169:
679:(DIC), and bone marrow dysfunction. In DIC, small blood clots form in blood vessels throughout the body, removing platelets necessary for clotting from the bloodstream and reducing clotting ability. DIC is thought to cause bleeding in Rift Valley, Marburg, and Ebola fevers. For filoviral hemorrhagic fevers, there are four general mechanisms of pathogenesis. The first mechanism is dissemination of virus due to suppressed responses by
45:
137:
961:
803:), a battery-powered, air-purifying respirator, or a positive pressure supplied air respirator to be worn by personnel coming within 1.8 meter (six feet) of a VHF patient. Groups of patients should be cohorted (sequestered) to a separate building or a ward with an isolated air-handling system. Environmental decontamination is typically accomplished with hypochlorite (e.g. bleach) or
790:
VHF isolation guidelines dictate that all VHF patients (with the exception of dengue patients) should be cared for using strict contact precautions, including hand hygiene, double gloves, gowns, shoe and leg coverings, and face shield or goggles. Lassa, CCHF, Ebola, and
Marburg viruses may be
948:
The VHF viruses are spread in a variety of ways. Some may be transmitted to humans through a respiratory route. The viruses are considered by military medical planners to have a potential for aerosol dissemination, weaponization, or likelihood for confusion with similar agents that might be
720:
display antibodies on their cell membranes specific to the dengue virus. By attaching to these antibodies, dengue viruses from a second infection are better able to infect the macrophages, thus reducing the immune system's ability to fight off infection.
707:
catenin complex (a protein important in cell adhesion). This reorganization creates intercellular gaps in endothelial cells. The gaps lead to increased endothelial permeability and allow blood to escape from the vascular circulatory system.
819:
may be useful in
Bunyaviridae and Arenaviridae infections (specifically Lassa fever, RVF, CCHF, and HFRS due to Old World Hantavirus infection) and can be used only under an experimental protocol as IND approved by the
257:. All types of VHF are characterized by fever and bleeding disorders and all can progress to high fever, shock and death in many cases. Some of the VHF agents cause relatively mild illnesses, such as the Scandinavian
711:
The reasons for variation among patients infected with the same virus are unknown but stem from a complex system of virus-host interactions. Dengue fever becomes more virulent during a second infection by means of
1705:
674:
Different hemorrhagic fever viruses act on the body in different ways, resulting in different symptoms. In most VHFs, it is likely that several mechanisms contribute to symptoms, including liver damage,
1425:
Towner JS, Khristova ML, Sealy TK, Vincent MJ, Erickson BR, Bawiec DA, Hartman AL, Comer JA, Zaki SR, Ströher U, Gomes Da Silva F, Del
Castillo F, Rollin PE, Ksiazek TG, Nichol ST (2006).
650:. The non-fatal cases occurred in healthcare workers involved in the treatment of the other two, suggesting the possibility of person-to-person transmission. This virus is related to the
1265:
326:
733:
capabilities. The findings of laboratory investigation vary somewhat between the viruses but in general, there is a decrease in the total white cell count (particularly the
3880:
2386:
646:
responsible for two fatal and two non-fatal cases of hemorrhagic fever in the Bas-Congo district of the
Democratic Republic of Congo. The virus was named
896:(DRC) that started in August 2007, and that has killed 103 people (100 adults and three children), has been shown to be caused (at least partially) by
2821:
1809:
55:
3636:
1644:
1250:
1187:
461:
1400:
1114:
703:
and coagulation deficiency. From the vascular perspective, the virus will infect vascular endothelial cells, leading to the reorganization of the
492:
496:
1278:
3890:
2400:
1544:
Briese T, Paweska J, McMullan L, Hutchison S, Street C, Palacios G, Khristova M, Weyer J, Swanepoel R, Engholm M, Nichol S, Lipkin W (2009).
821:
3265:
2066:
1897:
116:
1937:
1660:
1140:"Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Postexposure Prophylaxis for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus among Healthcare Workers"
88:
2902:
893:
868:
676:
198:
95:
2814:
1802:
770:
757:
may be elevated. The serum urea and creatine may be raised but this is dependent on the hydration status of the patient. The
3139:
2030:
1345:
1546:"Genetic Detection and Characterization of Lujo Virus, a New Hemorrhagic Fever–Associated Arenavirus from Southern Africa"
3254:
2087:
322:
102:
1302:
666:
epidemics in Mexico of 1545 and 1576 is still unknown, and the 1545 epidemic may have been bacterial rather than viral.
1624:
17:
3129:
2406:
1932:
1889:
1531:
84:
74:
3641:
3481:
3014:
3009:
2807:
2392:
2321:
1795:
864:
936:
474:
181:
4088:
3416:
1991:
1977:
713:
3673:
3313:
2912:
2352:
840:
824:(FDA). Interferon may be effective in Argentine or Bolivian hemorrhagic fevers (also available only as IND).
815:
Medical management of VHF patients may require intensive supportive care. Antiviral therapy with intravenous
2429:
3964:
3959:
3567:
2196:
2190:
2101:
2095:
1985:
889:
was the site of another outbreak of
Marburg virus disease in 2005, the largest one to date of this disease.
783:, vaccines for VHF-associated viruses are generally not available. Post-exposure prophylactic (preventive)
435:
4083:
3594:
3589:
3577:
3119:
3002:
2559:
2485:
2479:
2152:
915:
750:
423:
407:
1775:
4093:
3683:
3601:
3582:
2948:
1404:
415:
3806:
3269:
3161:
2616:
2223:
109:
63:
3885:
3828:
3706:
3501:
3026:
2325:
2237:
2142:
1972:
1945:
1917:
1850:
1724:
3989:
3651:
3646:
3346:
3308:
2121:
591:
583:
443:
70:
59:
33:
1787:
1616:
1608:
1137:
3336:
3304:
3280:
3115:
2993:
2917:
2892:
2878:
2857:
2515:
2493:
2372:
2368:
2364:
2360:
2315:
2253:
2147:
2108:
1911:
587:
259:
3769:
3678:
3656:
3320:
3229:
2997:
2799:
2500:
2081:
1951:
1922:
1244:
1181:
349:
Five families of RNA viruses have been recognised as being able to cause hemorrhagic fevers.
795:(hospital-based) spread. Airborne precautions should be utilized including, at a minimum, a
309:
The severity of symptoms varies with the type of virus. The "VHF syndrome" (capillary leak,
3821:
3816:
3195:
2764:
2596:
2231:
2060:
1668:
1124:
833:
776:
1652:
8:
3742:
3611:
3406:
2182:
1903:
1764:
1427:"Marburgvirus Genomics and Association with a Large Hemorrhagic Fever Outbreak in Angola"
923:
796:
3757:
3954:
3081:
2576:
2571:
2285:
2041:
1572:
1545:
1500:
1475:
1451:
1426:
1332:
1227:
1202:
1200:
1164:
1139:
1091:
1066:
1039:
1012:
979:
860:
310:
1138:
Ergönül Ö, Keske Ş, Çeldir MG, Kara İA, Pshenichnaya N, Abuova G, et al. (2018).
843:
in
Philadelphia, PA, US. Nearly 10% of the population of 50,000 died from the disease.
695:
of lymphocytes. The fourth mechanism is when infected macrophages interact with toxic
4034:
3811:
3154:
2968:
2749:
2700:
2681:
2662:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2357:
2262:
1966:
1844:
1620:
1577:
1527:
1505:
1456:
1368:
1232:
1169:
1096:
1044:
908:
804:
611:
515:
338:
193:
177:
313:, and circulatory compromise leading to shock) appears in a majority of people with
3762:
3747:
3377:
3188:
3183:
2724:
2434:
2114:
2046:
1927:
1858:
1567:
1557:
1495:
1487:
1446:
1438:
1360:
1222:
1214:
1159:
1151:
1086:
1078:
1034:
1024:
904:
746:
507:
377:
168:
2688:
882:
3839:
3469:
3462:
3457:
3260:
3171:
3051:
3046:
2648:
2553:
2473:
2462:
2333:
2297:
2217:
2003:
1864:
1729:
1562:
1029:
985:
647:
630:
605:
570:
547:
501:
479:
439:
1376:
3666:
3354:
3325:
1884:
1013:"A novel rhabdovirus associated with acute hemorrhagic fever in central Africa"
966:
800:
730:
684:
636:
3721:
1364:
427:
4077:
4013:
3923:
3871:
3792:
3774:
3696:
3616:
3492:
3474:
3386:
3176:
2833:
1879:
1874:
1822:
1309:
1201:
Hadi CM, Goba A, Khan SH, Bangura J, Sankoh M, Koroma S, et al. (2010).
876:
780:
758:
729:
Definitive diagnosis is usually made at a reference laboratory with advanced
651:
642:
624:
556:
526:
431:
419:
318:
235:
32:"VHFS" redirects here. For the former military installation in Virginia, see
1718:
1714:
4027:
3853:
3627:
3442:
3361:
3295:
3284:
3241:
3076:
3069:
3064:
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2590:
2268:
2129:
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1491:
1460:
1372:
1236:
1218:
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1155:
1119:
1100:
1082:
1048:
991:
742:
579:
564:
485:
466:
390:
361:
355:
253:
247:
241:
229:
1676:
1609:"Are Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses Practical Agents for Biological Terrorism?"
1509:
3858:
3848:
3752:
3733:
3560:
3555:
3451:
3430:
3215:
3149:
3106:
3036:
2958:
2882:
2837:
2780:
2729:
2717:
2712:
2705:
2693:
2667:
2637:
2539:
2378:
2290:
2273:
2208:
1869:
1442:
919:
897:
854:
745:, and reduced blood clotting ability measured as an increase in both the
704:
680:
616:
599:
552:
541:
520:
411:
399:
395:
314:
292:
268:
223:
4045:
3975:
3945:
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3661:
3542:
3397:
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3088:
2937:
2630:
2414:
2171:
929:
792:
754:
734:
717:
700:
663:
655:
403:
367:
330:
279:
Signs and symptoms of VHFs include (by definition) fever and bleeding:
264:
185:
73:
if you can. Unsourced or poorly sourced material may be challenged and
1697:
1681:
National Center for
Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (NCEZID)
1115:"500 years later, scientists discover what probably killed the Aztecs"
846:
4054:
2846:
2675:
2656:
2623:
2611:
2605:
2584:
2530:
2458:
2344:
2306:
2075:
2054:
1960:
1838:
1830:
1818:
1759:
1735:
974:
816:
784:
696:
692:
284:
218:
1683:. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). 2019-09-24.
2830:
2773:
2420:
2162:
2018:
1770:
1274:
738:
1740:
1065:
Acuna-Soto R, Stahle DW, Cleaveland MK, Therrell MD (April 2002).
1064:
687:(antigen presenting cells). The second mechanism is prevention of
3984:
3933:
3911:
2526:
1817:
688:
302:
298:
214:
1476:"The Thucydides syndrome: Ebola déjà vu? (or Ebola reemergent?)"
787:
may be effective for some bunyavirus and arenavirus infections.
4022:
3801:
3530:
3519:
2135:
1709:
1267:
USAMRIID's
Medical Management of Biological Casualties Handbook
886:
575:
334:
2829:
1543:
2786:
2545:
2177:
1524:
Return of the Black Death: The World's
Greatest Serial Killer
872:
850:
288:
960:
3093:
1424:
1346:"Large Epidemics of Hemorrhagic Fevers in Mexico 1545–1815"
283:
Flushing of the face and chest, small red or purple spots (
1473:
932:
in
September–October 2008 left four of five patients dead.
2012:
1343:
1011:
Grard G, Fair JN, Lee D, et al. (September 2012).
634:): In September 2012 scientists writing in the journal
184:. N'Seka died a few days later due to severe internal
1615:. Vol. 4. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press. pp.
1474:
Olson PE, Hames CS, Benenson AS, Genovese EN (1996).
1333:
Indigenous Hemorrhagic Fever and The Spanish Conquest
903:
A viral hemorrhagic fever is a possible cause of the
1687:
1203:"Ribavirin for Lassa fever postexposure prophylaxis"
956:
305:, headache, vomiting, and diarrhea occur frequently.
1275:U.S. Army Medical Institute of Infectious Diseases
1067:"Megadrought and megadeath in 16th century Mexico"
217:. VHFs may be caused by five distinct families of
1344:Acuna-Soto R, Romero LC, Maguire JH (June 2000).
691:specific immune response. The third mechanism is
4075:
1677:"Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs) Virus Families"
875:were the epicenter of the 1998–2000 outbreak of
462:Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
333:, but only in a small minority of patients with
1303:"Was the Huey Cocoliztli a Haemorrhagic Fever?"
1522:Scott, Susan and Duncan, Christopher. (2004).
799:, HEPA filter-equipped respirator (such as an
271:, can cause severe, life-threatening disease.
69:Please review the contents of the article and
2815:
1803:
1651:. Public Health England (PHE). Archived from
928:The initial, and currently only, outbreak of
1611:. In Scheld WM, Craig WA, Hughes JM (eds.).
1249:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1186:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1060:
1058:
1010:
939:, which was the biggest outbreak in history.
3266:Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome
1194:
1131:
2822:
2808:
2067:Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
1810:
1796:
1418:
914:A viral hemorrhagic fever is an alternate
640:reported the isolation of a member of the
213:) are a diverse group of animal and human
180:, a nurse with Ebola virus disease in the
167:
1938:Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type
1571:
1561:
1499:
1450:
1226:
1163:
1090:
1055:
1038:
1028:
1004:
1649:The National Archives of United Kingdom
943:
894:Mweka, Democratic Republic of the Congo
371:, and all members of the former family
14:
4076:
1606:
741:count, an increase in the blood serum
677:disseminated intravascular coagulation
3637:Hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
2803:
1791:
1667:. United Nations (UN). Archived from
1594:
1263:
771:Prevention of viral hemorrhagic fever
274:
239:, and several member families of the
853:is the site of several outbreaks of
394:include the viruses responsible for
317:hemorrhagic fevers (e.g., Ebola and
38:
3140:Venezuelan equine encephalomyelitis
2088:Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
836:in Mexico 1545 and 1576 (suspected)
24:
1526:West Sussex; John Wiley and Sons.
669:
25:
4105:
2407:Severe acute respiratory syndrome
1933:Follicular dendritic cell sarcoma
1637:
1277:. pp. 143–44. Archived from
1273:(6th ed.). Fort Detrick MA:
892:A VHF outbreak in the village of
822:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
327:South American hemorrhagic fevers
3130:Western equine encephalomyelitis
3120:Eastern equine encephalomyelitis
2393:Middle East respiratory syndrome
959:
865:Democratic Republic of the Congo
287:), bleeding, swelling caused by
135:
43:
3255:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
1665:World Health Organization (WHO)
1600:
1588:
1537:
1516:
1467:
1393:
937:2014 West Africa Ebola outbreak
827:
475:Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever
323:Crimean–Congo hemorrhagic fever
3417:Kemerovo tickborne viral fever
1992:Adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma
1978:Splenic marginal zone lymphoma
1337:
1326:
1295:
1257:
1107:
714:antibody-dependent enhancement
430:), Chapare hemorrhagic fever (
71:add the appropriate references
13:
1:
3674:Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
2913:Jamestown Canyon encephalitis
997:
841:Yellow Fever Epidemic of 1793
810:
764:
716:. After the first infection,
662:The pathogen that caused the
3568:Venezuelan hemorrhagic fever
2197:Tropical spastic paraparesis
2102:Lymphocytic choriomeningitis
1563:10.1371/journal.ppat.1000455
1030:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002924
751:partial thromboplastin times
724:
477:(CCHF) virus from the genus
7:
3590:Brazilian hemorrhagic fever
3578:Argentine hemorrhagic fever
2560:Cytomegalovirus esophagitis
2480:Human parainfluenza viruses
2153:Ramsay Hunt syndrome type 2
1661:"Viral Haemorrhagic Fevers"
952:
518:(RVF) virus from the genus
56:reliable medical references
10:
4110:
3602:Bolivian hemorrhagic fever
3482:Sandfly fever Naples virus
1645:"Viral Haemorrhagic Fever"
768:
31:
4043:
4011:
4002:
3973:
3943:
3921:
3910:
3869:
3837:
3790:
3731:
3720:
3694:
3625:
3540:
3529:
3518:
3490:
3440:
3429:
3395:
3375:
3293:
3270:Huaiyangshan banyangvirus
3239:
3228:
3204:
3104:
2982:
2867:
2856:
2845:
2763:
2739:
2647:
2570:
2525:
2514:
2343:
2305:
2284:
2252:
2224:Cytomegalovirus retinitis
2207:
2161:
2040:
2029:
2002:
1829:
1750:
1691:
1365:10.4269/ajtmh.2000.62.733
582:, and two viruses in the
344:
295:), and circulatory shock.
267:), while others, such as
192:
176:Two nurses standing near
175:
166:
158:
153:
85:"Viral hemorrhagic fever"
62:or relies too heavily on
3886:SARS-related coronavirus
3849:Henipavirus encephalitis
3707:Murid gammaherpesvirus 4
3552:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3333:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3305:Arbovirus encephalitides
3281:Arbovirus encephalitides
3251:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3216:Banna virus encephalitis
3116:Arbovirus encephalitides
3061:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
3027:Saint Louis encephalitis
2994:Arbovirus encephalitides
2945:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
2879:Arbovirus encephalitides
2326:Infectious mononucleosis
2143:Chandipura vesiculovirus
1973:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1918:Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
1851:Hepatocellular carcinoma
1401:"Epidemics in New Spain"
460:the causative agents of
207:Viral hemorrhagic fevers
162:viral haemorrhagic fever
3990:Yaba monkey tumor virus
3347:Kyasanur Forest disease
3309:Tick-borne encephalitis
3010:Australian encephalitis
2903:California encephalitis
2122:Encephalitis lethargica
1823:viral systemic diseases
761:tends to be prolonged.
592:Kyasanur Forest disease
584:tick-borne encephalitis
444:Whitewater Arroyo virus
154:Viral hemorrhagic fever
34:Vint Hill Farms Station
3337:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
2918:La Crosse encephalitis
2494:Human orthopneumovirus
2148:Herpesviral meningitis
2109:Arbovirus encephalitis
1492:10.3201/eid0202.960220
1264:Woods LC, ed. (2005).
1219:10.3201/eid1612.100994
1156:10.3201/eid2409.171709
1083:10.3201/eid0804.010175
805:phenolic disinfectants
791:particularly prone to
775:With the exception of
588:Omsk hemorrhagic fever
586:group that cause VHF:
359:includes the families
291:, low blood pressure (
260:nephropathia epidemica
182:1976 outbreak in Zaire
4089:Animal viral diseases
3770:Marburg virus disease
3321:Powassan encephalitis
2998:Japanese encephalitis
1952:Merkel-cell carcinoma
737:), a decrease in the
3196:Semliki Forest virus
2597:Adenovirus infection
2061:Human polyomavirus 2
1890:Oropharyngeal cancer
1480:Emerging Infect. Dis
1443:10.1128/JVI.00069-06
1125:Agence France-Presse
1071:Emerging Infect. Dis
944:Biowarfare potential
918:of the cause of the
777:yellow fever vaccine
3743:Ebola virus disease
3407:Colorado tick fever
3162:O'nyong'nyong fever
2183:Post-polio syndrome
1819:Infectious diseases
1671:on August 23, 2004.
1613:Emerging Infections
1431:Journal of Virology
924:Plague of Justinian
749:(PT) and activated
446:hemorrhagic fevers.
4084:Hemorrhagic fevers
3955:Simian foamy virus
2316:Epstein–Barr virus
2286:Respiratory system
1923:Burkitt's lymphoma
1751:External resources
980:Jordi Casals-Ariet
861:Orientale Province
449:The former family
311:bleeding diathesis
275:Signs and symptoms
199:Infectious disease
18:Haemorrhagic fever
4094:Tropical diseases
4071:
4070:
4067:
4066:
4063:
4062:
3998:
3997:
3906:
3905:
3716:
3715:
3514:
3513:
3510:
3509:
3425:
3424:
3224:
3223:
2969:Rift Valley fever
2797:
2796:
2759:
2758:
2510:
2509:
2441:Influenza virus A
2358:Human coronavirus
2248:
2247:
2238:Herpes of the eye
1785:
1784:
1607:Peters C (2000).
1353:Am J Trop Med Hyg
909:Peloponnesian War
617:Chikungunya fever
612:Chikungunya virus
516:Rift Valley fever
339:Rift Valley fever
204:
203:
148:Medical condition
144:
143:
120:
27:Type of illnesses
16:(Redirected from
4101:
4009:
4008:
3919:
3918:
3729:
3728:
3538:
3537:
3527:
3526:
3502:Chandipura virus
3438:
3437:
3378:Orthomyxoviridae
3237:
3236:
3184:Ross River fever
2949:Bunyamwera fever
2865:
2864:
2854:
2853:
2824:
2817:
2810:
2801:
2800:
2523:
2522:
2518:digestive system
2435:Orthomyxoviridae
2401:SARS coronavirus
2387:MERS coronavirus
2303:
2302:
2115:Orthomyxoviridae
2038:
2037:
2004:Immune disorders
1928:Hodgkin lymphoma
1904:Kaposi's sarcoma
1812:
1805:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1672:
1656:
1631:
1630:
1604:
1598:
1592:
1586:
1585:
1575:
1565:
1541:
1535:
1520:
1514:
1513:
1503:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1454:
1437:(13): 6497–516.
1422:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1403:. Archived from
1397:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1381:
1375:. Archived from
1350:
1341:
1335:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1314:
1308:. Archived from
1307:
1299:
1293:
1292:
1290:
1289:
1283:
1272:
1261:
1255:
1254:
1248:
1240:
1230:
1207:Emerg Infect Dis
1198:
1192:
1191:
1185:
1177:
1167:
1150:(9): 1642–1648.
1144:Emerg Infect Dis
1135:
1129:
1128:
1111:
1105:
1104:
1094:
1062:
1053:
1052:
1042:
1032:
1008:
969:
964:
963:
905:Plague of Athens
508:Peribunyaviridae
378:Peribunyaviridae
325:(CCHF), and the
171:
151:
150:
139:
138:
130:
127:
121:
119:
78:
47:
46:
39:
21:
4109:
4108:
4104:
4103:
4102:
4100:
4099:
4098:
4074:
4073:
4072:
4059:
4039:
4004:
3994:
3969:
3939:
3913:
3902:
3865:
3840:Paramyxoviridae
3833:
3786:
3723:
3712:
3690:
3621:
3532:
3521:
3506:
3486:
3470:Pappataci fever
3463:Oropouche virus
3458:Oropouche fever
3432:
3421:
3391:
3371:
3289:
3261:Heartland virus
3231:
3220:
3200:
3172:Pogosta disease
3100:
3047:West Nile fever
2978:
2859:
2848:
2841:
2828:
2798:
2793:
2755:
2735:
2643:
2617:Gastroenteritis
2575:
2572:Gastroenteritis
2566:
2554:Cytomegalovirus
2517:
2506:
2474:Paramyxoviridae
2463:Avian influenza
2339:
2334:Cytomegalovirus
2298:viral pneumonia
2296:
2293:nasopharyngitis
2292:
2289:
2280:
2244:
2218:Cytomegalovirus
2203:
2157:
2045:
2032:
2025:
1998:
1865:Cervical cancer
1825:
1816:
1786:
1781:
1780:
1746:
1745:
1700:
1675:
1659:
1643:
1640:
1635:
1634:
1627:
1605:
1601:
1593:
1589:
1556:(5): e1000455.
1542:
1538:
1521:
1517:
1472:
1468:
1423:
1419:
1410:
1408:
1399:
1398:
1394:
1385:
1383:
1379:
1348:
1342:
1338:
1331:
1327:
1318:
1316:
1312:
1305:
1301:
1300:
1296:
1287:
1285:
1281:
1270:
1262:
1258:
1242:
1241:
1213:(12): 2009–11.
1199:
1195:
1179:
1178:
1136:
1132:
1113:
1112:
1108:
1063:
1056:
1023:(9): e1002924.
1009:
1005:
1000:
986:Matthew Lukwiya
965:
958:
955:
946:
830:
813:
773:
767:
727:
672:
670:Pathophysiology
648:Bas-Congo virus
631:Mononegavirales
606:Martellivirales
571:Amarillovirales
548:Mononegavirales
502:Orthobunyavirus
499:from the genus
480:Orthonairovirus
440:Guanarito virus
347:
277:
221:: the families
149:
140:
136:
131:
125:
122:
79:
68:
64:primary sources
48:
44:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4107:
4097:
4096:
4091:
4086:
4069:
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4065:
4064:
4061:
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4057:
4051:
4049:
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4032:
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4019:
4017:
4006:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3995:
3993:
3992:
3987:
3981:
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3900:
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3726:
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3212:
3210:
3202:
3201:
3199:
3198:
3193:
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3191:
3181:
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3179:
3169:
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3167:
3159:
3158:
3157:
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3145:
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3135:
3127:
3126:
3125:
3112:
3110:
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3101:
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3085:
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3072:
3057:
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3055:
3054:
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3043:
3042:
3034:
3033:
3032:
3024:
3023:
3022:
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3007:
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2990:
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2977:
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2925:
2924:
2923:
2915:
2910:
2909:
2908:
2900:
2899:
2898:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2875:
2873:
2862:
2851:
2843:
2842:
2834:viral diseases
2827:
2826:
2819:
2812:
2804:
2795:
2794:
2792:
2791:
2790:
2789:
2777:
2769:
2767:
2761:
2760:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2753:
2745:
2743:
2737:
2736:
2734:
2733:
2721:
2709:
2697:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2671:
2659:
2653:
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2645:
2644:
2642:
2641:
2634:
2627:
2620:
2608:
2602:
2601:
2600:
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2581:
2579:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2564:
2563:
2562:
2550:
2549:
2548:
2535:
2533:
2520:
2512:
2511:
2508:
2507:
2505:
2504:
2497:
2490:
2489:
2488:
2468:
2467:
2466:
2465:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2423:
2411:
2410:
2409:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2383:
2382:
2381:
2349:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2338:
2337:
2330:
2329:
2328:
2311:
2309:
2300:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2277:
2276:
2271:
2258:
2256:
2254:Cardiovascular
2250:
2249:
2246:
2245:
2243:
2242:
2241:
2240:
2228:
2227:
2226:
2213:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2201:
2200:
2199:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2180:
2167:
2165:
2159:
2158:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2139:
2138:
2126:
2125:
2124:
2111:
2106:
2105:
2104:
2092:
2091:
2090:
2078:
2072:
2071:
2070:
2069:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2035:
2033:nervous system
2027:
2026:
2024:
2023:
2022:
2021:
2008:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1997:
1996:
1995:
1994:
1982:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1955:
1954:
1942:
1941:
1940:
1935:
1930:
1925:
1920:
1908:
1907:
1906:
1894:
1893:
1892:
1887:
1885:Vaginal cancer
1882:
1877:
1872:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1841:
1835:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1815:
1814:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1783:
1782:
1779:
1778:
1767:
1765:article/830594
1755:
1754:
1752:
1748:
1747:
1744:
1743:
1732:
1721:
1701:
1696:
1695:
1693:
1692:Classification
1686:
1685:
1673:
1657:
1655:on 2014-07-14.
1639:
1638:External links
1636:
1633:
1632:
1626:978-1555811976
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1001:
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995:
994:
989:
982:
977:
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967:Viruses portal
954:
951:
945:
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941:
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926:
912:
901:
890:
880:
858:
844:
837:
829:
826:
812:
809:
781:Ebola vaccines
769:Main article:
766:
763:
731:biocontainment
726:
723:
685:dendritic cell
671:
668:
660:
659:
637:PLOS Pathogens
620:
595:
560:
536:
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531:
512:
490:
471:
455:
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447:
383:
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296:
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245:order such as
202:
201:
196:
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178:Mayinga N'Seka
173:
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155:
147:
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134:
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51:
49:
42:
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6:
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3:
2:
4106:
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4050:
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4042:
4036:
4033:
4029:
4026:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4016:
4015:
4014:Rhabdoviridae
4010:
4007:
4001:
3991:
3988:
3986:
3983:
3982:
3980:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3966:
3963:
3961:
3958:
3956:
3953:
3952:
3950:
3948:
3947:
3942:
3936:
3935:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3925:
3924:Herpesviridae
3920:
3917:
3915:
3909:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3889:
3888:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3878:
3876:
3874:
3873:
3872:Coronaviridae
3868:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3851:
3850:
3847:
3846:
3844:
3842:
3841:
3836:
3830:
3827:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3813:
3810:
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3805:
3804:
3803:
3800:
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3797:
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3794:
3793:Rhabdoviridae
3789:
3781:
3778:
3776:
3773:
3772:
3771:
3768:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
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3730:
3727:
3725:
3719:
3709:
3708:
3704:
3703:
3701:
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3698:
3697:Herpesviridae
3693:
3685:
3682:
3680:
3677:
3676:
3675:
3672:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3658:
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3648:
3645:
3643:
3640:
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3638:
3635:
3634:
3632:
3630:
3629:
3624:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3605:
3604:
3603:
3600:
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3592:
3591:
3588:
3584:
3581:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3571:
3570:
3569:
3566:
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3559:
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3534:
3528:
3525:
3523:
3517:
3503:
3500:
3499:
3497:
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3494:
3493:Rhabdoviridae
3489:
3483:
3480:
3476:
3475:Toscana virus
3473:
3472:
3471:
3468:
3464:
3461:
3460:
3459:
3456:
3453:
3450:
3449:
3447:
3445:
3444:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3428:
3418:
3415:
3410:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3404:
3402:
3400:
3399:
3394:
3388:
3387:Bourbon virus
3385:
3384:
3382:
3380:
3379:
3374:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3360:
3356:
3353:
3350:
3349:
3348:
3345:
3340:
3339:
3338:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3323:
3322:
3319:
3315:
3312:
3311:
3310:
3306:
3303:
3302:
3300:
3298:
3297:
3292:
3286:
3282:
3279:
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3271:
3267:
3264:
3262:
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3252:
3249:
3248:
3246:
3244:
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3238:
3235:
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3227:
3217:
3214:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3203:
3197:
3194:
3190:
3187:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3177:Sindbis virus
3175:
3174:
3173:
3170:
3165:
3164:
3163:
3160:
3156:
3153:
3152:
3151:
3148:
3143:
3142:
3141:
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3133:
3132:
3131:
3128:
3123:
3122:
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3117:
3114:
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3111:
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3103:
3095:
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3035:
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3028:
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3012:
3011:
3008:
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3000:
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2884:
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2852:
2850:
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2835:
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2818:
2813:
2811:
2806:
2805:
2802:
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2785:
2784:
2783:
2782:
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2775:
2771:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2762:
2752:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2744:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2727:
2726:
2722:
2719:
2715:
2714:
2710:
2707:
2703:
2702:
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2669:
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2664:
2660:
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2650:
2646:
2640:
2639:
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2633:
2632:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2621:
2618:
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2613:
2609:
2607:
2604:
2603:
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2583:
2582:
2580:
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2541:
2537:
2536:
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2532:
2528:
2524:
2521:
2519:
2513:
2503:
2502:
2498:
2496:
2495:
2491:
2487:
2486:Parainfluenza
2484:
2483:
2482:
2481:
2476:
2475:
2470:
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2464:
2460:
2457:
2456:
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2354:
2351:
2350:
2348:
2346:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2331:
2327:
2323:
2322:EBV infection
2320:
2319:
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2210:
2206:
2198:
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2194:
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2192:
2188:
2184:
2181:
2179:
2178:Poliomyelitis
2176:
2175:
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2173:
2169:
2168:
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2160:
2154:
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2149:
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2110:
2107:
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2043:
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2036:
2034:
2028:
2020:
2017:
2016:
2015:
2014:
2010:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2001:
1993:
1990:
1989:
1988:
1987:
1983:
1979:
1976:
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1971:
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1913:
1909:
1905:
1902:
1901:
1900:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1888:
1886:
1883:
1881:
1880:Vulvar cancer
1878:
1876:
1875:Penile cancer
1873:
1871:
1868:
1866:
1863:
1862:
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1856:
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1614:
1610:
1603:
1597:, p. 145
1596:
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1579:
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1559:
1555:
1551:
1547:
1540:
1533:
1532:0-470-09000-6
1529:
1525:
1519:
1511:
1507:
1502:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1486:(2): 155–56.
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1453:
1448:
1444:
1440:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1421:
1407:on 2010-06-14
1406:
1402:
1396:
1382:on 2007-03-20
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1359:(6): 733–39.
1358:
1354:
1347:
1340:
1334:
1329:
1315:on 2010-06-17
1311:
1304:
1298:
1284:on 2007-06-09
1280:
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1269:
1268:
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1234:
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1220:
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1175:
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1157:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1134:
1127:. 2018-01-16.
1126:
1122:
1121:
1116:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1077:(4): 360–62.
1076:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1059:
1050:
1046:
1041:
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1031:
1026:
1022:
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987:
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921:
917:
913:
910:
906:
902:
899:
895:
891:
888:
884:
883:UĂge Province
881:
878:
877:Marburg virus
874:
870:
866:
862:
859:
856:
852:
848:
845:
842:
838:
835:
832:
831:
825:
823:
818:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
788:
786:
782:
778:
772:
762:
760:
759:bleeding time
756:
752:
748:
744:
743:liver enzymes
740:
736:
732:
722:
719:
715:
709:
706:
702:
699:, leading to
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
678:
667:
665:
657:
653:
652:Ephemerovirus
649:
645:
644:
643:Rhabdoviridae
639:
638:
633:
632:
627:
626:
625:Rhabdoviridae
621:
618:
615:which causes
614:
613:
608:
607:
602:
601:
596:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:
567:
566:
561:
558:
557:Marburg virus
554:
550:
549:
544:
543:
538:
537:
529:
528:
527:Phenuiviridae
523:
522:
517:
513:
510:
509:
504:
503:
498:
494:
493:Garissa virus
491:
488:
487:
482:
481:
476:
472:
469:
468:
463:
459:
458:
457:
456:
452:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
432:Chapare virus
429:
425:
421:
420:Machupo virus
417:
413:
409:
405:
401:
397:
393:
392:
387:
386:
385:
384:
380:
379:
375:, especially
374:
370:
369:
364:
363:
358:
357:
352:
351:
350:
342:
340:
336:
332:
328:
324:
320:
319:Marburg virus
316:
312:
304:
300:
297:
294:
290:
286:
282:
281:
280:
272:
270:
266:
262:
261:
256:
255:
250:
249:
244:
243:
238:
237:
236:Rhabdoviridae
232:
231:
226:
225:
220:
216:
212:
208:
200:
197:
195:
191:
187:
183:
179:
174:
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146:
133:
129:
118:
115:
111:
108:
104:
101:
97:
94:
90:
87: –
86:
82:
81:Find sources:
76:
72:
66:
65:
61:
57:
52:This article
50:
41:
40:
35:
30:
19:
4044:
4035:Mokola virus
4012:
3974:
3946:Retroviridae
3944:
3932:
3922:
3870:
3838:
3791:
3732:
3705:
3695:
3628:Bunyavirales
3626:
3551:
3543:Arenaviridae
3541:
3491:
3443:Bunyavirales
3441:
3396:
3376:
3362:Langat virus
3332:
3296:Flaviviridae
3294:
3285:Bhanja virus
3250:
3242:Bunyavirales
3240:
3205:
3105:
3077:Yellow fever
3065:Dengue fever
3060:
2985:Flaviviridae
2983:
2944:
2928:Tahyna virus
2893:Bwamba Fever
2870:Bunyavirales
2868:
2779:
2772:
2748:
2741:Pancreatitis
2723:
2711:
2699:
2687:
2680:
2661:
2636:
2629:
2622:
2610:
2589:
2552:
2538:
2499:
2492:
2478:
2472:
2439:
2433:
2413:
2399:
2385:
2356:
2332:
2314:
2269:Pericarditis
2261:
2230:
2216:
2189:
2170:
2128:
2113:
2094:
2080:
2059:
2042:Encephalitis
2011:
1984:
1965:
1944:
1910:
1896:
1857:
1843:
1769:
1758:
1734:
1723:
1704:
1680:
1669:the original
1664:
1653:the original
1648:
1612:
1602:
1590:
1553:
1549:
1539:
1523:
1518:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1434:
1430:
1420:
1409:. Retrieved
1405:the original
1395:
1384:. Retrieved
1377:the original
1356:
1352:
1339:
1328:
1317:. Retrieved
1310:the original
1297:
1286:. Retrieved
1279:the original
1266:
1259:
1245:cite journal
1210:
1206:
1196:
1182:cite journal
1147:
1143:
1133:
1120:The Guardian
1118:
1109:
1074:
1070:
1020:
1016:
1006:
992:C. J. Peters
949:weaponized.
947:
867:villages of
828:Epidemiology
814:
789:
774:
728:
710:
673:
661:
641:
635:
629:
623:
610:
604:
598:
580:yellow fever
569:
565:Flaviviridae
563:
546:
540:
525:
519:
506:
500:
497:Ilesha virus
486:Nairoviridae
484:
478:
467:Hantaviridae
465:
451:Bunyaviridae
450:
391:Arenaviridae
389:
376:
373:Bunyaviridae
372:
366:
362:Arenaviridae
360:
356:Bunyavirales
354:
348:
331:arenaviruses
308:
278:
258:
254:Hantaviridae
252:
248:Arenaviridae
246:
242:Bunyavirales
240:
234:
230:Flaviviridae
228:
222:
210:
206:
205:
145:
123:
113:
106:
99:
92:
80:
60:verification
53:
29:
3734:Filoviridae
3556:Lassa fever
3452:Adria virus
3150:Chikungunya
3107:Togaviridae
3037:Usutu virus
2959:Ngari virus
2883:Batai virus
2638:Coronavirus
2379:Common cold
2291:acute viral
2274:Myocarditis
2118:(probable)
1870:Anal cancer
1550:PLOS Pathog
1017:PLOS Pathog
988:(1957–2000)
920:Black Death
907:during the
898:Ebola virus
855:Ebola virus
753:(PTT). The
747:prothrombin
735:lymphocytes
718:macrophages
705:VE-cadherin
681:macrophages
609:) includes
600:Togaviridae
597:The family
574:) includes
562:The family
553:Ebola virus
551:) includes
542:Filoviridae
539:The family
521:Phlebovirus
464:(HV-HFRS) (
428:Sabiá virus
412:Junin virus
400:Lassa virus
396:Lassa fever
388:The family
368:Fimoviridae
303:muscle pain
293:hypotension
269:Ebola virus
224:Filoviridae
219:RNA viruses
159:Other names
54:needs more
4078:Categories
4046:Poxviridae
3976:Poxviridae
3896:SARS-CoV-2
3398:Reoviridae
3276:Tete virus
3207:Reoviridae
3089:Zika fever
2938:Tete virus
2836:(A80–B34,
2765:Urogenital
2631:Astrovirus
2591:Adenovirus
2415:SARS-CoV-2
2172:Poliovirus
2047:meningitis
1595:Woods 2005
1411:2010-07-25
1386:2006-12-04
1319:2010-07-25
1288:2007-06-09
998:References
930:Lujo virus
839:The Great
834:Cocoliztli
811:Management
797:fit-tested
793:nosocomial
765:Prevention
755:hematocrit
701:diapedesis
664:cocoliztli
656:Tibrovirus
590:virus and
436:Venezuelan
404:Lujo virus
353:The order
329:caused by
265:hantavirus
186:hemorrhage
96:newspapers
4055:Monkeypox
2847:Arthropod
2676:RNA virus
2657:DNA virus
2649:Hepatitis
2624:Norovirus
2612:Rotavirus
2606:RNA virus
2585:DNA virus
2531:Esophagus
2459:Influenza
2345:RNA virus
2307:DNA virus
2076:RNA virus
2055:DNA virus
1961:RNA virus
1839:DNA virus
1831:Oncovirus
1760:eMedicine
1741:240523007
1736:SNOMED CT
975:Biosafety
817:ribavirin
785:ribavirin
725:Diagnosis
697:cytokines
693:apoptosis
424:Brazilian
408:Argentine
315:filoviral
285:petechiae
215:illnesses
194:Specialty
126:July 2020
4003:Multiple
3891:SARS-CoV
3881:MERS-CoV
3070:DENV-1-4
2858:Mosquito
2831:Zoonotic
2774:BK virus
2577:diarrhea
2421:COVID-19
2163:Myelitis
1771:Orphanet
1582:19478873
1461:16775337
1373:11304065
1237:21122249
1174:30124196
1101:11971767
1049:23028323
953:See also
922:and the
879:disease.
857:disease.
801:N95 mask
739:platelet
453:includes
416:Bolivian
4005:vectors
3985:Tanapox
3934:B virus
3912:Primate
3431:Sandfly
3257:(CCHFV)
2838:042–079
2527:Pharynx
2031:Central
1730:D006482
1573:2680969
1510:8964060
1501:2639821
1452:1488971
1228:3294560
1165:6106438
1092:2730237
1040:3460624
847:MĂ©kambo
689:antigen
658:genera.
628:(order
622:Family
603:(order
568:(order
545:(order
299:Malaise
110:scholar
75:removed
4023:Rabies
3965:HTLV-2
3960:HTLV-1
3914:-borne
3802:Rabies
3724:-borne
3533:-borne
3531:Rodent
3522:-borne
3520:Mammal
3454:(ADRV)
3433:-borne
3232:-borne
2860:-borne
2849:-borne
2191:HTLV-I
2136:Rabies
1986:HTLV-I
1623:
1617:201–09
1580:
1570:
1530:
1508:
1498:
1459:
1449:
1371:
1235:
1225:
1172:
1162:
1099:
1089:
1047:
1037:
916:theory
887:Angola
594:virus.
576:dengue
511:), and
442:) and
345:Causes
335:dengue
251:, and
112:
105:
98:
91:
83:
3763:ZEBOV
3667:THAIV
3155:CHIKV
2787:Mumps
2546:Mumps
2516:Human
1946:MCPyV
1380:(PDF)
1349:(PDF)
1313:(PDF)
1306:(PDF)
1282:(PDF)
1271:(PDF)
873:Watsa
869:Durba
851:Gabon
289:edema
117:JSTOR
103:books
4028:RABV
3829:CHPV
3817:DUVV
3812:MOKV
3807:ABLV
3780:RAVV
3775:MARV
3758:TAFV
3753:SUDV
3748:BDBV
3679:ANDV
3662:AMRV
3657:SEOV
3652:PUUV
3647:HTNV
3642:DOBV
3617:CHPV
3612:LUJV
3606:MACV
3595:SABV
3583:JUNV
3572:GTOV
3561:LASV
3411:CTFV
3366:LGTV
3355:AHFV
3351:KFDV
3341:OHFV
3326:POWV
3314:TBEV
3230:Tick
3166:ONNV
3144:VEEV
3134:WEEV
3124:EEEV
3094:ZIKV
3041:USUV
3031:SLEV
3020:KUNV
3015:MVEV
2973:RVFV
2963:NRIV
2953:BUNV
2932:TAHV
2922:LACV
2897:BWAV
2887:BATV
2501:hMPV
2373:OC43
2369:HKU1
2365:NL63
2361:229E
2019:AIDS
1898:KSHV
1725:MeSH
1621:ISBN
1578:PMID
1528:ISBN
1506:PMID
1457:PMID
1369:PMID
1251:link
1233:PMID
1188:link
1170:PMID
1097:PMID
1045:PMID
984:Dr.
935:The
871:and
779:and
683:and
654:and
555:and
514:the
495:and
473:the
211:VHFs
89:news
58:for
3859:NiV
3854:HeV
3822:LBV
3722:Bat
3684:SNV
3189:RRV
3082:YFV
3052:WNV
3003:JEV
2907:CEV
2781:MuV
2750:CBV
2725:HEV
2713:HDV
2701:HCV
2689:HAV
2682:CBV
2663:HBV
2540:MuV
2471:V,
2263:CBV
2232:HSV
2209:Eye
2096:LCV
2082:MeV
2013:HIV
1967:HCV
1912:EBV
1859:HPV
1845:HBV
1776:341
1719:A99
1715:A90
1706:ICD
1568:PMC
1558:doi
1496:PMC
1488:doi
1447:PMC
1439:doi
1361:doi
1223:PMC
1215:doi
1160:PMC
1152:doi
1087:PMC
1079:doi
1035:PMC
1025:doi
885:in
849:in
434:),
422:),
414:),
402:),
337:or
321:),
263:(a
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2130:RV
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