426:
911:
severity of illness was suspected to correlate with genetic differences in the victims. This has been difficult to study in animal models that respond to the virus with hemorrhagic fever in a similar manner as humans, because typical mouse models do not so respond, and the required large numbers of appropriate test subjects are not easily available. In late
October 2014, a publication reported a study of the response to a mouse-adapted strain of Zaire ebolavirus presented by a genetically diverse population of mice that was bred to have a range of responses to the virus that includes fatality from hemorrhagic fever.
59:
783:
415:
78:
824:(sGP) precursor is cleaved to sGP and delta peptide, both of which are released from the cell. As viral protein levels rise, a switch occurs from translation to replication. Using the negative-sense genomic RNA as a template, a complementary +ssRNA is synthesized; this is then used as a template for the synthesis of new genomic (-)ssRNA, which is rapidly encapsidated. The newly formed nucleocapsids and envelope proteins associate at the host cell's plasma membrane;
716:
6240:
6270:
5451:
6280:
4407:
6260:
6250:
5441:
498:
leader – NP – VP35 – VP40 – GP/sGP – VP30 – VP24 – L – trailer – 5′; with the leader and trailer being non-transcribed regions, which carry important signals to control transcription, replication, and packaging of the viral genomes into new virions. Sections of the NP, VP35 and the L genes from filoviruses have been identified as endogenous in the genomes of several groups of small mammals.
946:
774:. TIM1 is expressed in tissues known to be seriously impacted by EBOV lysis (trachea, cornea, and conjunctiva). A monoclonal antibody against the IgV domain of TIM-1, ARD5, blocked EBOV binding and infection. Together, these studies suggest NPC1 and TIM-1 may be potential therapeutic targets for an Ebola anti-viral drug and as a basis for a rapid field diagnostic assay.
907:
previously been affected by the disease. The toll was particularly grave in three countries: Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. A few cases were also reported in countries outside of West Africa, all related to international travelers who were exposed in the most affected regions and later showed symptoms of Ebola fever after reaching their destinations.
1209:– Makona variant caused the 2014 West Africa outbreak. The outbreak was characterized by the longest instance of human-to-human transmission of the viral species. Pressures to adapt to the human host were seen at this time, however, no phenotypic changes in the virus (such as increased transmission, increased immune evasion by the virus) were seen.
1040:"). In 2011, the ICTV explicitly rejected a proposal (2010.010bV) to recognize this name, as ICTV does not designate names for subtypes, variants, strains, or other subspecies level groupings. At present, ICTV does not officially recognize "Ebola virus" as a taxonomic rank, but rather continues to use and recommend only the species designation
845:, so other interim or amplifying hosts may exist. Ebola virus outbreaks tend to occur when temperatures are lower and humidity is higher than usual for Africa. Even after a person recovers from the acute phase of the disease, Ebola virus survives for months in certain organs such as the eyes and testes.
906:
Since the first recorded clinical description of the disease during 1976 in Zaire, the recent Ebola outbreak that started in March 2014, in addition, reached epidemic proportions and has killed more than 8000 people as of
January 2015. This outbreak was centered in West Africa, an area that had not
840:
pathogen. Intermediary hosts have been reported to be "various species of fruit bats ... throughout central and sub-Saharan Africa". Evidence of infection in bats has been detected through molecular and serologic means. However, ebolaviruses have not been isolated in bats. End hosts are humans
750:
individuals lacking this transporter were exposed to Ebola virus in the laboratory, the cells survived and appeared impervious to the virus, further indicating that Ebola relies on NPC1 to enter cells; mutations in the NPC1 gene in humans were conjectured as a possible mode to make some individuals
513:
technology, investigators were able to sequence samples as quickly as 48 hours. Like other RNA viruses, Ebola virus mutates rapidly, both within a person during the progression of disease and in the reservoir among the local human population. The observed mutation rate of 2.0 x 10 substitutions per
823:
These viral proteins are processed: a glycoprotein precursor (GP0) is cleaved to GP1 and GP2, which are then heavily glycosylated using cellular enzymes and substrates. These two molecules assemble, first into heterodimers, and then into trimers to give the surface peplomers. Secreted glycoprotein
497:
Each virion contains one molecule of linear, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA, 18,959 to 18,961 nucleotides in length. The 3′ terminus is not polyadenylated and the 5′ end is not capped. This viral genome codes for seven structural proteins and one non-structural protein. The gene order is 3′ –
489:-shapes, or other or circular/coiled appearances), the origin of which may be in the laboratory techniques applied. The characteristic "threadlike" structure is, however, a more general morphologic characteristic of filoviruses (alongside their GP-decorated viral envelope, RNA nucleocapsid, etc.).
508:
It was found that 472 nucleotides from the 3' end and 731 nucleotides from the 5' end are sufficient for replication of a viral "minigenome", though not sufficient for infection. Virus sequencing from 78 patients with confirmed Ebola virus disease, representing more than 70% of cases diagnosed in
910:
The severity of the disease in humans varies widely, from rapid fatality to mild illness or even asymptomatic response. Studies of outbreaks in the late twentieth century failed to find a correlation between the disease severity and the genetic nature of the virus. Hence the variability in the
1186:
remained constant before 1900. Then, around the 1960s, most likely due to climate change or human activities, the genetic diversity of the virus dropped rapidly and most lineages became extinct. As the number of susceptible hosts declines, so does the effective population size and its genetic
863:
of these ebolaviruses, averaging 83 percent since the first outbreaks in 1976, although a fatality rate of up to 90 percent was recorded in one outbreak in the
Republic of the Congo between December 2002 and April 2003. There have also been more outbreaks of Zaire ebolavirus than of any other
786:
Cross-sectional drawing of the Ebola virus particle, with structures of the major proteins shown and labeled at the side. Pale circles represent domains too flexible to be observed in the experimental structure. Drawn by David
Goodsell from PDB files 3csy, 4ldd, 4qb0, 3vne, 3fke, and
791:
Being acellular, viruses such as Ebola do not replicate through any type of cell division; rather, they use a combination of host- and virally encoded enzymes, alongside host cell structures, to produce multiple copies of themselves. These then self-assemble into viral
503:
820:. Encapsidated, negative-sense genomic ssRNA is used as a template for the synthesis (3'–5') of polyadenylated, monocistronic mRNAs and, using the host cell's ribosomes, tRNA molecules, etc., the mRNA is translated into individual viral proteins.
1202:
lineages likely took place between 1996 and 2001 in wild apes giving rise to recombinant progeny viruses. These recombinant viruses appear to have been responsible for a series of outbreaks among humans in
Central Africa in 2001–2003.
3557:
Netesov SV, Feldmann H, Jahrling PB, Klenk HD, Sanchez A (2000). "Family
Filoviridae". In van Regenmortel MHV, Fauquet CM, Bishop DHL, Carstens EB, Estes MK, Lemon SM, Maniloff J, Mayo MA, McGeoch DJ, Pringle CR, Wickner RB (eds.).
3461:
759:. A further study has also presented evidence that NPC1 is the critical receptor mediating Ebola infection via its direct binding to the viral GP, and that it is the second "lysosomal" domain of NPC1 that mediates this binding.
453:
of the virion is derived by budding from domains of host cell membrane into which the GP spikes have been inserted during their biosynthesis. Individual GP molecules appear with spacings of about 10 nm. Viral proteins
66:
Colorized scanning electron micrograph of Ebola virus particles (green) found both as extracellular particles and budding particles from a chronically infected
African Green Monkey Kidney cell (blue); 20,000x magnification
1247:: A 1994 best-selling book by Richard Preston about Ebola virus and related viruses, including an account of the outbreak of an Ebolavirus in primates housed in a quarantine facility in Reston, Virginia, USA
3626:
Feldmann H, Geisbert TW, Jahrling PB, Klenk HD, Netesov SV, Peters CJ, Sanchez A, Swanepoel R, Volchkov VE (2005). "Family
Filoviridae". In Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA (eds.).
2717:
Miller EH, Obernosterer G, Raaben M, Herbert AS, Deffieu MS, Krishnan A, Ndungo E, Sandesara RG, Carette JE, Kuehne AI, Ruthel G, Pfeffer SR, Dye JM, Whelan SP, Brummelkamp TR, Chandran K (March 2012).
3367:"Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ça Suffit!)"
3693:
2491:
Carette JE, Raaben M, Wong AC, Herbert AS, Obernosterer G, Mulherkar N, Kuehne AI, Kranzusch PJ, Griffin AM, Ruthel G, Dal Cin P, Dye JM, Whelan SP, Chandran K, Brummelkamp TR (September 2011).
4643:
3966:
Wittmann TJ, Biek R, Hassanin A, Rouquet P, Reed P, Yaba P, Pourrut X, Real LA, Gonzalez JP, Leroy EM. "Isolates of Zaire ebolavirus from wild apes reveal genetic lineage and recombinants".
1586:
796:
in the host cell. The virus completes a set of steps when infecting each individual cell. The virus begins its attack by attaching to host receptors through the glycoprotein (GP) surface
449:(GP) projecting as 7–10 nm long spikes from its lipid bilayer surface. The cylinders are of variable length, typically 800 nm, but sometimes up to 1000 nm long. The outer
6515:
3449:
1509:
Bowen ETW, Lloyd G, Harris WJ, Platt GS, Baskerville A, Vella EE (1977). "Viral haemorrhagic fever in southern Sudan and northern Zaire. Preliminary studies on the aetiological agent".
876:. Transmission has been attributed to reuse of unsterilized needles and close personal contact, body fluids and places where the person has touched. During the 1976 Ebola outbreak in
3284:
3263:
name: S. Reardan.; N Engl. J Med. (2014) " The first nine months of the epidemic and projection, Ebola virus disease in west Africa". archive of Ebola
Response Team. 511(75.11):520
731:
showed an 80 percent survival rate fifteen days after exposure to mouse-adapted Ebola virus, while only 10 percent of unmodified mice survived this long. In another study,
4723:
4718:
2644:
2553:
5183:
727:), which appears to be essential for entry of Ebola virions into the host cell and for its ultimate replication. In one study, mice with one copy of the NPC1 gene
3181:
509:
Sierra Leone from late May to mid-June 2014, provided evidence that the 2014 outbreak was no longer being fed by new contacts with its natural reservoir. Using
1631:
2827:
1036:, with the corresponding abbreviation EBOV. Previous abbreviations for the virus were EBOV-Z (for "Ebola virus Zaire") and ZEBOV (for "Zaire Ebola virus" or "
392:
4227:
1032:" in parallel. Consequently, in 2010, a group of researchers recommended that the name "Ebola virus" be adopted for a subclassification within the species
4738:
470:
or 5′-capping (see following); the RNA is helically wound and complexed with the NP, VP35, VP30, and L proteins; this helix has a diameter of 80 nm.
4119:
481:, respectively) varies considerably; simple cylinders are far less prevalent than structures showing reversed direction, branches, and loops (e.g., U-,
4648:
3697:
1091:, and to be preceded by the word "species". The names of its members (Zaire ebolaviruses) are to be capitalized, are not italicized, and used without
3024:"Human Ebola virus infection in West Africa: a review of available therapeutic agents that target different steps of the life cycle of Ebola virus"
502:
1598:
6373:
5188:
3427:
901:, diarrhea with blood, retrosternal abdominal pain, prostration with "heavy" articulations, and rapid evolution death after a mean of three days.
2857:"Cellular Entry of Ebola Virus Involves Uptake by a Macropinocytosis-Like Mechanism and Subsequent Trafficking through Early and Late Endosomes"
3514:
Johnson KM, Webb PA, Lange JV, Murphy FA (1977). "Isolation and partial characterisation of a new virus causing haemorrhagic fever in Zambia".
3450:"First FDA-approved vaccine for the prevention of Ebola virus disease, marking a critical milestone in public health preparedness and response"
1461:
Pattyn S, Jacob W, van der Groen G, Piot P, Courteille G (1977). "Isolation of
Marburg-like virus from a case of haemorrhagic fever in Zaire".
1076:
958:
6442:
6386:
5421:
5404:
5173:
4002:
5388:
5371:
5178:
6525:
5163:
4441:
ICTV Files and Discussions – Discussion forum and file distribution for the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
3274:
723:
There are two candidates for host cell entry proteins. The first is a cholesterol transporter protein, the host-encoded Niemann–Pick C1 (
3242:
2433:
Jenkins GM, Rambaut A, Pybus OG, Holmes EC (2002). "Rates of molecular evolution in RNA viruses: A quantitative phylogenetic analysis".
841:
and great apes, infected through bat contact or through other end hosts. Pigs in the Philippines have been reported to be infected with
5769:
4638:
396:
4473:
2292:
6110:
4698:
4728:
4363:
Pacheco, Daniela Alexandra de Meneses Rocha; Rodrigues, Acácio Agostinho Gonçalves; Silva, Carmen Maria Lisboa da (October 2016).
4326:
1718:
1557:
5709:
4452:
2174:"Unexpected Inheritance: Multiple Integrations of Ancient Bornavirus and Ebolavirus/Marburgvirus Sequences in Vertebrate Genomes"
885:
4041:
5127:
4693:
1300:"Proposal for a revised taxonomy of the family Filoviridae: Classification, names of taxa and viruses, and virus abbreviations"
4479:
4585:
1788:
4189:
2093:
1757:
751:
resistant to this deadly viral disease. The same studies described similar results regarding NPC1's role in virus entry for
6490:
6009:
5454:
5031:
4683:
4633:
3207:
272:
2980:
2635:
2582:
Côté M, Misasi J, Ren T, Bruchez A, Lee K, Filone CM, Hensley L, Li Q, Ory D, Chandran K, Cunningham J (September 2011).
2544:
3492:
1048:
Ebola virus, variant Mayinga (EBOV/May), was named for Mayinga N'Seka, a nurse who died during the 1976 Zaire outbreak.
6145:
5487:
5444:
5168:
4653:
4298:
4175:
4083:
4035:
3636:
3567:
2974:
2060:
1821:
1751:
3174:
5102:
4468:
4443:
3724:
1434:
6447:
2769:"T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain 1 (TIM-1) is a receptor for Zaire Ebolavirus and Lake Victoria Marburgvirus"
1621:
6391:
4510:
4498:
2833:
1118:
766:). TIM-1 was shown to bind to the receptor binding domain of the EBOV glycoprotein, to increase the receptivity of
747:
325:. The members of the species are called Zaire ebolaviruses. The natural reservoir of Ebola virus is believed to be
283:
4219:
3795:
Kesel AJ, Huang Z, Murray MG, Prichard MN, Caboni L, Nevin DK, Fayne D, Lloyd DG, Detorio MA, Schinazi RF (2014).
4668:
4628:
1008:
466:, which is composed of a series of viral proteins attached to an 18–19 kb linear, negative-sense RNA without 3′-
6510:
6263:
6135:
5569:
4663:
4258:
4113:
425:
1298:
Kuhn JH, Becker S, Ebihara H, Geisbert TW, Johnson KM, Kawaoka Y, Lipkin WI, Negredo AI, et al. (2010).
1028:. However, most scientific articles continued to refer to "Ebola virus" or used the terms "Ebola virus" and "
388:
6115:
4688:
3455:
1263:
terrorist attack on the United States using an airborne form of a deadly Ebola virus named "Ebola Mayinga".
1000:
934:
365:
1930:
Falasca L, Agrati C, Petrosillo N, Di Caro A, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Piacentini M (4 December 2016).
1404:
294:. The virus was renamed "Ebola virus" in 2010 to avoid confusion. Ebola virus is the single member of the
6520:
6485:
5759:
4962:
4673:
4658:
3694:"Replace the species name Lake Victoria marburgvirus with Marburg marburgvirus in the genus Marburgvirus"
1594:
510:
17:
4623:
3748:"Role of Ebola Virus Secreted Glycoproteins and Virus-Like Particles in Activation of Human Macrophages"
6495:
6338:
5739:
4952:
2225:"Evidence that ebolaviruses and cuevaviruses have been diverging from marburgviruses since the Miocene"
629:
Shares ORF with GP. Cleaved by host furin into sGP (anti-inflammatory) and delta-peptide (viroporin).
77:
3417:
859:
Zaire ebolavirus is one of the four ebolaviruses known to cause disease in humans. It has the highest
6480:
6168:
4578:
4488:
380:
4147:
3560:
Virus Taxonomy – Seventh Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
3135:"Association between temperature, humidity and ebolavirus disease outbreaks in Africa, 1976 to 2014"
3008:
1859:
6505:
5960:
5882:
5877:
5797:
5557:
3629:
Virus Taxonomy – Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
384:
4802:
3994:
5940:
5914:
4615:
868:. The first recorded case was Mabalo Lokela, a 44‑year-old schoolteacher. The symptoms resembled
793:
441:, matrix, and nucleocapsid components. The overall cylinders are generally approximately 80
357:
353:
287:
256:
4416:
6378:
6300:
5532:
5480:
4974:
41:
2319:"Genomic surveillance elucidates Ebola virus origin and transmission during the 2014 outbreak"
739:
glycoprotein (GP) from binding to NPC1. Hence, NPC1 was shown to be critical to entry of this
611:
Cleaved by host furin into GP1/2 to form envelope with spikes. Also makes shed GP as a decoy.
271:(EVD). Ebola virus has caused the majority of human deaths from EVD, and was the cause of the
6470:
6433:
6183:
6069:
6042:
6015:
5967:
5921:
5616:
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4743:
3857:"Molecular Evolution of Viruses of the Family Filoviridae Based on 97 Whole-Genome Sequences"
3746:
Wahl-Jensen V, Kurz SK, Hazelton PR, Schnittler HJ, Stroher U, Burton DR, Feldmann H (2005).
3234:
1655:"The spatio-temporal distribution dynamics of Ebola virus proteins and RNA in infected cells"
1195:
1187:
diversity. This genetic bottleneck effect has implications for the species' ability to cause
1126:
5450:
6360:
6203:
6163:
6030:
5844:
5839:
5819:
5754:
5606:
5205:
4571:
3321:
2780:
2595:
2504:
2442:
2389:
2332:
2278:
2126:
1666:
421:
comparing ebolaviruses and marburgviruses. Numbers indicate percent confidence of branches.
72:
8:
6283:
6225:
6208:
5867:
5584:
5122:
4848:
4733:
3208:"Clinical Aspects of Ebola Virus Disease at the Ngaliema Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire, 1976"
3151:
3134:
2720:"Ebola virus entry requires the host-programmed recognition of an intracellular receptor"
2584:"Small molecule inhibitors reveal Niemann-Pick C1 is essential for Ebola virus infection"
1188:
854:
482:
478:
474:
268:
37:
4808:
4412:
4334:
3325:
2784:
2599:
2508:
2446:
2393:
2336:
2130:
1670:
6173:
6130:
6120:
5909:
5862:
5829:
5824:
5574:
5552:
4994:
4934:
4135:
3946:
3933:
3908:
3881:
3856:
3834:
3821:
3796:
3675:
3608:
3539:
3393:
3366:
3342:
3307:
3210:. European Network for Diagnostics of "Imported" Viral Diseases (ENIVD). Archived from
3115:
3058:
3023:
2996:
2940:
2907:
2883:
2856:
2803:
2768:
2744:
2719:
2699:
2616:
2583:
2525:
2492:
2466:
2353:
2318:
2251:
2224:
2200:
2173:
2149:
2114:
2023:
1988:
1964:
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1907:
1874:
1847:
1710:
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1653:
Nanbo, Asuka; Watanabe, Shinji; Halfmann, Peter; Kawaoka, Yoshihiro (4 February 2013).
1553:
1534:
1486:
1381:
1348:
1324:
1299:
1062:
1012:
933:), making it the first vaccine against the disease. VSV-EBOV was approved by the U.S.
860:
782:
458:
and VP24 are located between the envelope and the nucleocapsid (see following), in the
4464:
4430:
3772:
3747:
3527:
3384:
2091:
Zaire ebolavirus isolate H.sapiens-wt/GIN/2014/Makona-Kissidougou-C15, complete genome
1522:
1474:
6500:
6347:
6269:
6243:
6125:
6095:
6074:
6037:
6020:
5935:
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5537:
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4703:
4386:
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4254:
4181:
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4068:
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3826:
3777:
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3563:
3531:
3398:
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3312:
3156:
3107:
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3045:
2970:
2945:
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2888:
2808:
2749:
2691:
2621:
2530:
2458:
2415:
2407:
2358:
2323:
2256:
2205:
2154:
2056:
2028:
2010:
1969:
1951:
1912:
1894:
1835:
1827:
1817:
1784:
1747:
1692:
1526:
1478:
1386:
1368:
1329:
1092:
809:
418:
255:. Four of the six known ebolaviruses, including EBOV, cause a severe and often fatal
58:
4287:
3838:
3763:
3679:
3612:
3543:
3308:"Host genetic diversity enables Ebola hemorrhagic fever pathogenesis and resistance"
2703:
2470:
1743:
Virus Taxonomy – Eighth Report of the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
1490:
892:, where he recorded the first clinical description of the disease in his daily log:
333:, and it is primarily transmitted between humans and from animals to humans through
6352:
6253:
5945:
5930:
5807:
5682:
5638:
5074:
4788:
4768:
4678:
4376:
3950:
3928:
3920:
3876:
3868:
3816:
3808:
3797:"Retinazone inhibits certain blood-borne human viruses including Ebola virus Zaire"
3767:
3759:
3665:
3592:
3523:
3388:
3380:
3337:
3329:
3146:
3119:
3097:
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2935:
2919:
2878:
2868:
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2731:
2681:
2611:
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2520:
2512:
2450:
2397:
2348:
2340:
2246:
2236:
2195:
2185:
2144:
2134:
2018:
2000:
1959:
1943:
1902:
1886:
1809:
1682:
1674:
1538:
1518:
1470:
1376:
1360:
1319:
1311:
1255:
1163:
978:
930:
308:
210:
1024:
In 1998, the virus name was changed to "Zaire Ebola virus" and in 2002 to species
6418:
6273:
6218:
6079:
6064:
6047:
5987:
5982:
5926:
5904:
5601:
5547:
5527:
5054:
5046:
5009:
5004:
4492:
4447:
4165:
2873:
2190:
2097:
2090:
1741:
991:
987:
467:
403:
321:
317:
275:, which resulted in at least 28,646 suspected cases and 11,323 confirmed deaths.
150:
126:
4476:– Genomic and other research data about Ebola and other human pathogenic viruses
4381:
4364:
3211:
2172:
Belyi, V. A.; Levine, A. J.; Skalka, A. M. (2010). Buchmeier, Michael J. (ed.).
1813:
473:
The overall shape of the virions after purification and visualization (e.g., by
6475:
6323:
6105:
6059:
5872:
5802:
5621:
5064:
5019:
4979:
4708:
3654:"ICTV at the Paris ICV: results of the plenary session and the binomial ballot"
3279:
2773:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2283:
1987:
Swetha, Rayapadi G.; Ramaiah, Sudha; Anbarasu, Anand; Sekar, Kanagaraj (2016).
1626:
1167:
1084:
1045:
825:
736:
732:
450:
438:
434:
138:
3924:
3275:"Genes Influence How Mice React to Ebola, Study Says in 'Significant Advance'"
2964:
2454:
1315:
414:
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5774:
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4929:
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4843:
4161:
4063:
3484:
3049:
2931:
2923:
2411:
2139:
2014:
1989:"Ebolavirus Database: Gene and Protein Information Resource for Ebolaviruses"
1955:
1898:
1831:
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805:
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372:
349:
291:
114:
4308:
4268:
4185:
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1426:
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diverged from its ancestors between 1960 and 1976. The genetic diversity of
6193:
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6004:
5729:
5579:
5564:
5510:
5355:
5339:
5323:
5261:
5147:
5040:
4984:
4776:
4390:
4322:
4205:
4099:
3979:
3942:
3890:
3830:
3781:
3402:
3351:
3160:
3111:
3067:
3040:
2949:
2892:
2812:
2753:
2695:
2625:
2534:
2462:
2419:
2362:
2260:
2209:
2158:
2032:
2005:
1973:
1916:
1696:
1390:
1349:"Ebola outbreak in Western Africa 2014: what is going on with Ebola virus?"
1333:
1243:
1132:
999:—a river that was at first thought to be in close proximity to the area in
881:
842:
813:
463:
446:
399:
376:
4440:
3720:
3718:
3670:
3653:
3604:
3596:
2735:
1839:
1804:
Feldmann, H. K. (1993). "Molecular biology and evolution of filoviruses".
6427:
6332:
6052:
5997:
5894:
5749:
5724:
5542:
5234:
5132:
4896:
4853:
4838:
4794:
4595:
4486:
FILOVIR – scientific resources for research on filoviruses
3872:
3102:
3085:
3022:
Lai, Kang Yiu; Ng, Wing Yiu George; Cheng, Fan Fanny (28 November 2014).
1347:
Na, Woonsung; Park, Nanuri; Yeom, Minju; Song, Daesub (4 December 2016).
1260:
1088:
1072:
996:
982:
898:
801:
695:
677:
659:
641:
623:
605:
587:
569:
551:
312:
290:, and was at first suspected to be a new "strain" of the closely related
162:
4531:
3535:
2855:
Saeed MF, Kolokoltsov AA, Albrecht T, Davey RA (2010). Basler CF (ed.).
2607:
2516:
2493:"Ebola virus entry requires the cholesterol transporter Niemann-Pick C1"
2216:
1947:
1808:. Archives of Virology. Vol. 7. Vienna: Springer. pp. 81–100.
1622:"Killers in a Cell but on the Loose – Ebola and the Vast Viral Universe"
1530:
1482:
715:
6140:
6025:
5992:
5764:
5714:
5699:
5694:
5687:
5672:
5662:
5301:
5216:
5083:
4967:
4911:
4878:
4605:
4282:
3371:
1932:"Molecular mechanisms of Ebola virus pathogenesis: focus on cell death"
1740:
Fauquet CM, Mayo MA, Maniloff J, Desselberger U, Ball LA, eds. (2005).
1587:"Insect-Eating Bat May Be Origin of Ebola Outbreak, New Study Suggests"
1250:
1105:
973:
929:
vaccine to be 70–100% effective against the Zaire ebola virus (not the
808:
in the host cell. To penetrate the cell, the viral membrane fuses with
771:
767:
341:
334:
303:
251:
174:
33:
32:
This article is about the species Zaire ebolavirus. For the genus, see
2241:
1890:
1678:
1239:
focused on individuals' reactions to the 1976 Ebola outbreak in Zaire.
6213:
5955:
5950:
5814:
5792:
5667:
5631:
4888:
4075:
1218:
817:
756:
740:
515:
442:
102:
6294:
4551:
3812:
2686:
2669:
2402:
2377:
897:
The illness is characterized with a high temperature of about 39°C,
6412:
6317:
5719:
5496:
3970:. 2007 Oct 23;104(43):17123–17127. Epub 2007 Oct 17. "Erratum" in:
926:
837:
797:
486:
4435:
4224:
Review of Close, William T., Ebola: Through the Eyes of the People
6198:
5658:
5626:
5519:
5286:
5244:
5239:
5092:
4868:
4863:
4858:
4027:
Fiction Book Review: 'Exposed' by Alex Kava, Author . Mira (332p)
3745:
2101:
962:
889:
873:
869:
865:
743:, because it mediates infection by binding directly to viral GP.
345:
330:
295:
264:
4482:
3D model of the Ebola virus, prepared by Visual Science, Moscow.
2767:
Kondratowicz AS, Lennemann NJ, Sinn PL, et al. (May 2011).
945:
575:
Polymerase cofactor; suppresses innate immunity by binding RNA.
557:
Wraps genome for protection from nucleases and innate immunity.
437:
RNA genome in virions that are cylindrical/tubular, and contain
6365:
4883:
4365:"Ebola virus – from neglected threat to global emergency state"
2716:
2223:
Taylor DJ, Ballinger MJ, Zhan JJ, Hanzly LE, Bruenn JA (2014).
2115:"Filoviruses are ancient and integrated into mammalian genomes"
1739:
1065:
1015:
953:
Ebola virus was first identified as a possible new "strain" of
763:
647:
Shares ORF with GP; created by mRNA editing. Unknown function.
340:
The EBOV genome is a single-stranded RNA, approximately 19,000
4563:
2078:
The Case for New Paradigms in Cell Biology and in Neurobiology
1929:
1075:). According to the rules for taxon naming established by the
4901:
4873:
3625:
2854:
1225:, focuses on the virus as a serial killer's weapon of choice.
1122:
1057:
1004:
969:
877:
864:
ebolavirus. The first outbreak occurred on 26 August 1976 in
279:
260:
247:
89:
3556:
1652:
1460:
5465:
3365:
Henao-Restrepo, Ana Maria; et al. (22 December 2016).
724:
455:
361:
228:
222:
213:
6516:
Arthropod-borne viral fevers and viral haemorrhagic fevers
4485:
3583:
Pringle, C. R. (1998). "Virus taxonomy – San Diego 1998".
3205:
1986:
1875:"Ebolavirus glycoprotein structure and mechanism of entry"
1783:. Wymondham, Norfolk, UK: Horizon Bioscience. p. 28.
1781:
Ebola and Marburg Viruses – Molecular and Cellular Biology
735:
were shown to inhibit Ebola virus infection by preventing
3422:
2766:
2432:
2222:
2053:
Ebola and Marburg Viruses: Molecular and Cellular Biology
1508:
1297:
770:. Silencing its effect with siRNA prevented infection of
326:
278:
Ebola virus and its genus were both originally named for
234:
5184:
2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Equatorial Guinea
3794:
3631:. San Diego: Elsevier/Academic Press. pp. 645–653.
2490:
2165:
2106:
1733:
1071:(which denotes an ebolavirus species and refers to the
4170:. Marbleton, Wyoming: Meadowlark Springs Productions.
3513:
4362:
3306:
Rasmussen, Angela L.; et al. (30 October 2014).
1577:
1575:
429:
A colorized scanning electron micrograph of the virus
393:
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
4521:
3175:"Clinical care for survivors of Ebola virus disease"
2832:. Korea National Institute of Health. Archived from
2581:
225:
219:
2969:. University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston.
402:, and a Biological Agent for Export Control by the
375:(up to 83 to 90 percent), EBOV is also listed as a
216:
4286:
4067:
3418:"Ebola vaccine gives 100% protection, study finds"
2634:
2543:
1572:
4070:Ebola: A Documentary Novel of Its First Explosion
2819:
2171:
2112:
1233:Ebola: A Documentary Novel of Its First Explosion
6462:
3719:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses.
3206:Isaacson M, Sureau P, Courteille G, Pattyn, SR.
2378:"Pint-sized DNA sequencer impresses first users"
1746:. Oxford: Elsevier/Academic Press. p. 648.
5189:2023 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Tanzania
4457:virus isolates and other members of the family
3962:
3960:
3562:. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 539–548.
2632:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2541:
2486:
2484:
2482:
2480:
2276:
1873:Lee, Jeffrey E; Saphire, Erica Ollmann (2009).
683:Blocks IFN-alpha/beta and IFN-gamma signaling.
462:. At the center of the virion structure is the
3364:
2825:
2636:"Key Protein May Give Ebola Virus Its Opening"
2545:"Key Protein May Give Ebola Virus Its Opening"
1806:Unconventional Agents and Unclassified Viruses
1613:
1346:
1077:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
959:International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses
5481:
5174:2021 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Guinea
4579:
3299:
2962:
2272:
2270:
2050:
1778:
995:. The name "Ebola virus" is derived from the
514:site per year is as fast as that of seasonal
27:Species of virus affecting humans and animals
5179:2022 Marburg virus disease outbreak in Ghana
3957:
3619:
3079:
3077:
2710:
2661:
2570:
2477:
2375:
1456:
1454:
1452:
5164:1967 Marburg virus outbreak in West Germany
4634:2013−2016 West African Ebola virus epidemic
3995:"Outbreaks Chronology: Ebola Virus Disease"
3507:
3409:
3358:
3272:
2312:
2310:
2075:
1797:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1098:
940:
5770:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility
5488:
5474:
4586:
4572:
3485:"The virus detective who discovered Ebola"
3086:"Ebola – A Growing Threat?"
3021:
2905:
2267:
1872:
1353:Clinical and Experimental Vaccine Research
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1285:
1283:
1281:
1279:
1277:
397:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
246:), is one of six known species within the
57:
6111:Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery
4380:
3932:
3880:
3820:
3771:
3669:
3415:
3392:
3341:
3305:
3266:
3150:
3132:
3101:
3074:
3057:
3039:
2939:
2908:"Filovirus replication and transcription"
2882:
2872:
2802:
2792:
2743:
2685:
2615:
2524:
2401:
2352:
2250:
2240:
2199:
2189:
2148:
2138:
2051:Klenk, H.-D.; Feldmann, H., eds. (2004).
2046:
2044:
2042:
2022:
2004:
1963:
1906:
1779:Klenk, H.-D.; Feldmann, H., eds. (2004).
1686:
1449:
1380:
1323:
4715:Recent DR Congo outbreaks and epidemics
3083:
2667:
2307:
1803:
1497:
1397:
944:
781:
714:
445:in diameter, and have a virally encoded
424:
413:
385:Biosafety Level 4-equivalent containment
5107:(2019 miniseries based on Preston book)
4369:Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira
4248:
3854:
3582:
2069:
1703:
1581:
1274:
14:
6463:
5413:
5380:
5348:
5310:
5128:Ebola virus disease treatment research
4281:
3801:Antiviral Chemistry & Chemotherapy
3645:
3442:
3416:Berlinger, Joshua (22 December 2016).
2317:Gire, Stephen K.; et al. (2014).
2039:
1711:"Ebola virus disease Fact sheet N°103"
1619:
848:
762:The second candidate is TIM-1 (a.k.a.
6299:
6298:
5469:
4567:
4474:Virus Pathogen Resource: Ebola Portal
4321:
4167:Ebola: Through the Eyes of the People
4160:
4111:
4062:
3989:
3987:
3909:"Evolutionary history of Ebola virus"
3902:
3900:
3850:
3848:
3482:
3464:from the original on 20 December 2019
3430:from the original on 27 December 2016
2983:from the original on 9 September 2018
2647:from the original on 20 February 2022
2556:from the original on 20 February 2022
1721:from the original on 14 December 2014
1634:from the original on 12 November 2020
1560:from the original on 14 December 2014
1244:The Hot Zone: A Terrifying True Story
1237:Ebola: Through the Eyes of the People
395:Category A Priority Pathogen, US CDC
6249:
6010:Physical medicine and rehabilitation
5440:
4230:from the original on 21 October 2014
4217:
4192:from the original on 14 January 2023
4122:from the original on 21 October 2014
4115:More about the people than the virus
4044:from the original on 7 November 2021
4023:
3651:
3495:from the original on 26 October 2021
3152:10.2807/1560-7917.ES2014.19.35.20892
2906:Mühlberger, Elke (4 December 2016).
2670:"Achilles heel of Ebola viral entry"
2316:
2295:from the original on 25 January 2021
2113:Taylor D, Leach R, Bruenn J (2010).
1760:from the original on 14 January 2023
925:In December 2016, a study found the
273:2013–2016 epidemic in western Africa
6259:
3187:from the original on 31 August 2016
3180:. World Health Organization. 2016.
2963:Feldmann, H.; Klenk, H.-D. (1996).
2633:Amanda Schaffer (16 January 2012).
2542:Amanda Schaffer (16 January 2012).
2277:Richard Preston (27 October 2014).
1620:Angier, Natalie (27 October 2014).
1407:(Report). World Health Organization
872:, and subsequent patients received
24:
6526:Virus-related cutaneous conditions
6146:Medical Scientist Training Program
5169:2017 Uganda Marburg virus outbreak
4654:United Nations Ebola Response Fund
4467:– Virological repository from the
4356:
3984:
3906:
3897:
3845:
3245:from the original on 2 August 2014
2376:Check Hayden, Erika (5 May 2015).
1437:from the original on 23 March 2021
1131:it has a genome with two or three
655:Hexameric zinc-finger protein VP30
344:long. It encodes seven structural
25:
6537:
4469:Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
4398:
3727:from the original on 10 July 2015
3287:from the original on 9 March 2021
3232:
961:(ICTV) identifies Ebola virus as
637:Super small secreted glycoprotein
383:Risk Group 4 Pathogen (requiring
301:, which is assigned to the genus
6278:
6268:
6258:
6248:
6239:
6238:
5449:
5439:
4405:
4327:"Who's That in the Oval Office?"
4005:from the original on 17 May 2019
1212:
1119:Democratic Republic of the Congo
673:Membrane-associated protein VP24
501:
284:Democratic Republic of the Congo
209:
76:
6279:
4593:
4315:
4275:
4242:
4211:
4154:
4105:
4056:
4017:
3788:
3764:10.1128/JVI.79.4.2413-2419.2005
3739:
3712:
3686:
3576:
3550:
3476:
3273:Gina Kolata (30 October 2014).
3257:
3226:
3199:
3167:
3126:
3015:
2956:
2899:
2848:
2760:
2426:
2369:
2084:
1980:
1923:
1866:
1772:
1646:
1551:
1009:1976 Zaire Ebola virus outbreak
619:Pre-small/secreted glycoprotein
6136:Doctor of Osteopathic Medicine
5570:Oral and maxillofacial surgery
3721:"Virus Taxonomy: 2013 Release"
3239:The Scripps Research Institute
3028:Infectious Diseases of Poverty
2435:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1936:Cell Death and Differentiation
1545:
1427:"Ebola virus disease outbreak"
1419:
1340:
777:
13:
1:
4465:ViralZone: Ebola-like viruses
4436:Ebolavirus proteins (PDB-101)
4218:Pink, Brenda (24 June 2008).
3974:. 2007 Dec 4;104(49):19656.
3528:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92000-1
3385:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32621-6
1523:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92001-3
1475:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)92002-5
1267:
828:occurs, destroying the cell.
691:RNA-directed RNA polymerase L
400:Category A Bioterrorism Agent
389:National Institutes of Health
6116:Bachelor of Medical Sciences
5883:Neurosurgical anesthesiology
5495:
4431:Ebolavirus molecular biology
4329:. Books News & Reviews.
3456:Food and Drug Administration
3133:Ng, S.; Cowling, B. (2014).
2874:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001110
2191:10.1371/journal.ppat.1001030
1174:
1001:Democratic Republic of Congo
935:Food and Drug Administration
409:
366:RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
286:), the country where it was
7:
6491:Biosafety level 4 pathogens
4963:Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
4659:Operation United Assistance
4382:10.1590/1806-9282.62.05.458
4220:"A fascinating perspective"
4112:Grove, Ryan (2 June 2006).
4024:Kava, Alex (October 2008).
3483:Brown, Rob (18 July 2014).
2668:Flemming A (October 2011).
1814:10.1007/978-3-7091-9300-6_8
1595:National Geographic Society
1591:news.nationalgeographic.com
1109:is a member of the species
665:Transcriptional activator.
511:third-generation sequencing
10:
6542:
4331:The New York Times Company
3913:Epidemiology and Infection
1993:Advances in Bioinformatics
918:
914:
852:
831:
31:
6402:
6307:
6234:
6156:
6094:
5855:
5783:
5738:
5647:
5518:
5503:
5435:
5402:
5369:
5337:
5299:
5274:
5253:
5227:
5197:
5156:
5145:
5115:
5030:
4945:
4922:
4831:
4754:
4644:Reported cases and deaths
4614:
4603:
4539:
4525:
4249:Preston, Richard (1995).
3925:10.1017/S0950268813002215
2455:10.1007/s00239-001-0064-3
1715:World Health Organization
1431:World Health Organization
1316:10.1007/s00705-010-0814-x
1170:EBOV/May by less than 30%
794:macromolecular structures
492:
381:World Health Organization
203:, more commonly known as
71:
65:
56:
49:
6404:Orthoebolavirus zairense
6070:Transplantation medicine
5961:Clinical neurophysiology
5878:Obstetric anesthesiology
5798:Interventional radiology
5558:Digestive system surgery
4030:. PublishersWeekly.com.
3972:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
3968:Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
2924:10.2217/17460794.2.2.205
2140:10.1186/1471-2148-10-193
2119:BMC Evolutionary Biology
1365:10.7774/cevr.2015.4.1.17
1099:Virus inclusion criteria
941:History and nomenclature
710:
565:Polymerase cofactor VP35
5941:Intensive care medicine
5915:Mass gathering medicine
5760:Maternal–fetal medicine
3334:10.1126/science.1259595
3233:Bardi, Jason Socrates.
3084:Feldmann H (May 2014).
2794:10.1073/pnas.1019030108
2345:10.1126/science.1259657
2096:24 January 2018 at the
968:, which is part of the
358:transcription activator
36:. For the disease, see
5533:Cardiothoracic surgery
4446:7 October 2011 at the
4001:. CDC. 2 August 2017.
3999:Ebola Hemorrhagic Feve
3855:Carroll, S.A. (2012).
3235:"Death Called a River"
3041:10.1186/2049-9957-3-43
2055:. Horizon Bioscience.
1166:that differs from the
950:
903:
788:
720:
430:
422:
42:Ebola (disambiguation)
40:. For other uses, see
6511:Animal viral diseases
6184:Personalized medicine
6043:Reproductive medicine
5968:Occupational medicine
5922:Evolutionary medicine
5422:Huangjiao thamnovirus
5282:Marburg virus disease
4803:Taï Forest ebolavirus
4763:Bundibugyo ebolavirus
4515:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
4503:NCBI Taxonomy Browser
3671:10.1007/s007050200052
3597:10.1007/s007050050389
2736:10.1038/emboj.2012.53
2080:. Edwin Mellen Press.
1554:"Ebola virus disease"
1221:'s 2008 crime novel,
1127:Republic of the Congo
1117:it is endemic in the
1103:A virus of the genus
948:
895:
816:is released into the
785:
718:
601:Envelope glycoprotein
428:
417:
6204:Traditional medicine
6164:Alternative medicine
6031:Addiction psychiatry
5845:Transfusion medicine
5840:Medical microbiology
5755:Gynecologic oncology
5607:Reproductive surgery
5206:Marburg marburgvirus
4499:"'Zaire ebolavirus'"
4491:30 July 2020 at the
4325:(2 September 1996).
4293:. New York: Putnam.
4253:. New York: Anchor.
3873:10.1128/JVI.03118-12
3658:Archives of Virology
3652:Mayo, M. A. (2002).
3585:Archives of Virology
3460:. 19 December 2019.
3103:10.1056/NEJMp1405314
2826:Biomarker Database.
2076:Hillman, H. (1991).
2006:10.1155/2016/1673284
1585:(30 December 2014).
1304:Archives of Virology
1003:, previously called
522:Proteins encoded by
371:Because of its high
356:(VP35), (VP40), GP,
73:Virus classification
6226:History of medicine
6209:Veterinary medicine
6016:Preventive medicine
5868:Adolescent medicine
5710:Infectious diseases
5123:Ebola virus disease
4629:1976 Zaire outbreak
4624:1976 Sudan outbreak
4511:"'Ebola virus sp.'"
3861:Journal of Virology
3752:Journal of Virology
3326:2014Sci...346..987R
2785:2011PNAS..108.8426K
2674:Nat Rev Drug Discov
2608:10.1038/nature10380
2600:2011Natur.477..344C
2517:10.1038/nature10348
2509:2011Natur.477..340C
2447:2002JMolE..54..156J
2394:2015Natur.521...15C
2337:2014Sci...345.1369G
2331:(6202): 1369–1372.
2131:2010BMCEE..10..193T
1948:10.1038/cdd.2015.67
1671:2013NatSR...3E1206N
1601:on 31 December 2014
1405:Ebola virus disease
1189:Ebola virus disease
855:Ebola virus disease
849:Ebola virus disease
748:Niemann–Pick Type C
583:Matrix protein VP40
526:
479:electron microscopy
475:ultracentrifugation
354:polymerase cofactor
269:Ebola virus disease
38:Ebola virus disease
6521:Hemorrhagic fevers
6486:Biological weapons
6174:Molecular oncology
6131:Doctor of Medicine
6121:Master of Medicine
6038:Radiation oncology
5910:Emergency medicine
5863:Addiction medicine
5830:Clinical chemistry
5825:Clinical pathology
5617:Transplant surgery
5575:Orthopedic surgery
5553:Colorectal surgery
4995:Thomas Eric Duncan
4540:External resources
4415:has a profile for
3379:(10068): 505–518.
2641:The New York Times
2550:The New York Times
1659:Scientific Reports
1593:. Washington, DC:
951:
937:in December 2019.
861:case-fatality rate
812:membrane, and the
789:
721:
521:
431:
423:
6496:Tropical diseases
6458:
6457:
6301:Taxon identifiers
6292:
6291:
6126:Master of Surgery
6090:
6089:
6075:Tropical medicine
6021:Prison healthcare
5936:Hospital medicine
5900:Disaster medicine
5890:Aviation medicine
5705:Hospital medicine
5612:Surgical oncology
5597:Pediatric surgery
5591:
5538:Endocrine surgery
5463:
5462:
5431:
5430:
5398:
5397:
5389:Xilang striavirus
5365:
5364:
5333:
5332:
5319:Lloviu cuevavirus
5295:
5294:
5141:
5140:
4990:Pauline Cafferkey
4953:Ebola researchers
4893:
4777:Reston ebolavirus
4704:Ouse to Ouse Tock
4561:
4560:
4421:
4418:Zaire ebolavirus
4162:Close, William T.
4064:Close, William T.
3907:Li, Y.H. (2013).
3664:(11): 2254–2260.
3522:(8011): 569–571.
3320:(6212): 987–991.
3096:(15): 1375–1378.
2779:(20): 8426–8431.
2594:(7364): 344–348.
2503:(7364): 340–343.
2242:10.7717/peerj.556
1891:10.2217/fvl.09.56
1790:978-0-9545232-3-7
1679:10.1038/srep01206
1517:(8011): 571–573.
1469:(8011): 573–574.
1310:(12): 2083–2103.
1079:(ICTV), the name
1011:occurred—and the
836:Ebola virus is a
708:
707:
419:Phylogenetic tree
257:hemorrhagic fever
196:
195:
16:(Redirected from
6533:
6481:Primate diseases
6451:
6450:
6438:
6437:
6436:
6423:
6422:
6421:
6395:
6394:
6382:
6381:
6369:
6368:
6356:
6355:
6343:
6342:
6341:
6339:Zaire ebolavirus
6328:
6327:
6326:
6309:Zaire ebolavirus
6296:
6295:
6282:
6281:
6272:
6262:
6261:
6252:
6251:
6242:
6241:
5946:Medical genetics
5931:General practice
5808:Nuclear medicine
5683:Gastroenterology
5639:Vascular surgery
5589:
5516:
5515:
5490:
5483:
5476:
5467:
5466:
5453:
5443:
5442:
5411:
5410:
5378:
5377:
5346:
5345:
5308:
5307:
5267:
5154:
5153:
5108:
5098:
5088:
5080:
5075:Executive Orders
5070:
5060:
5050:
4891:
4817:Zaire ebolavirus
4789:Sudan ebolavirus
4612:
4611:
4588:
4581:
4574:
4565:
4564:
4523:
4522:
4518:
4506:
4453:Genomic data on
4419:
4409:
4408:
4394:
4384:
4347:
4346:
4344:
4342:
4337:on 10 April 2009
4333:. Archived from
4319:
4313:
4312:
4292:
4289:Executive Orders
4279:
4273:
4272:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4237:
4235:
4215:
4209:
4201:
4199:
4197:
4158:
4152:
4151:
4145:
4141:
4139:
4131:
4129:
4127:
4109:
4103:
4097:
4073:
4060:
4054:
4053:
4051:
4049:
4021:
4015:
4014:
4012:
4010:
3991:
3982:
3964:
3955:
3954:
3936:
3919:(6): 1138–1145.
3904:
3895:
3894:
3884:
3867:(5): 2608–2616.
3852:
3843:
3842:
3824:
3792:
3786:
3785:
3775:
3758:(4): 2413–2419.
3743:
3737:
3736:
3734:
3732:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3707:
3705:
3696:. Archived from
3690:
3684:
3683:
3673:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3623:
3617:
3616:
3591:(7): 1449–1459.
3580:
3574:
3573:
3554:
3548:
3547:
3511:
3505:
3504:
3502:
3500:
3480:
3474:
3473:
3471:
3469:
3446:
3440:
3439:
3437:
3435:
3413:
3407:
3406:
3396:
3362:
3356:
3355:
3345:
3303:
3297:
3296:
3294:
3292:
3270:
3264:
3261:
3255:
3254:
3252:
3250:
3230:
3224:
3223:
3221:
3219:
3214:on 4 August 2014
3203:
3197:
3196:
3194:
3192:
3186:
3179:
3171:
3165:
3164:
3154:
3139:Eurosurveillance
3130:
3124:
3123:
3105:
3081:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3043:
3019:
3013:
3012:
3006:
3002:
3000:
2992:
2990:
2988:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2943:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2886:
2876:
2852:
2846:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2836:on 22 April 2008
2823:
2817:
2816:
2806:
2796:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2747:
2730:(8): 1947–1960.
2714:
2708:
2707:
2689:
2665:
2659:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2638:
2629:
2619:
2579:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2547:
2538:
2528:
2488:
2475:
2474:
2430:
2424:
2423:
2405:
2373:
2367:
2366:
2356:
2314:
2305:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2279:"The Ebola Wars"
2274:
2265:
2264:
2254:
2244:
2220:
2214:
2213:
2203:
2193:
2169:
2163:
2162:
2152:
2142:
2110:
2104:
2088:
2082:
2081:
2073:
2067:
2066:
2048:
2037:
2036:
2026:
2008:
1984:
1978:
1977:
1967:
1942:(8): 1250–1259.
1927:
1921:
1920:
1910:
1870:
1864:
1863:
1857:
1853:
1851:
1843:
1801:
1795:
1794:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1765:
1737:
1731:
1730:
1728:
1726:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1639:
1617:
1611:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1597:. Archived from
1579:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1565:
1549:
1543:
1542:
1506:
1495:
1494:
1458:
1447:
1446:
1444:
1442:
1423:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1412:
1401:
1395:
1394:
1384:
1344:
1338:
1337:
1327:
1295:
1256:Executive Orders
1207:Zaire ebolavirus
1200:Zaire ebolavirus
1191:in human hosts.
1180:Zaire ebolavirus
1164:genomic sequence
1111:Zaire ebolavirus
1083:is always to be
1081:Zaire ebolavirus
1055:is derived from
1053:Zaire ebolavirus
1042:Zaire ebolavirus
1038:Zaire ebolavirus
1034:Zaire ebolavirus
1030:Zaire ebolavirus
1026:Zaire ebolavirus
966:Zaire ebolavirus
931:Sudan ebolavirus
746:When cells from
698:
680:
662:
644:
626:
608:
590:
572:
554:
527:
524:Zaire ebolavirus
520:
505:
483:shepherd's crook
299:Zaire ebolavirus
241:
240:
237:
236:
231:
230:
227:
224:
221:
218:
215:
200:Zaire ebolavirus
189:Zaire ebolavirus
81:
80:
61:
51:Zaire ebolavirus
47:
46:
21:
6541:
6540:
6536:
6535:
6534:
6532:
6531:
6530:
6506:1976 in biology
6461:
6460:
6459:
6454:
6446:
6441:
6432:
6431:
6426:
6417:
6416:
6411:
6398:
6390:
6385:
6377:
6372:
6364:
6359:
6351:
6346:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6322:
6321:
6316:
6303:
6293:
6288:
6230:
6219:Chief physician
6152:
6097:
6086:
6080:Travel medicine
6065:Sports medicine
6048:Sexual medicine
5988:Palliative care
5983:Pain management
5927:Family medicine
5905:Diving medicine
5851:
5779:
5741:
5734:
5650:
5643:
5602:Plastic surgery
5548:General surgery
5528:Cardiac surgery
5509:
5507:
5499:
5494:
5464:
5459:
5427:
5394:
5361:
5329:
5291:
5270:
5265:
5254:Popular culture
5249:
5228:Drug candidates
5223:
5193:
5137:
5111:
5106:
5096:
5086:
5078:
5068:
5058:
5047:Richard Preston
5044:
5032:Popular culture
5026:
5010:Matthew Lukwiya
5005:Sheik Umar Khan
4941:
4918:
4832:Drug candidates
4827:
4750:
4744:2021 North Kivu
4684:in Sierra Leone
4599:
4592:
4562:
4557:
4556:
4535:
4534:
4509:
4497:
4493:Wayback Machine
4480:The Ebola Virus
4448:Wayback Machine
4427:
4426:
4425:
4410:
4406:
4401:
4359:
4357:Further reading
4353:
4351:
4350:
4340:
4338:
4320:
4316:
4301:
4280:
4276:
4261:
4247:
4243:
4233:
4231:
4216:
4212:
4195:
4193:
4178:
4159:
4155:
4143:
4142:
4133:
4132:
4125:
4123:
4110:
4106:
4086:
4061:
4057:
4047:
4045:
4038:
4022:
4018:
4008:
4006:
3993:
3992:
3985:
3965:
3958:
3905:
3898:
3853:
3846:
3813:10.3851/IMP2568
3793:
3789:
3744:
3740:
3730:
3728:
3717:
3713:
3703:
3701:
3700:on 5 March 2016
3692:
3691:
3687:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3624:
3620:
3581:
3577:
3570:
3555:
3551:
3512:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3481:
3477:
3467:
3465:
3448:
3447:
3443:
3433:
3431:
3414:
3410:
3363:
3359:
3304:
3300:
3290:
3288:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3258:
3248:
3246:
3231:
3227:
3217:
3215:
3204:
3200:
3190:
3188:
3184:
3177:
3173:
3172:
3168:
3131:
3127:
3090:N. Engl. J. Med
3082:
3075:
3020:
3016:
3004:
3003:
2994:
2993:
2986:
2984:
2977:
2961:
2957:
2912:Future Virology
2904:
2900:
2867:(9): e1001110.
2853:
2849:
2839:
2837:
2824:
2820:
2765:
2761:
2715:
2711:
2687:10.1038/nrd3568
2666:
2662:
2650:
2648:
2580:
2571:
2559:
2557:
2489:
2478:
2431:
2427:
2403:10.1038/521015a
2388:(7550): 15–16.
2374:
2370:
2315:
2308:
2298:
2296:
2275:
2268:
2221:
2217:
2184:(7): e1001030.
2170:
2166:
2111:
2107:
2098:Wayback Machine
2089:
2085:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2049:
2040:
1985:
1981:
1928:
1924:
1879:Future Virology
1871:
1867:
1855:
1854:
1845:
1844:
1824:
1802:
1798:
1791:
1777:
1773:
1763:
1761:
1754:
1738:
1734:
1724:
1722:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1651:
1647:
1637:
1635:
1618:
1614:
1604:
1602:
1580:
1573:
1563:
1561:
1550:
1546:
1507:
1498:
1459:
1450:
1440:
1438:
1425:
1424:
1420:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1402:
1398:
1345:
1341:
1296:
1275:
1270:
1253:'s 1996 novel,
1215:
1177:
1101:
992:Mononegavirales
943:
923:
917:
884:travelled from
857:
851:
834:
780:
733:small molecules
713:
694:
676:
658:
640:
622:
604:
586:
568:
550:
495:
468:polyadenylation
433:EBOV carries a
412:
404:Australia Group
329:, particularly
322:Mononegavirales
288:first described
233:
212:
208:
192:
152:Mononegavirales
128:Negarnaviricota
75:
45:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6539:
6529:
6528:
6523:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6503:
6498:
6493:
6488:
6483:
6478:
6473:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6452:
6439:
6424:
6408:
6406:
6400:
6399:
6397:
6396:
6383:
6370:
6357:
6344:
6329:
6313:
6311:
6305:
6304:
6290:
6289:
6287:
6286:
6276:
6266:
6256:
6246:
6235:
6232:
6231:
6229:
6228:
6223:
6222:
6221:
6211:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6191:
6186:
6181:
6176:
6171:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6157:Related topics
6154:
6153:
6151:
6150:
6149:
6148:
6138:
6133:
6128:
6123:
6118:
6113:
6108:
6106:Medical school
6102:
6100:
6092:
6091:
6088:
6087:
6085:
6084:
6083:
6082:
6072:
6067:
6062:
6060:Sleep medicine
6057:
6056:
6055:
6045:
6040:
6035:
6034:
6033:
6023:
6018:
6013:
6007:
6002:
6001:
6000:
5990:
5985:
5980:
5975:
5970:
5965:
5964:
5963:
5953:
5948:
5943:
5938:
5933:
5924:
5919:
5918:
5917:
5907:
5902:
5897:
5892:
5887:
5886:
5885:
5880:
5873:Anesthesiology
5870:
5865:
5859:
5857:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5837:
5832:
5827:
5822:
5812:
5811:
5810:
5805:
5803:Neuroradiology
5800:
5789:
5787:
5781:
5780:
5778:
5777:
5772:
5767:
5762:
5757:
5752:
5746:
5744:
5740:Obstetrics and
5736:
5735:
5733:
5732:
5727:
5722:
5717:
5712:
5707:
5702:
5697:
5692:
5691:
5690:
5680:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5655:
5653:
5645:
5644:
5642:
5641:
5636:
5635:
5634:
5624:
5622:Trauma surgery
5619:
5614:
5609:
5604:
5599:
5594:
5593:
5592:
5585:Otolaryngology
5582:
5577:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5561:
5560:
5555:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5530:
5524:
5522:
5513:
5511:subspecialties
5501:
5500:
5493:
5492:
5485:
5478:
5470:
5461:
5460:
5458:
5457:
5447:
5436:
5433:
5432:
5429:
5428:
5426:
5425:
5417:
5415:
5408:
5400:
5399:
5396:
5395:
5393:
5392:
5384:
5382:
5375:
5367:
5366:
5363:
5362:
5360:
5359:
5352:
5350:
5343:
5335:
5334:
5331:
5330:
5328:
5327:
5314:
5312:
5305:
5297:
5296:
5293:
5292:
5290:
5289:
5284:
5278:
5276:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5257:
5255:
5251:
5250:
5248:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5231:
5229:
5225:
5224:
5222:
5221:
5220:
5219:
5214:
5201:
5199:
5195:
5194:
5192:
5191:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5151:
5143:
5142:
5139:
5138:
5136:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5112:
5110:
5109:
5099:
5089:
5081:
5071:
5065:Ebola Syndrome
5061:
5051:
5045:(1995 book by
5036:
5034:
5028:
5027:
5025:
5024:
5023:
5022:
5020:Patrick Sawyer
5017:
5015:Mayinga N'Seka
5012:
5007:
5002:
4997:
4992:
4987:
4982:
4980:Ameyo Adadevoh
4975:Ebola patients
4972:
4971:
4970:
4965:
4960:
4949:
4947:
4946:Notable people
4943:
4942:
4940:
4939:
4938:
4937:
4926:
4924:
4920:
4919:
4917:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4904:
4899:
4894:
4886:
4881:
4876:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4856:
4851:
4846:
4841:
4835:
4833:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4825:
4824:
4823:
4813:
4812:
4811:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4785:
4784:
4783:
4773:
4772:
4771:
4758:
4756:
4752:
4751:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4713:
4712:
4711:
4709:Womey massacre
4706:
4701:
4696:
4691:
4686:
4681:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4631:
4626:
4620:
4618:
4609:
4601:
4600:
4591:
4590:
4583:
4576:
4568:
4559:
4558:
4555:
4554:
4544:
4543:
4541:
4537:
4536:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:Classification
4520:
4519:
4507:
4495:
4483:
4477:
4471:
4462:
4450:
4438:
4433:
4411:
4404:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:External links
4397:
4396:
4395:
4375:(5): 458–467.
4358:
4355:
4349:
4348:
4314:
4300:978-0399142185
4299:
4274:
4259:
4241:
4210:
4177:978-0970337115
4176:
4153:
4104:
4085:978-0804114325
4084:
4055:
4037:978-0778325574
4036:
4016:
3983:
3956:
3896:
3844:
3807:(5): 197–215.
3787:
3738:
3711:
3685:
3644:
3638:978-0123702005
3637:
3618:
3575:
3569:978-0123702005
3568:
3549:
3506:
3475:
3441:
3408:
3357:
3298:
3280:New York Times
3265:
3256:
3225:
3198:
3166:
3125:
3073:
3014:
2976:978-0963117212
2975:
2955:
2918:(2): 205–215.
2898:
2861:PLOS Pathogens
2847:
2818:
2759:
2709:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2569:
2567:
2566:
2476:
2441:(2): 156–165.
2425:
2368:
2306:
2284:The New Yorker
2266:
2215:
2178:PLOS Pathogens
2164:
2105:
2083:
2068:
2062:978-1904933496
2061:
2038:
1979:
1922:
1885:(6): 621–635.
1865:
1823:978-3211824801
1822:
1796:
1789:
1771:
1753:978-0080575483
1752:
1732:
1717:. March 2014.
1702:
1645:
1627:New York Times
1612:
1583:Quammen, David
1571:
1544:
1496:
1448:
1418:
1396:
1339:
1272:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1261:Middle Eastern
1248:
1240:
1226:
1214:
1211:
1198:event between
1176:
1173:
1172:
1171:
1160:
1129:
1100:
1097:
942:
939:
919:Main article:
916:
913:
853:Main article:
850:
847:
833:
830:
806:macropinosomes
779:
776:
737:viral envelope
712:
709:
706:
705:
699:
692:
689:
685:
684:
681:
674:
671:
667:
666:
663:
656:
653:
649:
648:
645:
638:
635:
631:
630:
627:
620:
617:
613:
612:
609:
602:
599:
595:
594:
591:
584:
581:
577:
576:
573:
566:
563:
559:
558:
555:
548:
545:
541:
540:
537:
534:
531:
494:
491:
451:viral envelope
439:viral envelope
435:negative-sense
411:
408:
194:
193:
186:
184:
180:
179:
172:
168:
167:
160:
156:
155:
148:
144:
143:
140:Monjiviricetes
136:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
112:
108:
107:
100:
93:
92:
87:
83:
82:
69:
68:
63:
62:
54:
53:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6538:
6527:
6524:
6522:
6519:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6509:
6507:
6504:
6502:
6499:
6497:
6494:
6492:
6489:
6487:
6484:
6482:
6479:
6477:
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6449:
6444:
6440:
6435:
6429:
6425:
6420:
6414:
6410:
6409:
6407:
6405:
6401:
6393:
6388:
6384:
6380:
6375:
6371:
6367:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6349:
6345:
6340:
6334:
6330:
6325:
6319:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6306:
6302:
6297:
6285:
6277:
6275:
6271:
6267:
6265:
6257:
6255:
6247:
6245:
6237:
6236:
6233:
6227:
6224:
6220:
6217:
6216:
6215:
6212:
6210:
6207:
6205:
6202:
6200:
6197:
6195:
6192:
6190:
6189:Public health
6187:
6185:
6182:
6180:
6177:
6175:
6172:
6170:
6169:Allied health
6167:
6165:
6162:
6161:
6159:
6155:
6147:
6144:
6143:
6142:
6139:
6137:
6134:
6132:
6129:
6127:
6124:
6122:
6119:
6117:
6114:
6112:
6109:
6107:
6104:
6103:
6101:
6099:
6093:
6081:
6078:
6077:
6076:
6073:
6071:
6068:
6066:
6063:
6061:
6058:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6049:
6046:
6044:
6041:
6039:
6036:
6032:
6029:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6022:
6019:
6017:
6014:
6011:
6008:
6006:
6003:
5999:
5996:
5995:
5994:
5991:
5989:
5986:
5984:
5981:
5979:
5978:Oral medicine
5976:
5974:
5973:Ophthalmology
5971:
5969:
5966:
5962:
5959:
5958:
5957:
5954:
5952:
5949:
5947:
5944:
5942:
5939:
5937:
5934:
5932:
5928:
5925:
5923:
5920:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5911:
5908:
5906:
5903:
5901:
5898:
5896:
5893:
5891:
5888:
5884:
5881:
5879:
5876:
5875:
5874:
5871:
5869:
5866:
5864:
5861:
5860:
5858:
5854:
5846:
5843:
5841:
5838:
5836:
5835:Cytopathology
5833:
5831:
5828:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5816:
5813:
5809:
5806:
5804:
5801:
5799:
5796:
5795:
5794:
5791:
5790:
5788:
5786:
5782:
5776:
5775:Urogynecology
5773:
5771:
5768:
5766:
5763:
5761:
5758:
5756:
5753:
5751:
5748:
5747:
5745:
5743:
5737:
5731:
5728:
5726:
5723:
5721:
5718:
5716:
5713:
5711:
5708:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5696:
5693:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5684:
5681:
5679:
5678:Endocrinology
5676:
5674:
5671:
5669:
5666:
5664:
5660:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5652:
5646:
5640:
5637:
5633:
5630:
5629:
5628:
5625:
5623:
5620:
5618:
5615:
5613:
5610:
5608:
5605:
5603:
5600:
5598:
5595:
5588:
5587:
5586:
5583:
5581:
5578:
5576:
5573:
5571:
5568:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5551:
5550:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5529:
5526:
5525:
5523:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5512:
5506:
5502:
5498:
5491:
5486:
5484:
5479:
5477:
5472:
5471:
5468:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5446:
5438:
5437:
5434:
5424:
5423:
5419:
5418:
5416:
5412:
5409:
5407:
5406:
5401:
5391:
5390:
5386:
5385:
5383:
5379:
5376:
5374:
5373:
5368:
5357:
5354:
5353:
5351:
5347:
5344:
5342:
5341:
5336:
5325:
5321:
5320:
5316:
5315:
5313:
5309:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5288:
5285:
5283:
5280:
5279:
5277:
5275:Miscellaneous
5273:
5264:
5263:
5259:
5258:
5256:
5252:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5232:
5230:
5226:
5218:
5215:
5213:
5210:
5209:
5208:
5207:
5203:
5202:
5200:
5196:
5190:
5187:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5155:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5134:
5131:
5129:
5126:
5124:
5121:
5120:
5118:
5116:Miscellaneous
5114:
5105:
5104:
5100:
5095:
5094:
5090:
5085:
5082:
5077:
5076:
5072:
5067:
5066:
5062:
5057:
5056:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5042:
5038:
5037:
5035:
5033:
5029:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5011:
5008:
5006:
5003:
5001:
5000:Salome Karwah
4998:
4996:
4993:
4991:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4977:
4976:
4973:
4969:
4966:
4964:
4961:
4959:
4958:William Close
4956:
4955:
4954:
4951:
4950:
4948:
4944:
4936:
4933:
4932:
4931:
4928:
4927:
4925:
4921:
4913:
4910:
4909:
4908:
4905:
4903:
4900:
4898:
4895:
4890:
4887:
4885:
4882:
4880:
4877:
4875:
4872:
4870:
4867:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4857:
4855:
4852:
4850:
4847:
4845:
4844:Brincidofovir
4842:
4840:
4837:
4836:
4834:
4830:
4821:
4820:
4819:
4818:
4814:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4805:
4804:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4790:
4786:
4781:
4780:
4779:
4778:
4774:
4770:
4767:
4766:
4765:
4764:
4760:
4759:
4757:
4753:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4739:2020 Équateur
4737:
4735:
4734:Kivu epidemic
4732:
4730:
4729:2018 Équateur
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4707:
4705:
4702:
4700:
4697:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4687:
4685:
4682:
4680:
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4636:
4635:
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4617:
4613:
4610:
4608:
4607:
4602:
4598:
4597:
4589:
4584:
4582:
4577:
4575:
4570:
4569:
4566:
4553:
4549:
4546:
4545:
4542:
4538:
4533:
4528:
4524:
4516:
4512:
4508:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4494:
4490:
4487:
4484:
4481:
4478:
4475:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4463:
4461:
4460:
4456:
4451:
4449:
4445:
4442:
4439:
4437:
4434:
4432:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4422:
4414:
4392:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4361:
4360:
4354:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4323:Stone, Oliver
4318:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4291:
4290:
4284:
4278:
4270:
4266:
4262:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4229:
4225:
4221:
4214:
4207:
4204:
4191:
4187:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4169:
4168:
4163:
4157:
4149:
4137:
4121:
4117:
4116:
4108:
4101:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4081:
4077:
4072:
4071:
4065:
4059:
4043:
4039:
4033:
4029:
4028:
4020:
4004:
4000:
3996:
3990:
3988:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3963:
3961:
3952:
3948:
3944:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3926:
3922:
3918:
3914:
3910:
3903:
3901:
3892:
3888:
3883:
3878:
3874:
3870:
3866:
3862:
3858:
3851:
3849:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3828:
3823:
3818:
3814:
3810:
3806:
3802:
3798:
3791:
3783:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3765:
3761:
3757:
3753:
3749:
3742:
3726:
3722:
3715:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3681:
3677:
3672:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3648:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3622:
3614:
3610:
3606:
3602:
3598:
3594:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3571:
3565:
3561:
3553:
3545:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3517:
3510:
3494:
3490:
3486:
3479:
3463:
3459:
3457:
3451:
3445:
3429:
3425:
3424:
3419:
3412:
3404:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3386:
3382:
3378:
3374:
3373:
3368:
3361:
3353:
3349:
3344:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3327:
3323:
3319:
3315:
3314:
3309:
3302:
3286:
3282:
3281:
3276:
3269:
3260:
3244:
3240:
3236:
3229:
3213:
3209:
3202:
3183:
3176:
3170:
3162:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3145:(35): 20892.
3144:
3140:
3136:
3129:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3095:
3091:
3087:
3080:
3078:
3069:
3065:
3060:
3055:
3051:
3047:
3042:
3037:
3033:
3029:
3025:
3018:
3010:
2998:
2982:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2967:
2959:
2951:
2947:
2942:
2937:
2933:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2902:
2894:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2866:
2862:
2858:
2851:
2835:
2831:
2830:
2822:
2814:
2810:
2805:
2800:
2795:
2790:
2786:
2782:
2778:
2774:
2770:
2763:
2755:
2751:
2746:
2741:
2737:
2733:
2729:
2725:
2721:
2713:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2664:
2646:
2642:
2637:
2631:
2630:
2627:
2623:
2618:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2585:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2555:
2551:
2546:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2518:
2514:
2510:
2506:
2502:
2498:
2494:
2487:
2485:
2483:
2481:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2429:
2421:
2417:
2413:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2372:
2364:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2320:
2313:
2311:
2294:
2290:
2286:
2285:
2280:
2273:
2271:
2262:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2234:
2230:
2226:
2219:
2211:
2207:
2202:
2197:
2192:
2187:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2168:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2132:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2099:
2095:
2092:
2087:
2079:
2072:
2064:
2058:
2054:
2047:
2045:
2043:
2034:
2030:
2025:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1990:
1983:
1975:
1971:
1966:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1918:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1892:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1876:
1869:
1861:
1849:
1841:
1837:
1833:
1829:
1825:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1807:
1800:
1792:
1786:
1782:
1775:
1759:
1755:
1749:
1745:
1744:
1736:
1720:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1633:
1629:
1628:
1623:
1616:
1600:
1596:
1592:
1588:
1584:
1578:
1576:
1559:
1555:
1548:
1540:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1472:
1468:
1464:
1457:
1455:
1453:
1436:
1432:
1428:
1422:
1406:
1400:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1374:
1370:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1350:
1343:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1284:
1282:
1280:
1278:
1273:
1262:
1259:, involves a
1258:
1257:
1252:
1249:
1246:
1245:
1241:
1238:
1234:
1230:
1229:William Close
1227:
1224:
1220:
1217:
1216:
1213:In literature
1210:
1208:
1204:
1201:
1197:
1196:recombination
1192:
1190:
1185:
1181:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1133:gene overlaps
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1112:
1108:
1107:
1096:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1064:
1060:
1059:
1054:
1049:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
993:
989:
985:
984:
980:
976:
975:
971:
967:
964:
960:
957:in 1976. The
956:
955:Marburg virus
949:Marburg virus
947:
938:
936:
932:
928:
922:
921:Ebola vaccine
912:
908:
904:
902:
900:
893:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
862:
856:
846:
844:
839:
829:
827:
821:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
784:
775:
773:
769:
765:
760:
758:
754:
753:Marburg virus
749:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
717:
703:
702:RNA replicase
700:
697:
693:
690:
687:
686:
682:
679:
675:
672:
669:
668:
664:
661:
657:
654:
651:
650:
646:
643:
639:
636:
633:
632:
628:
625:
621:
618:
615:
614:
610:
607:
603:
600:
597:
596:
592:
589:
585:
582:
579:
578:
574:
571:
567:
564:
561:
560:
556:
553:
549:
547:Nucleoprotein
546:
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350:nucleoprotein
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6179:Nanomedicine
5730:Rheumatology
5661: /
5580:Hand surgery
5565:Neurosurgery
5420:
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5370:
5356:Mengla virus
5338:
5317:
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5262:The Hot Zone
5260:
5204:
5148:Marburgvirus
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5103:The Hot Zone
5101:
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5079:(1996 novel)
5073:
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5041:The Hot Zone
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4985:Kent Brantly
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4339:. Retrieved
4335:the original
4330:
4317:
4288:
4277:
4251:The Hot Zone
4250:
4244:
4234:17 September
4232:. Retrieved
4223:
4213:
4206:Google Books
4202:
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4166:
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4124:. Retrieved
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4069:
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2727:
2724:EMBO Journal
2723:
2712:
2677:
2673:
2663:
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2640:
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2558:. Retrieved
2549:
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2282:
2232:
2228:
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1935:
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1742:
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1658:
1648:
1636:. Retrieved
1625:
1615:
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1599:the original
1590:
1562:. Retrieved
1547:
1514:
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1466:
1462:
1439:. Retrieved
1430:
1421:
1409:. Retrieved
1399:
1359:(1): 17–22.
1356:
1352:
1342:
1307:
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1007:, where the
990:
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965:
952:
924:
909:
905:
896:
894:
882:Ngoy Mushola
858:
843:Reston virus
835:
822:
814:nucleocapsid
790:
761:
755:, a related
745:
722:
523:
507:
500:
496:
472:
464:nucleocapsid
460:matrix space
459:
447:glycoprotein
432:
377:select agent
370:
339:
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139:
127:
115:
103:
96:
86:(unranked):
50:
29:
6434:Ebola virus
6428:Wikispecies
6333:Wikispecies
6264:Wikiproject
6053:Venereology
5998:Neonatology
5895:Dermatology
5750:Gynaecology
5742:gynaecology
5725:Pulmonology
5543:Eye surgery
5505:Specialties
5455:Wikispecies
5405:Thamnovirus
5340:Dianlovirus
5266:(1995 book)
5133:Ebola River
5097:(2016 film)
5087:(2014 meme)
5069:(1996 film)
5059:(1995 film)
4897:Triazavirin
4854:Favipiravir
4596:Filoviridae
4459:Filoviridae
4283:Clancy, Tom
4144:|work=
4009:11 November
3468:19 December
3434:27 December
3005:|work=
2966:Filoviruses
2829:Ebola virus
2680:(10): 731.
2651:26 February
2560:26 February
1999:: 1673284.
1856:|work=
1665:(1): 1206.
1605:30 December
1085:capitalized
1073:Ebola River
997:Ebola River
983:Filoviridae
899:hematemesis
802:endocytosed
778:Replication
342:nucleotides
335:body fluids
313:Filoviridae
267:, known as
205:Ebola virus
164:Filoviridae
18:Ebola virus
6465:Categories
6026:Psychiatry
6012:(PM&R)
6005:Phlebology
5993:Pediatrics
5820:Anatomical
5785:Diagnostic
5765:Obstetrics
5715:Nephrology
5700:Hematology
5695:Geriatrics
5688:Hepatology
5673:Cardiology
5663:Immunology
5372:Striavirus
5302:Cuevavirus
5084:Ebola-chan
4968:Peter Piot
4935:rVSV-ZEBOV
4912:cAd3-ZEBOV
4879:Lamivudine
4679:in Nigeria
4669:in Liberia
4606:Ebolavirus
4420:(Q8064876)
4260:0385479565
4196:7 February
4048:7 November
3731:31 October
3704:31 October
3372:The Lancet
3291:30 October
3191:4 December
2987:4 December
2299:20 October
2289:Condé Nast
2125:(1): 193.
1764:7 February
1638:27 October
1441:4 December
1268:References
1251:Tom Clancy
1184:Ebolavirus
1168:type virus
1106:Ebolavirus
1089:italicized
1069:ebolavirus
974:Ebolavirus
772:Vero cells
768:Vero cells
485:-, 9-, or
331:fruit bats
304:Ebolavirus
263:and other
252:Ebolavirus
176:Ebolavirus
34:Ebolavirus
6419:Q10538943
6214:Physician
6098:education
5956:Neurology
5951:Narcology
5815:Pathology
5793:Radiology
5668:Angiology
5632:Andrology
5157:Outbreaks
4889:TKM-Ebola
4699:in the UK
4694:in the US
4664:in Guinea
4649:Responses
4616:Outbreaks
4517:. 205488.
4505:. 186538.
4146:ignored (
4136:cite book
4076:Ivy Books
3249:9 October
3050:2049-9957
3034:(1): 43.
3007:ignored (
2997:cite book
2932:1746-0794
2412:0028-0836
2015:1687-8027
1956:1350-9047
1899:1746-0794
1858:ignored (
1848:cite book
1832:0939-1983
1564:5 October
1373:2287-3651
1235:and 2002
1219:Alex Kava
1175:Evolution
1162:it has a
1125:, or the
1063:taxonomic
1051:The name
1046:prototype
1013:taxonomic
818:cytoplasm
757:filovirus
741:filovirus
539:Function
516:influenza
410:Structure
282:(now the
183:Species:
111:Kingdom:
104:Riboviria
6501:Zoonoses
6413:Wikidata
6379:11461247
6324:Q8064876
6318:Wikidata
6244:Category
5720:Oncology
5651:medicine
5649:Internal
5497:Medicine
5055:Outbreak
4930:Vaccines
4907:Vaccines
4892:(failed)
4689:in Spain
4639:Timeline
4552:Q8064876
4489:Archived
4444:Archived
4391:27656857
4309:34878804
4285:(1996).
4269:32052009
4228:Archived
4190:Archived
4186:49193962
4164:(2002).
4120:Archived
4094:32753758
4066:(1995).
4042:Archived
4003:Archived
3980:17942693
3943:24040779
3891:23255795
3839:34249020
3831:23636868
3782:15681442
3725:Archived
3680:43887711
3613:13229117
3544:19368457
3493:Archived
3489:BBC News
3462:Archived
3428:Archived
3403:28017403
3352:25359852
3285:Archived
3243:Archived
3182:Archived
3161:25210981
3112:24805988
3068:25699183
2981:Archived
2950:24093048
2893:20862315
2813:21536871
2754:22395071
2704:26888076
2696:21959282
2645:Archived
2626:21866101
2554:Archived
2535:21866103
2471:20759532
2463:11821909
2420:25951262
2363:25214632
2293:Archived
2261:25237605
2235:: e556.
2210:20686665
2159:20569424
2094:Archived
2033:27190508
1974:26024394
1917:20198110
1758:Archived
1725:12 April
1719:Archived
1697:23383374
1632:Archived
1558:Archived
1491:33060636
1435:Archived
1391:25648530
1334:21046175
1231:'s 1995
1093:articles
1061:and the
927:VSV-EBOV
838:zoonotic
798:peplomer
593:Matrix.
487:eye bolt
387:), a US
360:(VP30),
346:proteins
159:Family:
123:Phylum:
6448:1570291
6284:Outline
6254:Commons
6199:Therapy
6096:Medical
5659:Allergy
5627:Urology
5520:Surgery
5445:Commons
5414:Species
5381:Species
5349:Species
5311:Species
5287:Marburg
5245:FGI-106
5240:FGI-103
5235:BCX4430
5198:Species
5093:93 Days
4869:FGI-106
4864:FGI-104
4859:FGI-103
4839:BCX4430
4755:Species
4674:in Mali
4548:Scholia
4413:Scholia
3951:9873900
3934:9151191
3882:3571414
3822:7714485
3605:9742051
3499:21 June
3394:5364328
3343:4241145
3322:Bibcode
3313:Science
3218:24 June
3120:4657264
3059:4334593
2941:3787895
2884:2940741
2804:3100998
2781:Bibcode
2745:3343336
2617:3230319
2596:Bibcode
2526:3175325
2505:Bibcode
2443:Bibcode
2390:Bibcode
2354:4431643
2333:Bibcode
2324:Science
2252:4157239
2201:2912400
2150:2906475
2127:Bibcode
2102:GenBank
2024:4848411
1965:4495366
1908:2829775
1840:8219816
1688:3563031
1667:Bibcode
1539:3092094
1382:4313106
1325:3074192
1223:Exposed
963:species
915:Vaccine
890:Yambuku
874:quinine
870:malaria
866:Yambuku
832:Ecology
826:budding
810:vesicle
800:and is
729:removed
536:UniProt
296:species
265:mammals
171:Genus:
147:Order:
135:Class:
6392:186538
6366:741151
6274:Portal
6141:MD–PhD
5358:(MLAV)
4884:mAb114
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1411:6 June
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1371:
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1066:suffix
1044:. The
1016:suffix
979:family
764:HAVCR1
696:Q05318
678:Q05322
660:Q05323
642:Q9YMG2
624:P60170
606:Q05320
588:Q05128
570:Q05127
552:P18272
530:Symbol
493:Genome
364:, and
352:(NP),
309:family
261:humans
6476:Ebola
6374:IRMNG
6353:7GBKF
5856:Other
4923:Drugs
4902:ZMapp
4874:JK-05
4849:DZNep
4782:RESTV
4455:Ebola
3947:S2CID
3835:S2CID
3676:S2CID
3609:S2CID
3540:S2CID
3536:65661
3458:(FDA)
3454:U.S.
3185:(PDF)
3178:(PDF)
3116:S2CID
2700:S2CID
2467:S2CID
2229:PeerJ
1552:WHO.
1535:S2CID
1531:65662
1487:S2CID
1483:65663
1123:Gabon
1058:Zaire
1019:virus
1005:Zaire
988:order
970:genus
886:Bumba
878:Zaire
804:into
787:2i8b.
711:Entry
368:(L).
318:order
280:Zaire
248:genus
97:Realm
90:Virus
6443:NCBI
6387:NCBI
5324:LLOV
5217:RAVV
5212:MARV
4822:EBOV
4809:TAFV
4795:SUDV
4769:BDBV
4724:2017
4719:2014
4387:PMID
4343:2014
4305:OCLC
4295:ISBN
4265:OCLC
4255:ISBN
4236:2014
4198:2016
4182:OCLC
4172:ISBN
4148:help
4128:2014
4090:OCLC
4080:ISBN
4050:2021
4032:ISBN
4011:2017
3976:PMID
3939:PMID
3887:PMID
3827:PMID
3778:PMID
3733:2014
3706:2014
3633:ISBN
3601:PMID
3564:ISBN
3532:PMID
3501:2018
3470:2019
3436:2016
3399:PMID
3348:PMID
3293:2014
3251:2014
3220:2014
3193:2016
3157:PMID
3108:PMID
3064:PMID
3046:ISSN
3009:help
2989:2016
2971:ISBN
2946:PMID
2928:ISSN
2889:PMID
2842:2009
2809:PMID
2750:PMID
2692:PMID
2653:2017
2622:PMID
2562:2017
2531:PMID
2459:PMID
2416:PMID
2408:ISSN
2359:PMID
2301:2014
2257:PMID
2206:PMID
2155:PMID
2057:ISBN
2029:PMID
2011:ISSN
1997:2016
1970:PMID
1952:ISSN
1913:PMID
1895:ISSN
1860:help
1836:PMID
1828:ISSN
1818:ISBN
1785:ISBN
1766:2016
1748:ISBN
1727:2014
1693:PMID
1640:2014
1607:2014
1566:2020
1527:PMID
1479:PMID
1443:2016
1413:2019
1387:PMID
1369:ISSN
1330:PMID
1153:VP24
1149:VP30
1141:VP40
1137:VP35
1113:if:
725:NPC1
719:NPC1
670:VP24
652:VP30
634:ssGP
580:VP40
562:VP35
533:Name
477:and
456:VP40
362:VP24
327:bats
244:EBOV
6361:EoL
6348:CoL
5590:ENT
5508:and
4377:doi
4098:At
3929:PMC
3921:doi
3917:142
3877:PMC
3869:doi
3817:PMC
3809:doi
3768:PMC
3760:doi
3666:doi
3662:147
3593:doi
3589:143
3524:doi
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3423:CNN
3389:PMC
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3318:346
3147:doi
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2740:PMC
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