:
322:, double-stranded
316:
277:sub-Saharan Africa
220:
144:Nucleocytoviricota
4232:
4231:
4105:Taxon identifiers
4051:Current Situation
3885:. 4 February 2021
3815:on 3 October 2019
3675:. 6 February 2020
3305:. 13 January 2022
3279:. 11 January 2022
3253:. 13 January 2022
3239:. 8 January 2022.
3150:. 6 February 2020
3089:Daily newspaper "
2829:. 23 October 2017
2728:Российская газета
2560:978-0-06-014803-4
2515:978-1-4020-2096-4
2095:10.3390/v14071384
1396:978-1-904455-22-6
1239:Arunachal Pradesh
1219:Celebes warty pig
1068:detected ASFV in
1066:Nankai University
1030:
1029:
963:
959:
600:ASFV crossed the
478:in 1904 and from
456:), and bushpigs (
444:giant forest hogs
410:adhesion proteins
406:inhibit apoptosis
247:hemorrhagic fever
212:
211:
59:
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3414:
3409:. 3 January 2019
3399:
3393:
3380:
3374:
3373:
3371:
3369:
3360:. Archived from
3358:Channel NewsAsia
3350:
3344:
3338:
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2739:
2737:
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2038:
2037:
2035:
2033:
2018:
2012:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1953:
1947:
1946:
1944:
1942:
1933:. Archived from
1902:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1876:
1870:
1867:
1861:
1860:
1858:
1834:
1828:
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1458:
1452:
1451:
1415:
1407:
1401:
1400:
1378:
1351:
1346:
1345:
1032:In August 2018,
1009:
1003:
976:Google Translate
961:
957:
940:
939:
932:
773:
772:Россельхознадзор
741:Leningrad oblast
563:Vaccine research
311:Diagram of ASFV
97:
96:
75:
61:
60:
54:
51:
45:
29:
21:
16:Species of virus
4275:
4274:
4270:
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4268:
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4265:
4264:
4235:
4234:
4233:
4228:
4220:
4215:
4207:
4202:
4194:
4189:
4181:
4176:
4168:
4163:
4155:
4150:
4141:
4140:
4135:
4126:
4125:
4120:
4107:
4024:
4019:
4018:
3979:
3975:
3928:
3924:
3914:
3912:
3902:
3898:
3888:
3886:
3877:
3876:
3872:
3862:
3860:
3851:
3850:
3846:
3839:pigprogress.net
3833:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3792:
3790:
3780:
3773:
3763:
3761:
3749:
3745:
3735:
3733:
3723:
3719:
3706:
3704:
3703:. 20 April 2020
3693:
3692:
3688:
3678:
3676:
3665:
3664:
3660:
3647:
3645:
3633:
3626:
3616:
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3603:
3602:
3598:
3588:
3586:
3578:
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3564:
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3552:
3544:
3543:
3539:
3529:
3527:
3518:
3517:
3513:
3471:
3467:
3457:
3455:
3450:
3449:
3445:
3435:
3433:
3426:
3422:
3412:
3410:
3401:
3400:
3396:
3390:Wayback Machine
3381:
3377:
3367:
3365:
3352:
3351:
3347:
3339:
3335:
3322:
3318:
3308:
3306:
3297:
3296:
3292:
3282:
3280:
3271:
3270:
3266:
3256:
3254:
3249:
3248:
3244:
3235:
3234:
3230:
3215:
3211:
3201:
3199:
3190:
3189:
3185:
3175:
3173:
3168:
3167:
3163:
3153:
3151:
3142:
3141:
3137:
3131:
3126:
3122:
3113:
3109:
3101:
3097:
3088:
3084:
3079:. 31 July 2019.
3071:
3070:
3066:
3056:
3052:
3041:
3037:
3022:
3018:
3007:
3003:
2992:
2988:
2982:Wayback Machine
2970:
2966:
2958:
2954:
2943:
2939:
2925:
2923:
2918:
2917:
2913:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2891:
2890:
2886:
2876:
2874:
2869:
2868:
2864:
2854:
2852:
2847:
2846:
2842:
2832:
2830:
2825:
2824:
2820:
2810:
2808:
2799:
2798:
2794:
2784:
2782:
2773:
2772:
2768:
2758:
2756:
2748:
2747:
2743:
2733:
2731:
2722:
2721:
2717:
2705:
2701:
2700:
2693:
2683:
2681:
2678:Novayagazeta.ru
2672:
2671:
2667:
2659:
2655:
2645:
2643:
2634:
2633:
2629:
2598:
2594:
2584:
2582:
2572:
2568:
2561:
2545:
2541:
2528:
2527:
2523:
2516:
2494:
2490:
2459:
2455:
2445:
2443:
2430:
2429:
2425:
2415:
2413:
2403:
2396:
2361:
2354:
2315:
2311:
2295:
2294:
2287:
2285:
2276:
2275:
2271:
2224:
2220:
2173:
2169:
2159:
2157:
2148:
2147:
2143:
2134:
2133:
2129:
2074:
2070:
2060:
2058:
2057:on 14 June 2018
2049:
2048:
2041:
2031:
2029:
2019:
2015:
1999:
1998:
1964:(14): 388–390.
1954:
1950:
1940:
1938:
1937:on 26 July 2020
1903:
1899:
1889:
1887:
1878:
1877:
1873:
1868:
1864:
1843:J World Prehist
1835:
1831:
1776:
1772:
1735:
1731:
1700:
1696:
1665:
1661:
1600:
1596:
1587:
1586:
1582:
1535:
1531:
1500:(7754): 13–14.
1484:
1480:
1470:
1468:
1460:
1459:
1455:
1440:
1408:
1404:
1397:
1379:
1370:
1365:
1347:
1340:
1337:
1315:
1293:subdivision of
1275:North Lakhimpur
1227:
1133:
1026:
1025:
1024:
1007:
1001:
964:
941:
937:
930:
925:
834:Krimulda region
827:Viljandi county
663:
631:
574:
565:
544:
528:
508:
488:
434:
418:
402:immune response
398:plasma membrane
305:
208:
156:Pokkesviricetes
91:
55:
49:
46:
39:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
4273:
4263:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4247:
4245:Swine diseases
4230:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4213:
4200:
4187:
4174:
4161:
4148:
4133:
4117:
4115:
4109:
4108:
4097:
4096:
4095:
4094:
4084:
4076:
4075:
4074:
4069:
4060:
4059:
4058:
4053:
4045:
4044:
4043:
4038:
4033:
4023:
4022:External links
4020:
4017:
4016:
3973:
3922:
3896:
3870:
3844:
3826:
3800:
3771:
3743:
3717:
3686:
3658:
3624:
3596:
3562:
3537:
3511:
3489:10.1101/485060
3482:(1): 180–184.
3465:
3443:
3420:
3394:
3375:
3345:
3333:
3316:
3290:
3264:
3242:
3228:
3225:(in Romanian).
3209:
3183:
3161:
3135:
3129:
3120:
3107:
3095:
3082:
3064:
3050:
3035:
3016:
3001:
2986:
2964:
2952:
2937:
2911:
2884:
2862:
2840:
2818:
2792:
2766:
2741:
2715:
2691:
2665:
2653:
2642:on 8 June 2019
2627:
2608:(1): 198–203.
2602:Virus Research
2592:
2566:
2559:
2539:
2521:
2514:
2488:
2469:(3): 173–227.
2453:
2423:
2394:
2375:(1): 191–197.
2369:Virus Research
2352:
2309:
2282:Feed Navigator
2269:
2218:
2167:
2141:
2127:
2068:
2039:
2013:
1948:
1917:(2): 328–339.
1911:Virus Research
1897:
1871:
1862:
1829:
1770:
1749:(4): 378–383.
1729:
1704:Virus Research
1694:
1669:Virus Research
1659:
1594:
1580:
1529:
1478:
1453:
1438:
1402:
1395:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1361:
1360:
1359:
1353:
1352:
1349:Viruses portal
1336:
1333:
1314:
1311:
1226:
1223:
1132:
1131:Southeast Asia
1129:
1076:RNA sequencing
1043:Southeast Asia
1028:
1027:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1004:
982:
979:
968:
965:
946:
945:
944:
942:
935:
929:
926:
924:
921:
718:United Nations
662:
659:
630:
627:
602:Atlantic Ocean
573:
570:
564:
561:
543:
540:
527:
524:
507:
504:
487:
484:
433:
430:
417:
414:
326:with a linear
304:
301:
210:
209:
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200:
196:
195:
188:
184:
183:
176:
172:
171:
164:
160:
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136:
135:
128:
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123:
116:
109:
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98:
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84:
77:
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68:
67:
57:
56:
33:
31:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4272:
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4064:
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4037:
4034:
4032:
4029:
4028:
4026:
4025:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3989:(8510): 815.
3988:
3984:
3977:
3969:
3965:
3961:
3957:
3953:
3949:
3945:
3941:
3937:
3933:
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3690:
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3673:
3668:
3662:
3655:
3644:
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3613:. 9 June 2019
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3197:
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3187:
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3117:
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3104:
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2222:
2214:
2210:
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2200:
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2192:
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2183:
2178:
2171:
2156:. 1 June 2022
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2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2003:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1975:
1971:
1967:
1963:
1959:
1952:
1936:
1932:
1928:
1924:
1920:
1916:
1912:
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1901:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1866:
1857:
1852:
1848:
1844:
1840:
1833:
1825:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1797:
1793:
1790:(7): e69662.
1789:
1785:
1781:
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1762:
1757:
1752:
1748:
1744:
1740:
1733:
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1713:
1709:
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1690:
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1633:
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1584:
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1511:
1507:
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1467:
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1457:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1439:9780122267659
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1406:
1398:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1377:
1375:
1373:
1368:
1358:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1339:
1332:
1330:
1326:
1325:
1320:
1310:
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1300:
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1187:
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1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1156:
1152:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1128:
1126:
1125:Matsu Islands
1122:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1081:
1077:
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999:
995:
991:
987:
983:
980:
977:
973:
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967:
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960:
954:
952:
947:You can help
943:
934:
933:
920:
917:
914:
912:
908:
903:
901:
900:Brăila County
896:
894:
890:
884:
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849:
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813:
809:
805:
800:
798:
793:
791:
786:
784:
781:
777:
769:
765:
764:domestic pigs
760:
758:
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750:
746:
742:
737:
735:
731:
727:
723:
719:
715:
706:
702:
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696:
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688:
684:
680:
675:
667:
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656:
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626:
623:
621:
620:
615:
611:
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603:
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584:
580:
569:
560:
558:
548:
539:
537:
533:
523:
520:
512:
503:
501:
497:
493:
483:
481:
477:
473:
469:
463:
461:
460:
455:
454:
450:), warthogs (
449:
445:
441:
440:
429:
427:
423:
413:
411:
407:
403:
399:
395:
394:nucleoprotein
391:
387:
379:
375:
371:
369:
365:
359:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
333:
329:
325:
321:
314:
309:
300:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
278:
274:
270:
269:
265:of the genus
264:
260:
256:
252:
251:domestic pigs
248:
244:
240:
239:
234:
230:
226:
225:
216:
207:
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100:
95:
90:
86:
82:
78:
74:
69:
66:
62:
53:
50:December 2020
43:
37:
34:This article
32:
28:
23:
22:
19:
4250:Asfarviridae
4112:
3986:
3982:
3976:
3938:(7857): 37.
3935:
3931:
3925:
3913:. Retrieved
3910:Juice Online
3909:
3899:
3887:. Retrieved
3882:
3873:
3861:. Retrieved
3856:
3847:
3838:
3829:
3817:. Retrieved
3813:the original
3803:
3791:. Retrieved
3787:
3762:. Retrieved
3756:
3746:
3734:. Retrieved
3730:
3720:
3712:
3705:. Retrieved
3700:Taipei Times
3698:
3689:
3677:. Retrieved
3670:
3661:
3653:
3646:. Retrieved
3642:Focus Taiwan
3640:
3615:. Retrieved
3610:Taipei Times
3608:
3599:
3587:. Retrieved
3583:
3555:18 September
3553:. Retrieved
3548:
3540:
3528:. Retrieved
3523:
3514:
3479:
3475:
3468:
3456:. Retrieved
3446:
3434:. Retrieved
3423:
3411:. Retrieved
3406:
3397:
3378:
3366:. Retrieved
3362:the original
3357:
3348:
3336:
3326:
3319:
3307:. Retrieved
3302:
3293:
3281:. Retrieved
3276:
3267:
3255:. Retrieved
3245:
3231:
3222:
3212:
3202:14 September
3200:. Retrieved
3195:
3186:
3176:14 September
3174:. Retrieved
3164:
3152:. Retrieved
3147:
3138:
3132:
3123:
3110:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3076:
3067:
3058:
3053:
3043:
3038:
3019:
3009:
3004:
2994:
2989:
2972:
2967:
2955:
2945:
2940:
2931:
2924:. Retrieved
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