4872:
school graduation rate of Blacks in the United States has steadily increased to 71% in 2013. Separating this statistic into component parts shows it varies greatly depending upon the state and the school district examined. 38% of Black males graduated in the state of New York but in Maine 97% graduated and exceeded the White male graduation rate by 11 percentage points. In much of the southeastern United States and some parts of the southwestern United States the graduation rate of White males was in fact below 70% such as in
Florida where 62% of White males graduated from high school. Examining specific school districts paints an even more complex picture. In the Detroit school district, the graduation rate of Black males was 20% but 7% for White males. In the New York City school district 28% of Black males graduate from high school compared to 57% of White males. In Newark County 76% of Black males graduated compared to 67% for White males. Further academic improvement has occurred in 2015. Roughly 23% of all Blacks have bachelor's degrees. In 1988, 21% of Whites had obtained a bachelor's degree versus 11% of Blacks. In 2015, 23% of Blacks had obtained a bachelor's degree versus 36% of Whites. Foreign born Blacks, 9% of the Black population, made even greater strides. They exceed native born Blacks by 10 percentage points.
3099:
2867:
6237:
7395:
5767:, around 58 percent of African Americans have at least 12.5% European ancestry (equivalent to one European great-grandparent and their forebears), 19.6 percent of African Americans have at least 25% European ancestry (equivalent to one European grandparent and their forebears), and 1 percent of African Americans have at least 50% European ancestry (equivalent to one European parent and their forebears). According to Shriver, around 5 percent of African Americans also have at least 12.5% Native American ancestry (equivalent to one Native American great-grandparent and their forebears). Research suggests that Native American ancestry among people who identify as African American is a result of relationships that occurred soon after slave ships arrived in the American colonies, and European ancestry is of more recent origin, often from the decades before the Civil War.
3452:
5444:
5687:
3428:
3239:
2828:
7586:
7214:
2765:
6118:
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6834:
4972:
4163:
7862:(ADOS) movement coalesces around this view, arguing that Black descendants of American slavery deserve a separate ethnic category that distinguishes them from other Black groups in the United States. Their terminology has gained popularity in some circles, but others have criticized the movement for a perceived bias against (especially poor and Black) immigrants, and for its often inflammatory rhetoric. Politicians such as Obama and Harris have received especially pointed criticism from the movement, as neither are ADOS and have spoken out at times against policies specific to them.
2526:
7818:
all people of
African descent together regardless of their unique ancestral circumstances would inevitably deny the lingering effects of slavery within the American community of slave descendants, in addition to denying Black immigrants recognition of their own unique ancestral backgrounds. "Lumping us all together", Dickerson wrote, "erases the significance of slavery and continuing racism while giving the appearance of progress." Similar comments have been made concerning Kamala Harris, the daughter of a Caribbean immigrant, who was elected vice president in 2020.
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2922:
2382:
4857:
184:
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4421:
4409:
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4361:
4349:
4337:
4325:
4313:
4301:
4289:
4277:
4253:
4241:
4214:, about 13.5% of the U.S. population self-identified as Black or "mixed with Black". However, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, evidence from the 2000 census indicates that many African and Caribbean immigrant ethnic groups do not identify as "Black, African Am., or Negro". Instead, they wrote in their own respective ethnic groups in the "Some Other Race" write-in entry. As a result, the census bureau devised a new, separate "African American" ethnic group category in 2010 for ethnic African Americans.
4265:
6029:, the president of Columbia Pictures, with whom Novak was under contract, gave in to his concerns that a racist backlash against the relationship could hurt the studio. Davis briefly married Black dancer Loray White in 1958 to protect himself from mob violence. Inebriated at the wedding ceremony, Davis despairingly said to his best friend, Arthur Silber Jr., "Why won't they let me live my life?" The couple never lived together, and commenced divorce proceedings in September 1958. In 1958, officers in
3389:
2335:
43:
4830:, demands for unity and racial tolerance on the home front provided an opening for the first Black history curriculum in the country. For example, during the early 1940s, Madeline Morgan, a Black teacher in the Chicago public schools, created a curriculum for students in grades one through eight highlighting the contributions of Black people to the history of the United States. At the close of the war, Chicago's Board of Education downgraded the curriculum's status from mandatory to optional.
5916:
22387:
8048:
1941:
3399:
3032:
5573:
despite making up less than 20% of the population. In 2024, all of the top 5 most dangerous U.S. cities have a significant black population and disturbing black-on-black violent crime rate. Black males age 15–44 are the only race/sex category for which homicide is a top 5 cause of death. Black women are 3 times more likely to be killed by an intimate partner than white women. Black children are 3 times more likely to die due to parental abuse and neglect than white children.
7096:
7080:
6845:
2265:
6055:, African Americans voted 58% in favor of it while 42% voted against Proposition 8. On May 9, 2012, Barack Obama, the first Black president, became the first U.S. president to support same-sex marriage. Since Obama's endorsement there has been a rapid growth in support for same-sex marriage among African Americans. As of 2012, 59% of African Americans support same-sex marriage, which is higher than support among the national average (53%) and White Americans (50%).
4210:
represented less than 0.1% of the population. Mixed-race
Hispanic and non-Hispanic Americans who identified as being part Black, represented 0.9% of the population. Of the 12.6% of United States residents who identified as Black, around 10.3% were "native Black American" or ethnic African Americans, who are direct descendants of West/Central Africans brought to the U.S. as slaves. These individuals make up well over 80% of all Blacks in the country. When including
235:
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218:
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2370:
disobedience or running away. Unlike slaves, they were freed after their term of service expired or was bought out, their children did not inherit their status, and on their release from contract they received "a year's provision of corn, double apparel, tools necessary", and a small cash payment called "freedom dues". Africans could legally raise crops and cattle to purchase their freedom. They raised families, married other
Africans and sometimes
201:
6952:
7185:. African American genres are the most important ethnic vernacular tradition in America, as they have developed independent of African traditions from which they arise more so than any other immigrant groups, including Europeans; make up the broadest and longest lasting range of styles in America; and have, historically, been more influential, interculturally, geographically, and economically, than other American vernacular traditions.
2467:
167:
8645:, Census Bureau, September 2011. "Black or African Americans" refers to a person having origins in any of the Black racial groups of Africa. The Black racial category includes people who marked the "Black, African Am., or Negro" checkbox. It also includes respondents who reported entries such as African American; Sub-Saharan African entries, such as Kenyan and Nigerian; and Afro-Caribbean entries, such as Haitian and Jamaican."
2608:
5546:
had the highest rate of getting cancer, followed by White, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific
Islander (A/PI), and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) men. Among women, White women had the highest rate of getting cancer, followed by Black, Hispanic, Asian/Pacific Islander, and American Indian/Alaska Native women. African Americans also have higher prevalence and incidence of Alzheimer's disease compared to the overall average.
26332:
3444:
139:
125:
113:
99:
83:
69:
4823:
late 1870s, Blacks were disenfranchised and segregated across the
American South. White politicians in Mississippi and other states withheld financial resources and supplies from Black schools. Nevertheless, the presence of Black teachers, and their engagement with their communities both inside and outside the classroom, ensured that Black students had access to education despite these external constraints.
23743:
5727:, reflecting the centrality of this West African region in the Atlantic slave trade. The next most frequent ancestral component found among African Americans was derived from Great Britain, in keeping with historical records. It constitutes a little over 10% of their overall ancestry and is most similar to the Northwest European ancestral component also carried by
5868:, writes, "Political rights have been circumscribed by race, class and gender since the founding of the United States, when the right to vote was restricted to White men of property. Throughout the history of the United States, race has been used by Whites for legitimizing and creating difference and social, economic and political exclusion."
2741:, guaranteeing the right for a slaveholder to recover an escaped slave within the U.S. Slave owners, who viewed slaves as property, made it a federal crime to assist those who had escaped slavery or to interfere with their capture. Slavery, which by then meant almost exclusively Black people, was the most important political issue in the
3220:
58,532 in 2023), compared with $ 2,900 (equivalent to $ 30,311 in 2023) for non-White families. In 1965, 43 percent of all Black families fell into the poverty bracket, earning under $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 29,005 in 2023) a year. The 1960s saw improvements in the social and economic conditions of many Black
Americans.
5028:, African Americans were 30% more likely than other workers to be employed in the public sector. The public sector is also a critical source of decent-paying jobs for Black Americans. For both men and women, the median wage earned by Black employees is significantly higher in the public sector than in other industries.
2702:(mixed race). Serving in the militia brought free Black men one step closer to equality with Whites, allowing them, for example, the right to carry arms and boosting their earning power. However, actually these privileges distanced free Black men from enslaved Blacks and encouraged them to identify with Whites.
5052:, New York, the median income among African American families exceeded that of White families, which the newspaper attributed to the growth in the number of two-parent Black families. It noted that Queens was the only county with more than 65,000 residents where that was true. In 2011, it was reported that
4789:
2975:. Segregation was now imposed with Jim Crow laws, using signs used to show Blacks where they could legally walk, talk, drink, rest, or eat. For those places that were racially mixed, non-Whites had to wait until all White customers were dealt with. Most African Americans obeyed the Jim Crow laws, to avoid
5633:
express their opinions and life experiences. The results revealed a couple key variables that create barriers for many
African American communities to seek mental health services such as the stigma, lack of four important necessities; trust, affordability, cultural understanding and impersonal services.
17659:
Estimates of Black Muslim membership vary from a quarter of a million down to fifty thousand. Available evidence indicates that about one hundred thousand
Negroes have joined the movement at one time or another, but few objective observers believe that the Black Muslims can muster more than twenty or
6695:
Prior to this newer information, it was only thought that before the 1950s, and 1960s, most
African-American names closely resembled those used within European-American culture. Babies of that era were generally given a few common names, with children using nicknames to distinguish the various people
6016:
stated, "I am not, nor ever have been in favor of making voters or jurors of negroes, nor of qualifying them to hold office, nor to intermarry with white people". By the late 1800s, 38 US states had anti-miscegenation statutes. By 1924, the ban on interracial marriage was still in force in 29 states.
5703:
by White males. Historians estimate that 58% of enslaved women in the U.S. aged 15–30 years were sexually assaulted by their slave owners and other White men. Consequently, the 365 African Americans in their sample have a genome-wide average of 78.1% West African ancestry and 18.5% European ancestry,
5632:
has been frowned upon and distant in utility and proximity to many people in the African American community. In 2004, a qualitative research study explored the disconnect with African Americans and mental health. The study was conducted as a semi-structured discussion which allowed the focus group to
5525:
The life expectancy for Black men in 2008 was 70.8 years. Life expectancy for Black women was 77.5 years in 2008. In 1900, when information on Black life expectancy started being collated, a Black man could expect to live to 32.5 years and a Black woman 33.5 years. In 1900, White men lived an average
5091:
is the strongest indicator of financial stability and the primary asset most Americans use to generate wealth. African Americans continue to lag behind other racial groups in homeownership. In the first quarter of 2021, 45.1% of African Americans owned their homes, compared to 65.3% of all Americans.
4967:
African Americans have a long and diverse history of business ownership. Although the first African American business is unknown, slaves captured from West Africa are believed to have established commercial enterprises as peddlers and skilled craftspeople as far back as the 17th century. Around 1900,
4814:
When slavery was finally abolished in 1865, public educational systems were expanding across the country. By 1870, around seventy-four institutions in the south provided a form of advanced education for African American students. By 1900, over a hundred programs at these schools provided training for
2851:
called this forced migration of slaves the "central event" in the life of a slave between the American Revolution and the Civil War, writing that whether slaves were directly uprooted or lived in fear that they or their families would be involuntarily moved, "the massive deportation traumatized black
8781:
African American refers to descendants of enslaved Black people who are from the United States. The reason we use an entire continent (Africa) instead of a country (e.g., Irish American) is because slave masters purposefully obliterated tribal ancestry, language, and family units in order to destroy
7817:
should refer strictly to the descendants of Africans who were brought to America as slaves, and not to the sons and daughters of Black immigrants who lack that ancestry. Thus, under her definition, President Barack Obama, who is the son of a Kenyan, is not Black. She makes the argument that grouping
7779:
Racially mixed marriages have become increasingly accepted in the United States since the civil rights movement and up to the present day. Approval in national opinion polls has risen from 36% in 1978, to 48% in 1991, 65% in 2002, 77% in 2007. A Gallup poll conducted in 2013 found that 84% of Whites
7630:
The ICC plan was to reach the three groups by acknowledging that each group has its own sense of community that is based on geography and ethnicity. The best way to market the census process toward any of the three groups is to reach them through their own unique communication channels and not treat
5962:
with greater regularity than Whites do, they have disproportionately higher arrest rates than Whites: in 2010, for example, Blacks were 3.73 times as likely to get arrested for using cannabis than Whites, despite not significantly more frequently being users. Even since the legalization of cannabis,
5666:
rate trailing American Indians/Alaska Natives and White Americans. However, African Americans had the second highest increase of its suicide rate from 2011 to 2021, growing 58%. As of 2024, suicide is the second leading cause of death among African-Americans between the ages of 15 and 24, with black
5654:
versus counseling. In one study, psychotherapy is associated with mental illness whereas counseling approaches problem-solving, guidance and help. More African Americans seek assistance when it is called counseling and not psychotherapy because it is more welcoming within the cultural and community.
3223:
From 1965 to 1969, Black family income rose from 54 to 60 percent of White family income. In 1968, 23 percent of Black families earned under $ 3,000 (equivalent to $ 26,285 in 2023) a year, compared with 41 percent in 1960. In 1965, 19 percent of Black Americans had incomes equal to the national
2966:
African Americans quickly set up congregations for themselves, as well as schools and community/civic associations, to have space away from White control or oversight. While the post-war Reconstruction era was initially a time of progress for African Americans, that period ended in 1876. By the late
2521:
By an act of 1699, Virginia ordered all free Blacks deported, virtually defining as slaves all people of African descent who remained in the colony. In 1670, the colonial assembly passed a law prohibiting free and baptized Blacks (and Native Americans) from purchasing Christians (in this act meaning
6699:
By the 1970s, and 1980s, it had become common among African Americans to invent new names for themselves, although many of these invented names took elements from popular existing names. Prefixes such as La/Le, Da/De, Ra/Re and Ja/Je, and suffixes like -ique/iqua, -isha and -aun/-awn are common, as
5739:
populations. Additionally, the researchers observed an average European ancestry of 21.9%, again with significant variation between individuals. Bryc et al. (2009) note that populations from other parts of the continent may also constitute adequate proxies for the ancestors of some African American
5007:
occupations (management, professional, and related fields) in 2000, compared with 33.6% of Americans overall. In 2001, over half of African American households of married couples earned $ 50,000 or more. Although in the same year African Americans were over-represented among the nation's poor, this
3157:
at a White woman. Till had been badly beaten, one of his eyes was gouged out, and he was shot in the head. The visceral response to his mother's decision to have an open-casket funeral mobilized the Black community throughout the U.S. Vann R. Newkirk wrote "the trial of his killers became a pageant
19179:
The Black audience includes all individuals of Black African descent. There are three major groups that represent the Black Audience in the United States. These groups are African Americans (Blacks born in the United States), Black Africans (Black Immigrants from Africa) and Afro-Caribbeans, which
6590:
immigrants to the South. Although the Scottish had been frying chicken before they emigrated, they lacked the spices and flavor that African Americans had used when preparing the meal. The Scottish American settlers therefore adopted the African American method of seasoning chicken. However, fried
6539:
From their earliest presence in North America, African Americans have significantly contributed literature, art, agricultural skills, cuisine, clothing styles, music, language, and social and technological innovation to American culture. The cultivation and use of many agricultural products in the
5884:
Economically, of all the racially Black ethnic groups on the globe, African Americans are the wealthiest and most successful, with one in every fifty African American families being millionaires. This equates in 2023 to approximately 1.79 million African American millionaires in the United States,
5545:
than the U.S. average. For adult Black men, the rate of obesity was 31.6% in 2010. For adult Black women, the rate of obesity was 41.2% in 2010. African Americans have higher rates of mortality than any other racial or ethnic group for 8 of the top 10 causes of death. In 2013, among men, Black men
5107:
among most African American college graduates. Since 2000, fast-growing housing costs in most cities have made it even more difficult for the U.S. African-American homeownership rate to significantly grow and reach over 50% for the first time in history. From 2000 to 2022, the median home price in
4871:
Between 1995 and 2009, freshmen college enrollment for African Americans increased by 73 percent and only 15 percent for Whites. Black women are enrolled in college more than any other race and gender group, leading all with 9.7% enrolled according to the 2011 U.S. Census Bureau. The average high
4822:
African Americans were very concerned to provide quality education for their children, but White supremacy limited their ability to participate in educational policymaking on the political level. State governments soon moved to undermine their citizenship by restricting their right to vote. By the
2032:
Most African Americans are descendants of enslaved people within the boundaries of the present United States. While some Black immigrants or their children may also come to identify as African American, the majority of first-generation immigrants do not, preferring to identify with their nation of
6715:
The name LaKeisha is typically considered American in origin but has elements that were drawn from both French and West/Central African roots. Names such as LaTanisha, JaMarcus, DeAndre, and Shaniqua were created in the same way. Punctuation marks are seen more often within African American names
5698:
According to a genome-wide study by Bryc et al. (2009), the mixed ancestry of African Americans in varying ratios came about as the result of sexual contact between West/Central Africans (more frequently females) and Europeans (more frequently males). This can be understood as being the result of
5694:
Recent studies of African Americans using genetic testing have found ancestry to vary by region and sex of ancestors. These studies found that on average, African Americans have 73.2–82.1% Sub-Saharan African, 16.7%–24% European, and 0.8–1.2% Native American genetic ancestry, with large variation
5636:
Historically, many African American communities did not seek counseling because religion was a part of the family values. African American who have a faith background are more likely to seek prayer as a coping mechanism for mental issues rather than seeking professional mental health services. In
4844:
U.S. census surveys showed that by 1998, 89 percent of African Americans aged 25 to 29 had completed a high-school education, less than Whites or Asians, but more than Hispanics. On many college and university entrance exams or on standardized tests and grades, African Americans have historically
2903:, an initially successful settlement of African American immigrants to Canada. The colony was one of the first such independent political entities. It lasted for a number of decades and provided a destination for about 200 Black families emigrating from a number of locations in the United States.
6669:
Virtually all habitual speakers of African American English can understand and communicate in Standard American English. As with all linguistic forms, AAVE's usage is influenced by various factors, including geographical, educational and socioeconomic background, as well as formality of setting.
5876:
between Whites and Blacks remains as large as it was in 1968, with the typical net worth of a White household equivalent to that of 11.5 black households. Despite this, African Americans have increased employment rates and gained representation in the highest levels of American government in the
6863:
refers to churches which minister to predominantly African American congregations. Black congregations were first established by freed slaves at the end of the 17th century, and later when slavery was abolished more African Americans were allowed to create a unique form of Christianity that was
6691:
are part of the cultural traditions of African Americans, most of these cultural names having no connection to Africa but strictly an African American cultural practice that developed in the United States during enslavement. This new evidence became apparent by census records which show African
5572:
states "In 2005, homicide victimization rates for blacks were 6 times higher than the rates for whites". The report also found that "94% of black victims were killed by blacks." Of the nearly 20,000 recorded U.S. homicides in 2022, African Americans made up the majority of offenders and victims
5011:
In 2006, the median earnings of African American men was more than Black and non-Black American women overall, and in all educational levels. At the same time, among American men, income disparities were significant; the median income of African American men was approximately 76 cents for every
4833:
Predominantly Black schools for kindergarten through twelfth grade students were common throughout the U.S. before the 1970s. By 1972, however, desegregation efforts meant that only 25% of Black students were in schools with more than 90% non-White students. However, since then, a trend towards
5644:
and do not fit within the African American culture. African American families tend to resolve concerns within the family, and it is viewed by the family as a strength. On the other hand, when African Americans seek counseling, they face a social backlash and are criticized. They may be labeled
5040:
unemployment figures. Nationwide, the October 2008 unemployment rate for African Americans was 11.1%, while the nationwide rate was 6.5%. In 2007, the average income for African Americans was approximately $ 34,000, compared to $ 55,000 for Whites. African Americans experience a higher rate of
5063:
Collectively, African Americans are more involved in the American political process than other minority groups in the United States, indicated by the highest level of voter registration and participation in elections among these groups in 2004. African Americans also have the highest level of
5015:
Overall, the median earnings of African American men were 72 cents for every dollar earned of their Asian American counterparts, and $ 1.17 for every dollar earned by Hispanic men. On the other hand, by 2006, among American women with post-secondary education, African American women have made
7639:
categorizes Black or African American people as " person having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa" through racial categories used in the UCR Program adopted from the Statistical Policy Handbook (1978) and published by the Office of Federal Statistical Policy and Standards,
4209:
represented 0.4% of the United States population, at about 1.2 million people, largely found within the Puerto Rican and Dominican communities. Self-reported Black immigrants hailing from other countries in the Americas, such as Brazil and Canada, as well as several European countries,
3219:
During the post-war period, many African Americans continued to be economically disadvantaged relative to other Americans. Average Black income stood at 54 percent of that of White workers in 1947, and 55 percent in 1962. In 1959, median family income for Whites was $ 5,600 (equivalent to $
2369:
An indentured servant (who could be White or Black) would work for several years (usually four to seven) without wages. The status of indentured servants in early Virginia and Maryland was similar to slavery. Servants could be bought, sold, or leased and they could be physically beaten for
4806:
were enacted in the U.S. that prohibited education for Black people. Slave owners saw literacy as a threat to the institution of slavery. As a North Carolina statute stated, "Teaching slaves to read and write, tends to excite dissatisfaction in their minds, and to produce insurrection and
7855:, a term that refers to a Black person with no past who simply appears to assist the mainstream White (as cultural protagonists/drivers) agenda. Ehrenstein went on to say "He's there to assuage white 'guilt' they feel over the role of slavery and racial segregation in American history."
6037:
and dragged them out of bed for living together as an interracial couple, on the basis that "any white person intermarry with a colored person"—or vice versa—each party "shall be guilty of a felony" and face prison terms of five years. In 1967 the law was ruled unconstitutional (via the
3079:, Reverend Matthew Anderson said: "...the lines along most of the avenues of wage earning are more rigidly drawn in the North than in the South." Within the housing market, stronger discriminatory measures were used in correlation to the influx, resulting in a mix of "targeted violence,
14764:
Zakharia, Fouad; Basu, Analabha; Absher, Devin; Assimes, Themistocles L.; Go, Alan S.; Hlatky, Mark A.; Iribarren, Carlos; Knowles, Joshua W.; Li, Jun; Narasimhan, Balasubramanian; Sidney, Steven; Southwick, Audrey; Myers, Richard M.; Quertermous, Thomas; Risch, Neil; Tang, Hua (2009).
5471:" is often referred to as the Black national anthem in the United States. In 1919, the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) had dubbed it the "Negro national anthem" for its power in voicing a cry for liberation and affirmation for African-American people.
5976:
households have become common, and according to U.S. census figures released in January 2010, only 38 percent of Black children live with both their parents. In 2021, statistics show that over 80 percent marriages in the African American ethnic group marry within their ethnic group.
5827:
study by Salas et al. (2005), the maternal lineages of African Americans are most similar to haplogroups that are today especially common in West Africa (>55%), followed closely by West-Central Africa and Southwestern Africa (<41%). The characteristic West African haplogroups
4118:
states. The west does have a sizable Black population in certain areas, however. California, the nation's most populous state, has the fifth largest African American population, only behind New York, Texas, Georgia, and Florida. According to the 2000 Census, approximately 2.05% of
5971:
After over 50 years, marriage rates for all Americans began to decline while divorce rates and out-of-wedlock births have climbed. These changes have been greatest among African Americans. After more than 70 years of racial parity Black marriage rates began to fall behind Whites.
13292:
6868:, also called Freedom's Eve, where African American congregations all over the nation come together on New Year's Eve through New Years morning in remembrance of the eve and New Year of their emancipation, sharing testimonies, being baptized and partaking in praise and worship.
6711:
Even with the rise of inventive names, it is still common for African Americans to use biblical, historical, or traditional European names. Daniel, Christopher, Michael, David, James, Joseph, and Matthew were thus among the most frequent names for African-American boys in 2013.
7410:
in the 1980s, although there are recorded uses from the 18th and 19th centuries, for example, in post-emancipation holidays and conferences. Earlier terms also used to describe Americans of African ancestry referred more to skin color than to ancestry. Other terms (such as
6271:
music videos, urban-oriented movies and television series, and some public affairs programs. On Sunday mornings, BET would broadcast Christian programming; the network would also broadcast non-affiliated Christian programs during the early morning hours daily. According to
5493:
in 2016, while the total portion of American adults in all ethnic groups identifying as LGBT was 4.1% in 2016. African Americans are more likely to identify themselves as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender than any other racial or ethnic group in the United States.
3363:
13381:
7905:
expressed similar views that African Americans are Africans who "happen to be in America", and should not claim or identify as being American if they are fighting for Black (New Afrikan) liberation. Historically, this is due to the enslavement of Africans during the
5903:
In the U.S., which has the largest per-capita prison population in the world, African Americans are overrepresented as the second largest population of prison inmates (38%) in 2023, coming second to Whites who made up 57% of the prison population. According to the
7546:
In 2023, the government released a new more detailed breakdown due to the rise in racially Black immigration into the US, listing African American as a compound termed ethnicity, distinguished from other racially Black ethnicities such as Nigerian, Jamaican etc.
6175:
demonstrations and marches, court battles, bombings and other violence; prompted worldwide media coverage and intense public debate; forged enduring civic, economic and religious alliances; and disrupted and realigned the nation's two major political parties.
7938:
to transport free Blacks to the future Liberia, a project most Blacks strongly rejected, the Blacks at the time said they were no more African than White Americans were European, and referred to themselves with what they considered a more acceptable term,
2866:
12358:
7055:, and in part because these groups are sometimes associated with antisemitism. African-American Jews have criticized the Black Hebrew Israelites, regarding the movement as primarily composed of Black non-Jews who have appropriated Black-Jewish identity.
4834:
re-segregation affected communities across the country: by 2011, 2.9 million African American students were in such overwhelmingly minority schools, including 53% of Black students in school districts that were formerly under desegregation orders.
14437:
7735:
published in 1785, wrote: "The improvement of the blacks in body and mind, in the first instance of their mixture with the whites, has been observed by every one, and proves that their inferiority is not the effect merely of their condition of life".
7720:
to the "lower-class white males" but Davis concludes that "there is abundant evidence that many slaveowners, sons of slaveowners, and overseers took black mistresses or in effect raped the wives and daughters of slave families." A famous example was
2894:
became independent, it tried to recruit African Americans to migrate there after it re-established trade relations with the United States. The Haitian Union was a group formed to promote relations between the countries. After riots against Blacks in
7767:
with Native Americans, although they did not necessarily retain social, cultural or linguistic ties to Native peoples. There are also increasing intermarriages and offspring between non-Hispanic Blacks and Hispanics of any race, especially between
12149:
6661:
dialect. African American English differs from Standard American English (SAE) in certain pronunciation characteristics, tense usage, and grammatical structures, which were derived from West African languages (particularly those belonging to the
2158:
In the 20th and 21st centuries, immigration has played an increasingly significant role in the African-American community. As of 2022, 10% of black Americans were immigrants, and 20% were either immigrants or the children of immigrants. In 2008,
19652:
11094:
8664:: "African Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa. In the United States, the terms are generally used for Americans with at least partial Sub-Saharan African ancestry."
4991:
in the same timer period (with 288% and 383%, respectively; for reference, US growth overall was 144% in the same period); however, African American net worth had shrunk 14% in the previous year despite strong growth in property prices and the
8738:
refers to an ethnic group, most often to people whose ancestors experienced slavery in the United States (Soberon, 1996). Thus, not all Blacks in the United States are African-American (for example, some are from Haiti and others are from the
6648:
African American English evolved during the antebellum period through interaction between speakers of 16th- and 17th-century English of Great Britain and Ireland and various West African languages. As a result, the variety shares parts of its
4935:
The economic disparity between the races in the U.S. has marginally improved since the end of slavery. In 1863, two years prior to emancipation, Black people owned 0.5 percent of the national wealth, while in 2019 it is just over 1.5 percent.
5871:
Although they have gained a greater degree of social equality since the civil rights movement, African Americans have remained stagnant economically, which has hindered their ability to break into the middle class and beyond. As of 2020, the
4916:
of higher learning did not admit African Americans, continue to thrive and educate students of all races today. There are 101 HBCUs representing three percent of the nation's colleges and universities with the majority established in the
13288:
7762:
men married African American women in high proportions to their total marriage numbers due to few Chinese American women being in the United States. African slaves and their descendants have also had a history of cultural exchange and
6303:. TV One's original programming was formally focused on lifestyle and entertainment-oriented shows, movies, fashion, and music programming. The network also reruns classic series from as far back as the 1970s to current series such as
3012:
or disenfranchisement in the southern states, denial of economic opportunity or resources nationwide, and private acts of violence and mass racial violence aimed at African Americans unhindered or encouraged by government authorities.
2574:, so state militias were formed in order to provide a military command structure and discipline within the slave patrols so they could be used to detect, encounter, and crush any organized slave meetings which might lead to revolts or
14930:
Baharian, Soheil; Barakatt, Maxime; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Shringarpure, Suyash; Errington, Jacob; Blot, William J.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Kenny, Eimear E.; Williams, Scott M.; Aldrich, Melinda C.; Gravel, Simon (May 27, 2015).
14254:
5564:
due to mistrust in the U.S. medical system. From 2021 to 2022, there was an increase in African Americans who became vaccinated. Still, in 2022, COVID-19 complications became the third leading cause of death for African Americans.
4205:, mostly from Jamaica and Haiti, represented 0.9% of the U.S. population, at 2.6 million. Self-reported Black immigrants from sub-Saharan Africa also represented 0.9%, at about 2.8 million. Additionally, self-identified
3326:, picking up a number of new states in the Democratic electoral column. Obama lost the overall White vote, although he won a larger proportion of White votes than any previous non-incumbent Democratic presidential candidate since
13559:
8307:
2555:, which allowed slaves to buy their freedom, and that of others. Although some did not have the money to buy their freedom, government measures on slavery allowed many free Blacks. That brought problems to the Spaniards with the
1876:
1763:
16350:
11279:
6152:. They were often the victims of extreme cruelty and violence, sometimes resulting in deaths: by the post World War II era, African Americans became increasingly discontented with their long-standing inequality. In the words of
2697:
reinforced local fortifications and recruit even more free Black men for the militia. Carondelet doubled the number of free Black men who served, creating two more militia companies—one made up of Black members and the other of
11762:
7536:
when it is used "in a racial, ethnic or cultural sense, conveying an essential and shared sense of history, identity and community among people who identify as Black, including those in the African diaspora and within Africa."
6217:
who drafted the laws for the Human Rights Commission and the integration of Kentucky schools while his study of how African Americans were segregated was utilized by the government which led to the integration of the military.
13359:
6147:
not only obtained certain rights for African Americans but changed American society in far-reaching and fundamentally important ways. Prior to the 1950s, Black Americans in the South were subject to de jure discrimination, or
13385:
8035:
is still considered taboo, particularly if the speaker is White. However, trends indicate that usage of the term in intragroup settings is increasing even among White youth due to the popularity of rap and hip hop culture.
7959:. The term is rarely used by younger Black people, but remained in use by many older African Americans who had grown up with the term, particularly in the southern U.S. The term remains in use in some contexts, such as the
5938:
movement in 2013. A historical issue in the U.S. where women have weaponized their White privilege in the country by reporting on Black people, often instigating racial violence, difficult White women—who have been given a
4225:
Historically, African Americans have been undercounted in the U.S. census due to a number of factors. In the 2020 census, the African American population was undercounted at an estimated rate of 3.3%, up from 2.1% in 2010.
3509:
The following table of the African American population in the United States over time shows that the African American population, as a percentage of the total population, declined until 1930 and has been rising since then.
3109:
Despite discrimination, drawing cards for leaving the hopelessness in the South were the growth of African American institutions and communities in Northern cities. Institutions included Black oriented organizations (e.g.,
14821:
Bryc, Katarzyna; Auton, Adam; Nelson, Matthew R.; Oksenberg, Jorge R.; Hauser, Stephen L.; Williams, Scott; Froment, Alain; Bodo, Jean-Marie; Wambebe, Charles; Tishkoff, Sarah A.; Bustamante, Carlos D. (January 12, 2010).
5383:, African Americans were supporters of the Republican Party because it was Republican President Abraham Lincoln who helped in granting freedom to American slaves; at the time, the Republicans and Democrats represented the
5023:
is the single most important source of employment for African Americans. During 2008–2010, 21.2% of all Black workers were public employees, compared with 16.3% of non-Black workers. Both before and after the onset of the
14347:
5031:
In 1999, the median income of African American families was $ 33,255 compared to $ 53,356 of European Americans. In times of economic hardship for the nation, African Americans suffer disproportionately from job loss and
3224:
median, a proportion that rose to 27 percent by 1967. In 1960, the median level of education for Blacks had been 10.8 years, and by the late 1960s, the figure rose to 12.2 years, half a year behind the median for Whites.
12485:
3091:". While many Whites defended their space with violence, intimidation, or legal tactics toward African Americans, many other Whites migrated to more racially homogeneous suburban or exurban regions, a process known as
2284:
ethnic groups, who had been captured directly by the slave traders in coastal raids, or sold by other West Africans, or by half-European "merchant princes" to European slave traders, who brought them to the Americas.
6098:. Exit polls in Maryland show about 50% of African Americans voted for same-sex marriage, showing a vast evolution among African Americans on the issue and was crucial in helping pass same-sex marriage in Maryland.
6692:
Americans and White Americans, though they spoke the same language, chose to use different names even during times of enslavement, which is where and when the development of African American cultural names began.
5963:
there are still more arrests made for Black users than White, wasting taxpayer money, due to many of those cases being abandoned or dropped, with no charges being filed after the trivial, racially-biased arrests.
16089:
13437:
12350:
5863:
Formal political, economic and social discrimination against minorities has been present throughout American history. Leland T. Saito, Associate Professor of Sociology and American Studies & Ethnicity at the
2846:
had become a major economic activity in the United States; it lasted until the 1860s. Historians estimate nearly one million in total took part in the forced migration of this new "Middle Passage". The historian
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10398:
5695:
between individuals. Commercial testing services have reported similar variation, with ranges from 0.6 to 2 percent Native American, 19 to 29 percent European, and 65 to 80 percent Sub-Saharan African ancestry.
3479:, the African American population had increased to 4.4 million, but the percentage rate dropped to 14% of the overall population of the country. The vast majority were slaves, with only 488,000 counted as "
3317:
to become the first African American to be elected president. At least 95 percent of African American voters voted for Obama. He also received overwhelming support from young and educated Whites, a majority of
7201:'s artistic work, including his "Revelations" based on his experience growing up as an African American in the South during the 1930s, has had a significant influence on modern dance. Another form of dance,
5908:, Blacks are roughly 7.5 times more likely to be wrongfully convicted of murder in the U.S. than Whites. In 2012, the New York City Police Department detained people more than 500,000 times under the city's
5848:
in particular occur at high frequencies among African Americans. As with the paternal DNA of African Americans, contributions from other parts of the continent to their maternal gene pool are insignificant.
5422:
turned the Democratic Party into an organization of the working class and their liberal allies, regardless of region. The African American vote became even more solidly Democratic when Democratic presidents
5704:
with large variation among individuals (ranging from 99% to 1% West African ancestry). The West African ancestral component in African Americans is most similar to that in present-day speakers from the non-
2400:
and some became wealthy by colonial standards and purchased indentured servants of their own. In 1640, the Virginia General Court recorded the earliest documentation of lifetime slavery when they sentenced
6183:
racial segregation and discrimination from American life and law, and heavily influenced other groups and movements in struggles for civil rights and social equality within American society, including the
12227:
12146:
9676:
6251:
Some activists and academics contend that American news media coverage of African American news, concerns, or dilemmas is inadequate, or that the news media present distorted images of African Americans.
11086:
4996:. In 2002, African American-owned businesses accounted for 1.2 million of the US's 23 million businesses. As of 2011, African American-owned businesses account for approximately 2 million
11125:
2507:
was the first English colony to legally recognize slavery in 1641. In 1662, Virginia passed a law that children of enslaved women took the status of the mother, rather than that of the father, as under
21759:
21754:
15696:
12327:
6928:, but most of these Africans were converted to Christianity during the era of American slavery. During the twentieth century, some African Americans converted to Islam, mainly through the influence of
2789:, and another 488,000–500,000 Blacks lived free (with legislated limits) across the country. With legislated limits imposed upon them in addition to "unconquerable prejudice" from Whites according to
10784:
5625:
4612:
have the highest increase respectively. Several smaller metro areas also saw sizable gains, including San Antonio; Raleigh and Greensboro, N.C.; and Orlando. Despite recent declines, as of 2020, the
19735:
12569:
7197:, a prominent modern choreographer and dancer, has included historical African American themes in his work, particularly in the piece "Last Supper at Uncle Tom's Cabin/The Promised Land". Likewise,
14491:
3059:
and Western United States. The rapid influx of Blacks disturbed the racial balance within Northern and Western cities, exacerbating hostility between both Blacks and Whites in the two regions. The
15665:
7627:(ICC) recognized and defined African Americans as Black people born in the United States. From the ICC perspective, African Americans are one of three groups of Black people in the United States.
7039:
branches of Judaism, but the majority identify as "Jews of no religion", commonly known as secular Jews. A significant number of people who identify themselves as "Black Jews" are affiliated with
16298:
14227:
2918:. The proclamation declared that all slaves in Confederate-held territory were free. Advancing Union troops enforced the proclamation, with Texas being the last state to be emancipated, in 1865.
4968:
Booker T. Washington became the most famous proponent of African American businesses. His critic and rival W. E. B. DuBois also commended business as a vehicle for African American advancement.
21766:
11238:
This table gives the African-American population in the United States over time, based on U.S. Census figures. (Numbers from years 1920 to 2000 are based on U.S. Census figures as given by the
9030:
4527:
1748:
21507:
8682:
6871:
According to a 2007 survey, more than half of the African American population are part of the historically Black churches. The largest Protestant denomination among African Americans are the
2998:
In the last decade of the 19th century, racially discriminatory laws and racial violence aimed at African Americans began to mushroom in the United States, a period often referred to as the "
11546:
8621:
6346:
consists of a broad spectrum of original video packages, news articles, and contributor blogs on topics including breaking news, politics, health, business, entertainment and Black History.
11370:
8843:
6276:, BET is now a global network that reaches households in the United States, Caribbean, Canada, and the United Kingdom. The network has gone on to spawn several spin-off channels, including
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14285:
13551:
11283:
9375:
5016:
significant advances; the median income of African American women was more than those of their Asian-, European- and Hispanic American counterparts with at least some college education.
19849:
16372:
12176:
3367:
1758:
23453:
16028:
11758:
21771:
13351:
11635:
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clade, which around 15% of African Americans carry. This lineage is most common today among Northwestern European males. The remaining African Americans mainly belong to the paternal
1743:
14606:
13756:
11713:
13066:
5756:
in Southern Africa. An individual African American person can have over fifteen African ethnic groups in their genetic makeup alone due to the slave trade covering such vast areas.
5803:(E1b1a1, formerly E3a) paternal haplogroup. This is the most common genetic paternal lineage found today among West/Central African males and is also a signature of the historical
3216:
movement, which lasted from 1966 to 1975, expanded upon the aims of the civil rights movement to include economic and political self-sufficiency, and freedom from White authority.
3212:
of 1965, which expanded federal authority over states to ensure Black political participation through protection of voter registration and elections. By 1966, the emergence of the
2312:. De Ayllón and many of the colonists died shortly afterward of an epidemic and the colony was abandoned. The settlers and the slaves who had not escaped returned to the Island of
16402:
7354:, whose inventions included several novel methods for manufacturing electrical components that found use in applications such as guided missile systems and computers, and Colonel
4983:
African Americans had a combined buying power of over $ 1.6 trillion as of 2021, a 171% increase of their buying power in 2000 but lagging significantly in growth behind American
3371:
18568:
5715:
Correspondingly, Montinaro et al. (2014) observed that around 50% of the overall ancestry of African Americans traces comes from a population similar to the Niger-Congo-speaking
5690:
Genetic clustering of 128 African Americans, by Zakharia et al. (2009). Each vertical bar represents an individual. The color scheme of the bar plot matches that in the PCA plot.
18189:
15390:"Phylogeographic Refinement and Large Scale Genotyping of Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E Provide New Insights into the Dispersal of Early Pastoralists in the African Continent"
2785:, eight serving presidents owned slaves, a practice protected by the U.S. Constitution. By 1860, there were 3.5 to 4.4 million enslaved Black people in the U.S. due to the
396:
14720:
21442:
19318:
16484:
12475:
7963:, an American philanthropic organization that funds scholarships for Black students and general scholarship funds for 39 private historically Black colleges and universities.
6179:
Over time, it has changed in fundamental ways the manner in which Blacks and Whites interact with and relate to one another. The movement resulted in the removal of codified,
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among Black men is seven times higher than the prevalence for White men, and Black men are more than nine times as likely to die from HIV/AIDS-related illness than White men.
2730:
1042:
16700:
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pilot but the person who redesigned the cockpits for the last three space shuttles. Gregory was also on the team that pioneered the microwave instrumentation landing system.
20329:
11605:
5008:
was directly related to the disproportionate percentage of African American families headed by single women; such families are collectively poorer, regardless of ethnicity.
3292:
In 2005, the number of Africans immigrating to the United States, in a single year, surpassed the peak number who were involuntarily brought to the United States during the
19219:
Community, both geographic and ethnic, creates a sense of belonging and pride that is unique to the Black audience (African Americans, Afro-Caribbeans, and Black Africans).
15931:
15574:
13726:
13621:
9799:
7543:
and other outlets made similar changes at the same time, to put "Black" on the same footing as other racial and ethnic terms, such as Latino, Asian, and African-American.
3075:
in a plethora of aspects of life. Within employment, economic opportunities for Blacks were routed to the lowest-status and restrictive in potential mobility. At the 1900
2308:
in 1526. The ill-fated colony was almost immediately disrupted by a fight over leadership, during which the slaves revolted and fled the colony to seek refuge among local
455:
407:
16120:
10322:
5637:
2015 a study concluded, African Americans with high value in religion are less likely to utilize mental health services compared to those who have low value in religion.
4588:, and so forth. A growing percentage of African Americans from the west and north are migrating to the southern region of the U.S. for economic and cultural reasons. The
3486:
In 1910, about 90% of African Americans lived in the South. Large numbers began migrating north looking for better job opportunities and living conditions, and to escape
16073:
15997:
13433:
13411:
12007:
Dennis, Ashley D. (May 2022). ""The Intellectual Emancipation of the Negro": Madeline Morgan and the Mandatory Black History Curriculum in Chicago during World War II".
6105:, and raising children out of wedlock than Democrats as a whole. On financial issues, however, African Americans are in line with Democrats, generally supporting a more
5099:
The average White high school drop-out still has a slightly better chance of owning a home than the average African American college graduate usually due to unfavorable
4523:
1753:
1705:
19041:
19898:
17705:
The common response of Malcolm X to questions about numbers—'Those who know aren't saying, and those who say don't know'—was typical of the attitude of the leadership.
16591:
14311:
13129:
10390:
1715:
1710:
18869:
12661:
7205:, is an African American tradition whose performance and competition has been formalized through the traditionally Black fraternities and sororities at universities.
23779:
19231:
17195:
9509:
5700:
4921:. HBCUs have been largely responsible for establishing and expanding the African American middle-class by providing more career opportunities for African Americans.
1981:
1725:
15129:
13695:
10610:
10175:
10105:
9595:
3134:) allowed to perform, but to a White audience. Black Americans also found a new ground for political power in Northern cities, without the enforced disabilities of
3063:
of 1919 was marked by hundreds of deaths and higher casualties across the U.S. as a result of race riots that occurred in more than three dozen cities, such as the
2570:—were formed to monitor enslaved Black people. Their function was to police slaves, especially fugitives. Slave owners feared that slaves might organize revolts or
23915:
15634:
14423:
14333:
14006:
Hummer RA, Ellison CG, Rogers RG, Moulton BE, Romero RR (December 2004). "Religious involvement and adult mortality in the United States: review and perspective".
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3364:
Historical racial and ethnic demographics of the United States § Black population as a percentage of the total population by U.S. region and state (1790–2010)
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16723:
15537:
4532:
After 100 years of African Americans leaving the south in large numbers seeking better opportunities and treatment in the west and north, a movement known as the
23858:
18604:
13852:
13529:
12294:
12224:
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8137:
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Americans". The term was used until the second quarter of the 20th century, when it was considered outmoded and generally gave way again to the exclusive use of
1695:
16513:
15604:
13468:
6321:. Urban One is one of the nation's largest radio broadcasting companies and the largest African American-owned radio broadcasting company in the United States.
6125:
remains the most prominent political leader in the American civil rights movement and perhaps the most influential African American political figure in general.
4944:
decreasing from 24.7% in 2004 to 18.8% in 2020, compared to 10.5% for all Americans. Poverty is associated with higher rates of marital stress and dissolution,
22292:
22287:
21836:
20568:
20425:
16178:
15068:"Racism, African American Women, and Their Sexual and Reproductive Health: A Review of Historical and Contemporary Evidence and Implications for Health Equity"
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6039:
5509:
2941:
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2100:
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as the largest among them by far. About 16% of African American Christians are members of White Protestant communions, these denominations (which include the
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21971:
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10502:
10272:
8587:
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Many African Americans were excluded from electoral politics in the decades following the end of Reconstruction. For those that could participate, until the
3233:
3118:), churches, businesses, and newspapers, as well as successes in the development in African American intellectual culture, music, and popular culture (e.g.,
2945:
2116:
1630:
1620:
439:
18106:
17391:
16990:
11737:
10776:
6962:
Malcolm X is considered the first person to start the movement among African Americans towards mainstream Islam, after he left the Nation and made the
5376:. Although there is an African American lobby in foreign policy, it has not had the impact that African American organizations have had in domestic policy.
18684:
16858:
16538:
15439:"Sub-populations within the major European and African derived haplogroups R1b3 and E3a are differentiated by previously phylogenetically undefined Y-SNPs"
14481:
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By 1990, the African American population reached about 30 million and represented 12% of the U.S. population, roughly the same proportion as in 1900.
3432:
2253:
2072:
2064:
1700:
377:
19192:
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is one of the most pervasive African American cultural influences in the United States today and is among the most dominant in mainstream popular music.
3408:
1690:
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7972:), but had become unacceptable in normal discourse before the end of the 20th century. One exception is the use, among the Black community, of the slur
5044:
The income gap between Black and White families is also significant. In 2005, employed Blacks earned 65% of the wages of Whites, down from 82% in 1975.
20666:
20097:
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12507:
10575:
Michael O. Emerson, Christian Smith (2001). "Divided by Faith: Evangelical Religion and the Problem of Race in America". p. 42. Oxford University Press
9769:
7505:, although they had a slight preference for the latter in personal settings and the former in more formal settings. By 2021, according to polling from
5645:"crazy", viewed as weak, and their pride is diminished. Because of this, many African Americans instead seek mentorship within communities they trust.
5526:
of 46.3 years and White women lived an average of 48.3 years. African American life expectancy at birth is persistently five to seven years lower than
3375:
3289:. There were 8,936 Black officeholders in the United States in 2000, showing a net increase of 7,467 since 1970. In 2001, there were 484 Black mayors.
2080:
15841:
15775:
13590:
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6263:), a network that targets young African Americans and urban audiences in the United States. Over the years, the network has aired such programming as
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people". Individuals lost their connection to families and clans, and many ethnic Africans lost their knowledge of varying tribal origins in Africa.
2843:
1720:
1600:
19287:
Yancey, George (March 22, 2007). "Experiencing Racism: Differences in the Experiences of Whites Married to Blacks and Non-Black Racial Minorities".
17488:
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14196:
13009:""Black Workers and the Public Sector", Dr Steven Pitts, University of California, Berkeley, Center for Labor Research and Education, April 4, 2011"
8674:
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culturally influenced by African spiritual traditions. One of these early African American Christian cultural traditions in the Black Church is the
6156:, African Americans and their supporters challenged the nation to "rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed that all men are created equal
4627:
had the highest percentage of Black residents of any large U.S. city in 2020, with 93%. Other large cities with African American majorities include
21749:
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14988:
12120:
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9546:
Taunya Lovell Banks, "Dangerous Woman: Elizabeth Key's Freedom Suit – Subjecthood and Racialized Identity in Seventeenth Century Colonial Virginia"
8782:
the spirit of the people they enslaved, thereby making it impossible for their descendants to trace their history prior to being born into slavery.
8613:
4620:
2630:
During the 1770s, Africans, both enslaved and free, helped rebellious American colonists secure their independence by defeating the British in the
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As part of the preservation of their culture, African Americans have continuously launched their own publications and publishing houses, such as
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that "the photograph of Emmett's disfigured face in the casket was set in her mind when she refused to give up her seat on the Montgomery bus."
26001:
22366:
22341:
18190:"Stepping into controversy: Some fraternity members fear film 'Stomp the Yard' portrays them as glamorized dance group, trivializes traditions"
16376:
16055:
14277:
12171:
10380:
Leland T. Saito (1998). "Race and Politics: Asian Americans, Latinos, and Whites in a Los Angeles Suburb". p. 154. University of Illinois Press
10214:
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5731:. Zakharia et al. (2009) found a similar proportion of Yoruba-like ancestry in their African American samples, with a minority also drawn from
4837:
As late as 1947, about one third of African Americans over 65 were considered to lack the literacy to read and write their own names. By 1969,
1955:
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603:
475:
329:
19841:
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Juliet E.K. Walker, The History of Black Business in America: Capitalism, Race, Entrepreneurship (New York: Macmillan Library Reference, 1998)
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issued a royal proclamation freeing all slaves who fled to Spanish Florida and accepted conversion and baptism. Most went to the area around
2128:
1974:
18455:
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still has the largest African American metropolitan population in the United States and the only to have over 3 million African Americans.
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is the only county with a population of 65,000 or more where African Americans have a higher median household income than White Americans.
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2689:, Florida. He recruited slaves for the militia by pledging to free anyone who was seriously wounded and promised to secure a low price for
1910:
1890:
1650:
1142:
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614:
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13930:"Visible and Invisible Trends in Black Men's Health: Pitfalls and Promises for Addressing Racial, Ethnic, and Gender Inequities in Health"
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was taken, Africans (including slaves and free people) numbered about 760,000—about 19.3% of the population. In 1860, at the start of the
26709:
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22109:
21881:
19555:"Rising Sun, "Rising Soul": Mixed Race Japanese of African Descent > Event Details > USC Center for Japanese Religions and Culture"
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12975:
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12198:
10356:
8768:
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5093:
1655:
1635:
20127:
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14522:
Thompson, Vetta L. Sanders; Bazile, Anita; Akbar, Maysa (2004). "African Americans' Perceptions of Psychotherapy and Psychotherapists".
13092:
12103:
9966:
7394:
22424:
22329:
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18199:
17958:
16643:
15151:
Montinaro, Francesco; Busby, George B.J.; Pascali, Vincenzo L.; Myers, Simon; Hellenthal, Garrett; Capelli, Cristian (March 24, 2015).
12592:
11385:
10525:
8866:
7631:
the entire Black population of the U.S. as though they are all African Americans with a single ethnic and geographical background. The
7142:, and other contemporary American musical forms originated in Black communities and evolved from other Black forms of music, including
5582:
2801:(ACS) in 1821, with the abolitionist members of the ACS believing Blacks would face better chances for freedom and equality in Africa.
2581:
The earliest African American congregations and churches were organized before 1800 in both northern and southern cities following the
921:
382:
19767:
19134:
13186:
11797:
10934:
10844:
9112:
9082:
8642:
6397:
spin-off focused on light genres of music, the network's programming became slanted towards African American culture during the 2010s.
5759:
Altogether, genetic studies suggest that African Americans are a genetically diverse people. According to DNA analysis led in 2006 by
4780:
is currently the oldest African American community in the United States. It survives today with a vibrant and active civic community.
2863:
and his scarred back, served as two early examples of how the newborn medium of photography could encapsulate the cruelty of slavery.
26270:
25070:
23665:
23120:
21988:
21492:
20601:
19681:
17935:
17012:
16476:
14716:
13811:
7687:
6210:
he wrote the U.S. "was born in genocide when it embraced the doctrine that the original American, the Indian, was an inferior race."
3460:
1585:
1462:
496:
23943:
18511:
18001:
14387:
13989:
24183:
23843:
23797:
23765:
23565:
22929:
22336:
21966:
21487:
20709:
20541:
18744:
15806:
9548:
8167:
7836:
5365:
4190:
3331:
3307:
3189:
3181:
2722:
1967:
1905:
1670:
1625:
19931:
18710:
18221:
16696:
15905:
14569:"Mental Health Care Treatment Seeking Among African Americans and Caribbean Blacks: What is The Role of Religiosity/Spirituality?"
11884:"Determination and Persistence: Building the African American Teacher Corps through Summer and Intermittent Teaching, 1860s–1890s"
11819:
11602:
11182:
10999:
8657:
5060:, while it was 9.9% among married-couple Black families. Among White families, the respective rates were 26.4% and 6% in poverty.
4540:. As with the earlier Great Migration, the New Great Migration is primarily directed toward cities and large urban areas, such as
2563:) who continued on and also populated Spanish Louisiana, French creoles cited that measure as one of the system's worst elements.
26724:
26053:
24225:
24067:
24042:
23910:
23692:
23650:
22302:
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22104:
22008:
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21542:
19554:
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16146:
15927:
15752:
15570:
13928:
Gilbert, Keon L.; Ray, Rashawn; Siddiqi, Arjumand; Shetty, Shivan; Baker, Elizabeth A.; Elder, Keith; Griffith, Derek M. (2016).
7600:
6892:
6591:
chicken was generally a rare meal in the African American community and was usually reserved for special events or celebrations.
5676:
4913:
4803:
4703:
3258:
2140:
1871:
1615:
1610:
1595:
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18395:
17860:
13718:
13613:
10963:
9829:
9807:
7497:
Surveys in the 1990s and the first decade of the 21st century showed that the majority of Black Americans had no preference for
4882:(AP) programs in American high schools, have has received criticism in recent years that its curricula have focused too much on
24252:
23883:
23863:
23853:
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23135:
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16112:
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11305:
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8302:
8267:
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6163:
The civil rights movement marked an enormous change in American social, political, economic and civic life. It brought with it
5885:
which is more than the total amount of millionaires in any racially Black country, and many other countries, around the world.
5873:
5858:
5400:
4937:
3009:
2152:
1590:
1575:
1482:
17779:
17762:
17547:
15987:
13407:
12716:
10866:
10421:
10023:
6433:. While not exclusively targeting African Americans, much of its original programming is geared towards a similar demographic.
2694:
25244:
24188:
23838:
23234:
22625:
22319:
22277:
22089:
20637:
20503:
20498:
20383:
20298:
20272:
20157:
20009:
19982:
19711:"It's not whether Kamala Harris is 'black enough,' critics say, but whether her policies will support native black Americans"
19591:"Colorblind – Barack Obama would be the great black hope in the next presidential race – if he were actually black"
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18853:
18667:
18258:
18172:
17746:
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13689:
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12645:
12543:
10676:
10099:
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9960:
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9258:
9233:
8818:
8177:
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with the same name. With the rise of 1960s civil rights movement, there was a dramatic increase in names of various origins.
6573:
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6129:
5898:
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2331:(Spanish Florida), is the first known and recorded Christian marriage anywhere in what is now the continental United States.
2132:
2046:
1542:
619:
608:
470:
424:
419:
392:
17692:
17239:
17128:
17087:
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14459:
14307:
13236:
13119:
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7934:
was the legal status in the territory of an African American person who was not enslaved. In response to the project of the
7708:(1967). The taboo among American Whites surrounding White-Black relations is a historical consequence of the oppression and
7224:
Many African American authors have written stories, poems, and essays influenced by their experiences as African Americans.
26465:
26443:
24159:
23958:
23888:
23873:
22267:
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22116:
22025:
22020:
21954:
20415:
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18274:
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14057:
13643:
Dickson, David A. (1996). "American Society and the African American Foreign Policy Lobby: Constraints and Opportunities".
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of the United States; she and her husband, President Barack Obama, are the first African Americans to hold these positions.
4961:
4846:
4751:
4201:, nearly 3% of people who self-identified as Black had recent ancestors who immigrated from another country. Self-reported
2530:
2120:
1645:
1605:
1547:
1502:
362:
22904:
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15243:
15119:
2366:. As many Virginian settlers began to die from harsh conditions, more and more Africans were brought to work as laborers.
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23898:
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22821:
22642:
22242:
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21410:
20622:
13040:
12418:
12049:
11456:
8297:
8142:
8107:
7772:
and African Americans (American-born Blacks). According to author M.M. Drymon, many African Americans identify as having
7636:
7051:. Jews of all races typically do not accept Black Hebrew Israelites as Jews, in part because they are usually not Jewish
5973:
5894:
5088:
4707:
4206:
4120:
4046:
3451:
3393:
Proportion of African Americans in each U.S. state, Washington, D.C., and Puerto Rico as of the 2020 United States Census
3347:
3342:, the daughter of a Jamaican father and Indian mother, became the first woman, the first African American, and the first
3253:
Politically and economically, African Americans have made substantial strides during the post–civil rights era. In 1967,
2817:
2650:
left with the British after the war, most of them ending up as free Black people in England or its colonies, such as the
2479:
1532:
1512:
1357:
926:
772:
263:
18372:
15626:
11470:
10742:
5431:
pushed for civil rights legislation during the 1960s. In 1960, nearly a third of African Americans voted for Republican
24279:
24176:
24154:
23973:
23833:
22826:
22232:
22126:
22042:
21886:
21667:
21467:
20618:
20596:
20223:
18342:
18312:
17306:
17233:
17167:
17122:
16731:
15527:
12283:
10824:
9406:
8762:
8715:
7699:
7350:
holds three of the original nine patents on the computer on which all PCs are based. More current contributors include
6888:
5112:
is the state with the most African American homeownership, with about 55% of African Americans owning their own homes.
5081:
4706:, with an annual median household income of $ 159,618. Other largely affluent and African American communities include
4533:
3491:
3456:
3052:
3022:
2643:
2623:
2309:
2289:
2136:
1660:
1640:
1194:
1059:
491:
20175:
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1896 to the Present: From the Age of Segregation to the Twenty-first Century
20026:
18424:
17438:
16884:
16506:
13521:
11569:
7305:
had 35 patents to improve electric railway systems, including the first system to allow moving trains to communicate.
26719:
26704:
26144:
25157:
24010:
23953:
23905:
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23788:
23746:
23209:
22919:
22603:
22379:
20769:
20420:
19434:
17686:
17609:
17575:
17527:
17081:
16836:
16182:
15596:
13460:
12480:
12397:
11924:
11223:
10350:
10247:
10135:
9433:
8317:
7717:
6933:
5905:
5865:
5656:
5396:
5108:
the U.S. grew 160%, outpacing average annual household income growth in that same period, which only grew about 30%.
5104:
5053:
5012:
dollar of their European American counterparts, although the gap narrowed somewhat with a rise in educational level.
4849:
has been closing. Many policy makers have proposed that this gap can and will be eliminated through policies such as
2549:
although there was no movement toward abolition of the African slave trade, Spanish rule introduced a new law called
540:
372:
157:
19653:"A few liberal activists challenged Kamala Harris's black authenticity. The president's son amplified their message"
19261:
18076:
17835:
15280:
10294:
9194:
5648:
Terminology is another barrier in relation to African Americans and mental health. There is more stigma on the term
5000:. Black-owned businesses experienced the largest growth in number of businesses among minorities from 2002 to 2011.
26249:
24089:
24047:
24032:
23848:
23570:
22754:
22475:
22448:
22307:
22272:
22257:
22015:
21617:
20861:
20831:
20647:
20376:
19816:
19740:
19042:"Improvements to the 2020 Census Race and Hispanic Origin Question Designs, Data Processing, and Coding Procedures"
15066:
Prather, C.; Fuller, T. R.; Jeffries Wl, I. V.; Marshall, K. J.; Howell, A. V.; Belyue-Umole, A.; King, W. (2018).
8157:
8102:
8087:
7494:
publicly used the term in front of a national audience in 1988. Subsequently, major media outlets adopted its use.
6464:
5878:
5490:
5443:
5361:
5156:
3310:
3297:
2999:
2148:
1950:
1886:
1497:
1147:
560:
460:
20338:
18028:
13434:"Why do Black College Graduates Have a Lower Homeownership Rate Than White People Who Dropped Out of High School?"
11734:
10260:
9916:
Black Poor and White Philanthropists: London's Blacks and the Foundation of the Sierra Leone Settlement, 1786–1791
7429:) were included in the wording of various laws and legal decisions which some thought were being used as tools of
6288:
music-related programming, and later expanded to include general-interest urban programs as well as some R&B,
26209:
26189:
24099:
24037:
22314:
22237:
22032:
21876:
21607:
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21177:
20816:
18101:
17904:
17812:
17383:
16980:
16542:
16179:"Census Bureau Reports Families With Children Increasingly Face Unemployment, US Census Bureau, January 15, 2010"
13838:
10480:
10429:
9476:
7859:
7645:
7632:
7616:
7509:, 58% of Black Americans expressed no preference for what their group should be called, with 17% each preferring
6201:
5912:
law. Of the total detained, 55% were African-Americans, while Black people made up 20% of the city's population.
5586:
5480:
4613:
4605:
3197:
2432:
1452:
1319:
1137:
1064:
17:
19203:
19163:
18537:
16862:
15341:"Whole-Genome-Sequence-Based Haplotypes Reveal Single Origin of the Sickle Allele during the Holocene Wet Phase"
24144:
24119:
24000:
23920:
23813:
22417:
22084:
21978:
21893:
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17415:
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14881:
Bryc, Katarzyna; Durand, Eric Y.; Macpherson, J. Michael; Reich, David; Mountain, Joanna L. (January 8, 2015).
12476:"Despite Obstacles, Black Colleges Are Pipelines to the Middle Class, Study Finds. Here's Its List of the Best"
11338:
11063:
10051:
The Causes of the Civil War: The Political, Cultural, Economic and Territorial Disputes between North and South
8292:
7731:
7455:
A 16-page pamphlet entitled "A Sermon on the Capture of Lord Cornwallis" is notable for the attribution of its
7347:
5655:
Counselors are encouraged to be aware of such barriers for the well-being of African American clients. Without
3467:. Nonetheless, the absolute majority of the African American population has always lived in the American South.
3072:
3002:". These discriminatory acts included racial segregation—upheld by the United States Supreme Court decision in
1861:
1537:
1487:
20168:
Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619–1895: From the Colonial Period to the Age of Frederick Douglass
12686:
5686:
3455:
Graph showing the percentage of the African American population living in the American South, 1790–2010. Note
3035:
A group of White men pose for a 1919 photograph as they stand over the Black victim, Will Brown, who had been
2804:
The slaves not only constituted a large investment, they produced America's most valuable product and export:
25680:
23980:
23948:
23935:
23311:
23274:
23174:
23105:
23091:
22835:
22769:
22121:
22054:
22037:
21983:
21932:
21871:
21776:
21737:
21677:
21477:
20866:
20846:
20653:
20632:
18194:
10329:
proclaiming the Thirteenth Amendment to have been adopted as part of the Constitution as of December 6, 1865.
8935:
8147:
8077:
8072:
7935:
7611:
in 1997) as "having origins in any of the black racial groups of Africa." Other federal offices, such as the
7463:". Published in 1782, the book's use of this phrase predates any other yet identified by more than 50 years.
7283:
7173:
African American-derived musical forms have also influenced and been incorporated into virtually every other
5760:
5605:
4984:
4743:
3427:
3323:
3193:
2798:
1552:
1522:
1507:
1492:
1467:
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1069:
703:
570:
20105:
18140:
16902:
16243:
15837:
15776:"Stanford research suggests support for incarceration mirrors whites' perception of Black prison population"
11865:
An Inquiry Into the Character and Tendency of the American Colonization, and American Anti-slavery Societies
9775:
6940:, founded in the 1930s, which attracted at least 20,000 people by 1963. Prominent members included activist
6415:– a digital television and streaming network primarily airing original talk shows and syndicated programming
5092:
The African American homeownership rate has remained relatively flat since the 1970s despite an increase in
2890:
Emigration of free Blacks to their continent of origin had been proposed since the Revolutionary war. After
26528:
26523:
25750:
24052:
23985:
23878:
23204:
21944:
21920:
21915:
21898:
21866:
21809:
20922:
20871:
20704:
19800:
18051:
16958:
16753:
16565:
15783:
14743:
14251:"Black Americans face higher COVID-19 risks, are more hesitant to trust medical scientists, get vaccinated"
13582:
13152:
13015:
12257:
10554:
9142:
8795:
Exchanging Our Country Marks: The Transformation of African Identities in the Colonial and Antebellum South
8082:
7479:
7377:
who spent over thirty years documenting and publishing African American history in journals and books. The
6606:
6082:
have also shown an increase in support for same sex marriage among African Americans. On November 6, 2012,
5036:, with the Black underclass being hardest hit. The phrase "last hired and first fired" is reflected in the
4886:
history. In 2020, College Board reshaped some curricula among history-based courses to further reflect the
2883:
2821:
2602:
2533:
in a New York newspaper, offering a $ 10 reward (equivalent to $ 279 in 2023). Slave owners, including
2305:
2092:
2026:
1580:
1472:
1457:
1442:
1409:
708:
387:
272:
19682:"A Movement or A Troll?: Why Claims That Kamala Harris Is "Not an American Black" Are Suddenly Everywhere"
18569:"'The tablet is my device of choice': Why PC creator Mark Dean has largely abandoned his electronic child"
17323:
9134:
5549:
African-Americans are more likely than White Americans to die due to health-related problems developed by
3494:, as it was called, spanned the 1890s to the 1970s. From 1916 through the 1960s, more than 6 million
26591:
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26016:
25991:
25787:
24124:
23595:
23550:
23478:
23125:
22739:
22209:
22201:
22144:
22059:
21547:
21452:
21308:
21290:
21192:
20851:
20821:
20546:
20466:
20445:
19532:
19517:
19454:
19105:
16424:
16074:"D.C. legalized marijuana, but one thing didn't change: Almost everyone arrested on pot charges is Black"
14192:
14135:
Mayeda, Elizabeth Rose; Glymour, M Maria; Quesenberry, Charles P; Whitmer, Rachel A (February 11, 2016).
12662:
Minority Groups Increasing Business Ownership at Higher Rate than National Average, Census Bureau Reports
12124:
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created the technique for converting sugar cane juice into white sugar crystals. Moreover, Rillieux left
7225:
7202:
6814:
6671:
6231:
5799:
study by Sims et al. (2007), the majority (≈60%) of African Americans belong to various subclades of the
4891:
3246:
2634:. Blacks played a role in both sides in the American Revolution. Activists in the Patriot cause included
2541:, placed around 200,000 runaway slave adverts in newspapers across the U.S. before slavery ended in 1865.
2178:
1803:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1527:
999:
790:
760:
698:
647:
575:
465:
14985:
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2693:(buy their freedom and that of others) for those who received lesser wounds. During the 1790s, Governor
2193:. The African-American contribution to popular music is so profound that most American music, including
25772:
23995:
23625:
23529:
23489:
23164:
22764:
22749:
22532:
22227:
22164:
22154:
21704:
21462:
21422:
20779:
20473:
16455:
15316:
11869:
11667:
11024:
8322:
8211:
8201:
7994:
7783:
At the end of World War II, some African American military men who had been stationed in Japan married
7378:
7293:
By 1913, over 1,000 inventions were patented by Black Americans. Among the most notable inventors were
6985:
5943:
by African Americans—calling the police on Black people became widely publicized in 2020. According to
5569:
5037:
4918:
4747:
4589:
4107:
3008:
in 1896—which was legally mandated by southern states and nationwide at the local level of government,
2937:
2738:
2734:
2655:
2631:
2471:
2347:
1818:
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1301:
1236:
1009:
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878:
665:
550:
311:
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17492:
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16928:
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9731:
Berquist, Emily (June 2010). "Early Anti-Slavery Sentiment in the Spanish Atlantic World, 1765–1817".
7327:.) Quarterman also helped develop the first nuclear reactor, which was used in the atomically powered
6564:, and cotton, can be traced to West African and African American influences. Notable examples include
4815:
Black professionals, including teachers. Many of the students at Fisk University, including the young
2489:
The popular conception of a race-based slave system did not fully develop until the 18th century. The
26422:
25996:
25963:
25607:
25087:
24685:
23736:
23376:
23229:
23224:
22410:
22136:
21949:
21781:
21342:
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20679:
20486:
20290:
19871:
19817:"Black Critics of Kamala Harris and Cory Booker Push Back Against Claims That They're Russian "Bots""
19626:
18841:
15928:"From 'BBQ Becky' to 'Golfcart Gail,' list of unnecessary 911 calls made on blacks continues to grow"
15865:
15115:
14883:"The Genetic Ancestry of African Americans, Latinos, and European Americans across the United States"
13781:
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7755:
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20053:
Rahman, Jacquelyn (June 2012). "The N Word: Its History and Use in the African American Community".
19014:
16050:
14536:
13583:"The gulf between Black homeowners and White is actually getting bigger, not smaller | CNN Business"
13266:
11424:
10206:
10147:
3238:
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26475:
26438:
26384:
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18987:
18608:
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17354:
14824:"Genome-wide patterns of population structure and admixture in West Africans and African-Americans"
12320:"African Diaspora Advanced Placement Course, Co-developed by Teachers College, Highlighted by Time"
11503:
10068:
9450:
9371:
9341:
9285:
7983:
7366:
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6586:). African Americans were the first peoples in the United States to make fried chicken, along with
6565:
6497:
6458:
6091:
6052:
4941:
4841:
as it had been traditionally defined, had been largely eradicated among younger African Americans.
4723:
4719:
4170:
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began in the 16th century, with Africans from West Africa and coastal Central Africa being sold to
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Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America: Volume 2: From the Civil War to the Millennium
19424:
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most (but not all) Americans of African descent are grouped racially as Black; however, the term
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U.S. Census map indicating U.S. counties with fewer than 25 Black or African American inhabitants
3277:
succeeded Marshall to become the second African American Supreme Court Justice in 1991. In 1992,
3068:
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became the first, and so far only African American to be elected president of the United States.
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19736:"SCLC head: Michelle Obama treated more roughly than her husband, because of her slave heritage"
18904:
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The Slumbering Volcano: American Slave Ship Revolts and the Production of Rebellious Masculinity
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and the conditions which brought it into being are credited with putting pressure on presidents
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Hard Road to Freedom: The Story of African America, African Roots Through the Civil War. Vol. 1
19600:
19234:. U.S. Department of Justice. Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2004. p. 97. Archived from
16307:
14981:
14531:
13552:"South Carolina leads the U.S. in Black homeownership, but there are still a few gaps to close"
13314:
12562:"Inequalities Persist Despite Decline in Poverty For All Major Race and Hispanic Origin Groups"
12202:
12066:
11988:
Field, Sherry (1995). "Intercultural Education and Negro History during the Second World War".
11280:"United States – QT-P4. Race, Combinations of Two Races, and Not Hispanic or Latino: 2000"
10805:
Whitfield, Stephen (1991). A Death in the Delta: The story of Emmett Till. pp 41–42. JHU Press.
9997:
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in 1854 and went to France, where he spent ten years working with the Champollions deciphering
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5530:. Black men have shorter lifespans than any other group in the US besides Native American men.
5452:
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during the first half of the 20th century which led to a growing African American community in
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565:
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13352:"The Shocking Truth 50 Years After The 1968 Fair Housing Act: The Black Homeownership Paradox"
12979:
12953:
12927:
12901:
12875:
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12817:
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The Black Loyalists: The Search for a Promised Land in Nova Scotia and Sierra Leone, 1783–1870
9902:
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6974:
took control of the Nation after his father's death and guided the majority of its members to
6833:
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persisted as Black Lives Matter protests and civil unrest spread around the country following
5553:. Alcohol abuse is the main contributor to the top 3 causes of death among African Americans.
5406:
The African American trend of voting for Democrats can be traced back to the 1930s during the
4971:
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was gaining momentum. A 1955 lynching that sparked public outrage about injustice was that of
3105:
being fingerprinted after being arrested for not giving up her seat on a bus to a White person
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and reckonings with racism began to roil institutions, toppling careers as well as statues".
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From Civil Rights to Black Liberation: Malcolm X and the Organization of Afro-American Unity
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799 (2008), Digital Commons Law, University of Maryland Law School. Retrieved April 21, 2009
9423:
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9669:"RUNAWAY! How George Washington, Other Slave Owners Used Newspapers to Hunt Escaped Slaves"
9104:
9078:
8062:
8053:
7966:
There are many other deliberately insulting terms, many of which were in common use (e.g.,
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African Americans were also involved in the drafting of laws in the United States, such as
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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Sexually Transmitted Disease Surveillance 2017
13982:
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10840:
8958:"One-in-Ten Black People Living in the U.S. Are Immigrants | Immigration Research Library"
8356:
DNA studies of African-Americans have determined that they primarily descend from various
7922:
until the abolition of slavery in 1865, an African American slave was commonly known as a
7910:, ongoing anti-black violence, and structural racism in countries like the United States.
7619:
standards on race in their data collection and tabulation efforts. In preparation for the
7486:
and a cultural base. The term was popularized in Black communities around the country via
7323:
worked with six other Black scientists on the creation of the atomic bomb (code named the
6364:– a digital cable and satellite channel owned by businessman and former basketball player
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from the British. Gálvez also commanded them in campaigns against the British outposts in
8:
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19899:"Conversations/Kwame Ture;Formerly Stokely Carmichael And Still Ready for the Revolution"
19135:"Revisions to the Standards for the Classification of Federal Data on Race and Ethnicity"
18929:
What's Black About? Insights to Increase Your Share of a Changing African-American Market
17908:
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16985:
15532:
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List of populated places in the United States with African-American plurality populations
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have created many widely used devices in the world and have contributed to international
7047:, whose beliefs include the claim that African Americans are descended from the Biblical
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when compared to other races. This is one of the factors that led to the creation of the
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17887:"JEWISH AMERICANS IN 2020: 9. Race, ethnicity, heritage and immigration among U.S. Jews"
15168:
14839:
13876:"Racial segregation and longevity among African Americans: an individual-level analysis"
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is still debated, although it has established a foothold among younger generations. The
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invented an improvement for the incandescent light bulb. More recent inventors include
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6865:
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Additionally, there are many literary uses of this variety of English, particularly in
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during the American Revolution. They fought in the 1779 battle in which Spain captured
2402:
2381:
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has had a significant influence on worldwide culture, making numerous contributions to
2108:
2104:
2021:. African Americans constitute the second largest ethno-racial group in the U.S. after
1184:
969:
736:
713:
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19262:"The Invention of the Color Line: 1691—Essays on the Color Line and the One-Drop Rule"
18634:
18489:
18399:
17864:
16621:
15805:
Swaine, Jon; Laughland, Oliver; Lartey, Jamiles; McCarthy, Ciara (December 31, 2015).
15748:
15478:
Salas, Antonio; Carracedo, Ángel; Richards, Martin; Macaulay, Vincent (October 2005).
11942:
From Cotton Field to Schoolhouse: African American Education in Mississippi, 1862–1875
10959:
10342:
Encyclopedia of Minorities in American Politics: African Americans and Asian Americans
9833:
8810:
The River Flows On: Black resistance, culture, and identity formation in early America
7716:
notes the racial mixing that occurred during slavery was frequently attributed by the
6572:
is a variety of cuisine popular among African Americans. It is closely related to the
5056:. The poverty rate among single-parent Black families was 39.5% in 2005, according to
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16477:"Ohio's Black Voters Support Same-Sex Marriage After Obama's Endorsement, Poll Finds"
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Sanctuary in the Spanish Empire: An African American officer earns freedom in Florida
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9023:"The soundtrack of history: How Black music has shaped American culture through time"
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7023:, or other. Many African-American Jews are affiliated with denominations such as the
6929:
6924:. Historically, between 15 and 30% of enslaved Africans brought to the Americas were
6909:) mostly have a 2 to 3% African American membership. There are also large numbers of
6256:
6241:
6193:
5824:
5812:
5568:
Violence is a major problem within the African American community. A report from the
5428:
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4759:
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refused to give up her seat on the bus in Alabama—indeed, Parks told Emmett's mother
2706:
2662:
2615:
2590:
2586:
2534:
2459:, but escaped slaves also reached Pensacola. St. Augustine had mustered an all-Black
2435:
women, both slave and free, and their descendants created a mixed-race population of
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8936:"How the end of slavery led to starvation and death for millions of black Americans"
5940:
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broke up many families, and individuals lost their connection to families and clans.
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The Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (February 2008). Retrieved July 20, 2009.
15499:
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15360:
15352:
15180:
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15087:
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In Search of Our Roots: How 19 Extraordinary African Americans Reclaimed Their Past
7890:
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7563:
7525:
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3354:, a day which commemorates the end of slavery in the US, became a federal holiday.
3262:
2538:
2501:). All the colony's slaves, however, were freed upon its surrender to the English.
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Out of the Mouths of Slaves: African American Language and Educational Malpractice
17545:
The NCC's 2008 Yearbook of Churches reports a wide range of health care ministries
17055:
World of a Slave: Encyclopedia of the Material Life of Slaves in the United States
16343:"After President Obama's announcement, opposition to gay marriage hits record low"
14584:
14367:
13044:
12633:
DeNavas-Walt, Carmen; Proctor, Bernadette D.; Smith, Jessica C. (September 2012).
6639:
6017:
While interracial marriage had been legal in California since 1948, in 1957 actor
5807:. The next most frequent Y-DNA haplogroup observed among African Americans is the
4702:
The nation's most affluent community with an African American majority resides in
3177:
2233:, has its origins either partially or entirely in the African-American community.
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Universal Negro Improvement Association and African Communities League (UNIA-ACL)
21358:
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19842:"Controversial group ADOS divides black Americans in fight for economic equality"
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11759:"Charles County Surpasses Prince George's as Wealthiest Black County in US: Post"
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In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process. The Colonial Period
17589:
The Churching of America, 1776–2005: Winners and Losers in our Religious Economy
17158:(1. publ., 4. print. ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.
15239:
14308:"New Report States COVID-19 Is Third-Leading Cause of Death for Black Americans"
14049:
11628:"Latinos, Blacks Show Strong Growth in San Antonio as White Population Declines"
9425:
In the Matter of Color: Race and the American Legal Process: The Colonial Period
6508:
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in partnership with the production team that created the Black documentary film
5076:
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15528:"The black-white economic gap remains as wide as in 1968 – The Washington Post"
15356:
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
14783:
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5360:
Since the mid 20th century, a large majority of African Americans support the
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42:
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National Council of Churches USA. February 14, 2008. Retrieved June 22, 2009.
16085:
15988:"The year of Karen: how a meme changed the way Americans talked about racism"
15807:"Young black men killed by US police at highest rate in year of 1,134 deaths"
14653:
14553:
14160:
14105:
13681:
The State of the Parties: The Changing Role of Contemporary American Politics
12535:
DeNavas-Walt, Carmen; Proctor, Bernadette D.; Cheryl Hill Lee (August 2005).
11679:
11148:"President Biden Signs the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act Into Law"
10706:
Tolnay, Stewart (2003). "The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond".
10632:
Tolnay, Stewart (2003). "The African American 'Great Migration' and Beyond".
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6517:
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all voted for approve of same-sex marriage, along with Minnesota rejecting a
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The Impact of Macro Social Systems on Ethnic Minorities in the United States
17435:
15689:"Millionaire Status Is On The Rise With 5.2 Million People Joining The Club"
14848:
12508:"Why the racial wealth gap persists, more than 150 years after emancipation"
11277:
9251:
The Origins of American Slavery: Freedom and Bondage in the English Colonies
6568:, who created nearly 500 products from peanuts, sweet potatoes, and pecans.
6455:- a digital multicast network focused on news and opinion-based programming.
5795:(E1b1a1) likely originated in West Africa or Central Africa. According to a
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introduced slavery in 1625 with the importation of eleven Black slaves into
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19932:"Malcolm X – Ballot or the Bullet (Washington Heights, NY, March 29, 1964)"
19512:
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16322:"California's Proposition 8: What Happened, and What Does the Future Hold?"
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12537:"Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2004"
12394:
10906:
Black Americans 17th Century to 21st Century: Black Struggles and Successes
9945:
The Legal Understanding of Slavery: From the Historical to the Contemporary
8867:"What Updates to OMB's Race/Ethnicity Standards Mean for the Census Bureau"
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In the United States, counseling approaches are based on the experience of
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has the largest African American population by state. Followed by Texas is
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3483:". By 1900, the Black population had doubled and reached 8.8 million.
3327:
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3047:. Postcards and photographs of lynchings were popular souvenirs in the U.S.
2992:
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19402:"Researching Black Native American Genealogy of the Five Civilized Tribes"
19300:
18685:"John Warren Moutoussamy - One of Chicago's Finest High Rising Architects"
15240:"Henry Louis Gates Jr.: Michelle's Great-Great-Great-Granddaddy—and Yours"
15083:
14687:"'Don't Show Weakness:' Black Americans Still Shy Away from Psychotherapy"
11537:"Census undercounted Black people, Hispanics and Native Americans in 2020"
9495:
Legal History of the Color Line: The Rise and Triumph of the One-Drop Rule
2338:
Slaves processing tobacco in 17th-century Virginia, illustration from 1670
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17117:. Springer Science & Business Media. February 18, 2010. p. 405.
15749:"Glynn Simmons: Freedom 'exhilarating' for man exonerated after 48 years"
15405:
12642:
Income, Poverty, and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States: 2011
12351:"New College Board curriculum puts the African diaspora in the spotlight"
11668:"Why Black Families Are Leaving New York, and What It Means for the City"
10298:
9533:
Root and Branch: African Americans in New York and East Jersey, 1613–1863
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7517:. Among those with no preference, Gallup found a slight majority favored
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6576:. The descriptive terminology may have originated in the mid-1960s, when
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White Europeans) but allowing them to buy people "of their owne nation".
2390:
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The marriage between Luisa de Abrego, a free Black domestic servant from
2281:
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14424:"Shining a Light on Domestic Violence in the African American Community"
14334:"Shining a Light on Domestic Violence in the African American Community"
13255:
12635:"Real Median Household Income by Race and Hispanic Origin: 1967 to 2010"
11973:
11956:
11900:
11883:
11457:"New Population Counts for 62 Detailed Black or African American Groups"
10727:
10653:
10012:
Originally published by Longman & Dalhousie University Press (1976).
9448:
5958:
Although there is not enough evidence that suggest Black people consume
4894:
course between 2022 and 2024. The course is expected to launch in 2024.
4600:
metropolitan areas have the highest decline in African Americans, while
4222:
were the most reported Sub-Saharan African groups in the United States.
3149:, a 14-year-old boy from Chicago. Spending the summer with relatives in
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19790:"'We're Self-Interested': The Growing Identity Debate in Black America"
18545:
15176:
15011:"Genetic Consequences of the Transatlantic Slave Trade in the Americas"
14220:"Study: Black Americans Beat Back Vaccine Hesitancy Faster Than Whites"
13749:"Till Victory Is Won: The Staying Power Of 'Lift Every Voice And Sing'"
12020:
9651:
9482:, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1913, pp. 29–30, scanned text online.
8982:
MacAskill, Ewen; Goldenberg, Suzanne; Schor, Elana (November 5, 2008).
8477:
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7956:
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7599:
Since 1977, in an attempt to keep up with changing social opinion, the
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7381:, founded by John H. Johnson in 1942, is a National Historic Landmark.
7263:
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7048:
6932:
groups that preached with distinctive Islamic practices; including the
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4553:
4528:
List of U.S. metropolitan areas with large African-American populations
3351:
3335:
3171:
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3060:
3051:
The desperate conditions of African Americans in the South sparked the
2932:
Slavery in a few border states continued until the ratification of the
2896:
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First established in South Carolina in 1704, groups of armed White men—
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Association for the Study of African American Life and History (ASALH)
17769:
Washington Report on Middle East Reports. Retrieved November 16, 2009.
17298:
Baby Names Now: From Classic to Cool—The Very Last Word on First Names
15455:
15438:
14141:
Alzheimer's & Dementia: The Journal of the Alzheimer's Association
14096:
14079:
13120:"Education Gaps Don't Fully Explain Why Black Unemployment Is So High"
10894:
The Unfinished Journey: America Since World War II by William H. Chafe
10841:"History of Federal Voting Rights Laws: The Voting Rights Act of 1965"
10669:
Block by block: neighborhoods and public policy on Chicago's West Side
10391:"Black voting rights, 15th Amendment still challenged after 150 years"
8009:
6702:
Baby Names Now: From Classic to Cool—The Very Last Word on First Names
5667:
men being four times more likely to kill themselves than black women.
2669:
organized Spanish free Black men into two militia companies to defend
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17861:"Farrakhan Set to Give Final Address at Nation of Islam's Birthplace"
16906:
16113:"Blacks Are Singled Out for Marijuana Arrests, Federal Data Suggests"
14717:"Suicide rates among Black Americans are increasing by double digits"
13839:""Life expectancy gap narrows between blacks, whites", Rosie Mestel,
9988:
Walker, James W. (1992). "Chapter Five: Foundation of Sierra Leone".
9138:
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7780:
and 96% of Blacks approved of interracial marriage, and 87% overall.
7359:
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7282:. Most slave inventors were nameless, such as the slave owned by the
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African Americans have also had an important role in American dance.
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that banned discrimination in public accommodations, employment, and
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17760:
Islam in America: The Growing Presence of American Converts to Islam
11055:
9634:
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6578:
6342:
that focuses on underrepresented stories in existing national news.
5510:
Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on black people § United States
5096:. The African American homeownership rate peaked in 2004 at 49.7%.
3273:
became the first African American elected governor in U.S. history.
2396:
By the 1640s and 1650s, several African families owned farms around
2272:
The vast majority of those who were enslaved and transported in the
2087:
or escape and founded independent communities before and during the
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20189:, McGraw-Hill Education 2001, standard work, first edition in 1947.
19761:
19759:
18870:"Exploring the origins of 'African American' Houghton Library Blog"
18573:
16296:"Hollywood Loved Sammy Davis Jr. Until He Dated a White Movie Star"
15601:
On Views of Race and Inequality, Blacks and Whites Are Worlds Apart
15495:
14929:
14630:"Religiosity and Mental Health Service Use Among African-americans"
13983:"CDC 2012. Summary Health Statistics for U.S. Adults: 2010, p. 107"
13382:"Black homeownership rate rises, but hasn't returned to 2004 level"
11706:"Top Metropolitan Areas In The USA, By African American Population"
11541:
8465:
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and, when used among Black people, the word is often used to mean "
7063:
7007:, making up less than 0.5% of African Americans or about 2% of the
6992:
or orthodox Muslims, some of these identify under the community of
6901:
are distributed among several different religious bodies, with the
6872:
6716:
than other American names, such as the names Mo'nique and D'Andre.
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5590:
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program provided economic relief to African Americans. Roosevelt's
5415:
5380:
3503:
3480:
3368:
List of U.S. communities with African-American majority populations
3282:
3135:
2466:
2428:
2167:
became the nation's first African-American vice president in 2020.
2068:
1286:
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21458:
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
20323:, September 16, 2004. Article discussing the problems of defining
14767:"Characterizing the admixed African ancestry of African Americans"
14628:
Lukachko, Alicia; Myer, Ilan; Hankerson, Sidney (August 1, 2015).
12534:
11957:"Policy Dialogue: Black Teachers of the Past, Present, and Future"
11214:. Time Incorporated Home Entertainment. December 7, 2004. p.
6875:, distributed mainly in four denominations, the largest being the
6109:
structure to provide more government spending on social services.
2607:
26551:
26275:
26194:
26085:
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Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission
25745:
25659:
25634:
25582:
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25279:
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23968:
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20811:
18077:"A Case of Mistaken Identity: Black Jews & Hebrew Israelites"
16954:
16757:
15153:"Unravelling the hidden ancestry of American admixed populations"
12147:"Minorities and whites follow unequal college paths, report says"
11152:
9535:, Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press
8541:
8001:
7940:
7747:
7482:, and other American Blacks who lived through the slavery era, a
7413:
7228:
is a major genre in American literature. Famous examples include
7155:
7147:
7059:
6650:
6619:
6549:
6452:
6385:
6377:– The most prominent multimedia outlet targeting Afro-Americans.
6329:
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6101:
Black Americans hold far more conservative opinions on abortion,
5745:
5720:
5663:
5534:
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4545:
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3036:
2979:. To maintain self-esteem and dignity, African Americans such as
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2460:
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17959:"Black Zion: African American Religious Encounters with Judaism"
17294:
16539:"Black Nevadans Support For Gay Marriage Surges After Obama Nod"
15437:
Sims, Lynn M.; Garvey, Dennis; Ballantyne, Jack (January 2007).
15065:
14388:"Number of murder victims in the United States in 2022, by race"
14348:"The Disproportionate Impact of Gun Violence on Black Americans"
13812:"Blacks Are More Likely to Identify as Gay Than Any Other Group"
11955:
Ladson-Billings, Gloria; Anderson, James D. (February 3, 2021).
9399:
White Over Black: American attitudes Toward the Negro, 1550–1812
7821:
Similar viewpoints to Dickerson's have been expressed by author
7746:
wrote in 2009 that "African Americans...are a racially mixed or
7301:, who invented automatic lubrication devices for steam engines.
6859:, many of whom follow the historically Black churches. The term
6704:
places the origins of "La" names in African-American culture in
5992:
faced a backlash for his involvement with a White woman in 1957
3443:
3372:
List of U.S. counties with African-American majority populations
3130:
in Harlem was a Whites-only establishment, with Blacks (such as
2596:
26062:
25938:
25530:
25515:
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25351:
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21645:
19492:"Intimate Relationships Between Races More Common Than Thought"
15571:"Black Progress: How far we've come, and how far we have to go"
14482:"Homophobia in Black Communities Means More Young Men Get AIDS"
14134:
12445:"The story of historically black colleges in the US – BBC News"
12123:. Closing the Achievement Gap. January 22, 2008. Archived from
12101:
High School Completions at All-Time High, Census Bureau Reports
9338:"The First Black Americans – U.S. News & World Report"
9249:
Wood, Betty (1997). "Tobacco Slaves: The Chesapeake Colonies".
9108:
7968:
7573:
7182:
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6840:
is the oldest African American congregation in Washington, D.C.
6168:
6102:
6079:
5780:
5753:
5049:
4897:
4771:
4549:
4186:
4174:
3184:, August 28, 1963, shows civil rights leaders and union leaders
2025:. The term "African American" generally denotes descendants of
2018:
1281:
19533:"In U.S., 87% Approve of Black-White Marriage, vs. 4% in 1958"
19319:
Inhuman Bondage: The Rise and Fall of Slavery in the New World
19202:. U.S. Census Bureau. August 2008. p. 230. Archived from
19162:. U.S. Census Bureau. August 2008. p. 225. Archived from
15477:
14363:
14361:
11118:"Biden officially secures enough electors to become president"
10240:
Frontiers of Freedom: Cincinnati's Black Community, 1802–1868.
9196:
Luisa de Abrego: Marriage, Bigamy, and the Spanish Inquisition
8836:"Who is an 'African American'? Definition evolves as USA does"
7729:. Although publicly opposed to race mixing, Jefferson, in his
7398:
This parade float displayed the word "Afro-Americans" in 1911.
7290:
who designed the ship propeller used by the Confederate navy.
7062:
are less than one half of one percent, similar to numbers for
26490:
25629:
25612:
25592:
25525:
25488:
25416:
25346:
23384:
23008:
21457:
18250:
The Inventive Spirit of African Americans: Patented Ingenuity
17295:
Rosenkrantz, Linda; Satran, Paula Redmond (August 16, 2001).
16697:"Dr. King spoke out against the genocide of Native Americans"
15804:
14458:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 17, 2019.
14056:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. June 21, 2016.
13719:"NFL plans to play Black national anthem before Week 1 games"
9308:"The shaping of Black America: forthcoming 400th celebration"
8797:, p. 29. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina, 1998.
8509:
8425:
8020:
7978:
7924:
7679:
7425:
7297:, who developed the first machine to mass-produce shoes, and
7143:
7139:
6921:
6553:
6480:
6371:
ATTV – an independent public affairs and educational channel.
5724:
5504:
Race and health in the United States § African Americans
4819:, taught school during the summers to support their studies.
4565:
4503:
3115:
3071:. Overall, Blacks in Northern and Western cities experienced
2891:
2699:
2214:
2202:
1054:
171:
166:
20196:, Oxford University Press, 2004 – more than 600 biographies.
18963:"No Preferred Racial Term Among Most Black, Hispanic Adults"
16724:"Dr. Martin Luther King Jr: Our Nation was Born in Genocide"
16592:"Blacks as Conservative as Republicans on Some Moral Issues"
14933:"The Great Migration and African-American Genomic Diversity"
13003:
13001:
12999:
12997:
12256:. The Schott Foundation for Public Education. Archived from
9593:
William J. Wood, "The Illegal Beginning of American Slavery"
7849:, who accused White liberals of flocking to Blacks who were
7558:
as earlier enunciated by prominent African thinkers such as
5612:
influences and lack of proper healthcare. The prevalence of
5395:, respectively, rather than any specific ideology, and both
4121:
African Americans identified as Hispanic or Latino in origin
3016:
2793:, some Black people who were not enslaved left the U.S. for
2745:, leading to one crisis after another. Among these were the
25943:
25294:
21502:
20216:
An African American and Latinx History of the United States
16932:
14358:
12382:
Teacher Information Guide AP African American Studies Pilot
11570:"Key facts about the nation's 47.2 million Black Americans"
10777:"How 'The Blood of Emmett Till' Still Stains America Today"
10071:, Friends Committee on National Legislation, July 30, 2003
9226:
Jamestown Colony: A Political, Social, and Cultural History
8675:"Measuring Racial and Ethnic Diversity for the 2020 Census"
7309:
developed the first automatic traffic signal and gas mask.
7163:
7127:
7086:
6963:
6545:
6285:
6075:
5556:
In December 2020, African Americans were less likely to be
4890:. In 2021, College Board announced it would be piloting an
4524:
List of U.S. cities with large African-American populations
2210:
2194:
1084:
15150:
14005:
13408:"Student Loan Debt A Barrier To Black Homeownership – NMP"
13204:"Voting and Registration in the Election of November 2007"
11568:
Lopez, Mark Hugo; Moslimani, Mohamad (February 10, 2023).
11366:
11364:
11339:"African and Invisible: The Other New York Migrant Crisis"
11116:
Blood, Michael R.; Riccardi, Nicholas (December 5, 2020).
7897:
should be used instead of African American. Most notably,
7334:
A few other notable examples include the first successful
4235:
African American (Alone) population distribution over time
2470:
Reproduction of a handbill advertising a slave auction in
2268:
Major slave trading regions of Africa, 15th–19th centuries
2131:. These circumstances changed due to participation in the
19450:
17621:
Samuel S. Hill, Charles H. Lippy, Charles Reagan Wilson.
16072:
Schwartzman, Paul; Harden, John D. (September 15, 2020).
15898:"How the Karen Meme Confronts History of White Womanhood"
15866:"How White Women Use Themselves as Instruments of Terror"
14880:
14763:
14438:"Number of fatalities from child abuse by race U.S. 2022"
12994:
12225:"Racial Gaps in High School Graduation Rates Are Closing"
11603:"After nearly 100 years, Great Migration begins reversal"
10960:"Exit polls: Obama wins big among young, minority voters"
10671:. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 213–14.
10550:
10172:
Language, Discourse and Power in African American Culture
9897:
ed. by Jane Kamensky and Edward G. Gray (2012) online at
8148:
Society and Black people in the Spanish Colonial Americas
7987:
6394:
6390:
6380:
6349:
6260:
4193:
is now driving the growth of the city's Black population.
2585:. By 1775, Africans made up 20% of the population in the
19099:"The Black Population: 2000 United States Census Bureau"
18745:"Use of 'African-American' Dates to Nation's Early Days"
18711:"'African-American' Favored By Many of America's Blacks"
17388:
Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project
17188:"A brief history of black names, from Perlie to Latasha"
16373:"Movement among black North Carolinians on gay marriage"
15658:"New poll finds economic optimism among Black Americans"
14820:
14744:"Young Black men are dying by suicide at alarming rates"
14278:"Latest Data on COVID-19 Vaccinations by Race/Ethnicity"
12741:
12739:
12737:
12632:
11336:
8981:
7532:
to direct its writers to capitalize the first letter of
7000:
has a membership ranging from 20,000 to 50,000 members.
6021:
faced a backlash for his involvement with White actress
5489:, 4.6% of Black or African Americans self-identified as
4845:
lagged behind Whites, but some studies suggest that the
4106:. In that year, 17.6% of African Americans lived in the
3306:—the son of a White American mother and a Kenyan father—
2967:
1890s, Southern states enacted Jim Crow laws to enforce
2589:, which made them the second largest ethnic group after
26008:
Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity
20187:
From Slavery to Freedom. A History of African Americans
20126:
Kevin Aldridge, Richelle Thompson and Earnest Winston,
19137:. Office of Management and Budget. 1997. Archived from
17460:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
17266:"Baby Names Reveal More About Parents Than Ever Before"
13927:
13614:"Understanding The 2020 Electorate: AP VoteCast Survey"
12748:"The Black Population in the United States: March 2002"
11954:
11919:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
11361:
10843:. United States Department of Justice. August 6, 2015.
10087:
9105:"Implications of the slave trade for African societies"
8582:
8580:
8578:
8576:
8574:
8572:
8570:
8568:
8138:
National Museum of African American History and Culture
4181:
is home by a significant margin to the world's largest
3285:
became the first African American woman elected to the
48:
Proportion of Black Americans in each county as of the
20257:, New York City: Macmillan Library Reference US, 1996.
20192:
Gates, Henry L. and Evelyn Brooks Higginbotham (eds),
19477:
Scotch Irish Foodways in America: Recipes from History
18961:
McCarthy, Justin and Whitney Dupree (August 4, 2021).
18530:
18002:"Who Black Hebrew Israelites Are—And Who They Are Not"
17678:
An Original Man: The Life and Times of Elijah Muhammad
16425:"Missouri will be a swing state this year, voters say"
16238:
16236:
16234:
16232:
16230:
16021:"The black/white marijuana arrest gap, in nine charts"
11944:. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press.
11846:"Seatack Community Celebrates 200+ Years With Banquet"
7089:
Orchestra photographed in Houston, Texas, January 1921
5815:(≈7%), which is also frequent in Northwestern Europe.
4177:, the historic epicenter of African American culture.
23787:
19193:"2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan"
19153:"2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan"
16375:. Public Policy Polling. May 17, 2012. Archived from
16341:
Clement, Scott; Somashekhar, Sandhya (May 23, 2012).
15237:
15009:
Micheletti, Steven J.; et al. (August 6, 2020).
14627:
13833:
13831:
13829:
13827:
13825:
13289:"Black Families Fall Further Behind on Homeownership"
12779:
12777:
12775:
12734:
12395:"Lists of Historical Black Colleges and Universities"
10589:. In Browne, Hugh; Kruse, Edwina; Walker, Thomas C.;
9893:
Gary B. Nash, "The African Americans' Revolution" in
9174:(1941). "Negro Companions of the Spanish Explorers".
8913:
8278:
List of African-American newspapers and media outlets
6487:, became slanted towards Black women during the 2010s
5589:(STIs) compared to Whites, with 5 times the rates of
2820:
buildings.) Similar building projects existed in the
2797:
in West Africa. Liberia began as a settlement of the
19584:
19582:
19580:
19067:
Secular Devotion: Afro-Latin Music and Imperial Jazz
18827:
18825:
18823:
17863:. Fox News Channel. December 6, 2011. Archived from
17781:
Muslim Americans: Middle Class and Mostly Mainstream
16620:. People-Press.org. October 31, 2005. Archived from
16140:
16138:
15561:
15436:
15281:"5 Things to Know About Blacks and Native Americans"
12978:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from
12952:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from
12926:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from
12900:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from
12874:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from
12845:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from
12816:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from
12787:. Pubdb3.census.gov. August 29, 2006. Archived from
11330:
10453:
10451:
9941:"Slavery in the United States: Persons or Property?"
8984:"Barack Obama to be America's first black president"
8565:
8283:
List of historically black colleges and universities
8273:
List of majority-Black counties in the United States
8043:
6461:– a general entertainment network targeting adults.
6051:
In 2008, Democrats overwhelmingly voted 70% against
5368:, 91% of African American voters supported Democrat
4908:
List of historically black colleges and universities
3338:, by a similar margin on November 6, 2012. In 2021,
2254:
Slavery in the colonial history of the United States
2147:
which sought political and social freedom. However,
2091:. After the United States was founded in 1783, most
20339:
Black History related original documents and photos
20335:
Reconnecting African Americans to an ancestral past
20248:
African-American Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs
17931:"Organization for black Jews claims 200,000 in U.S"
17720:, Westminster John Knox Press (2003), pp. 180–181.
17568:
Doin' drugs: patterns of African American addiction
17566:William Henry James, Stephen Lloyd Johnson (1997).
17154:
African American English: a linguistic introduction
16227:
15078:(1). National Institutes of Health (NIH): 249–259.
14521:
12679:"Minority Businesses Multiply But Still Lag Whites"
11392:, 2010 Census Briefs. U.S. Census Bureau, May 2011.
9800:"Slave Patrols: An Early Form of American Policing"
9192:
7947:. By the 1940s, the term was commonly capitalized (
7869:movements and organizations that are ideologically
7625:
2010 Census Integrated Communications Campaign Plan
7603:has officially classified Black people (revised to
6727:Religious affiliation of African Americans in 2007
6700:are inventive spellings for common names. The book
2486:, resulting from the court ruling of a civil case.
2482:, would later own one of the first Black "slaves",
1877:
Unarmed African Americans killed by police officers
20208:Black Women in America: An Historical Encyclopedia
19778:
19625:. Comedy Central. February 8, 2007. Archived from
19615:
19422:
19363:
18833:
18633:. The Black Inventor Online Museum. Archived from
18514:. The Black Inventor Online Museum. Archived from
17151:
16399:"PA blacks shift quickly in favor of gay marriage"
16340:
15864:
13822:
13153:"For blacks, the Pyrrhic Victory of the Obama Era"
12866:
12864:
12837:
12835:
12808:
12806:
12772:
12708:Fronczek, Peter; Johnson, Patricia (August 2003).
11820:"Video Gallery – U.S. Representative Scott Rigell"
11787:
11278:American FactFinder, United States Census Bureau.
11253:"Time Line of African American History, 1881–1900"
11207:
10926:"More Africans Enter U.S. Than in Days of Slavery"
10924:
9989:
9054:"How Black People Created All Your Favorite Music"
6096:constitutional amendment banning same-sex marriage
4940:has narrowed since the civil rights era, with the
3502:, with more African Americans moving south to the
3384:Black Americans (alone) population pyramid in 2020
3376:List of U.S. states by African-American population
2951:
2859:, a branded slave from Louisiana, like the one of
2405:, a Negro, to lifetime servitude under his master
2346:(including most of the future United States) were
20255:Encyclopedia of Afro-American culture and history
19577:
18820:
18683:History, Black Entrepreneur (November 23, 2020).
18659:African Americans in Science, Math, and Invention
18031:. Jewish Telegraphic Agency. New York Jewish Week
18029:"Explainer: Who Are The Black Hebrew Israelites?"
16135:
16071:
15264:
12277:
12275:
10983:
10981:
10448:
9996:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. pp.
9570:Africans in America: the Terrible Transformation.
8288:List of African-American inventors and scientists
7887:All-African People's Revolutionary Party (A-APRP)
7369:, founder of the Chicago Defender newspaper, and
6358:– Dedicated to programming about African culture.
5662:In 2021, African Americans had the third highest
5071:
3234:Post–civil rights era in African-American history
3039:and had his body mutilated and burned during the
2463:unit defending Spanish Florida as early as 1683.
26696:
21493:Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
19646:
19644:
19185:
19145:
18655:
18560:
17491:. Pewforum.org. January 30, 2009. Archived from
17114:Encyclopedia of Cross-Cultural School Psychology
17070:"African American Vernacular English: phonology"
16507:"LeBron more popular than Gov. Scott in Florida"
15308:"Tales of African-American History Found in DNA"
14759:
14757:
14406:"Most Dangerous Places in the U.S. in 2024-2025"
13678:Green, John Clifford; Coffey, Daniel J. (2007).
13461:"What Gentrification Means for Black Homeowners"
12542:. United States Census Bureau. pp. 60–229.
12530:
12528:
11735:"10 of the Richest Black Communities in America"
11666:Closson, Troy; Hong, Nicole (January 31, 2023).
11619:
10743:"The Long-Lasting Legacy of the Great Migration"
10597:. Hampton bulletinno. 9–10, 12–16. Vol. 4.
9228:. Santa Barbara, Calif.: ABC-CLIO. p. 198.
7982:, representing the pronunciation of the word in
7913:
7577:, and variations of such, are more rarely used.
5888:
5740:individuals; namely, ancestral populations from
5094:anti-discrimination housing laws and protections
4203:non-Hispanic Black immigrants from the Caribbean
3407:(alone or in combination) in each county of the
3200:. Johnson put his support behind passage of the
2899:, its Black community sponsored founding of the
21538:Black players in professional American football
21488:Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
19997:
18932:. Paramount Market Publishing, Inc. p. 8.
18603:. Computer Scientists of the African Diaspora,
18460:California State Polytechnic University, Pomona
17076:. Vol. 2. Walter de Gruyter. p. 383.
16541:. Ontopmag.com. August 29, 2012. Archived from
16290:
16288:
16286:
16284:
15114:
13776:
13774:
12861:
12832:
12803:
12707:
11990:Journal of Midwest History of Education Society
11917:The Education of Blacks in the South, 1860–1935
11476:Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights
10021:
6439:– a music channel and media company founded by
6299:Another network targeting African Americans is
3166:. One hundred days after Emmett Till's murder,
2119:; due to the widespread policy and ideology of
2013:with partial or total ancestry from any of the
20004:. Baltimore: Black Classics Press. p. 3.
19530:
15144:
14524:Professional Psychology: Research and Practice
12598:. University of North Carolina. Archived from
12593:"Characteristics of African American Families"
12272:
12172:"Black women become most educated group in US"
11567:
10978:
10695:. Holloway House Publishing. 1989. p. 27.
10461:, Magazine of History (OAH Publications, 2004)
9947:. Oxford University Press. pp. 105–134 .
9895:The Oxford Handbook of the American Revolution
9856:"African Americans in the American Revolution"
9830:"Scots to Colonial North Carolina Before 1775"
9449:Gene Allen Smith, Texas Christian University,
9364:"New Netherland Institute :: Slave Trade"
9340:. Usnews.com. January 29, 2007. Archived from
8614:"Religious tradition by race/ethnicity (2014)"
8360:-speaking West/Central African ethnic groups:
8313:List of topics related to the African diaspora
8263:Index of articles related to African Americans
7986:. This usage has been popularized by American
6042:adopted in 1868) by the U.S. Supreme Court in
5054:72% of Black babies were born to unwed mothers
2944:(1868) gave Black people citizenship, and the
604:Education of freed people during the Civil War
27:Ethnic and cultural group in the United States
26047:
23773:
22418:
20384:
20150:The Encyclopedia of African-American Heritage
19977:. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. p. 200.
19641:
19259:
19087:, December 9, 2010. Retrieved March 26, 2014.
18778:"The Times-Picayune 29 Nov 1885, page Page 3"
18224:. Inventors Assistance League. Archived from
17562:
17560:
17483:
17481:
16981:"Why VH1 Gets to Be Black Without the Burden"
15557:
15555:
14754:
13717:Jackson, Jabar; Martin, Jill (July 3, 2020).
13716:
13196:
13095:. OMHRC.gov. October 21, 2009. Archived from
12525:
12284:"Educational Attainment in the United States"
11337:Kimiko de Freytas-Tamura (January 13, 2023).
11115:
10890:
10888:
10819:. Chicago: Chicago Review Press. p. 17.
10595:Annual Report of the Hampton Negro Conference
9618:"Colored Freemen as Slave Owners in Virginia"
9524:
9220:
9199:, University of South Florida, archived from
9170:
8923:. New York: Crown Publishing. pp. 20–21.
7490:and ultimately received mainstream use after
7220:, recipient of the Nobel Prize for literature
5930:African American males are more likely to be
5924:Commitment March: Get Your Knee Off Our Necks
4151:groups larger than African Americans are the
2995:, banks, social clubs, and other businesses.
2940:limited U.S. citizenship to Whites only, the
2597:From the American Revolution to the Civil War
2083:. A few were able to achieve freedom through
1975:
26715:History of civil rights in the United States
21251:Historically black colleges and universities
19651:Scherer, Michael; Wang, Amy (July 8, 2019).
19354:
19090:
18662:. New York: Facts on File. pp. 99–101.
18253:. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. pp. 30–33.
17445:. Energize Inc. Retrieved November 18, 2009.
17411:
17409:
17288:
16281:
16275:The Complete Lincoln-Douglas Debates of 1858
15480:"Charting the Ancestry of African Americans"
15338:
14816:
14814:
14812:
14248:
14080:"2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures"
13771:
12584:
12064:
11087:"Obama wins a second term as U.S. president"
10954:
10952:
10269:National Archives and Records Administration
10204:
10081:
9858:. Wsu.edu:8080. June 6, 1999. Archived from
9764:
9762:
9696:
9694:
9421:
8655:African Americans Law & Legal Definition
8015:Acceptance of intra-group usage of the word
7787:, who then immigrated to the United States.
7011:. The majority of African-American Jews are
6228:Representation of African Americans in media
4904:Historically black colleges and universities
4898:Historically Black colleges and universities
4229:
3265:became the first Black woman elected to the
2878:, 1864 during the American Civil War with a
2870:Slave trader's business on Whitehall Street
615:Historically black colleges and universities
20213:
20177:(5 vol. Oxford University Press, US, 2009).
19998:Anderson, Talmadge; Stewart, James (2007).
19650:
19399:
18831:
18419:
18417:
17909:The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
17718:World Religions in America: An Introduction
17489:"A Religious Portrait of African-Americans"
17384:"A Religious Portrait of African-Americans"
16277:. University of Chicago Press. p. 235.
14249:Gramlich, John; Funk, Cary (June 4, 2020).
13999:
13977:
13975:
13923:
13921:
13919:
13677:
11665:
11019:
11017:
10770:
10768:
9574:From Indentured Servitude to Racial Slavery
9253:. New York: Hill and Wang. pp. 68–93.
8750:
8704:Martin, Carol Lynn; Fabes, Richard (2008).
8703:
8618:The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life
7592:Negro section of keypunch operators at the
7470:was advanced on the model of, for example,
7208:
7003:There is also a small but growing group of
6421:– a cable and satellite network founded by
6405:– a digital multicast network owned by the
6139:The gains made by African Americans in the
5877:post–civil rights era. However, widespread
5852:
4536:, there is now a reverse trend, called the
2832:Slaves Waiting for Sale: Richmond, Virginia
599:Education during the slave period in the US
26094:A House Divided: Denmark Vesey's Rebellion
26054:
26040:
23780:
23766:
22425:
22411:
20391:
20377:
20232:Horton, James Oliver, and Lois E. Horton.
20095:
19765:
18925:
18742:
18396:"African American Heritage in Engineering"
18393:
18198:. Anderson, South Carolina. Archived from
17999:
17950:
17928:
17905:"Racial and ethnic composition among Jews"
17772:
17660:twenty-five thousand active temple people.
17625:. Mercer University Press (2005), p. 394.
17557:
17540:
17538:
17536:
17478:
17254:
17217:
17215:
17213:
17074:A Handbook of Varieties of English: CD-ROM
17052:
16831:Muharrar, Mikal (September–October 1998).
16806:"How Will African Americans Get the News?"
16780:"Examining the Future of Black News Media"
16331:. Taskforce.org. Retrieved October 8, 2015
15552:
15471:
15381:
15238:Henry Louis Gates Jr. (November 8, 2009).
15008:
14874:
13873:
13043:. BLS.gov. January 7, 2011. Archived from
12293:. The United States Bureau Of Statistics.
11782:
11780:
11625:
11140:
10885:
10587:"The Economic Aspect of the Negro Problem"
10182:, p. 20. Cambridge University Press, 2002.
10148:Ending slavery in the District of Columbia
10091:Affirmative Action, Ethnicity and Conflict
9794:
9792:
9663:
9661:
8183:African American–Korean American relations
7750:people—deeply and overwhelmingly so" (see
6130:African Americans have fought in every war
5583:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
5403:were represented equally in both parties.
5041:unemployment than the general population.
4102:, 54.8% of African Americans lived in the
2705:Slavery had been tacitly enshrined in the
2695:Francisco Luis Héctor, baron of Carondelet
2155:remains a problem into the 21st century.
1982:
1968:
922:National Black Caucus of State Legislators
41:
26271:Gullah/Geechee Cultural Heritage Corridor
21468:National Black Chamber of Commerce (NBCC)
19588:
19521:, W W Norton & Company, 2007, p. 210.
19483:
19359:. Oxford University Press US. p. 10.
18708:
18181:
18103:A Religious Portrait of African Americans
18052:"The Hebrew Israelites Are A Real Threat"
17936:J. The Jewish News of Northern California
17406:
17260:
17181:
17179:
15767:
15597:"3. Discrimination and racial inequality"
15503:
15454:
15430:
15413:
15387:
15364:
15184:
15091:
15034:
14958:
14948:
14906:
14857:
14847:
14809:
14792:
14782:
14661:
14634:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
14592:
14535:
14168:
14095:
13955:
13945:
13899:
13315:"RESIDENTIAL VACANCIES AND HOMEOWNERSHIP"
13263:"US Census Bureau, homeownership by race"
12672:
12670:
12312:
11972:
11899:
11597:
11595:
10949:
10859:
10740:
10026:. New York Public Library. Archived from
9953:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199660469.003.0007
9938:
9913:
9832:. Dalhousielodge.org. n.d. Archived from
9759:
9691:
9633:
9485:
9166:
9164:
8834:Forson, Tracy Scott (February 21, 2018).
8588:"Race and Ethnicity in the United States"
6338:. It is the first African American video
5988:ended in California in 1948, entertainer
5604:The disproportionately high incidence of
5585:, African Americans have higher rates of
3498:moved north. But in the 1970s and 1980s,
3017:Great migration and civil rights movement
2948:(1870) gave Black men the right to vote.
2443:. The Spanish encouraged slaves from the
2075:to European colonists and put to work on
378:Slavery in the colonial history of the US
26061:
20281:
20089:
20001:Introduction to African American Studies
19872:"The Resurgence of New Afrikan Identity"
19784:
19589:Dickerson, Debra J. (January 22, 2007).
19489:
18988:"Explaining AP style on Black and white"
18960:
18414:
18394:Geselowitz, Michael N. (February 2004).
18150:
17836:"Black Muslims Enter Islamic Mainstream"
17810:
17107:
17105:
16830:
16564:Fowler, Geoffrey A. (November 7, 2012).
16474:
16144:
15656:Khawaja, Noorulain (September 8, 2023).
15339:Shrine, Daniel; Rotimi, Charles (2018).
14050:"Cancer Rates by Race/Ethnicity and Sex"
13972:
13947:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032315-021556
13916:
13782:"In US, More Adults Identifying as LGBT"
13684:. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 29.
13237:"The United States Congress Quick Facts"
12745:
11914:
11789:"Black Incomes Surpass Whites in Queens"
11014:
10765:
10666:
10234:
10232:
9932:
9730:
8751:Locke, Don C.; Bailey, Deryl F. (2013).
8168:African immigration to the United States
7837:Southern Christian Leadership Conference
7584:
7439:
7393:
7212:
6950:
6843:
6832:
6507:
6259:founded Black Entertainment Television (
6235:
6116:
5979:
5914:
5699:enslaved African American females being
5685:
5521:Alzheimer's disease in African Americans
5442:
5438:
5075:
4970:
4878:, which runs the official college-level
4855:
4787:
4161:
3457:the major declines between 1910 and 1940
3450:
3442:
3426:
3397:
3387:
3379:
3237:
3227:
3190:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
3182:March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom
3176:
3097:
3030:
2920:
2865:
2826:
2763:
2606:
2524:
2465:
2380:
2333:
2263:
25977:People of the United States / Americans
24226:Southeast Africans in the United States
24184:African immigrants to the United States
20287:The Music of Black Americans: A History
20264:African American Music: An Introduction
20260:
20170:(3 vol Oxford University Press, 2006).
19955:
19679:
19474:
19224:
19012:
18898:
18743:Schuessler, Jennifer (April 20, 2015).
18682:
18656:Spangenburg, Ray; Moser, Diane (2003).
18605:State University of New York at Buffalo
18544:. Adscape International. Archived from
18160:African American Music: An Introduction
18156:
18050:Musodza, Masimba (September 21, 2019).
18049:
18000:Washington, Robin (December 18, 2019).
17647:. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 15–16.
17533:
17346:
17210:
17067:
16905:. BlackAmericaStudy.com. Archived from
16756:. blackandbrownnews.com. Archived from
16721:
16584:
16401:. Public Policy Polling. May 23, 2012.
16353:from the original on September 22, 2012
16272:
16052:The War on Marijuana in Black and White
15862:
15835:
15655:
15332:
15299:
15120:"African Ethnicities and Their Origins"
14741:
14217:
13867:
13642:
13118:White, Gillian B. (December 21, 2015).
12572:from the original on September 17, 2020
12559:
12348:
12065:Hannah-Jones, Nikole (April 16, 2014).
11777:
11501:
11425:"2010 Census Planning Memoranda Series"
11271:
11160:from the original on December 11, 2021.
10937:from the original on September 12, 2005
10922:
10601:: Hampton Institute Press. p. 39.
10584:
10376:
10374:
10338:
10332:
10130:, Duke University Press, 1997, p. 264.
9903:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199746705.013.0015
9789:
9658:
9615:
9470:
8909:
8907:
7623:, a marketing and outreach plan called
7342:, and the air conditioner, patented by
6893:African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
5677:Genetic history of the African diaspora
4979:by race: 1967 to 2011, in 2011 dollars.
4853:, desegregation, and multiculturalism.
3514:African Americans in the United States
3153:, Till was killed for allegedly having
2133:military conflicts of the United States
14:
26697:
24253:Southern Africans in the United States
24095:Afro-Caribbean / West Indian Americans
22367:Topics related to the African diaspora
21473:National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
20147:
20052:
19970:
19814:
19704:
19702:
19675:
19673:
19623:"The Colbert Report – Debra Dickerson"
19286:
18709:Wilkerson, Isabel (January 31, 1989).
18375:from the original on December 27, 2010
18345:from the original on December 27, 2010
18315:from the original on December 27, 2010
18187:
17956:
17929:Gelbwasser, Michael (April 10, 1998).
17604:, Greenwood Publishing Group, p. 235.
17456:"The Historical Legacy of Watch Night"
17352:
17334:from the original on February 22, 2014
17221:
17176:
17037:
16839:from the original on September 8, 2012
16694:
16563:
16110:
15603:. Pew Research Center. June 27, 2016.
15305:
14887:The American Journal of Human Genetics
14723:from the original on November 24, 2023
14684:
14566:
14517:
14515:
14513:
14511:
14509:
14452:"STDs in Racial and Ethnic Minorities"
14275:
14199:from the original on November 23, 2023
14060:from the original on February 25, 2017
13624:from the original on February 19, 2021
13580:
13459:Kerubo, Jacquelynn (August 17, 2021).
13458:
13235:Mott, Jonathan D. (February 4, 2010).
13165:from the original on December 14, 2022
12667:
12379:
12077:from the original on December 13, 2015
12006:
11592:
11534:
11471:"African Americans in the 2020 Census"
11417:
11084:
10903:
10774:
10753:from the original on February 15, 2020
10705:
10631:
10297:. Juneteenth.com. 2005. Archived from
10165:
10163:
10088:Edmund Terence Gomez; Premdas, Ralph.
10064:
10062:
10060:
10048:
9987:
9981:
9712:from the original on February 18, 2022
9530:
9401:. University of North Carolina Press.
9396:
9273:
9161:
9149:from the original on December 29, 2019
9020:
8946:from the original on January 16, 2023.
8933:
8833:
8806:
8754:Increasing Multicultural Understanding
8303:List of monuments to African Americans
8268:List of African-American neighborhoods
7790:
7694:as early as 1691, and endured in many
7009:Jewish population in the United States
6881:National Baptist Convention of America
6855:The majority of African Americans are
6350:Black-owned and oriented media outlets
5859:Income inequality in the United States
5681:
3435:in the United States according to the
2033:origin. Most African Americans are of
2027:Africans enslaved in the United States
26035:
24189:Central Africans in the United States
23761:
22406:
22347:Landmark African-American legislation
20398:
20372:
20358:"The Long Journey of Black Americans"
19852:from the original on January 19, 2020
19393:
19289:Journal of Comparative Family Studies
18899:Newport, Frank (September 28, 2007).
18488:. Black History Pages. Archived from
18453:
18246:
18188:Harris, Samantha (January 25, 2007).
18026:
17833:
17811:Sacirbey, Omar (September 11, 2001).
17671:
17642:
17623:Encyclopedia of religion in the South
17570:. University of Texas Press. p. 135.
17466:from the original on December 9, 2023
17185:
17149:
17102:
16566:"Gay Marriage Gets First Ballot Wins"
16405:from the original on October 12, 2012
16254:from the original on January 19, 2021
16123:from the original on October 18, 2023
15964:from the original on November 1, 2020
15934:from the original on November 9, 2020
15908:from the original on January 11, 2021
15782:. Stanford University. Archived from
15699:from the original on October 18, 2023
15668:from the original on October 18, 2023
15637:from the original on October 18, 2023
15607:from the original on November 1, 2020
15540:from the original on December 5, 2021
15219:from the original on November 9, 2023
14986:Exactly How 'Black' Is Black America?
14494:from the original on January 27, 2014
14314:from the original on January 28, 2022
14257:from the original on January 28, 2022
13995:from the original on October 9, 2022.
13611:
13593:from the original on October 18, 2023
13562:from the original on October 18, 2023
13522:"Average annual real wages U.S. 2021"
13489:
13193:Walter E. Williams, October 27, 2005.
13151:Riley, Jason. L. (November 4, 2012).
13150:
13117:
12676:
12651:from the original on October 9, 2022.
12549:from the original on October 9, 2022.
12473:
12361:from the original on January 28, 2023
11987:
11881:
11800:from the original on October 25, 2006
11716:from the original on October 21, 2023
11686:from the original on October 28, 2023
11656:Felton Emmanuel (January 2022).
11502:Glaeser, Edward (February 15, 2001).
11349:from the original on January 25, 2023
11128:from the original on December 8, 2020
11066:from the original on January 24, 2011
10988:Kuhn, David Paul (November 5, 2008).
10359:from the original on February 4, 2023
10229:
10205:Paulson Gage, Joan (August 5, 2013).
9771:Slavery in Spanish Colonial Louisiana
9539:
9491:
9479:The Free Negro In Virginia, 1619–1865
9459:from the original on January 10, 2021
8724:from the original on October 19, 2018
8163:Timeline of the civil rights movement
7678:" between Black and White people was
6574:cuisine of the Southern United States
6221:
5899:Racial profiling in the United States
5840:and West-Central African haplogroups
4798:History of African-American education
2719:Act Prohibiting Importation of Slaves
2288:The first African slaves arrived via
2093:Black people continued to be enslaved
1120:Athletic associations and conferences
609:History of African-American education
26444:Timeline of African-American history
24160:Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans
23742:
22432:
21478:National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC)
20120:
20024:
19896:
19766:Ehrenstein, David (March 19, 2007).
19708:
19423:G. Reginald Daniel (June 25, 2010).
19416:
19127:
19115:from the original on October 9, 2022
19096:
18803:"Evening Herald 09 May 1884, page 1"
18598:
18398:. todaysengineer.org. Archived from
18163:. New York: Schirmer Books. p.
17879:
17695:from the original on January 7, 2024
17522:, Columbia University Press, p. 34.
17364:from the original on January 7, 2024
17198:from the original on January 7, 2024
17090:from the original on January 7, 2024
17053:Katz-Hyman, Martha B.; Rice, Kym S.
17040:Advances in Deep Fat Frying of Foods
17038:Sumnu, Servet Gulum; Sahin, Serpil.
16993:from the original on August 15, 2019
16961:from the original on January 7, 2011
16695:Bender, Albert (February 13, 2014).
16572:from the original on January 3, 2015
16519:from the original on October 9, 2022
16437:from the original on October 9, 2022
16215:from the original on October 4, 2023
16147:"African American Marriage Patterns"
16145:Besharov, Douglas J.; West, Andrew.
16018:
16000:from the original on October 3, 2022
15982:
15895:
15773:
15755:from the original on January 6, 2024
15686:
15132:from the original on January 3, 2017
15118:; Heywood, Linda (October 1, 2011).
14697:from the original on January 7, 2024
14218:Johnson, Steven (January 24, 2022).
13855:from the original on August 26, 2017
13698:from the original on January 7, 2024
13331:from the original on October 9, 2022
13234:
13216:from the original on October 9, 2022
12760:from the original on October 9, 2022
12722:from the original on October 9, 2022
12590:
12560:Creamer, John (September 15, 2020).
12488:from the original on January 2, 2022
12455:from the original on January 2, 2022
12425:from the original on August 27, 2016
12373:
12300:from the original on October 9, 2022
12199:"CPS October 2011 – Detailed Tables"
11939:
11765:from the original on January 7, 2023
11626:O'Hare, By Peggy (August 13, 2021).
11437:from the original on October 9, 2022
11188:from the original on October 9, 2022
11053:
11035:from the original on August 16, 2012
10987:
10966:from the original on August 10, 2010
10847:from the original on January 6, 2021
10814:
10741:Wilkerson, Isabel (September 2016).
10720:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009
10646:10.1146/annurev.soc.29.010202.100009
10613:from the original on January 7, 2024
10371:
10217:from the original on August 23, 2013
10108:from the original on January 7, 2024
9882:The Negro in the American revolution
9679:from the original on August 30, 2022
9586:
9512:from the original on January 7, 2024
9248:
9051:
8904:
8771:from the original on August 18, 2018
8744:
8697:
8328:List of African-American LGBT people
7580:
7015:, while smaller numbers identify as
6936:, and the largest organization, the
6887:, the largest denominations are the
6677:
5779:(E1b1a) likely traversed across the
5626:barriers for accessing mental health
4942:poverty rate among African Americans
4191:African immigration to New York City
2624:Native American and African American
1043:Association for the Study of African
147:Regions with significant populations
25229:White Hispanic and Latino Americans
24452:Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans
24385:North Africans in the United States
24172:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
21832:African-American Vernacular English
20333:Magazine (June 2006) Trace Elements
20096:Brewington, Kelly (July 10, 2007).
19974:An Introduction to American English
19709:Russ, Valerie (February 11, 2019).
19699:
19670:
19404:. Oklahoma's Black Native Americans
19264:. Backentyme Essays. Archived from
18926:Miller, Pepper; Kemp, Herb (2006).
18566:
18027:Hwang, Janice (December 12, 2019).
17591:. Rutgers University Press, p. 235.
17242:from the original on March 31, 2017
17225:The African-American Baby Name Book
16320:Patrick J. Egan, Kenneth Sherrill.
16294:Lanzendorfer, Joy (August 9, 2017)
16062:. June 2013. 2010 rates on page 47.
16031:from the original on August 2, 2018
15287:from the original on April 19, 2015
15246:from the original on April 11, 2015
14609:from the original on April 29, 2019
14506:
11858:
11097:from the original on April 17, 2015
11085:Barnes, Robert (November 6, 2012).
11054:Noah, Timothy (November 10, 2008).
11002:from the original on March 26, 2010
10422:"Creating Jim Crow: In-Depth Essay"
10401:from the original on April 25, 2020
10160:
10069:"Background on conflict in Liberia"
10057:
9969:from the original on April 18, 2023
9774:, knowlouisiana.org, archived from
9033:from the original on April 19, 2022
8685:from the original on April 30, 2023
8298:List of African-American astronauts
8143:North Africans in the United States
8108:Black Hispanic and Latino Americans
7690:or having sex, were established in
7358:, who was not only the first Black
6112:
5895:Race and crime in the United States
4704:View Park–Windsor Hills, California
3348:Vice President of the United States
2478:One of the Dutch African arrivals,
2389:in 1655; illustration from 1895 by
2296:colony (most likely located in the
1857:Race and ethnicity in the US census
1358:African-American Vernacular English
927:National Conference of Black Mayors
264:African-American Vernacular English
142:14.16% of the total U.S. population
86:12.40% of the total U.S. population
24:
26710:Ethnic groups in the United States
24280:West Africans in the United States
24155:Stateside Virgin Islands Americans
21750:U.S. cities with large populations
21453:Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
20236:(Rutgers University Press, 2002);
20210:, (Indiana University Press 2005).
20140:
19815:Chávez, Aída (February 13, 2019).
19680:Hampton, Rachelle (July 9, 2019).
19490:Swanbrow, Diane (March 23, 2000).
19232:"Uniform Crime Reporting Handbook"
17587:Roger Finke, Rodney Stark (2005).
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17276:from the original on July 21, 2018
17186:Logan, Trevon (January 23, 2020).
16931:. January 16, 2011. Archived from
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16786:from the original on April 3, 2018
16722:Rickert, Levi (January 16, 2017).
16703:from the original on June 25, 2021
16487:from the original on July 12, 2012
16475:Siddiqui, Sabrina (July 3, 2012).
15844:from the original on July 23, 2016
15577:from the original on April 9, 2018
15484:American Journal of Human Genetics
15400:(7). Genome Biol Evol: 1940–1950.
15345:American Journal of Human Genetics
15209:"African American Ethnic Heritage"
15015:American Journal of Human Genetics
14462:from the original on June 16, 2019
14288:from the original on March 2, 2022
14276:Haldar, Sweta (February 2, 2022).
14230:from the original on March 2, 2022
14020:10.1097/01.SMJ.0000146547.03382.94
13532:from the original on March 8, 2023
13502:from the original on March 8, 2023
13471:from the original on March 8, 2023
13414:from the original on March 8, 2023
13362:from the original on March 8, 2023
13295:from the original on March 8, 2023
12474:Parry, Marc (September 30, 2019).
12247:
11638:from the original on March 1, 2023
11580:from the original on July 27, 2023
11549:from the original on July 30, 2022
11516:from the original on July 30, 2022
11483:from the original on July 30, 2022
10923:Roberts, Sam (February 21, 2005).
10787:from the original on July 28, 2017
10024:"The Abolition of The Slave Trade"
9021:Eaglin, Maya (February 21, 2021).
9002:from the original on March 1, 2016
8864:
8757:. SAGE Publications. p. 106.
8643:"The Black Population: 2010" (PDF)
8004:and speech. It is not necessarily
7658:Miscegenation § United States
6889:African Methodist Episcopal Church
6838:Mount Zion United Methodist Church
5791:, approximately 19,000 years ago.
5533:Black people have higher rates of
5068:of any minority group in the U.S.
5003:Twenty-five percent of Blacks had
4924:
4029:African American groups in the USA
3247:fatal shooting of Philando Castile
2834:, 1853. Note the new clothes. The
2759:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry
2512:. This legal principle was called
2374:with Native Americans or European
2099:, with four million enslaved only
2041:ancestry, with varying amounts of
1060:National Black Chamber of Commerce
116:1.76% of the total U.S. population
25:
26736:
26145:Bruh Rabbit and the Tar Baby Girl
25824:Americans of Euro Oceanic origin
25158:Nordic and Scandinavian Americans
23789:Demographics of the United States
20623:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2013
20619:Inauguration of Barack Obama 2009
20426:African American founding fathers
20309:
20098:"NAACP aims to bury the 'N-word'"
19956:Frazier, Edward Franklin (1968).
19897:Witt, Karen de (April 14, 1996).
19260:Frank W Sweet (January 1, 2005).
18567:Ung, Gordon (December 16, 2014).
17353:Conley, Dalton (March 10, 2010).
17131:from the original on May 25, 2017
16646:. Defenselink.mil. Archived from
16181:. Census.gov. n.d. Archived from
15877:from the original on May 28, 2020
15863:M. Blow, Charlea (May 27, 2020).
15817:from the original on May 22, 2021
15729:from the original on July 6, 2020
15267:The Henry Louis Gates, Jr. Reader
14742:Hataway, Leigh (March 26, 2024).
14685:Leland, John (December 8, 2018).
13759:from the original on May 31, 2022
13729:from the original on May 27, 2022
13440:from the original on May 28, 2023
13132:from the original on May 22, 2021
12644:. U.S. Census Bureau. p. 8.
12481:The Chronicle of Higher Education
12330:from the original on July 7, 2022
12179:from the original on June 4, 2016
11535:Benson, Samuel (March 10, 2022).
11259:from the original on May 19, 2012
10869:. Abbeville Press. Archived from
10817:The Assassination of Fred Hampton
10593:; Wheelock, Frederick D. (eds.).
10470:
10419:
10275:from the original on June 7, 2007
9378:from the original on July 8, 2019
9115:from the original on June 9, 2020
8846:from the original on May 16, 2023
8624:from the original on May 18, 2015
8318:List of African-American holidays
8178:African American–Jewish relations
8128:Civil rights movement (1896–1954)
8123:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
7686:, barring Blacks and Whites from
6934:Moorish Science Temple of America
5941:different name over the centuries
5906:National Registry of Exonerations
5866:University of Southern California
5514:
4975:This graph shows the real median
4938:Racial disparity in poverty rates
2717:, Congress was unable to pass an
2095:, being most concentrated in the
1764:Places by plurality of population
430:Civil rights movement (1954–1968)
420:Civil rights movement (1865–1896)
373:Abolitionism in the United States
26679:
26678:
26330:
26324:
26250:Sixth and Seventh Books of Moses
26002:Race and ethnicity in the census
24090:African diaspora in the Americas
23741:
23732:
23731:
22614:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
22385:
21503:United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
20648:Nadir of American race relations
20046:
20018:
19991:
19964:
19949:
19924:
19890:
19864:
19834:
19808:
19741:The Atlanta Journal-Constitution
19728:
19547:
19531:Newport, Frank (July 25, 2013).
19524:
19506:
19468:
19443:
19348:
19334:
19307:
19280:
19253:
19072:
19059:
19034:
19006:
18980:
18954:
18919:
18892:
18862:
18795:
18770:
18736:
18702:
18676:
18649:
18623:
18592:
18542:The Black Inventor Online Museum
18504:
18478:
18447:
18425:"Frederick M. Jones (1893–1961)"
18387:
18357:
18327:
18297:
18267:
18240:
18214:
18133:
18116:
18095:
18069:
18043:
18020:
17993:
17922:
17897:
17853:
17827:
17804:
17752:
17731:
17710:
17665:
17636:
17615:
17594:
17581:
17507:
17448:
17428:
17376:
17324:"Popular African American Names"
17321:
17315:
17143:
17061:
17046:
17031:
17005:
16973:
16947:
16921:
16895:
16877:
16851:
16824:
16798:
16772:
16746:
16715:
16688:
16662:
16636:
16610:
16557:
16531:
16499:
16468:
16449:
16417:
16391:
16365:
16334:
16314:
16266:
16197:
16171:
16104:
16092:from the original on May 2, 2023
16065:
16043:
16012:
15976:
15946:
15920:
15889:
15856:
15838:"The rise of Black Lives Matter"
15829:
15798:
15741:
15711:
15680:
15649:
15619:
15589:
15520:
15273:
15258:
15231:
15201:
15108:
15059:
15002:
14975:
14923:
14735:
14709:
14678:
14621:
14560:
14474:
14444:
14430:
14416:
14398:
14380:
14340:
14326:
14300:
14269:
14242:
14211:
14185:
14128:
14072:
14042:
13892:10.1111/j.1475-6773.2003.00199.x
13804:
13792:from the original on May 1, 2021
13741:
13710:
13671:
13636:
13612:Staff, N. P. R. (May 21, 2021).
13605:
13574:
13544:
13514:
13492:"Rising home prices: a timeline"
13483:
13452:
13426:
13400:
13374:
13349:
13343:
13307:
13281:
13239:. ThisNation.com. Archived from
13228:
13177:
13144:
13111:
13085:
13059:
13033:
12968:
12942:
12916:
12890:
12701:
12655:
12626:
12617:
12553:
12500:
12467:
12437:
12411:
12388:
12384:. Washington, DC: College Board.
12380:Waters, Brandi (February 2022).
12342:
12281:
12241:
12217:
12191:
12163:
12139:
12113:
12089:
12058:
12035:
12000:
11981:
11948:
11933:
11908:
11882:Fultz, Michael (February 2021).
11875:
11852:
11838:
11812:
11751:
11728:
11698:
11659:
11650:
11561:
11528:
11495:
11463:
11449:
11395:
11376:
11298:
9606:, 1970, American Bar Association
9274:Hashaw, Tim (January 21, 2007).
9135:"The capture and sale of slaves"
9085:from the original on May 6, 2021
9052:Osei, Sarah (November 4, 2020).
8934:Harris, Paul (October 8, 2015).
8710:. Cengage Learning. p. 19.
8350:
8158:Stereotypes of African Americans
8103:Black Belt in the American South
8088:African diaspora in the Americas
8046:
7712:of African Americans. Historian
7682:in the United States. So-called
7094:
7078:
6877:National Baptist Convention, USA
5966:
5619:
5606:HIV/AIDS among African Americans
5576:
5372:, while 8% supported Republican
4491:
4479:
4467:
4455:
4443:
4431:
4419:
4407:
4395:
4383:
4371:
4359:
4347:
4335:
4323:
4311:
4299:
4287:
4275:
4263:
4251:
4239:
4147:descent. The only self-reported
3433:Majority Black American counties
3261:Supreme Court Justice. In 1968,
3000:nadir of American race relations
2323:, and Miguel Rodríguez, a White
2149:racism against African Americans
1939:
461:Black Belt in the American South
233:
216:
199:
182:
165:
138:
137:
124:
123:
112:
111:
98:
97:
82:
81:
68:
67:
24100:Antiguan and Barbudan Americans
20509:Civil rights movement 1954–1968
20499:Civil rights movement 1865–1896
19400:Walton-Raji, Angela Y. (2008).
19377:. Color Q World. Archived from
19079:"Yankees, gringos and USAnians"
19013:Coleman, Nancy (July 5, 2020).
18365:"Garrett A. Morgan (1877–1963)"
18247:Sluby, Patricia Carter (2004).
17957:Angell, Stephen W. (May 2001).
17600:Alfred Abioseh Jarrett (2000).
15687:Hale, Kori (October 25, 2022).
14193:"African-Americans and Alcohol"
13384:. June 11, 2024. Archived from
12753:. United States Census Bureau.
12715:. United States Census Bureau.
12419:"TECH-Levers: FAQs About HBCUs"
11430:. United States Census Bureau.
11403:"American FactFinder – Results"
11383:"The Hispanic Population: 2010"
11245:
11232:
11200:
11164:
11109:
11078:
11047:
10916:
10897:
10867:"The March On Washington, 1963"
10833:
10808:
10799:
10734:
10699:
10685:
10660:
10625:
10578:
10569:
10535:
10532:. PBS. Retrieved July 28, 2016.
10515:
10491:
10481:New York Life Insurance Company
10464:
10430:New York Life Insurance Company
10413:
10383:
10313:
10287:
10261:"The Emancipation Proclamation"
10253:
10198:
10185:
10140:
10126:Maggie Montesinos Sale (1997).
10120:
10042:
10015:
9907:
9887:
9874:
9848:
9822:
9806:. July 10, 2019. Archived from
9804:National Law Enforcement Museum
9724:
9609:
9583:." Accessed September 13, 2011.
9562:
9442:
9415:
9390:
9356:
9330:
9314:. June 26, 2006. Archived from
9300:
9267:
9242:
9214:
9186:
9127:
9097:
9079:"The transatlantic slave trade"
9071:
9045:
9014:
8975:
8950:
8927:
8858:
8827:
8800:
8679:The United States Census Bureau
7918:Before the independence of the
7860:American Descendants of Slavery
7839:and African American columnist
7702:ruled them unconstitutional in
7646:Office of Management and Budget
7633:Federal Bureau of Investigation
7617:Office of Management and Budget
6449:– a regional broadcast network.
6202:Native American rights movement
5624:African Americans have several
5587:sexually transmitted infections
5481:African-American LGBT community
4864:is director of New York City's
4742:) and South Fulton in Georgia,
4614:New York City metropolitan area
4185:population of any city outside
4114:, while only 8.9% lived in the
3357:
2952:Reconstruction era and Jim Crow
2731:Article IV, Section 2, Clause 3
2342:The first recorded Africans in
2304:), founded by Spanish explorer
2247:
2123:, they were largely treated as
2061:transported across the Atlantic
1065:National Council of Negro Women
26725:Ethnonyms of African Americans
24145:Kittian and Nevisian Americans
24120:Dominican Americans (Dominica)
21498:Thurgood Marshall College Fund
20504:Civil right movement 1896–1954
20055:Journal of English Linguistics
20025:Good, Chris (March 26, 2010).
19375:Chinese blacks in the Americas
19355:Higginbotham, A. Leon (1980).
19015:"Why We're Capitalizing Black"
17788:. May 22, 2007. Archived from
17416:U.S.Religious Landscape Survey
16244:"Eugenics, Race, and Marriage"
16152:. Hoover Press. Archived from
15836:Sidner, Sara; Simon, Mallory.
15774:Tonn, Shara (August 6, 2014).
15351:(4). Am J Hum Genet: 547–556.
14090:(3): 391–460. March 10, 2020.
13934:Annual Review of Public Health
13581:Bahney, Anna (March 2, 2023).
13490:Beals, Monique (May 5, 2022).
13069:. Data.bls.gov. Archived from
12746:McKinnon, Jesse (April 2003).
12009:History of Education Quarterly
11961:History of Education Quarterly
11888:History of Education Quarterly
11601:Greg Toppo and Paul Overberg,
11504:"Census Sampling is Dangerous"
9918:. Liverpool University Press.
9616:Russell, John H. (June 1916).
9531:Hodges, Russel Graham (1999),
9422:Higginbotham, A. Leon (1975).
8787:
8667:
8648:
8636:
8606:
8341:
8293:List of African American poets
7893:(relating to the diaspora) or
7732:Notes on the State of Virginia
7384:
7177:genre in the world, including
7043:religious groups, largely the
6920:Some African Americans follow
6807: Atheist or agnostic (2%)
6284:), which originally showcased
5072:African American homeownership
4517:
2153:racial socioeconomic disparity
1862:Racism against Black Americans
13:
1:
25681:Hispanic and Latino Americans
21678:Cherokee freedmen controversy
20654:The Negro Motorist Green Book
19426:More Than Black?: Multiracial
18281:. August 2002. Archived from
18195:The Anderson Independent-Mail
16957:. Thegrio.com. June 2, 2009.
15719:"BOP Statistics: Inmate Race"
15627:"America's Black Upper Class"
15388:Trombetta, Beniamino (2015).
15306:Zimmer, Carl (May 27, 2016).
14585:10.1080/13607863.2018.1453484
14054:Cancer Prevention and Control
12677:Tozzi, John (July 16, 2010).
12250:"Black Male Graduation Rates"
11940:Span, Christopher M. (2009).
10242:Ohio University Press, 2005,
10169:Marcyliena H. Morgan (2002).
9492:Sweet, Frank W. (July 2005).
8707:Discovering Child Development
8559:
8078:African-American neighborhood
8073:African-American middle class
7936:American Colonization Society
7914:Terms no longer in common use
7801:, as well as in an essay for
7751:
6996:. The Nation of Islam led by
6883:. The second largest are the
6467:– a sister network targeting
6328:launched a new website named
5889:Policing and criminal justice
2987:continued to build their own
2799:American Colonization Society
2772:
2733:) were passed by Congress in
2103:during and at the end of the
1070:National Pan-Hellenic Council
290:Historically Black Protestant
26529:Slavery in the United States
26524:History of the United States
25751:Indigenous Mexican Americans
20354:, Gallup, September 28, 2007
20345:"Black or African American?"
20250:(Infobase Publishing, 2004).
20206:, Elsa Barkley Brown (eds),
20027:"They Put 'Negro' on There?"
19798:. p. A1. Archived from
19342:"Memoirs of Madison Hemings"
18901:"Black or African American?"
18124:"Atheism has a race problem"
17813:"When Unity is Long Overdue"
17072:. In Kortmann, Bernd (ed.).
17013:"African-American Inventors"
16594:. Gallup.com. Archived from
16311:Retrieved February 23, 2021.
16273:Douglas, Stephen A. (1991).
16111:Urbina, Ian (June 3, 2013).
15394:Genome Biology and Evolution
14950:10.1371/journal.pgen.1006059
14646:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000334
14377:, U.S. Department of Justice
14224:U.S. News & World Report
13874:LaVeist TA (December 2003).
13184:Ammunition for poverty pimps
10339:Schultz, Jeffrey D. (2002).
9281:U.S. News & World Report
9143:International Slavery Museum
8083:African-American upper class
7651:
7104:was considered a pioneer of
6984:constitute 20% of the total
6607:Black American Sign Language
6317:, founded and controlled by
6134:history of the United States
5597:, and 7.5 times the rate of
5474:
5066:Congressional representation
4783:
3158:illuminating the tyranny of
2936:in December 1865. While the
2884:United States Colored Troops
2603:Slavery in the United States
2129:disenfranchised in the South
1872:School segregation in the US
1410:Black American Sign Language
1384:Languages and other dialects
273:Black American Sign Language
7:
26281:Michael Row the Boat Ashore
25992:Maps of American ancestries
25788:French Polynesian Americans
24125:Dutch West Indian Americans
21548:Black players in ice hockey
21483:National Urban League (NUL)
21309:American Society of Muslims
20547:Selma to Montgomery marches
20467:Brown v. Board of Education
19518:The Conscience of a Liberal
19455:United States Census Bureau
19429:. Temple University Press.
19106:United States Census Bureau
15896:Lang, Cady (July 6, 2020).
14368:Homicide trends in the U.S.
13556:South Carolina Public Radio
12095:Public Information Office,
11915:Anderson, James D. (1988).
10990:"Exit polls: How Obama won"
10345:. Oryx Press. p. 284.
10157:", consulted June 20, 2015.
9914:Braidwood, Stephen (1994).
9498:. Backintyme. p. 117.
9276:"The First Black Americans"
8962:www.immigrationresearch.org
8592:United States Census Bureau
8229:African Americans in Israel
8224:African Americans in France
8219:African Americans in Canada
8197:African Americans in Africa
8189:
8098:AP African American Studies
8039:
7642:U.S. Department of Commerce
7226:African American literature
6815:Religion of Black Americans
6719:
6672:African American literature
6634:, commonly spoken by urban
6594:
6244:with former U.S. President
6232:African-American newspapers
5986:ban on interracial marriage
5926:protest on August 28, 2020.
5670:
5115:
4892:AP African American Studies
4212:people of mixed-race origin
3465:the reverse trend post-1970
3245:protest in response to the
2977:racially motivated violence
2559:(French who had settled in
2385:The first slave auction at
2139:, the elimination of legal
699:African-American businesses
302:significant others include
10:
26741:
25773:Pacific Islander Americans
23626:African diaspora religions
22750:Indigenous Black Canadians
21705:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
21463:Nashville Student Movement
20474:Children of the plantation
20350:September 6, 2010, at the
20291:W. W. Norton & Company
18689:Black Entrepreneur History
18305:"Elijah McCoy (1844–1929)"
17834:Terry, Don (May 3, 1993).
17741:. South End Press, p. 37.
17681:. Macmillan. p. 115.
15357:10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.02.003
15027:10.1016/j.ajhg.2020.06.012
14899:10.1016/j.ajhg.2014.11.010
14784:10.1186/gb-2009-10-12-r141
14373:December 12, 2006, at the
14153:10.1016/j.jalz.2015.12.007
14084:Alzheimer's & Dementia
13657:10.1177/002193479602700201
12152:December 23, 2015, at the
12047:. December 19, 2005. p. 26
11868:(2nd ed.). New York:
11608:February 16, 2021, at the
11172:"We the Americans: Blacks"
10708:Annual Review of Sociology
10634:Annual Review of Sociology
10585:Matthew, Anderson (1900).
10153:November 19, 2018, at the
10075:February 14, 2007, at the
9368:newnetherlandinstitute.org
8813:. LSU Press. p. 126.
8807:Rucker, Walter C. (2006).
8323:Lists of African Americans
8212:Sierra Leone Creole people
8202:African Americans in Ghana
8023:denounces the use of both
7997:and is used as part of an
7908:Trans-Atlantic slave trade
7655:
7637:U.S. Department of Justice
7389:
7379:Johnson Publishing Company
7260:African American inventors
6958:converted to Islam in 1964
6818:
6812:
6783: Other Christian (1%)
6681:
6604:
6598:
6501:
6495:
6491:
6225:
6204:, and in King's 1964 book
6035:Mildred and Richard Loving
5892:
5856:
5674:
5570:U.S. Department of Justice
5518:
5507:
5501:
5478:
5366:2020 Presidential election
5038:Bureau of Labor Statistics
4962:low educational attainment
4928:
4901:
4795:
4792:Former slave reading, 1870
4521:
3361:
3231:
3020:
2955:
2938:Naturalization Act of 1790
2656:Sierra Leone Creole people
2632:American Revolutionary War
2600:
2472:Charleston, South Carolina
2257:
2251:
2240:
2236:
2137:migration out of the South
2127:and found themselves soon
1237:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
912:Congressional Black Caucus
879:African Diaspora Religions
666:Martin Luther King Jr. Day
26676:
26539:
26431:
26423:South Carolina Lowcountry
26377:
26346:
26339:
26322:
26299:
26258:
26177:
26161:
26136:
26077:
26070:
25972:
25964:Punjabi Mexican Americans
25914:
25843:
25763:
25237:
25088:Liechtensteiner Americans
24895:
24439:
24077:
24066:
23934:
23804:
23795:
23727:
23616:
23601:African Hebrew Israelites
23586:
23540:
23477:
23466:
23446:
23377:Afro-Asians in South Asia
23342:
23255:
23090:
22940:
22725:
22651:
22461:
22447:
22440:
22375:
22342:Index of related articles
22220:
22135:
21859:
21792:
21730:
21630:
21591:
21523:
21516:
21431:
21351:
21343:Doctrine of Father Divine
21289:
21231:
20880:
20735:
20727:Women's suffrage movement
20680:Reconstruction Amendments
20487:Voting Rights Act of 1965
20406:
20261:Stewart, Earl L. (1998).
19768:"Obama the 'Magic Negro'"
19715:The Philadelphia Inquirer
18842:University of Texas Press
18456:"Lloyd Albert Quarterman"
18157:Stewart, Earl L. (1998).
17737:William W. Sales (1994).
17441:October 10, 2014, at the
16512:. Public Policy Polling.
16430:. Public Policy Polling.
16301:January 26, 2021, at the
15573:. Brookings Institution.
14546:10.1037/0735-7028.35.1.19
12664:U.S. Census Press Release
11388:January 27, 2018, at the
11371:"Total Ancestry Reported"
11056:"What We Didn't Overcome"
10962:. CNN. November 4, 2008.
10667:Seligman, Amanda (2005).
10094:. Routledge. p. 48.
9943:. In Allain, Jean (ed.).
9745:10.1080/01440391003711073
9551:October 24, 2019, at the
9455:, National Park Service,
9397:Jordan, Winthrop (1968).
9224:; Smith, D. Boyd (2007).
9193:J. Michael Francis, PhD,
7961:United Negro College Fund
7811:has argued that the term
7756:Emancipation Proclamation
7478:, to give descendants of
6795: Other religion (1%)
6659:Southern American English
6447:Soul of the South Network
6002:Maryland General Assembly
5497:
5469:Lift Every Voice and Sing
5449:Lift Every Voice and Sing
5089:Homeownership in the U.S.
5048:reported in 2006 that in
4621:cities of 100,000 or more
4230:Proportion in each county
4123:, many of whom may be of
4051:
4044:
4039:
4034:
3490:and racial violence. The
3421:2020 United States census
3124:Chicago Black Renaissance
3065:Chicago race riot of 1919
2916:Emancipation Proclamation
2276:were people from several
2274:transatlantic slave trade
1744:US states and territories
1045:American Life and History
767:Lift Every Voice and Sing
476:Treatment of the enslaved
283:
278:
256:American English dialects
253:
248:
231:
214:
197:
180:
163:
151:
146:
62:
57:
40:
26720:African-American culture
26705:African-American society
26476:History of Guinea-Bissau
26439:African-American history
26385:Beaufort, South Carolina
26307:African-American culture
25987:Native American ancestry
24762:Hungarian Slovak Gypsies
24618:Indo-Caribbean Americans
24340:Sierra Leonean Americans
24290:Bissau-Guinean Americans
24236:South Sudanese Americans
22643:Turks and Caicos Islands
22392:United States portal
21827:African-American English
21256:Inventors and scientists
20948:George Washington Carver
20552:Chicago Freedom Movement
20067:10.1177/0075424211414807
19494:. University of Michigan
19065:Brennan, Timothy. 2008.
18903:. Gallup. Archived from
17301:. St. Martin's Griffin.
17068:Edwards, Walter (2004).
16955:"NBC News & TheGrio"
16670:"Martin Luther King, Jr"
16058:January 6, 2019, at the
14991:August 14, 2021, at the
14567:Turner, Natalie (2018).
14008:Southern Medical Journal
13880:Health Services Research
13645:Journal of Black Studies
13479:– via NYTimes.com.
12043:"Overcoming Apartheid",
11632:San Antonio Express-News
10904:Jordan, John H. (2013),
10528:August 29, 2017, at the
10193:Generations of Captivity
10178:January 7, 2024, at the
10053:. McFarland. p. 10.
10022:Finkelman, Paul (2007).
9939:Finkelman, Paul (2012).
9622:Journal of Negro History
9598:January 7, 2024, at the
9477:John Henderson Russell,
9372:New Netherland Institute
8660:August 17, 2018, at the
8334:
8255:
7984:African American English
7791:
7644:, derived from the 1977
7601:United States government
7367:Robert Sengstacke Abbott
7344:Frederick McKinley Jones
7317:Frederick McKinley Jones
7209:Literature and academics
7188:
7069:
6982:African American Muslims
6851:in Harlem, New York City
6801: Unaffiliated (11%)
6612:African-American English
6601:African-American English
6566:George Washington Carver
6498:African-American culture
6280:(originally launched as
6053:California Proposition 8
5853:Racism and social status
5818:
5770:
4510:, with 3.8 million, and
3202:Civil Rights Act of 1964
3077:Hampton Negro Conference
2808:. They helped build the
2743:Antebellum United States
2491:Dutch West India Company
2327:conquistador in 1565 in
2316:, whence they had come.
2292:in the Caribbean to the
2243:African American history
2181:, the English language,
2171:African-American culture
2081:in the southern colonies
2067:. After arriving in the
2053:African-American history
1946:United States portal
1353:African-American English
864:African-American Muslims
425:Jim Crow era (1896–1954)
260:African-American English
26512:History of Sierra Leone
26405:Golden Isles of Georgia
25949:Louisiana Creole people
25098:Luxembourgish Americans
24268:South African Americans
24204:Equatoguinean Americans
22315:African-American firsts
21364:Back-to-Africa movement
21333:Black Hebrew Israelites
21113:Adam Clayton Powell Jr.
20661:Partus sequitur ventrem
20132:The Cincinnati Enquirer
19971:Tottie, Gunnel (2002).
17421:April 23, 2015, at the
17222:Norman, Teresa (1998).
17150:Green, Lisa J. (2002).
16903:"BlackAmericaStudy.com"
16808:. NPR. April 20, 2005.
16782:. NPR. April 20, 2005.
14849:10.1073/pnas.0909559107
14573:Aging and Mental Health
13816:The Washington Informer
13158:The Wall Street Journal
12326:. Columbia University.
12106:March 27, 2010, at the
12052:March 25, 2013, at the
11870:Leavitt, Lord & Co.
11740:August 1, 2018, at the
11255:. Lcweb2.loc.gov. n.d.
10477:The History of Jim Crow
10426:The History of Jim Crow
10295:"History of Juneteenth"
9733:Slavery & Abolition
8207:Americo-Liberian people
8153:South African Americans
8068:African American cinema
7684:anti-miscegenation laws
7466:In the 1980s, the term
7053:according to Jewish law
7045:Black Hebrew Israelites
6907:United Church of Christ
6903:Church of God in Christ
6540:United States, such as
6441:Sean "Puff Daddy" Combs
6200:. It also inspired the
6004:in 1691, criminalizing
5608:has been attributed to
4914:segregated institutions
4772:Queens County, New York
4693:Brockton, Massachusetts
4189:, at over 2.2 million.
3296:. On November 4, 2008,
3073:systemic discrimination
3069:Omaha race riot of 1919
3041:Omaha race riot of 1919
2855:The 1863 photograph of
2515:partus sequitur ventrum
2306:Lucas Vázquez de Ayllón
1867:Reparations for slavery
955:Back-to-Africa movement
854:Black Hebrew Israelites
732:African-American beauty
120:Alone or in combination
26185:Afro-American religion
25736:Puerto Rican Americans
24295:Cape Verdean Americans
24150:Saint Lucian Americans
23926:Ethnocultural politics
23894:Racial achievement gap
23824:Educational attainment
23631:Anti-African sentiment
22283:Spingarn Medal winners
21772:States and territories
21543:Black NFL quarterbacks
21043:Martin Luther King Jr.
20575:Dred Scott v. Sandford
20514:Montgomery bus boycott
20315:Richard Thompson Ford
20194:African American Lives
20148:Altman, Susan (2000).
18512:"Daniel Hale Williams"
18486:"Dr. Lloyd Quarterman"
18109:July 21, 2018, at the
17765:July 24, 2008, at the
17645:When the Word Is Given
16327:June 11, 2014, at the
15269:. Basci Civitas Books.
15265:Henry Louis Gates Jr.
14982:Henry Louis Gates, Jr.
14719:. September 11, 2023.
12683:Bloomberg BusinessWeek
11407:factfinder2.census.gov
11373:, American FactFinder.
10815:Haas, Jeffrey (2011).
10553:. 2002. Archived from
10547:African American World
10325:July 21, 2018, at the
9222:Grizzard, Frank E. Jr.
9172:Robert Wright, Richard
8031:. Mixed-race usage of
7596:
7452:
7399:
7276:Egyptian hieroglyphics
7221:
7116:African American music
7085:The King & Carter
6986:U.S. Muslim population
6959:
6852:
6849:Masjid Malcolm Shabazz
6841:
6745:Evangelical Protestant
6689:African-American names
6684:African-American names
6536:
6427:Warner Bros. Discovery
6248:
6154:Martin Luther King Jr.
6126:
6123:Martin Luther King Jr.
5998:anti-miscegenation law
5993:
5927:
5691:
5464:
5453:family of Barack Obama
5085:
4980:
4868:
4793:
4708:Prince George's County
4673:Baton Rouge, Louisiana
4665:New Orleans, Louisiana
4641:Miami Gardens, Florida
4194:
3468:
3448:
3440:
3424:
3395:
3385:
3259:first African American
3250:
3185:
3106:
3048:
2929:
2887:
2839:
2818:Washington, D.C.-based
2778:
2627:
2542:
2475:
2393:
2339:
2294:San Miguel de Gualdape
2269:
2065:the Western Hemisphere
2057:European slave traders
1337:Dialects and languages
497:Second Great Migration
294:Evangelical Protestant
154:Southern United States
26540:Related ethnic groups
26505:History of the Gambia
26364:Port Royal Experiment
26178:Religion and folklore
26118:Daughters of the Dust
25833:New Zealand Americans
25798:Micronesian Americans
25793:Marshallese Americans
25694:Costa Rican Americans
25153:Sammarinese Americans
25123:Montenegrin Americans
24853:Azerbaijani Americans
24816:Palestinian Americans
24738:Singaporean Americans
24586:Bangladeshi Americans
24194:Cameroonian Americans
23916:Unemployment by state
23683:Civil rights movement
23571:Afro-Caribbean people
22880:Chestnut Ridge people
22802:African-American Jews
22604:Saint Kitts and Nevis
21593:Athletic associations
21528:Negro league baseball
21299:African-American Jews
21018:Ketanji Brown Jackson
20983:Henry Highland Garnet
20842:Negro National Anthem
20592:George Floyd protests
20557:Post–civil rights era
20360: – slideshow by
20173:Finkelman, Paul, ed.
20166:Finkelman, Paul, ed.
20128:"The evolving N-word"
19958:The Free Negro Family
19603:on September 24, 2010
19451:"U.S. Census website"
19301:10.3138/jcfs.38.2.197
18466:on September 24, 2006
17550:May 19, 2019, at the
17355:"Raising E and Yo..."
17264:(November 30, 2010).
16461:May 25, 2017, at the
16456:Public Policy Polling
16209:BlackDemographics.com
15986:(December 27, 2020).
15283:. November 20, 2012.
15157:Nature Communications
15084:10.1089/heq.2017.0045
14490:. November 22, 2013.
14410:realestate.usnews.com
13841:The Los Angeles Times
13558:. February 22, 2023.
13436:. February 27, 2020.
13189:May 25, 2017, at the
12605:on September 20, 2006
12451:. February 15, 2019.
12400:July 2, 2017, at the
12230:July 6, 2017, at the
12145:Michael A. Fletcher,
12110:. September 15, 2000.
11509:Brookings Institution
11413:on February 12, 2020.
11318:on September 20, 2004
10543:"The Great Migration"
10049:Calore, Paul (2008).
9706:Encyclopedia Virginia
9702:"Fugitive Slave Laws"
9579:June 4, 2007, at the
8915:Gates, Henry Louis Jr
8173:West Indian Americans
7744:Henry Louis Gates Jr.
7588:
7521:"if had to choose."
7443:
7397:
7331:called the Nautilus.
7248:, Nobel Prize winner
7216:
7005:African American Jews
6954:
6847:
6836:
6819:Further information:
6516:dinner consisting of
6511:
6496:Further information:
6425:and jointly owned by
6419:Oprah Winfrey Network
6407:E. W. Scripps Company
6313:. TV One is owned by
6239:
6141:civil rights movement
6120:
5983:
5918:
5775:Africans bearing the
5689:
5502:Further information:
5446:
5439:Black national anthem
5412:Franklin D. Roosevelt
5101:debt-to-income ratios
5082:US homeownership rate
5079:
4974:
4929:Further information:
4859:
4791:
4661:Shreveport, Louisiana
4625:South Fulton, Georgia
4522:Further information:
4165:
3454:
3446:
3430:
3401:
3391:
3383:
3362:Further information:
3241:
3228:Post–civil rights era
3180:
3143:civil rights movement
3101:
3081:restrictive covenants
3034:
3027:civil rights movement
2924:
2869:
2830:
2810:United States Capitol
2767:
2727:Fugitive Slave Clause
2610:
2528:
2469:
2384:
2337:
2267:
2145:civil rights movement
2125:second-class citizens
1749:US metropolitan areas
1576:List of neighborhoods
1190:Alabama Creole people
1180:African-American Jews
1112:Negro league baseball
1075:National Urban League
1027:Civic/economic groups
859:African-American Jews
749:African-American hair
611:, after the Civil War
440:Post–civil rights era
269:Gullah Creole English
152:Predominantly in the
26451:Atlantic slave trade
26126:Gullah Gullah Island
25906:Venezuelan Americans
25896:Surinamese Americans
25886:Paraguayan Americans
25876:Ecuadorian Americans
25828:Australian Americans
25719:Salvadoran Americans
25714:Panamanian Americans
25709:Nicaraguan Americans
25699:Guatemalan Americans
25138:Portuguese Americans
25103:Macedonian Americans
25093:Lithuanian Americans
24930:Belarusian Americans
24748:Vietnamese Americans
24718:Indonesian Americans
24672:Sri Lankan Americans
24538:Fuzhounese Americans
24335:Senegalese Americans
24273:Zimbabwean Americans
24165:Vincentian Americans
23641:Atlantic slave trade
23329:United Arab Emirates
21800:Afro-Seminole Creole
21326:Azusa Street Revival
21198:Booker T. Washington
20722:Underground Railroad
20587:Free people of color
20441:Atlantic slave trade
20214:Ortiz, Paul (2018).
20204:Rosalyn Terborg-Penn
19788:(November 8, 2019).
19559:dornsifelive.usc.edu
18907:on September 6, 2010
18832:Baugh, John (1999).
18435:on February 17, 2003
18429:Lemelson-MIT Program
18369:Lemelson-MIT Program
18339:Lemelson-MIT Program
18335:"Granville T. Woods"
18309:Lemelson-MIT Program
18279:Lemelson-MIT Program
18147:, November 27, 2011.
17792:on November 25, 2012
17784:(Technical report).
17758:Uzra Zeya (1990–01)
17673:Clegg, Claude Andrew
17390:. January 30, 2009.
16989:. October 29, 2014.
16760:on November 22, 2010
16734:on November 26, 2018
16650:on November 30, 2009
16379:on September 8, 2012
15215:. November 8, 2023.
14999:, February 11, 2013.
14426:. February 22, 2023.
14394:. February 13, 2024.
14336:. February 22, 2023.
13788:. January 11, 2017.
13291:. October 13, 2022.
13047:on December 13, 2010
11710:National Media Spots
10775:Newkirk II, Vann R.
10747:Smithsonian Magazine
10523:"Legacy of Lynching"
10473:"Surviving Jim Crow"
9836:on February 19, 2012
8347:Meaning "1% or more"
8063:African-American art
8054:United States portal
7883:Scientific socialist
7799:The End of Blackness
7662:Multiracial American
7340:Daniel Hale Williams
7313:Lewis Howard Latimer
6968:Warith Deen Mohammed
6504:African-American art
6335:Meeting David Wilson
6215:Frank L. Stanley Sr.
6186:Free Speech Movement
6145:Black Power movement
6033:entered the home of
6010:Charleston, Illinois
6006:interracial marriage
5451:" being sung by the
4931:Black-owned business
4629:Jackson, Mississippi
4514:, with 3.6 million.
3294:Atlantic Slave Trade
2934:Thirteenth Amendment
2906:In 1863, during the
2886:sitting by the door.
2844:domestic slave trade
2836:domestic slave trade
2787:Atlantic slave trade
2729:of the Constitution—
2348:"20 and odd negroes"
2300:area of present-day
2260:Atlantic slave trade
2115:and adult-males the
1906:Criminal stereotypes
1681:District of Columbia
1398:Afro-Seminole Creole
840:Non-Christian groups
435:Black power movement
399:during the Civil War
368:Atlantic slave trade
26266:Charleston red rice
26078:Film and television
25901:Uruguayan Americans
25871:Colombian Americans
25861:Brazilian Americans
25851:Argentine Americans
25731:Dominican Americans
25625:Alaskan Athabaskans
25224:Non-Hispanic whites
25217:Ukrainian Americans
25195:Slovenian Americans
25173:Norwegian Americans
25168:Icelandic Americans
25056:Hungarian Americans
25002:Dagestani Americans
24977:Bulgarian Americans
24796:Jordanian Americans
24733:Malaysian Americans
24703:Cambodian Americans
24655:Pakistani Americans
24645:Maldivian Americans
24598:Bhutanese Americans
24574:Mongolian Americans
24528:Taiwanese Americans
24523:Hong Kong Americans
24371:Ethiopian Americans
24241:Tanzanian Americans
24199:Congolese Americans
24130:Grenadian Americans
24115:Bermudian Americans
24110:Barbadian Americans
23844:Housing segregation
23798:Demographic history
23530:Sierra Leone Creole
23381:India and Pakistan
22626:Trinidad and Tobago
22476:Antigua and Barbuda
22195:Trinidad and Tobago
21810:Black American Sign
21637:By African descent
21631:Ethnic subdivisions
21618:Southwestern (SWAC)
21533:Baseball color line
21448:Black Panther Party
21352:Political movements
21269:in computer science
20928:Carol Moseley Braun
20717:Tulsa race massacre
20710:Treatment of slaves
20542:March on Washington
20537:Birmingham movement
20331:Scientific American
20253:Salzman, Jack, ed.
20200:Hine, Darlene Clark
20108:on October 24, 2019
19804:on January 1, 2022.
19657:The Washington Post
19371:"The United States"
18637:on November 5, 2010
18518:on November 5, 2010
18228:on December 4, 2010
18128:The Washington Post
18122:Sikivu Hutchinson,
18056:The Times of Israel
17981:on October 20, 2007
17891:Pew Research Center
17786:Pew Research Center
17519:Baptists in America
16935:on January 20, 2011
16909:on February 7, 2011
16891:on August 29, 2007.
16624:on January 10, 2011
16598:on January 21, 2011
16545:on October 30, 2012
16347:The Washington Post
16025:The Washington Post
15567:Thernstrom, Stephan
15563:Thernstrom, Abigail
15533:The Washington Post
15169:2015NatCo...6.6596M
14840:2010PNAS..107..786B
14352:www.bradyunited.org
13886:(6 Pt 2): 1719–33.
13818:. October 23, 2012.
13073:on January 20, 2011
12710:"Occupations: 2000"
12512:The Washington Post
12406:The Network Journal
12355:The Washington Post
12349:Gleibermann, Erik.
12260:on October 16, 2014
12254:blackboysreport.org
12205:on January 18, 2017
12158:The Washington Post
11974:10.1017/heq.2020.68
11901:10.1017/heq.2020.65
11796:. October 1, 2006.
11574:Pew Research Center
11179:US Bureau of Census
11091:The Washington Post
10910:Trafford Publishing
10873:on October 12, 2007
10591:Moton, Robert Russa
10557:on October 12, 2007
10420:Davis, Ronald L.F.
9673:Library of Congress
9428:. Greenwood Press.
9344:on February 2, 2011
9288:on February 2, 2011
8865:Bureau, US Census.
8528:; specifically the
8234:Black Nova Scotians
7889:, have argued that
7828:New York Daily News
7792:Terminology dispute
7590:Racially segregated
7406:was popularized by
7375:Black History Month
6988:, the majority are
6964:pilgrimage to Mecca
6915:Jehovah's Witnesses
6825:Hoodoo (folk magic)
6755:Mainline Protestant
6645:African Americans.
6522:macaroni and cheese
5752:in West Africa and
5682:Genome-wide studies
5657:cultural competency
4977:US household income
4862:Neil deGrasse Tyson
4744:Charles City County
4653:Baltimore, Maryland
4649:Montgomery, Alabama
4637:Birmingham, Alabama
4538:New Great Migration
4220:Ethiopian Americans
4098:At the time of the
4041:Non-Hispanic Blacks
4031:
3515:
3500:that trend reversed
3279:Carol Moseley-Braun
2985:Mary McLeod Bethune
2755:Dred Scott decision
2747:Missouri Compromise
2723:Fugitive slave laws
2715:Section 9, Clause 1
2652:Black Nova Scotians
2620:American Revolution
2364:indentured servants
2089:American Revolution
1302:Sierra Leone Creole
1263:Specific ancestries
1148:Southwestern (SWAC)
671:Black History Month
502:New Great Migration
456:Agriculture history
308:Jehovah's Witnesses
298:Mainline Protestant
37:
26500:History of Senegal
26486:History of Nigeria
26481:History of Liberia
26235:John the Conqueror
25891:Peruvian Americans
25881:Guyanese Americans
25856:Bolivian Americans
25778:Chamorro Americans
25704:Honduran Americans
25689:Belizean Americans
25674:Canadian Americans
25143:Romanian Americans
25113:Moldovan Americans
25041:Galician Americans
25019:Estonian Americans
24987:Croatian Americans
24965:Scottish Americans
24920:Austrian Americans
24915:Asturian Americans
24910:Albanian Americans
24858:Georgian Americans
24848:Assyrian Americans
24843:Armenian Americans
24806:Lebanese Americans
24781:Bahraini Americans
24708:Filipino Americans
24650:Nepalese Americans
24613:Gujarati Americans
24562:Ryukyuan Americans
24557:Japanese Americans
24429:Sudanese Americans
24422:Tunisian Americans
24407:Algerian Americans
24390:Egyptian Americans
24366:Eritrean Americans
24345:Togolese Americans
24330:Nigerian Americans
24320:Liberian Americans
24305:Ghanaian Americans
24285:Beninese Americans
24263:Malawian Americans
24209:Gabonese Americans
24140:Jamaican Americans
24105:Bahamian Americans
24011:Moorish Scientists
23911:Standard of living
23673:Black Lives Matter
23280:Ethiopian Israelis
22930:African immigrants
22905:Louisiana Redbones
22841:Chickasaw freedmen
22770:African immigrants
22538:Dominican Republic
22293:US representatives
22288:US cabinet members
22180:Dominican Republic
21767:Metropolitan areas
21608:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
21433:Civic and economic
21411:Self-determination
21232:Education, science
21153:Fred Shuttlesworth
21133:A. Philip Randolph
21038:Coretta Scott King
20963:Frederick Douglass
20790:Harlem Renaissance
20695:Separate but equal
20685:Reconstruction era
20673:Plessy v. Ferguson
20564:Cornerstone Speech
20478:Civil Rights Acts
20461:Black Lives Matter
20436:American Civil War
20183:John Hope Franklin
19903:The New York Times
19795:The New York Times
19629:on August 13, 2021
19565:on January 1, 2020
19314:Davis, David Brion
19180:includes Haitians.
19141:on March 15, 2009.
19020:The New York Times
18749:The New York Times
18715:The New York Times
18454:McConnell, Wendy.
18222:"Norbert Rillieux"
18145:The New York Times
18006:My Jewish Learning
17840:The New York Times
17436:"The Black Church"
17434:Charyn D. Sutton,
16865:on August 28, 2012
16728:Native News Online
16699:. People's World.
16248:Facing History.org
16117:The New York Times
15984:Wong, Julia Carrie
15871:The New York Times
15406:10.1093/gbe/evv118
15320:on January 1, 2022
15312:The New York Times
15213:Black Demographics
15177:10.1038/ncomms7596
13465:The New York Times
13322:U.S. Census Bureau
13099:on August 13, 2009
12950:"PINC-03-Part 133"
12924:"PINC-03-Part 128"
12898:"PINC-03-Part 253"
12872:"PINC-03-Part 135"
12843:"PINC-03-Part 259"
12814:"PINC-03-Part 254"
12785:"PINC-03-Part 131"
12566:U.S. Census Bureau
12248:Alonso, Andres A.
12097:U.S. Census Bureau
12021:10.1017/heq.2022.2
11826:on August 21, 2016
11794:The New York Times
11748:, January 3, 2014.
11746:Atlanta Black Star
11672:The New York Times
11343:The New York Times
11210:Time: Almanac 2005
11029:The New York Times
10931:The New York Times
10499:Plessy v. Ferguson
10320:Seward certificate
10265:Featured Documents
10211:The New York Times
10207:"Icons of Cruelty"
10030:on October 9, 2018
9880:Benjamin Quarles,
8896:has generic name (
8793:Gomez, Michael A:
8244:Haitian emigration
7833:Charles Steele Jr.
7740:Harvard University
7710:racial segregation
7705:Loving v. Virginia
7613:U.S. Census Bureau
7597:
7540:The New York Times
7453:
7400:
7336:open heart surgery
7242:Zora Neale Hurston
7222:
6960:
6866:Watchnight service
6853:
6842:
6537:
6356:The Africa Channel
6249:
6222:Media and coverage
6127:
6045:Loving v. Virginia
6000:was passed by the
5994:
5947:, "The specter of
5936:Black Lives Matter
5928:
5692:
5528:European Americans
5465:
5459:and others in the
5420:New Deal coalition
5086:
5058:Walter E. Williams
5046:The New York Times
4981:
4958:cognitive deficits
4880:advanced placement
4869:
4866:Hayden Planetarium
4851:affirmative action
4804:anti-literacy laws
4794:
4681:Newark, New Jersey
4645:Memphis, Tennessee
4216:Nigerian Americans
4195:
4027:
3513:
3471:In 1790, when the
3469:
3449:
3441:
3425:
3396:
3386:
3251:
3243:Black Lives Matter
3186:
3151:Money, Mississippi
3141:By the 1950s, the
3120:Harlem Renaissance
3107:
3049:
3005:Plessy v. Ferguson
2973:disenfranchisement
2969:racial segregation
2958:Reconstruction era
2930:
2908:American Civil War
2901:Wilberforce Colony
2888:
2840:
2779:
2769:Frederick Douglass
2751:Compromise of 1850
2725:(derived from the
2667:Bernardo de Gálvez
2628:
2543:
2476:
2409:for running away.
2394:
2362:in August 1619 as
2340:
2270:
2141:racial segregation
1311:Sexual orientation
1185:Afro-Puerto Ricans
1138:Mid-Eastern (MEAC)
773:Self-determination
737:Black is beautiful
403:Reconstruction era
35:
26692:
26691:
26672:
26671:
26547:African Americans
26456:History of Angola
26412:(protected site)
26320:
26319:
26312:Culture of Africa
26291:Robot Hive/Exodus
26259:Music and culture
26152:Vibration Cooking
26102:A Soldier's Story
26029:
26028:
26025:
26024:
25982:American ancestry
25866:Chilean Americans
25808:Palauan Americans
25741:Mexican Americans
25200:Spanish Americans
25185:Serbian Americans
25178:Swedish Americans
25148:Russian Americans
25128:Occitan Americans
25118:Monacan Americans
25108:Maltese Americans
25083:Latvian Americans
25078:Kosovan Americans
25066:Italian Americans
25024:Finnish Americans
24992:Cypriot Americans
24982:Catalan Americans
24955:English Americans
24950:Cornish Americans
24945:British Americans
24940:Bosnian Americans
24935:Belgian Americans
24885:Turkish Americans
24880:Kurdish Americans
24873:Israeli Americans
24863:Iranian Americans
24801:Kuwaiti Americans
24786:Emirati Americans
24728:Laotian Americans
24723:Iu Mien Americans
24691:Burmese Americans
24660:Punjabi Americans
24623:Punjabi Americans
24608:Bengali Americans
24591:Bengali Americans
24550:Tibetan Americans
24518:Chinese Americans
24496:Turkmen Americans
24469:Pashtun Americans
24417:Moroccan American
24315:Ivorian Americans
24310:Guinean Americans
24300:Gambian Americans
24258:Angolan Americans
24246:Ugandan Americans
24135:Haitian Americans
24085:African Americans
23884:Racial inequality
23854:Income inequality
23819:Gender inequality
23755:
23754:
23723:
23722:
23636:Anti-Black racism
23576:British Jamaicans
23566:African Americans
23551:African Americans
23505:Americo-Liberians
23490:African Americans
23462:
23461:
23285:Sudanese refugees
23086:
23085:
22856:Seminole freedmen
22836:Cherokee freedmen
22817:Black Southerners
22792:African Americans
22740:African Americans
22400:
22399:
22228:African Americans
22100:Dallas–Fort Worth
21695:Black Southerners
21626:
21625:
21078:Thurgood Marshall
21048:Bernard Lafayette
20643:Million Man March
20400:African Americans
20300:978-0-393-97141-5
20274:978-0-02-860294-3
20159:978-0-8160-4125-1
20152:. Facts on File.
20134:, August 5, 2001.
20102:The Baltimore Sun
20011:978-1-58073-039-6
19984:978-0-631-19792-8
19772:Los Angeles Times
19329:978-0-19-514073-6
19209:on March 10, 2013
19169:on March 10, 2013
19097:McKinnon, Jesse.
18939:978-0-9725290-9-9
18874:blogs.harvard.edu
18855:978-0-292-70873-0
18669:978-0-8160-4806-9
18599:Williams, Scott.
18548:on March 11, 2015
18371:. February 1997.
18260:978-0-275-96674-4
18174:978-0-02-860294-3
18141:"The Unbelievers"
18113:Pew Research 2009
18083:. August 16, 2020
17867:on April 11, 2012
17747:978-0-89608-480-3
17726:978-0-664-22475-2
17654:978-0-313-21002-0
17631:978-0-86554-758-2
17495:on April 25, 2012
17228:. Berkley Books.
16833:"Media Blackface"
16644:"Defenselink.mil"
16618:"PeoplePress.org"
16019:Matthews, Dylan.
15723:Bureau of Prisons
15569:(March 1, 1998).
15456:10.1002/humu.9469
14097:10.1002/alz.12068
13848:Los Angeles Times
13691:978-0-7425-5322-4
13269:on March 27, 2010
12591:Barbarin, Oscar.
12282:Ryan, Camille L.
12238:, March 16, 2015.
12127:on April 28, 2012
12067:"Segregation Now"
11242:of 2005, p. 377.)
11156:. June 17, 2021.
10678:978-0-226-74663-0
10607:2027/chi.14025588
10599:Hampton, Virginia
10238:Taylor, Nikki M.
10101:978-0-415-64506-5
10007:978-0-8020-7402-7
9962:978-0-19-174550-8
9925:978-0-85323-377-0
9505:978-0-939479-23-8
9260:978-0-8090-1608-2
9235:978-1-85109-637-4
8820:978-0-8071-3109-1
8594:. August 12, 2021
8118:Black Southerners
7920:Thirteen Colonies
7871:Black nationalist
7846:Los Angeles Times
7714:David Brion Davis
7581:Official identity
7373:, the founder of
7371:Carter G. Woodson
7356:Frederick Gregory
7325:Manhattan Project
7307:Garrett A. Morgan
7033:Reconstructionist
6930:Black nationalist
6917:, 22% are Black.
6789: Muslim (1%)
6775:Jehovah's Witness
6678:Traditional names
6544:, peanuts, rice,
6257:Robert L. Johnson
6242:Robert L. Johnson
6207:Why We Can't Wait
6008:. In a speech in
5874:racial wealth gap
5581:According to the
5429:Lyndon B. Johnson
5387:interests of the
5358:
5357:
5084:according to race
4778:Seatack, Virginia
4758:in New York, and
4697:Savannah, Georgia
4677:Hampton, Virginia
4633:Detroit, Michigan
4197:According to the
4110:and 18.7% in the
4096:
4095:
4022:
4021:
4006:41.1 million
3986:38.9 million
3966:34.6 million
3946:30.0 million
3926:26.5 million
3906:22.6 million
3886:18.9 million
3866:15.0 million
3846:12.9 million
3826:11.9 million
3806:10.5 million
3506:than leaving it.
3473:first U.S. census
3334:for a second and
3255:Thurgood Marshall
3210:Voting Rights Act
3198:Lyndon B. Johnson
3010:voter suppression
2707:U.S. Constitution
2663:Spanish Louisiana
2591:English Americans
2587:American colonies
2547:Spanish Louisiana
2535:George Washington
2445:colony of Georgia
2017:racial groups of
1995:African Americans
1992:
1991:
1929:
1928:
1827:
1826:
1601:Dallas-Fort Worth
1418:
1417:
1328:
1327:
1272:Americo-Liberians
1155:
1154:
1093:
1092:
1018:
1017:
887:
886:
831:Womanist theology
781:
780:
723:Symbols and ideas
509:
508:
388:Antebellum period
383:Revolutionary War
338:African Americans
323:
322:
36:African Americans
16:(Redirected from
26732:
26682:
26681:
26471:History of Ghana
26466:History of Congo
26461:History of Benin
26395:Eulonia, Georgia
26390:Daufuskie Island
26344:
26343:
26334:
26328:
26075:
26074:
26056:
26049:
26042:
26033:
26032:
25818:Tongan Americans
25813:Samoan Americans
25803:Native Hawaiians
25783:Fijian Americans
25685:Central America
25245:Native Americans
25190:Slovak Americans
25163:Danish Americans
25133:Polish Americans
25046:German Americans
25029:French Americans
25007:Lezgin Americans
24925:Basque Americans
24868:Jewish Americans
24836:Yemeni Americans
24831:Syrian Americans
24821:Qatari Americans
24757:Romani Americans
24665:Sindhi Americans
24638:Telugu Americans
24628:Sindhi Americans
24603:Indian Americans
24569:Korean Americans
24501:Uyghur Americans
24486:Kyrgyz Americans
24481:Kazakh Americans
24476:Baloch Americans
24464:Afghan Americans
24412:Libyan Americans
24402:Berber Americans
24395:Coptic Americans
24376:Somali Americans
24352:Yoruba Americans
24325:Malian Americans
24231:Kenyan Americans
24075:
24074:
24068:By continent and
23839:Household income
23782:
23775:
23768:
23759:
23758:
23745:
23744:
23735:
23734:
23475:
23474:
22863:Creoles of color
22846:Choctaw freedmen
22812:Black Mennonites
22745:Black Mennonites
22592:Jamaican Maroons
22548:Samaná Americans
22459:
22458:
22445:
22444:
22434:African diaspora
22427:
22420:
22413:
22404:
22403:
22390:
22389:
22388:
22352:Lynching victims
21851:Louisiana Creole
21822:American English
21710:Louisiana Creole
21683:Choctaw freedmen
21521:
21520:
21058:Huddie Ledbetter
20998:Fannie Lou Hamer
20968:W. E. B. Du Bois
20958:Claudette Colvin
20953:Shirley Chisholm
20770:Family structure
20638:Military history
20520:Browder v. Gayle
20393:
20386:
20379:
20370:
20369:
20325:African American
20304:
20289:(3rd ed.).
20283:Southern, Eileen
20278:
20229:
20218:. Beacon Press.
20163:
20135:
20124:
20118:
20117:
20115:
20113:
20104:. Archived from
20093:
20087:
20086:
20050:
20044:
20043:
20041:
20039:
20022:
20016:
20015:
19995:
19989:
19988:
19968:
19962:
19961:
19953:
19947:
19946:
19944:
19942:
19928:
19922:
19921:
19919:
19917:
19894:
19888:
19887:
19885:
19883:
19878:. March 18, 2016
19868:
19862:
19861:
19859:
19857:
19838:
19832:
19831:
19829:
19827:
19812:
19806:
19805:
19803:
19782:
19776:
19775:
19763:
19754:
19753:
19751:
19749:
19732:
19726:
19725:
19723:
19721:
19706:
19697:
19696:
19694:
19692:
19677:
19668:
19667:
19665:
19663:
19648:
19639:
19638:
19636:
19634:
19619:
19613:
19612:
19610:
19608:
19599:. Archived from
19586:
19575:
19574:
19572:
19570:
19561:. Archived from
19551:
19545:
19544:
19542:
19540:
19528:
19522:
19510:
19504:
19503:
19501:
19499:
19487:
19481:
19480:
19472:
19466:
19465:
19463:
19461:
19447:
19441:
19440:
19420:
19414:
19413:
19411:
19409:
19397:
19391:
19390:
19388:
19386:
19381:on June 15, 2018
19367:
19361:
19360:
19352:
19346:
19345:
19344:. PBS Frontline.
19338:
19332:
19311:
19305:
19304:
19284:
19278:
19277:
19275:
19273:
19268:on April 9, 2007
19257:
19251:
19250:
19248:
19246:
19240:
19228:
19222:
19221:
19216:
19214:
19208:
19197:
19189:
19183:
19182:
19176:
19174:
19168:
19157:
19149:
19143:
19142:
19131:
19125:
19124:
19122:
19120:
19114:
19103:
19094:
19088:
19076:
19070:
19063:
19057:
19056:
19054:
19052:
19038:
19032:
19031:
19029:
19027:
19010:
19004:
19003:
19001:
18999:
18984:
18978:
18977:
18975:
18973:
18958:
18952:
18951:
18923:
18917:
18916:
18914:
18912:
18896:
18890:
18889:
18887:
18885:
18876:. Archived from
18866:
18860:
18859:
18839:
18829:
18818:
18817:
18815:
18813:
18799:
18793:
18792:
18790:
18788:
18774:
18768:
18767:
18765:
18763:
18740:
18734:
18733:
18731:
18729:
18706:
18700:
18699:
18697:
18695:
18680:
18674:
18673:
18653:
18647:
18646:
18644:
18642:
18627:
18621:
18620:
18618:
18616:
18611:on June 29, 2011
18607:. Archived from
18596:
18590:
18589:
18587:
18585:
18564:
18558:
18557:
18555:
18553:
18534:
18528:
18527:
18525:
18523:
18508:
18502:
18501:
18499:
18497:
18492:on July 23, 2011
18482:
18476:
18475:
18473:
18471:
18462:. Archived from
18458:. Project Nova,
18451:
18445:
18444:
18442:
18440:
18431:. Archived from
18421:
18412:
18411:
18409:
18407:
18402:on July 16, 2011
18391:
18385:
18384:
18382:
18380:
18361:
18355:
18354:
18352:
18350:
18331:
18325:
18324:
18322:
18320:
18301:
18295:
18294:
18292:
18290:
18285:on March 2, 2003
18275:"Jan Matzeliger"
18271:
18265:
18264:
18244:
18238:
18237:
18235:
18233:
18218:
18212:
18211:
18209:
18207:
18202:on June 29, 2011
18185:
18179:
18178:
18154:
18148:
18137:
18131:
18130:, June 16, 2014.
18120:
18114:
18099:
18093:
18092:
18090:
18088:
18073:
18067:
18066:
18064:
18062:
18047:
18041:
18040:
18038:
18036:
18024:
18018:
18017:
18015:
18013:
18008:. 70 Faces media
17997:
17991:
17990:
17988:
17986:
17977:. Archived from
17954:
17948:
17947:
17945:
17943:
17926:
17920:
17919:
17917:
17915:
17901:
17895:
17894:
17883:
17877:
17876:
17874:
17872:
17857:
17851:
17850:
17848:
17846:
17831:
17825:
17824:
17822:
17820:
17808:
17802:
17801:
17799:
17797:
17776:
17770:
17756:
17750:
17735:
17729:
17714:
17708:
17707:
17702:
17700:
17669:
17663:
17662:
17640:
17634:
17619:
17613:
17598:
17592:
17585:
17579:
17564:
17555:
17542:
17531:
17511:
17505:
17504:
17502:
17500:
17485:
17476:
17475:
17473:
17471:
17452:
17446:
17432:
17426:
17413:
17404:
17403:
17401:
17399:
17380:
17374:
17373:
17371:
17369:
17358:Psychology Today
17350:
17344:
17343:
17341:
17339:
17319:
17313:
17312:
17292:
17286:
17285:
17283:
17281:
17262:Moskowitz, Clara
17258:
17252:
17251:
17249:
17247:
17219:
17208:
17207:
17205:
17203:
17192:The Conversation
17183:
17174:
17173:
17157:
17147:
17141:
17140:
17138:
17136:
17109:
17100:
17099:
17097:
17095:
17065:
17059:
17058:
17050:
17044:
17043:
17035:
17029:
17028:
17026:
17024:
17019:on June 13, 2007
17015:. Archived from
17009:
17003:
17002:
17000:
16998:
16977:
16971:
16970:
16968:
16966:
16951:
16945:
16944:
16942:
16940:
16925:
16919:
16918:
16916:
16914:
16899:
16893:
16892:
16887:. Archived from
16881:
16875:
16874:
16872:
16870:
16861:. Archived from
16855:
16849:
16848:
16846:
16844:
16828:
16822:
16821:
16819:
16817:
16802:
16796:
16795:
16793:
16791:
16776:
16770:
16769:
16767:
16765:
16750:
16744:
16743:
16741:
16739:
16730:. Archived from
16719:
16713:
16712:
16710:
16708:
16692:
16686:
16685:
16683:
16681:
16676:on June 13, 2007
16672:. Archived from
16666:
16660:
16659:
16657:
16655:
16640:
16634:
16633:
16631:
16629:
16614:
16608:
16607:
16605:
16603:
16588:
16582:
16581:
16579:
16577:
16568:. Ontopmag.com.
16561:
16555:
16554:
16552:
16550:
16535:
16529:
16528:
16526:
16524:
16518:
16511:
16503:
16497:
16496:
16494:
16492:
16472:
16466:
16453:
16447:
16446:
16444:
16442:
16436:
16429:
16421:
16415:
16414:
16412:
16410:
16395:
16389:
16388:
16386:
16384:
16369:
16363:
16362:
16360:
16358:
16338:
16332:
16318:
16312:
16292:
16279:
16278:
16270:
16264:
16263:
16261:
16259:
16240:
16225:
16224:
16222:
16220:
16205:"BLACK MARRIAGE"
16201:
16195:
16194:
16192:
16190:
16175:
16169:
16168:
16166:
16164:
16158:
16151:
16142:
16133:
16132:
16130:
16128:
16108:
16102:
16101:
16099:
16097:
16069:
16063:
16047:
16041:
16040:
16038:
16036:
16016:
16010:
16009:
16007:
16005:
15980:
15974:
15973:
15971:
15969:
15950:
15944:
15943:
15941:
15939:
15924:
15918:
15917:
15915:
15913:
15893:
15887:
15886:
15884:
15882:
15868:
15860:
15854:
15853:
15851:
15849:
15833:
15827:
15826:
15824:
15822:
15802:
15796:
15795:
15793:
15791:
15786:on July 13, 2016
15771:
15765:
15764:
15762:
15760:
15745:
15739:
15738:
15736:
15734:
15715:
15709:
15708:
15706:
15704:
15684:
15678:
15677:
15675:
15673:
15653:
15647:
15646:
15644:
15642:
15623:
15617:
15616:
15614:
15612:
15593:
15587:
15586:
15584:
15582:
15559:
15550:
15549:
15547:
15545:
15524:
15518:
15517:
15507:
15475:
15469:
15468:
15458:
15434:
15428:
15427:
15417:
15385:
15379:
15378:
15368:
15336:
15330:
15329:
15327:
15325:
15319:
15314:. Archived from
15303:
15297:
15296:
15294:
15292:
15277:
15271:
15270:
15262:
15256:
15255:
15253:
15251:
15235:
15229:
15228:
15226:
15224:
15205:
15199:
15198:
15188:
15148:
15142:
15141:
15139:
15137:
15112:
15106:
15105:
15095:
15063:
15057:
15056:
15038:
15006:
15000:
14979:
14973:
14972:
14962:
14952:
14927:
14921:
14920:
14910:
14878:
14872:
14871:
14861:
14851:
14818:
14807:
14806:
14796:
14786:
14761:
14752:
14751:
14739:
14733:
14732:
14730:
14728:
14713:
14707:
14706:
14704:
14702:
14682:
14676:
14675:
14665:
14625:
14619:
14618:
14616:
14614:
14596:
14564:
14558:
14557:
14539:
14519:
14504:
14503:
14501:
14499:
14478:
14472:
14471:
14469:
14467:
14448:
14442:
14441:
14434:
14428:
14427:
14420:
14414:
14413:
14402:
14396:
14395:
14384:
14378:
14365:
14356:
14355:
14344:
14338:
14337:
14330:
14324:
14323:
14321:
14319:
14304:
14298:
14297:
14295:
14293:
14273:
14267:
14266:
14264:
14262:
14246:
14240:
14239:
14237:
14235:
14215:
14209:
14208:
14206:
14204:
14189:
14183:
14182:
14172:
14132:
14126:
14125:
14099:
14076:
14070:
14069:
14067:
14065:
14046:
14040:
14039:
14003:
13997:
13996:
13994:
13987:
13979:
13970:
13969:
13959:
13949:
13925:
13914:
13913:
13903:
13871:
13865:
13864:
13862:
13860:
13851:. June 5, 2012.
13835:
13820:
13819:
13808:
13802:
13801:
13799:
13797:
13778:
13769:
13768:
13766:
13764:
13745:
13739:
13738:
13736:
13734:
13714:
13708:
13707:
13705:
13703:
13675:
13669:
13668:
13640:
13634:
13633:
13631:
13629:
13609:
13603:
13602:
13600:
13598:
13578:
13572:
13571:
13569:
13567:
13548:
13542:
13541:
13539:
13537:
13518:
13512:
13511:
13509:
13507:
13487:
13481:
13480:
13478:
13476:
13456:
13450:
13449:
13447:
13445:
13430:
13424:
13423:
13421:
13419:
13404:
13398:
13397:
13395:
13393:
13388:on June 17, 2024
13378:
13372:
13371:
13369:
13367:
13347:
13341:
13340:
13338:
13336:
13330:
13319:
13311:
13305:
13304:
13302:
13300:
13285:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13274:
13265:. Archived from
13259:
13253:
13252:
13250:
13248:
13243:on March 5, 2011
13232:
13226:
13225:
13223:
13221:
13215:
13208:
13200:
13194:
13181:
13175:
13174:
13172:
13170:
13148:
13142:
13141:
13139:
13137:
13115:
13109:
13108:
13106:
13104:
13089:
13083:
13082:
13080:
13078:
13063:
13057:
13056:
13054:
13052:
13037:
13031:
13030:
13028:
13026:
13021:on July 13, 2014
13020:
13014:. Archived from
13013:
13005:
12992:
12991:
12989:
12987:
12976:"PINC-03-Part 5"
12972:
12966:
12965:
12963:
12961:
12946:
12940:
12939:
12937:
12935:
12920:
12914:
12913:
12911:
12909:
12894:
12888:
12887:
12885:
12883:
12868:
12859:
12858:
12856:
12854:
12839:
12830:
12829:
12827:
12825:
12810:
12801:
12800:
12798:
12796:
12781:
12770:
12769:
12767:
12765:
12759:
12752:
12743:
12732:
12731:
12729:
12727:
12721:
12714:
12705:
12699:
12698:
12696:
12694:
12689:on July 19, 2010
12685:. Archived from
12674:
12665:
12659:
12653:
12652:
12650:
12639:
12630:
12624:
12621:
12615:
12614:
12612:
12610:
12604:
12597:
12588:
12582:
12581:
12579:
12577:
12557:
12551:
12550:
12548:
12541:
12532:
12523:
12522:
12520:
12518:
12504:
12498:
12497:
12495:
12493:
12471:
12465:
12464:
12462:
12460:
12441:
12435:
12434:
12432:
12430:
12415:
12409:
12392:
12386:
12385:
12377:
12371:
12370:
12368:
12366:
12346:
12340:
12339:
12337:
12335:
12316:
12310:
12309:
12307:
12305:
12299:
12288:
12279:
12270:
12269:
12267:
12265:
12245:
12239:
12221:
12215:
12214:
12212:
12210:
12201:. Archived from
12195:
12189:
12188:
12186:
12184:
12175:. June 3, 2016.
12174:
12167:
12161:
12160:, July 31, 2013.
12143:
12137:
12136:
12134:
12132:
12117:
12111:
12093:
12087:
12086:
12084:
12082:
12062:
12056:
12039:
12033:
12032:
12004:
11998:
11997:
11985:
11979:
11978:
11976:
11952:
11946:
11945:
11937:
11931:
11930:
11912:
11906:
11905:
11903:
11879:
11873:
11872:
11856:
11850:
11849:
11842:
11836:
11835:
11833:
11831:
11822:. Archived from
11816:
11810:
11809:
11807:
11805:
11791:
11784:
11775:
11774:
11772:
11770:
11761:. July 8, 2022.
11755:
11749:
11732:
11726:
11725:
11723:
11721:
11702:
11696:
11695:
11693:
11691:
11663:
11657:
11654:
11648:
11647:
11645:
11643:
11623:
11617:
11599:
11590:
11589:
11587:
11585:
11565:
11559:
11558:
11556:
11554:
11532:
11526:
11525:
11523:
11521:
11499:
11493:
11492:
11490:
11488:
11467:
11461:
11460:
11453:
11447:
11446:
11444:
11442:
11436:
11429:
11421:
11415:
11414:
11409:. Archived from
11399:
11393:
11380:
11374:
11368:
11359:
11358:
11356:
11354:
11334:
11328:
11327:
11325:
11323:
11317:
11311:. Archived from
11310:
11302:
11296:
11295:
11293:
11291:
11282:. Archived from
11275:
11269:
11268:
11266:
11264:
11249:
11243:
11236:
11230:
11229:
11213:
11204:
11198:
11197:
11195:
11193:
11187:
11176:
11168:
11162:
11161:
11144:
11138:
11137:
11135:
11133:
11122:Associated Press
11113:
11107:
11106:
11104:
11102:
11082:
11076:
11075:
11073:
11071:
11051:
11045:
11044:
11042:
11040:
11021:
11012:
11011:
11009:
11007:
10985:
10976:
10975:
10973:
10971:
10956:
10947:
10946:
10944:
10942:
10928:
10920:
10914:
10913:
10901:
10895:
10892:
10883:
10882:
10880:
10878:
10863:
10857:
10856:
10854:
10852:
10837:
10831:
10830:
10812:
10806:
10803:
10797:
10796:
10794:
10792:
10772:
10763:
10762:
10760:
10758:
10738:
10732:
10731:
10703:
10697:
10696:
10689:
10683:
10682:
10664:
10658:
10657:
10629:
10623:
10622:
10620:
10618:
10582:
10576:
10573:
10567:
10566:
10564:
10562:
10539:
10533:
10519:
10513:
10495:
10489:
10488:
10487:on May 26, 2012.
10483:. Archived from
10468:
10462:
10455:
10446:
10445:
10443:
10441:
10436:on June 14, 2002
10432:. Archived from
10417:
10411:
10410:
10408:
10406:
10387:
10381:
10378:
10369:
10368:
10366:
10364:
10336:
10330:
10317:
10311:
10310:
10308:
10306:
10291:
10285:
10284:
10282:
10280:
10257:
10251:
10236:
10227:
10226:
10224:
10222:
10202:
10196:
10189:
10183:
10167:
10158:
10144:
10138:
10124:
10118:
10117:
10115:
10113:
10085:
10079:
10066:
10055:
10054:
10046:
10040:
10039:
10037:
10035:
10019:
10013:
10011:
9995:
9985:
9979:
9978:
9976:
9974:
9936:
9930:
9929:
9911:
9905:
9891:
9885:
9878:
9872:
9871:
9869:
9867:
9852:
9846:
9845:
9843:
9841:
9826:
9820:
9819:
9817:
9815:
9796:
9787:
9786:
9785:
9783:
9778:on July 21, 2018
9766:
9757:
9756:
9728:
9722:
9721:
9719:
9717:
9698:
9689:
9688:
9686:
9684:
9665:
9656:
9655:
9637:
9613:
9607:
9590:
9584:
9566:
9560:
9557:Akron Law Review
9543:
9537:
9536:
9528:
9522:
9521:
9519:
9517:
9489:
9483:
9474:
9468:
9467:
9466:
9464:
9446:
9440:
9439:
9419:
9413:
9412:
9394:
9388:
9387:
9385:
9383:
9360:
9354:
9353:
9351:
9349:
9334:
9328:
9327:
9325:
9323:
9318:on March 5, 2008
9312:Encyclopedia.com
9304:
9298:
9297:
9295:
9293:
9284:. Archived from
9271:
9265:
9264:
9246:
9240:
9239:
9218:
9212:
9211:
9210:
9208:
9203:on July 21, 2018
9190:
9184:
9183:
9168:
9159:
9158:
9156:
9154:
9131:
9125:
9124:
9122:
9120:
9101:
9095:
9094:
9092:
9090:
9075:
9069:
9068:
9066:
9064:
9049:
9043:
9042:
9040:
9038:
9018:
9012:
9011:
9009:
9007:
8979:
8973:
8972:
8970:
8968:
8954:
8948:
8947:
8931:
8925:
8924:
8911:
8902:
8901:
8895:
8891:
8889:
8881:
8879:
8877:
8862:
8856:
8855:
8853:
8851:
8831:
8825:
8824:
8804:
8798:
8791:
8785:
8784:
8778:
8776:
8748:
8742:
8741:
8736:African American
8731:
8729:
8701:
8695:
8694:
8692:
8690:
8671:
8665:
8652:
8646:
8640:
8634:
8633:
8631:
8629:
8610:
8604:
8603:
8601:
8599:
8584:
8553:
8354:
8348:
8345:
8239:Samaná Americans
8056:
8051:
8050:
8049:
7875:anti-imperialist
7841:David Ehrenstein
7793:
7760:Chinese American
7723:Thomas Jefferson
7692:colonial America
7648:classification.
7621:2010 U.S. Census
7615:, adhere to the
7609:African American
7594:US Census Bureau
7564:W. E. B. Du Bois
7552:African American
7526:Associated Press
7515:African-American
7499:African American
7468:African American
7461:African American
7404:African American
7321:Lloyd Quarterman
7268:Norbert Rillieux
7098:
7082:
6994:W. Deen Mohammed
6829:Louisiana Voodoo
6806:
6800:
6794:
6788:
6782:
6772:
6762:
6752:
6742:
6735:Black Protestant
6732:
6632:American English
6319:Catherine Hughes
6255:To combat this,
6194:women's movement
6159:
6113:Political legacy
6103:extramarital sex
5932:killed by police
5823:According to an
5805:Bantu migrations
5708:branches of the
5408:Great Depression
5362:Democratic Party
5120:
5119:
4888:African diaspora
4817:W. E. B. Du Bois
4802:During slavery,
4657:Augusta, Georgia
4495:
4483:
4471:
4459:
4447:
4435:
4423:
4411:
4399:
4387:
4375:
4363:
4351:
4339:
4327:
4315:
4303:
4291:
4279:
4267:
4255:
4243:
4100:2000 U.S. census
4032:
4026:
3516:
3512:
3413:Washington, D.C.
3350:. In June 2021,
3263:Shirley Chisholm
2882:corporal of the
2777:
2774:
2646:. Around 15,000
2572:slave rebellions
2539:Thomas Jefferson
2529:1774 image of a
2310:Native Americans
2107:in 1865. During
2043:Western European
1997:, also known as
1984:
1977:
1970:
1944:
1943:
1942:
1891:media depictions
1840:
1839:
1735:Population count
1431:
1430:
1365:Liberian English
1344:English dialects
1341:
1340:
1297:Samaná Americans
1222:Creoles of color
1168:
1167:
1106:
1105:
1050:Black conductors
1031:
1030:
900:
899:
874:Louisiana Voodoo
796:
795:
541:Family structure
524:
523:
471:Military history
466:Business history
397:military history
352:
351:
325:
324:
288:(71%) including
238:
237:
221:
220:
204:
203:
187:
186:
170:
169:
141:
140:
127:
126:
115:
114:
101:
100:
90:In combination (
85:
84:
71:
70:
64:Alone (one race)
58:Total population
50:2020 U.S. census
45:
38:
34:
21:
26740:
26739:
26735:
26734:
26733:
26731:
26730:
26729:
26695:
26694:
26693:
26688:
26668:
26535:
26432:Related history
26427:
26373:
26369:Stono Rebellion
26354:Bilali Document
26335:
26329:
26316:
26300:Related culture
26295:
26254:
26230:Hot foot powder
26200:Flying Africans
26173:
26169:Gullah language
26157:
26132:
26066:
26060:
26030:
26021:
25968:
25910:
25839:
25759:
25726:Cuban Americans
25367:Mission Indians
25233:
25212:Swiss Americans
25061:Irish Americans
25051:Greek Americans
25014:Dutch Americans
24997:Czech Americans
24970:Welsh Americans
24905:White Americans
24891:
24826:Saudi Americans
24811:Omani Americans
24791:Iraqi Americans
24713:Hmong Americans
24696:Karen Americans
24677:Tamil Americans
24633:Tamil Americans
24543:Hoklo Americans
24533:Hakka Americans
24506:Uzbek Americans
24491:Tajik Americans
24447:Asian Americans
24435:
24362:Horn of Africa
24070:ethnic ancestry
24069:
24062:
24028:Native American
24016:Nation of Islam
24006:Five Percenters
23930:
23899:Racial wage gap
23889:Race and health
23874:Personal income
23806:
23800:
23791:
23786:
23756:
23751:
23719:
23693:Genetic history
23618:
23612:
23588:
23582:
23562:United Kingdom
23536:
23515:Afro-Brazilians
23470:
23468:
23458:
23442:
23347:
23338:
23251:
23094:
23082:
22942:
22936:
22807:Alabama Creoles
22727:
22721:
22653:
22647:
22452:
22436:
22431:
22401:
22396:
22386:
22384:
22371:
22337:Historic places
22330:US state firsts
22216:
22131:
21855:
21788:
21760:2010 majorities
21755:2000 majorities
21726:
21673:Black Seminoles
21622:
21613:Southern (SIAC)
21596:
21595:and conferences
21594:
21587:
21583:Serena Williams
21578:Jackie Robinson
21512:
21436:
21434:
21427:
21347:
21314:Nation of Islam
21285:
21233:
21227:
21168:Sojourner Truth
21158:Clarence Thomas
21123:Gabriel Prosser
21023:Michael Jackson
20898:Crispus Attucks
20888:Ralph Abernathy
20876:
20832:Musical theater
20731:
20597:Great Migration
20569:COVID-19 impact
20527:Sit-in movement
20402:
20397:
20352:Wayback Machine
20343:Frank Newport,
20312:
20307:
20301:
20275:
20246:Kranz, Rachel.
20226:
20185:, Alfred Moss,
20160:
20143:
20141:Further reading
20138:
20125:
20121:
20111:
20109:
20094:
20090:
20051:
20047:
20037:
20035:
20023:
20019:
20012:
19996:
19992:
19985:
19969:
19965:
19954:
19950:
19940:
19938:
19930:
19929:
19925:
19915:
19913:
19895:
19891:
19881:
19879:
19870:
19869:
19865:
19855:
19853:
19840:
19839:
19835:
19825:
19823:
19813:
19809:
19786:Stockman, Farah
19783:
19779:
19764:
19757:
19747:
19745:
19744:. June 21, 2008
19734:
19733:
19729:
19719:
19717:
19707:
19700:
19690:
19688:
19678:
19671:
19661:
19659:
19649:
19642:
19632:
19630:
19621:
19620:
19616:
19606:
19604:
19587:
19578:
19568:
19566:
19553:
19552:
19548:
19538:
19536:
19529:
19525:
19511:
19507:
19497:
19495:
19488:
19484:
19473:
19469:
19459:
19457:
19449:
19448:
19444:
19437:
19421:
19417:
19407:
19405:
19398:
19394:
19384:
19382:
19369:
19368:
19364:
19353:
19349:
19340:
19339:
19335:
19312:
19308:
19285:
19281:
19271:
19269:
19258:
19254:
19244:
19242:
19241:on July 7, 2016
19238:
19230:
19229:
19225:
19212:
19210:
19206:
19195:
19191:
19190:
19186:
19172:
19170:
19166:
19155:
19151:
19150:
19146:
19133:
19132:
19128:
19118:
19116:
19112:
19101:
19095:
19091:
19077:
19073:
19064:
19060:
19050:
19048:
19040:
19039:
19035:
19025:
19023:
19011:
19007:
18997:
18995:
18994:. July 20, 2020
18986:
18985:
18981:
18971:
18969:
18959:
18955:
18940:
18924:
18920:
18910:
18908:
18897:
18893:
18883:
18881:
18868:
18867:
18863:
18856:
18830:
18821:
18811:
18809:
18801:
18800:
18796:
18786:
18784:
18776:
18775:
18771:
18761:
18759:
18741:
18737:
18727:
18725:
18707:
18703:
18693:
18691:
18681:
18677:
18670:
18654:
18650:
18640:
18638:
18629:
18628:
18624:
18614:
18612:
18597:
18593:
18583:
18581:
18565:
18561:
18551:
18549:
18536:
18535:
18531:
18521:
18519:
18510:
18509:
18505:
18495:
18493:
18484:
18483:
18479:
18469:
18467:
18452:
18448:
18438:
18436:
18423:
18422:
18415:
18405:
18403:
18392:
18388:
18378:
18376:
18363:
18362:
18358:
18348:
18346:
18341:. August 1996.
18333:
18332:
18328:
18318:
18316:
18303:
18302:
18298:
18288:
18286:
18273:
18272:
18268:
18261:
18245:
18241:
18231:
18229:
18220:
18219:
18215:
18205:
18203:
18186:
18182:
18175:
18155:
18151:
18139:Emily Brennan,
18138:
18134:
18121:
18117:
18111:Wayback Machine
18100:
18096:
18086:
18084:
18075:
18074:
18070:
18060:
18058:
18048:
18044:
18034:
18032:
18025:
18021:
18011:
18009:
17998:
17994:
17984:
17982:
17955:
17951:
17941:
17939:
17927:
17923:
17913:
17911:
17903:
17902:
17898:
17893:. May 11, 2021.
17885:
17884:
17880:
17870:
17868:
17859:
17858:
17854:
17844:
17842:
17832:
17828:
17818:
17816:
17815:. Beliefnet.com
17809:
17805:
17795:
17793:
17778:
17777:
17773:
17767:Wayback Machine
17757:
17753:
17736:
17732:
17716:Jacob Neusner,
17715:
17711:
17698:
17696:
17689:
17670:
17666:
17655:
17641:
17637:
17620:
17616:
17599:
17595:
17586:
17582:
17565:
17558:
17552:Wayback Machine
17543:
17534:
17514:Bill J. Leonard
17512:
17508:
17498:
17496:
17487:
17486:
17479:
17469:
17467:
17454:
17453:
17449:
17443:Wayback Machine
17433:
17429:
17423:Wayback Machine
17414:
17407:
17397:
17395:
17382:
17381:
17377:
17367:
17365:
17351:
17347:
17337:
17335:
17320:
17316:
17309:
17293:
17289:
17279:
17277:
17259:
17255:
17245:
17243:
17236:
17220:
17211:
17201:
17199:
17184:
17177:
17170:
17148:
17144:
17134:
17132:
17125:
17111:
17110:
17103:
17093:
17091:
17084:
17066:
17062:
17051:
17047:
17042:. pp. 1–2.
17036:
17032:
17022:
17020:
17011:
17010:
17006:
16996:
16994:
16979:
16978:
16974:
16964:
16962:
16953:
16952:
16948:
16938:
16936:
16927:
16926:
16922:
16912:
16910:
16901:
16900:
16896:
16883:
16882:
16878:
16868:
16866:
16857:
16856:
16852:
16842:
16840:
16829:
16825:
16815:
16813:
16804:
16803:
16799:
16789:
16787:
16778:
16777:
16773:
16763:
16761:
16752:
16751:
16747:
16737:
16735:
16720:
16716:
16706:
16704:
16693:
16689:
16679:
16677:
16668:
16667:
16663:
16653:
16651:
16642:
16641:
16637:
16627:
16625:
16616:
16615:
16611:
16601:
16599:
16590:
16589:
16585:
16575:
16573:
16562:
16558:
16548:
16546:
16537:
16536:
16532:
16522:
16520:
16516:
16509:
16505:
16504:
16500:
16490:
16488:
16473:
16469:
16463:Wayback Machine
16454:
16450:
16440:
16438:
16434:
16427:
16423:
16422:
16418:
16408:
16406:
16397:
16396:
16392:
16382:
16380:
16371:
16370:
16366:
16356:
16354:
16339:
16335:
16329:Wayback Machine
16319:
16315:
16303:Wayback Machine
16293:
16282:
16271:
16267:
16257:
16255:
16242:
16241:
16228:
16218:
16216:
16203:
16202:
16198:
16188:
16186:
16185:on May 15, 2012
16177:
16176:
16172:
16162:
16160:
16159:on May 16, 2008
16156:
16149:
16143:
16136:
16126:
16124:
16109:
16105:
16095:
16093:
16078:Washington Post
16070:
16066:
16060:Wayback Machine
16048:
16044:
16034:
16032:
16017:
16013:
16003:
16001:
15981:
15977:
15967:
15965:
15952:
15951:
15947:
15937:
15935:
15926:
15925:
15921:
15911:
15909:
15894:
15890:
15880:
15878:
15861:
15857:
15847:
15845:
15834:
15830:
15820:
15818:
15803:
15799:
15789:
15787:
15780:Stanford Report
15772:
15768:
15758:
15756:
15747:
15746:
15742:
15732:
15730:
15717:
15716:
15712:
15702:
15700:
15685:
15681:
15671:
15669:
15654:
15650:
15640:
15638:
15625:
15624:
15620:
15610:
15608:
15595:
15594:
15590:
15580:
15578:
15560:
15553:
15543:
15541:
15526:
15525:
15521:
15476:
15472:
15435:
15431:
15386:
15382:
15337:
15333:
15323:
15321:
15304:
15300:
15290:
15288:
15279:
15278:
15274:
15263:
15259:
15249:
15247:
15236:
15232:
15222:
15220:
15207:
15206:
15202:
15149:
15145:
15135:
15133:
15113:
15109:
15064:
15060:
15007:
15003:
14993:Wayback Machine
14980:
14976:
14943:(5): e1006059.
14928:
14924:
14879:
14875:
14819:
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14537:10.1.1.515.2135
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14375:Wayback Machine
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14014:(12): 1223–30.
14004:
14000:
13992:
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13973:
13926:
13917:
13872:
13868:
13858:
13856:
13843:, June 5, 2012"
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13182:
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12956:on May 11, 2011
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12852:
12850:
12849:on May 11, 2011
12841:
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12804:
12794:
12792:
12791:on May 15, 2011
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12393:
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12232:Wayback Machine
12223:Allie Bidwell,
12222:
12218:
12208:
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12180:
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11306:"c2kbr01-2.qxd"
11304:
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11299:
11289:
11287:
11286:on June 6, 2011
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10693:Ella Fitzgerald
10691:
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10530:Wayback Machine
10520:
10516:
10496:
10492:
10471:Davis, Ronald.
10469:
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10327:Wayback Machine
10318:
10314:
10304:
10302:
10301:on May 27, 2007
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9892:
9888:
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9875:
9865:
9863:
9862:on May 14, 2011
9854:
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9837:
9828:
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9813:
9811:
9810:on June 9, 2020
9798:
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9659:
9635:10.2307/3035621
9614:
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9600:Wayback Machine
9591:
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9567:
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8662:Wayback Machine
8653:
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8637:
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8625:
8612:
8611:
8607:
8597:
8595:
8586:
8585:
8566:
8562:
8557:
8556:
8544:(including the
8488:(including the
8452:(including the
8436:(including the
8364:(including the
8355:
8351:
8346:
8342:
8337:
8332:
8258:
8253:
8192:
8187:
8052:
8047:
8045:
8042:
8012:" or "friend".
7916:
7809:Debra Dickerson
7795:
7696:Southern states
7674:Historically, "
7672:
7654:
7583:
7480:American slaves
7472:German American
7431:White supremacy
7420:person of color
7392:
7387:
7338:, performed by
7303:Granville Woods
7288:Jefferson Davis
7230:Langston Hughes
7211:
7191:
7113:
7112:
7111:
7110:
7109:
7099:
7091:
7090:
7083:
7072:
6998:Louis Farrakhan
6972:Elijah Muhammad
6938:Nation of Islam
6831:
6817:
6811:
6810:
6809:
6808:
6804:
6802:
6798:
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6738:
6730:
6722:
6686:
6680:
6609:
6603:
6597:
6506:
6500:
6494:
6393:– Originally a
6375:BET Media Group
6352:
6234:
6224:
6198:migrant workers
6157:
6115:
6107:progressive tax
6078:, Florida, and
6019:Sammy Davis Jr.
6014:Abraham Lincoln
5996:The first ever
5990:Sammy Davis Jr.
5969:
5901:
5891:
5861:
5855:
5821:
5773:
5765:Mark D. Shriver
5684:
5679:
5673:
5642:White Americans
5622:
5579:
5523:
5517:
5512:
5506:
5500:
5485:According to a
5483:
5477:
5457:Smokey Robinson
5441:
5425:John F. Kennedy
5325:Hillary Clinton
5192:Michael Dukakis
5139:
5137:
5132:
5127:
5118:
5074:
5034:underemployment
5026:Great Recession
4933:
4927:
4925:Economic status
4910:
4902:Main articles:
4900:
4860:Astrophysicist
4847:achievement gap
4800:
4786:
4750:in California,
4689:Cleveland, Ohio
4685:Mobile, Alabama
4534:Great Migration
4530:
4520:
4499:
4496:
4487:
4484:
4475:
4472:
4463:
4460:
4451:
4448:
4439:
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4304:
4295:
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4283:
4280:
4271:
4268:
4259:
4256:
4247:
4244:
4232:
4207:Black Hispanics
4047:Black Hispanics
3549:19.3% (highest)
3531:
3526:
3492:Great Migration
3439:
3423:
3405:Black Americans
3394:
3378:
3360:
3275:Clarence Thomas
3236:
3230:
3194:John F. Kennedy
3160:White supremacy
3089:racial steering
3053:Great Migration
3045:Omaha, Nebraska
3029:
3023:Great Migration
3021:Main articles:
3019:
2981:Anthony Overton
2964:
2956:Main articles:
2954:
2912:Abraham Lincoln
2775:
2648:Black Loyalists
2644:Oliver Cromwell
2636:James Armistead
2612:Crispus Attucks
2605:
2599:
2583:Great Awakening
2480:Anthony Johnson
2453:King Charles II
2420:married or had
2414:Spanish Florida
2344:English America
2262:
2256:
2250:
2245:
2239:
2121:White supremacy
2079:, particularly
2047:Native American
2039:Central African
2023:White Americans
1999:Black Americans
1988:
1940:
1938:
1931:
1930:
1925:
1881:
1837:
1829:
1828:
1823:
1768:
1730:
1706:Omaha, Nebraska
1671:Historic places
1665:
1557:
1428:
1420:
1419:
1414:
1379:
1338:
1330:
1329:
1324:
1306:
1258:
1200:Black Seminoles
1165:
1164:Sub-communities
1157:
1156:
1143:Southern (SIAC)
1103:
1095:
1094:
1089:
1044:
1028:
1020:
1019:
1014:
931:
897:
889:
888:
883:
869:Nation of Islam
835:
812:
793:
783:
782:
777:
718:
685:
652:
624:
585:
561:Musical theater
521:
511:
510:
492:Great Migration
349:
319:
271:
267:
232:
215:
198:
181:
164:
136:
122:
118:
117:
110:
96:
88:
87:
80:
66:
53:
52:
33:
28:
23:
22:
18:African America
15:
12:
11:
5:
26738:
26728:
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26722:
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26707:
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26375:
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26350:
26348:
26347:History topics
26341:
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26217:
26215:Black cat bone
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25758:
25757:
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25753:
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25728:
25723:
25722:
25721:
25716:
25711:
25706:
25701:
25696:
25691:
25677:
25676:
25670:
25669:
25668:
25667:
25662:
25657:
25652:
25647:
25642:
25637:
25632:
25627:
25620:Alaska Natives
25617:
25616:
25615:
25610:
25605:
25600:
25598:Tohono Oʼodham
25595:
25590:
25585:
25580:
25575:
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25267:
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25241:
25239:
25235:
25234:
25232:
25231:
25226:
25221:
25220:
25219:
25214:
25209:
25208:
25207:
25197:
25192:
25187:
25182:
25181:
25180:
25175:
25170:
25165:
25155:
25150:
25145:
25140:
25135:
25130:
25125:
25120:
25115:
25110:
25105:
25100:
25095:
25090:
25085:
25080:
25075:
25074:
25073:
25063:
25058:
25053:
25048:
25043:
25038:
25037:
25036:
25026:
25021:
25016:
25011:
25010:
25009:
24999:
24994:
24989:
24984:
24979:
24974:
24973:
24972:
24967:
24962:
24960:Manx Americans
24957:
24952:
24942:
24937:
24932:
24927:
24922:
24917:
24912:
24901:
24899:
24893:
24892:
24890:
24889:
24888:
24887:
24882:
24877:
24876:
24875:
24865:
24860:
24855:
24850:
24845:
24840:
24839:
24838:
24833:
24828:
24823:
24818:
24813:
24808:
24803:
24798:
24793:
24788:
24783:
24776:Arab Americans
24767:
24766:
24765:
24764:
24753:
24752:
24751:
24750:
24745:
24743:Thai Americans
24740:
24735:
24730:
24725:
24720:
24715:
24710:
24705:
24700:
24699:
24698:
24686:Southeast Asia
24683:
24682:
24681:
24680:
24679:
24669:
24668:
24667:
24662:
24652:
24647:
24642:
24641:
24640:
24635:
24630:
24625:
24620:
24615:
24610:
24600:
24595:
24594:
24593:
24578:
24577:
24576:
24571:
24566:
24565:
24564:
24554:
24553:
24552:
24547:
24546:
24545:
24540:
24535:
24525:
24510:
24509:
24508:
24503:
24498:
24493:
24488:
24483:
24478:
24473:
24472:
24471:
24456:
24455:
24454:
24443:
24441:
24437:
24436:
24434:
24433:
24432:
24431:
24426:
24425:
24424:
24419:
24414:
24409:
24399:
24398:
24397:
24381:
24380:
24379:
24378:
24373:
24368:
24359:
24358:
24357:
24356:
24355:
24354:
24349:
24348:
24347:
24342:
24337:
24332:
24327:
24322:
24317:
24312:
24307:
24302:
24297:
24292:
24287:
24277:
24276:
24275:
24270:
24265:
24260:
24250:
24249:
24248:
24243:
24238:
24233:
24223:
24221:Igbo Americans
24218:
24216:Fula Americans
24213:
24212:
24211:
24206:
24201:
24196:
24181:
24180:
24179:
24174:
24169:
24168:
24167:
24162:
24157:
24152:
24147:
24142:
24137:
24132:
24127:
24122:
24117:
24112:
24107:
24102:
24081:
24079:
24072:
24064:
24063:
24061:
24060:
24055:
24050:
24048:Scientologists
24045:
24040:
24035:
24030:
24025:
24024:
24023:
24021:Value Creators
24018:
24013:
24008:
24003:
23993:
23988:
23983:
23978:
23977:
23976:
23971:
23966:
23961:
23951:
23946:
23940:
23938:
23932:
23931:
23929:
23928:
23923:
23918:
23913:
23908:
23903:
23902:
23901:
23896:
23891:
23881:
23876:
23871:
23869:Middle classes
23866:
23861:
23856:
23851:
23846:
23841:
23836:
23834:Home-ownership
23831:
23826:
23821:
23816:
23810:
23808:
23802:
23801:
23796:
23793:
23792:
23785:
23784:
23777:
23770:
23762:
23753:
23752:
23750:
23749:
23739:
23728:
23725:
23724:
23721:
23720:
23718:
23717:
23716:
23715:
23705:
23703:Pan-Africanism
23700:
23695:
23690:
23688:Creole peoples
23685:
23680:
23675:
23670:
23669:
23668:
23663:
23658:
23653:
23648:
23638:
23633:
23628:
23622:
23620:
23614:
23613:
23611:
23610:
23605:
23604:
23603:
23592:
23590:
23584:
23583:
23581:
23580:
23579:
23578:
23573:
23568:
23560:
23559:
23558:
23553:
23544:
23542:
23538:
23537:
23535:
23534:
23533:
23532:
23524:
23523:
23522:
23517:
23509:
23508:
23507:
23499:
23498:
23497:
23492:
23483:
23481:
23472:
23464:
23463:
23460:
23459:
23457:
23456:
23450:
23448:
23444:
23443:
23441:
23440:
23439:
23438:
23428:
23423:
23418:
23413:
23412:
23411:
23406:
23404:Black Dutchmen
23396:
23395:
23394:
23393:
23392:
23379:
23374:
23373:
23372:
23367:
23357:
23351:
23349:
23340:
23339:
23337:
23336:
23331:
23326:
23325:
23324:
23314:
23309:
23304:
23299:
23294:
23289:
23288:
23287:
23282:
23272:
23267:
23261:
23259:
23253:
23252:
23250:
23249:
23248:
23247:
23242:
23237:
23232:
23227:
23220:United Kingdom
23217:
23212:
23207:
23202:
23197:
23192:
23187:
23182:
23177:
23172:
23167:
23162:
23157:
23156:
23155:
23145:
23140:
23139:
23138:
23128:
23123:
23118:
23113:
23108:
23102:
23100:
23088:
23087:
23084:
23083:
23081:
23080:
23075:
23070:
23069:
23068:
23063:
23058:
23053:
23048:
23038:
23033:
23028:
23023:
23022:
23021:
23016:
23011:
23001:
22996:
22995:
22994:
22984:
22979:
22978:
22977:
22972:
22967:
22957:
22952:
22946:
22944:
22938:
22937:
22935:
22934:
22933:
22932:
22927:
22922:
22917:
22912:
22907:
22902:
22897:
22892:
22887:
22882:
22877:
22872:
22871:
22870:
22865:
22860:
22859:
22858:
22853:
22851:Creek freedmen
22848:
22843:
22838:
22824:
22822:Black Hispanic
22819:
22814:
22809:
22804:
22799:
22788:United States
22786:
22785:
22784:
22774:
22773:
22772:
22767:
22762:
22757:
22752:
22747:
22742:
22731:
22729:
22723:
22722:
22720:
22719:
22718:
22717:
22707:
22702:
22701:
22700:
22693:Miskito people
22690:
22685:
22680:
22675:
22670:
22669:
22668:
22657:
22655:
22649:
22648:
22646:
22645:
22640:
22639:
22638:
22633:
22623:
22622:
22621:
22611:
22606:
22601:
22596:
22595:
22594:
22589:
22584:
22574:
22573:
22572:
22567:
22557:
22552:
22551:
22550:
22545:
22535:
22530:
22525:
22524:
22523:
22518:
22513:
22503:
22501:Cayman Islands
22498:
22493:
22488:
22483:
22478:
22473:
22467:
22465:
22456:
22442:
22438:
22437:
22430:
22429:
22422:
22415:
22407:
22398:
22397:
22395:
22394:
22382:
22376:
22373:
22372:
22370:
22369:
22364:
22359:
22354:
22349:
22344:
22339:
22334:
22333:
22332:
22327:
22322:
22312:
22311:
22310:
22305:
22303:Visual artists
22300:
22295:
22290:
22285:
22280:
22275:
22270:
22265:
22263:Mathematicians
22260:
22255:
22250:
22245:
22240:
22235:
22224:
22222:
22218:
22217:
22215:
22214:
22213:
22212:
22204:
22199:
22198:
22197:
22192:
22187:
22182:
22177:
22169:
22168:
22167:
22162:
22157:
22152:
22141:
22139:
22133:
22132:
22130:
22129:
22124:
22119:
22114:
22113:
22112:
22107:
22102:
22097:
22087:
22082:
22080:South Carolina
22077:
22072:
22071:
22070:
22062:
22057:
22052:
22050:North Carolina
22047:
22046:
22045:
22035:
22030:
22029:
22028:
22018:
22013:
22012:
22011:
22003:
22002:
22001:
21995:Massachusetts
21993:
21992:
21991:
21981:
21976:
21975:
21974:
21964:
21959:
21958:
21957:
21947:
21942:
21941:
21940:
21930:
21925:
21924:
21923:
21913:
21912:
21911:
21906:
21896:
21891:
21890:
21889:
21884:
21874:
21869:
21863:
21861:
21857:
21856:
21854:
21853:
21848:
21843:
21842:
21841:
21840:
21839:
21837:social context
21834:
21824:
21814:
21813:
21812:
21802:
21796:
21794:
21790:
21789:
21787:
21786:
21785:
21784:
21779:
21769:
21764:
21763:
21762:
21757:
21747:
21746:
21745:
21734:
21732:
21728:
21727:
21725:
21724:
21719:
21718:
21717:
21707:
21702:
21697:
21692:
21691:
21690:
21688:Creek Freedmen
21685:
21680:
21675:
21665:
21663:Alabama Creole
21660:
21659:
21658:
21653:
21648:
21643:
21634:
21632:
21628:
21627:
21624:
21623:
21621:
21620:
21615:
21610:
21605:
21603:Central (CIAA)
21599:
21597:
21592:
21589:
21588:
21586:
21585:
21580:
21575:
21570:
21565:
21560:
21555:
21550:
21545:
21540:
21535:
21530:
21524:
21518:
21514:
21513:
21511:
21510:
21505:
21500:
21495:
21490:
21485:
21480:
21475:
21470:
21465:
21460:
21455:
21450:
21445:
21439:
21437:
21432:
21429:
21428:
21426:
21425:
21420:
21419:
21418:
21408:
21403:
21398:
21396:Pan-Africanism
21393:
21388:
21383:
21378:
21377:
21376:
21366:
21361:
21355:
21353:
21349:
21348:
21346:
21345:
21340:
21338:Black theology
21335:
21330:
21329:
21328:
21318:
21317:
21316:
21311:
21301:
21295:
21293:
21287:
21286:
21284:
21283:
21282:
21281:
21279:in STEM fields
21276:
21271:
21263:
21258:
21253:
21248:
21243:
21237:
21235:
21234:and technology
21229:
21228:
21226:
21225:
21220:
21215:
21210:
21205:
21200:
21195:
21190:
21185:
21180:
21175:
21173:Harriet Tubman
21170:
21165:
21160:
21155:
21150:
21145:
21140:
21135:
21130:
21125:
21120:
21115:
21110:
21105:
21103:Michelle Obama
21100:
21095:
21090:
21085:
21080:
21075:
21070:
21065:
21060:
21055:
21050:
21045:
21040:
21035:
21033:Barbara Jordan
21030:
21028:Harriet Jacobs
21025:
21020:
21015:
21010:
21005:
21000:
20995:
20990:
20985:
20980:
20975:
20970:
20965:
20960:
20955:
20950:
20945:
20940:
20935:
20930:
20925:
20920:
20918:Amelia Boynton
20915:
20910:
20905:
20900:
20895:
20890:
20884:
20882:
20881:Notable people
20878:
20877:
20875:
20874:
20869:
20864:
20859:
20854:
20849:
20844:
20839:
20834:
20829:
20824:
20819:
20817:LGBT community
20814:
20809:
20804:
20799:
20798:
20797:
20787:
20782:
20777:
20772:
20767:
20762:
20757:
20752:
20747:
20741:
20739:
20733:
20732:
20730:
20729:
20724:
20719:
20714:
20713:
20712:
20702:
20697:
20692:
20687:
20682:
20677:
20669:
20664:
20657:
20650:
20645:
20640:
20635:
20630:
20625:
20616:
20611:
20610:
20609:
20604:
20594:
20589:
20584:
20579:
20571:
20566:
20561:
20560:
20559:
20554:
20549:
20544:
20539:
20534:
20532:Freedom Riders
20529:
20524:
20516:
20506:
20501:
20496:
20495:
20494:
20489:
20484:
20476:
20471:
20463:
20458:
20456:Black genocide
20453:
20448:
20443:
20438:
20433:
20428:
20423:
20418:
20412:
20410:
20404:
20403:
20396:
20395:
20388:
20381:
20373:
20367:
20366:
20363:The First Post
20355:
20341:
20336:
20327:
20311:
20310:External links
20308:
20306:
20305:
20299:
20279:
20273:
20258:
20251:
20244:
20230:
20225:978-0807005934
20224:
20211:
20197:
20190:
20180:
20179:
20178:
20164:
20158:
20144:
20142:
20139:
20137:
20136:
20119:
20088:
20061:(2): 137–171.
20045:
20017:
20010:
19990:
19983:
19963:
19948:
19923:
19889:
19863:
19833:
19807:
19777:
19755:
19727:
19698:
19686:Slate Magazine
19669:
19640:
19614:
19576:
19546:
19523:
19505:
19482:
19467:
19442:
19435:
19415:
19392:
19362:
19347:
19333:
19306:
19295:(2): 197–213.
19279:
19252:
19223:
19184:
19144:
19126:
19089:
19071:
19058:
19033:
19005:
18979:
18953:
18938:
18918:
18891:
18880:on May 7, 2018
18861:
18854:
18819:
18807:Newspapers.com
18794:
18782:Newspapers.com
18769:
18735:
18701:
18675:
18668:
18648:
18622:
18601:"Mark E. Dean"
18591:
18559:
18529:
18503:
18477:
18446:
18413:
18386:
18356:
18326:
18296:
18266:
18259:
18239:
18213:
18180:
18173:
18149:
18132:
18115:
18094:
18068:
18042:
18019:
17992:
17963:The North Star
17949:
17921:
17896:
17878:
17852:
17826:
17803:
17771:
17751:
17730:
17709:
17687:
17664:
17653:
17643:Lomax (1979).
17635:
17614:
17593:
17580:
17556:
17532:
17506:
17477:
17447:
17427:
17405:
17375:
17345:
17328:babycenter.com
17322:Lack, Evonne.
17314:
17308:978-0312267575
17307:
17287:
17253:
17235:978-0425159392
17234:
17209:
17175:
17169:978-0521891387
17168:
17142:
17124:978-0387717982
17123:
17101:
17082:
17060:
17057:. p. 110.
17045:
17030:
17004:
16972:
16946:
16920:
16894:
16876:
16859:"BET Networks"
16850:
16823:
16797:
16771:
16745:
16714:
16687:
16661:
16635:
16609:
16583:
16556:
16530:
16498:
16467:
16448:
16416:
16390:
16364:
16333:
16313:
16280:
16265:
16226:
16196:
16170:
16134:
16103:
16064:
16042:
16011:
15975:
15945:
15919:
15888:
15855:
15828:
15797:
15766:
15740:
15710:
15679:
15648:
15618:
15588:
15551:
15519:
15496:10.1086/491675
15490:(4): 676–680.
15470:
15443:Human Mutation
15429:
15380:
15331:
15298:
15272:
15257:
15230:
15200:
15143:
15116:Thornton, John
15107:
15058:
15021:(2): 265–277.
15001:
14974:
14922:
14873:
14834:(2): 786–791.
14808:
14777:(R141): R141.
14771:Genome Biology
14753:
14734:
14708:
14677:
14640:(8): 578–582.
14620:
14579:(7): 905–911.
14559:
14505:
14473:
14443:
14429:
14415:
14397:
14379:
14357:
14339:
14325:
14299:
14268:
14241:
14210:
14184:
14147:(3): 216–224.
14127:
14071:
14041:
13998:
13971:
13915:
13866:
13821:
13803:
13770:
13740:
13709:
13690:
13670:
13651:(2): 139–151.
13635:
13604:
13573:
13543:
13513:
13482:
13451:
13425:
13399:
13373:
13342:
13306:
13280:
13254:
13227:
13209:. March 2006.
13195:
13176:
13143:
13110:
13084:
13058:
13032:
12993:
12982:on May 9, 2011
12967:
12941:
12930:on May 9, 2011
12915:
12904:on May 9, 2011
12889:
12878:on May 9, 2011
12860:
12831:
12820:on May 9, 2011
12802:
12771:
12733:
12700:
12666:
12654:
12625:
12616:
12583:
12552:
12524:
12499:
12466:
12436:
12410:
12387:
12372:
12341:
12311:
12271:
12240:
12216:
12190:
12162:
12138:
12112:
12088:
12057:
12034:
12015:(2): 136–160.
11999:
11980:
11947:
11932:
11925:
11907:
11874:
11851:
11837:
11811:
11776:
11750:
11727:
11697:
11658:
11649:
11618:
11616:, Feb 2, 2015.
11591:
11560:
11527:
11494:
11462:
11448:
11416:
11394:
11375:
11360:
11329:
11297:
11270:
11244:
11231:
11224:
11199:
11163:
11139:
11108:
11077:
11046:
11013:
10977:
10948:
10915:
10896:
10884:
10858:
10832:
10826:978-1569767092
10825:
10807:
10798:
10764:
10733:
10698:
10684:
10677:
10659:
10624:
10577:
10568:
10534:
10521:Moyers, Bill.
10514:
10490:
10463:
10459:Jim Crow Blues
10457:Leon Litwack,
10447:
10412:
10382:
10370:
10351:
10331:
10312:
10286:
10252:
10228:
10197:
10195:, pp. 161–162.
10184:
10159:
10139:
10119:
10100:
10080:
10056:
10041:
10014:
10006:
9980:
9961:
9931:
9924:
9906:
9886:
9873:
9847:
9821:
9788:
9758:
9739:(2): 181–205.
9723:
9690:
9657:
9628:(3): 233–242.
9608:
9585:
9561:
9538:
9523:
9504:
9484:
9469:
9441:
9434:
9414:
9408:978-0807871416
9407:
9389:
9355:
9329:
9299:
9266:
9259:
9241:
9234:
9213:
9185:
9160:
9126:
9096:
9070:
9044:
9013:
8974:
8949:
8926:
8903:
8857:
8826:
8819:
8799:
8786:
8764:978-1483314211
8763:
8743:
8717:978-1111808112
8716:
8696:
8666:
8647:
8635:
8605:
8563:
8561:
8558:
8555:
8554:
8548:subgroup) and
8349:
8339:
8338:
8336:
8333:
8331:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8259:
8257:
8254:
8252:
8251:
8246:
8241:
8236:
8231:
8226:
8221:
8216:
8215:
8214:
8209:
8204:
8193:
8191:
8188:
8186:
8185:
8180:
8175:
8170:
8165:
8160:
8155:
8150:
8145:
8140:
8135:
8130:
8125:
8120:
8115:
8113:Black Ozarkers
8110:
8105:
8100:
8095:
8090:
8085:
8080:
8075:
8070:
8065:
8059:
8058:
8057:
8041:
8038:
7995:music cultures
7915:
7912:
7823:Stanley Crouch
7794:
7789:
7785:Japanese women
7653:
7650:
7582:
7579:
7568:George Padmore
7556:pan-Africanism
7503:Black American
7476:Irish American
7445:Michelle Obama
7391:
7388:
7386:
7383:
7295:Jan Matzeliger
7238:Richard Wright
7210:
7207:
7190:
7187:
7100:
7093:
7092:
7084:
7077:
7076:
7075:
7074:
7073:
7071:
7068:
6976:orthodox Islam
6813:Main article:
6803:
6797:
6791:
6785:
6779:
6769:
6765:Roman Catholic
6759:
6749:
6739:
6729:
6725:
6724:
6723:
6721:
6718:
6682:Main article:
6679:
6676:
6599:Main article:
6596:
6593:
6526:collard greens
6512:A traditional
6493:
6490:
6489:
6488:
6478:
6477:
6476:
6456:
6450:
6444:
6434:
6416:
6410:
6400:
6399:
6398:
6388:
6383:
6372:
6369:
6359:
6351:
6348:
6324:In June 2009,
6246:George W. Bush
6223:
6220:
6114:
6111:
6060:North Carolina
6040:14th Amendment
5968:
5965:
5953:Floyd’s murder
5910:stop-and-frisk
5890:
5887:
5854:
5851:
5820:
5817:
5772:
5769:
5683:
5680:
5672:
5669:
5621:
5618:
5578:
5575:
5516:
5515:General health
5513:
5499:
5496:
5476:
5473:
5440:
5437:
5356:
5355:
5352:
5349:
5346:
5341:
5337:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5327:
5322:
5318:
5317:
5314:
5311:
5308:
5303:
5299:
5298:
5295:
5292:
5289:
5284:
5280:
5279:
5276:
5273:
5270:
5265:
5261:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5251:
5246:
5242:
5241:
5238:
5235:
5232:
5227:
5223:
5222:
5219:
5216:
5213:
5208:
5204:
5203:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5189:
5185:
5184:
5181:
5178:
5175:
5173:Walter Mondale
5170:
5166:
5165:
5162:
5159:
5154:
5149:
5145:
5144:
5141:
5134:
5129:
5128:the plurality
5124:
5117:
5114:
5110:South Carolina
5073:
5070:
4926:
4923:
4899:
4896:
4796:Main article:
4785:
4782:
4724:Charles County
4720:Upper Marlboro
4669:Macon, Georgia
4519:
4516:
4501:
4500:
4497:
4490:
4488:
4485:
4478:
4476:
4473:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4454:
4452:
4449:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4418:
4416:
4413:
4406:
4404:
4401:
4394:
4392:
4389:
4382:
4380:
4377:
4370:
4368:
4365:
4358:
4356:
4353:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4334:
4332:
4329:
4322:
4320:
4317:
4310:
4308:
4305:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4274:
4272:
4269:
4262:
4260:
4257:
4250:
4248:
4245:
4238:
4236:
4231:
4228:
4167:Band rehearsal
4145:Latin American
4094:
4093:
4088:
4085:
4082:
4079:
4076:
4070:
4069:
4066:
4063:
4060:
4056:
4055:
4050:
4043:
4038:
4020:
4019:
4016:
4013:
4010:
4007:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3996:
3993:
3990:
3987:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3973:
3970:
3967:
3964:
3960:
3959:
3956:
3953:
3950:
3947:
3944:
3940:
3939:
3936:
3933:
3930:
3927:
3924:
3920:
3919:
3916:
3913:
3910:
3907:
3904:
3900:
3899:
3896:
3893:
3890:
3887:
3884:
3880:
3879:
3876:
3873:
3870:
3867:
3864:
3860:
3859:
3856:
3853:
3850:
3847:
3844:
3840:
3839:
3836:
3833:
3830:
3827:
3824:
3820:
3819:
3816:
3813:
3810:
3807:
3804:
3800:
3799:
3796:
3793:
3790:
3787:
3784:
3780:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3759:
3756:
3753:
3750:
3747:
3744:
3740:
3739:
3736:
3733:
3730:
3727:
3724:
3720:
3719:
3716:
3713:
3710:
3707:
3704:
3700:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3680:
3679:
3676:
3673:
3670:
3667:
3664:
3660:
3659:
3656:
3653:
3650:
3647:
3644:
3640:
3639:
3636:
3633:
3630:
3627:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3613:
3610:
3607:
3604:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3593:
3590:
3587:
3584:
3580:
3579:
3576:
3573:
3570:
3567:
3564:
3560:
3559:
3556:
3553:
3550:
3547:
3544:
3540:
3539:
3536:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3520:
3431:
3403:Proportion of
3402:
3392:
3359:
3356:
3344:Asian American
3271:Douglas Wilder
3232:Main article:
3229:
3226:
3164:all-White jury
3132:Duke Ellington
3018:
3015:
2953:
2950:
2946:15th Amendment
2942:14th Amendment
2926:Harriet Tubman
2711:3/5 compromise
2640:Prince Whipple
2601:Main article:
2598:
2595:
2557:French creoles
2531:fugitive slave
2302:South Carolina
2252:Main article:
2249:
2246:
2241:Main article:
2238:
2235:
2189:, sports, and
2135:, substantial
2111:, they gained
2109:Reconstruction
2097:American South
2073:sold as slaves
2009:consisting of
2003:Afro-Americans
1990:
1989:
1987:
1986:
1979:
1972:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1948:
1933:
1932:
1927:
1926:
1924:
1923:
1918:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1897:
1894:
1893:
1883:
1882:
1880:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1852:Black genocide
1848:
1845:
1844:
1838:
1835:
1834:
1831:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1777:
1776:
1770:
1769:
1767:
1766:
1761:
1759:US communities
1756:
1751:
1746:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1732:
1731:
1729:
1728:
1723:
1718:
1716:South Carolina
1713:
1711:North Carolina
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1608:
1603:
1598:
1593:
1588:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1559:
1558:
1556:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1533:South Carolina
1530:
1525:
1520:
1515:
1513:North Carolina
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1445:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1425:
1422:
1421:
1416:
1415:
1413:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1401:
1400:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1370:Samaná English
1367:
1362:
1361:
1360:
1349:
1346:
1345:
1339:
1336:
1335:
1332:
1331:
1326:
1325:
1323:
1322:
1320:LGBT community
1316:
1313:
1312:
1308:
1307:
1305:
1304:
1299:
1294:
1289:
1284:
1279:
1277:Creek Freedmen
1274:
1268:
1265:
1264:
1260:
1259:
1257:
1256:
1251:
1250:
1249:
1247:Carmel Indians
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1219:
1214:
1209:
1208:
1207:
1202:
1192:
1187:
1182:
1176:
1173:
1172:
1166:
1163:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1145:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1128:Central (CIAA)
1122:
1121:
1117:
1116:
1115:
1114:
1104:
1101:
1100:
1097:
1096:
1091:
1090:
1088:
1087:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1067:
1062:
1057:
1052:
1047:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1016:
1015:
1013:
1012:
1007:
1002:
997:
995:Pan-Africanism
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
941:
938:
937:
933:
932:
930:
929:
924:
919:
914:
908:
905:
904:
898:
895:
894:
891:
890:
885:
884:
882:
881:
876:
871:
866:
861:
856:
851:
845:
842:
841:
837:
836:
834:
833:
828:
826:Black theology
822:
819:
818:
814:
813:
811:
810:
804:
801:
800:
794:
789:
788:
785:
784:
779:
778:
776:
775:
770:
763:
758:
757:
756:
746:
741:
740:
739:
728:
725:
724:
720:
719:
717:
716:
711:
706:
701:
695:
692:
691:
690:Economic class
687:
686:
684:
683:
678:
673:
668:
662:
659:
658:
654:
653:
651:
650:
645:
640:
634:
631:
630:
629:Academic study
626:
625:
623:
622:
617:
612:
606:
601:
595:
592:
591:
587:
586:
584:
583:
578:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
543:
538:
532:
529:
528:
522:
517:
516:
513:
512:
507:
506:
505:
504:
499:
494:
486:
485:
481:
480:
479:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
450:
449:
445:
444:
443:
442:
437:
432:
427:
422:
417:
412:
411:
410:
400:
390:
385:
380:
375:
370:
365:
357:
356:
350:
345:
344:
341:
340:
334:
333:
321:
320:
301:
284:Predominantly
281:
280:
276:
275:
251:
250:
246:
245:
242:
229:
228:
225:
212:
211:
208:
195:
194:
191:
178:
177:
174:
161:
160:
149:
148:
144:
143:
60:
59:
55:
54:
47:
46:
31:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
26737:
26726:
26723:
26721:
26718:
26716:
26713:
26711:
26708:
26706:
26703:
26702:
26700:
26687:
26686:
26675:
26665:
26662:
26658:
26655:
26653:
26650:
26648:
26645:
26643:
26640:
26638:
26635:
26633:
26630:
26629:
26628:
26625:
26623:
26620:
26618:
26615:
26613:
26610:
26608:
26605:
26603:
26600:
26598:
26595:
26593:
26590:
26588:
26585:
26583:
26580:
26578:
26575:
26573:
26570:
26568:
26565:
26563:
26560:
26558:
26555:
26553:
26550:
26548:
26545:
26544:
26542:
26538:
26530:
26527:
26526:
26525:
26522:
26518:
26515:
26514:
26513:
26510:
26506:
26503:
26501:
26498:
26497:
26496:
26492:
26489:
26487:
26484:
26482:
26479:
26477:
26474:
26472:
26469:
26467:
26464:
26462:
26459:
26457:
26454:
26452:
26449:
26445:
26442:
26441:
26440:
26437:
26436:
26434:
26430:
26424:
26421:
26417:
26414:
26413:
26411:
26410:Sapelo Island
26408:
26406:
26403:
26401:
26398:
26396:
26393:
26391:
26388:
26386:
26383:
26382:
26380:
26376:
26370:
26367:
26365:
26362:
26360:
26357:
26355:
26352:
26351:
26349:
26345:
26342:
26338:
26333:
26327:
26313:
26310:
26308:
26305:
26304:
26302:
26298:
26292:
26289:
26287:
26284:
26282:
26279:
26277:
26274:
26272:
26269:
26267:
26264:
26263:
26261:
26257:
26251:
26248:
26246:
26243:
26241:
26240:Rabbit's foot
26238:
26236:
26233:
26231:
26228:
26226:
26223:
26221:
26218:
26216:
26213:
26211:
26208:
26206:
26203:
26201:
26198:
26196:
26193:
26191:
26188:
26186:
26183:
26182:
26180:
26176:
26170:
26167:
26166:
26164:
26160:
26154:
26153:
26149:
26147:
26146:
26142:
26141:
26139:
26135:
26128:
26127:
26123:
26120:
26119:
26115:
26112:
26111:
26107:
26104:
26103:
26099:
26096:
26095:
26091:
26088:
26087:
26083:
26082:
26080:
26076:
26073:
26069:
26064:
26063:Gullah people
26057:
26052:
26050:
26045:
26043:
26038:
26037:
26034:
26018:
26015:
26013:
26010:
26007:
26003:
26000:
25999:
25998:
25995:
25993:
25990:
25988:
25985:
25983:
25980:
25978:
25975:
25974:
25971:
25965:
25962:
25960:
25957:
25955:
25952:
25950:
25947:
25945:
25942:
25940:
25937:
25935:
25932:
25930:
25927:
25925:
25922:
25921:
25919:
25917:
25913:
25907:
25904:
25902:
25899:
25897:
25894:
25892:
25889:
25887:
25884:
25882:
25879:
25877:
25874:
25872:
25869:
25867:
25864:
25862:
25859:
25857:
25854:
25852:
25849:
25848:
25846:
25844:South America
25842:
25834:
25831:
25829:
25826:
25825:
25823:
25819:
25816:
25814:
25811:
25809:
25806:
25804:
25801:
25799:
25796:
25794:
25791:
25789:
25786:
25784:
25781:
25779:
25776:
25775:
25774:
25771:
25770:
25768:
25766:
25762:
25752:
25749:
25747:
25744:
25743:
25742:
25739:
25737:
25734:
25732:
25729:
25727:
25724:
25720:
25717:
25715:
25712:
25710:
25707:
25705:
25702:
25700:
25697:
25695:
25692:
25690:
25687:
25686:
25684:
25683:
25682:
25679:
25678:
25675:
25672:
25671:
25666:
25663:
25661:
25658:
25656:
25653:
25651:
25648:
25646:
25643:
25641:
25638:
25636:
25633:
25631:
25628:
25626:
25623:
25622:
25621:
25618:
25614:
25611:
25609:
25606:
25604:
25601:
25599:
25596:
25594:
25591:
25589:
25586:
25584:
25581:
25579:
25576:
25574:
25571:
25569:
25566:
25562:
25559:
25557:
25554:
25553:
25552:
25549:
25547:
25544:
25542:
25539:
25537:
25534:
25532:
25529:
25527:
25524:
25522:
25519:
25517:
25514:
25512:
25509:
25507:
25504:
25500:
25497:
25495:
25492:
25490:
25487:
25485:
25482:
25480:
25477:
25473:
25470:
25468:
25465:
25463:
25460:
25458:
25455:
25453:
25450:
25449:
25448:
25445:
25443:
25440:
25438:
25435:
25433:
25430:
25428:
25425:
25423:
25420:
25418:
25415:
25413:
25410:
25408:
25405:
25403:
25400:
25398:
25395:
25393:
25390:
25388:
25385:
25383:
25380:
25378:
25375:
25373:
25370:
25369:
25368:
25365:
25363:
25360:
25358:
25355:
25353:
25350:
25348:
25345:
25341:
25338:
25336:
25333:
25331:
25328:
25326:
25323:
25321:
25318:
25316:
25313:
25312:
25311:
25308:
25306:
25303:
25301:
25298:
25296:
25293:
25291:
25288:
25286:
25283:
25281:
25278:
25276:
25273:
25271:
25268:
25266:
25263:
25261:
25258:
25256:
25253:
25251:
25248:
25247:
25246:
25243:
25242:
25240:
25238:North America
25236:
25230:
25227:
25225:
25222:
25218:
25215:
25213:
25210:
25206:
25203:
25202:
25201:
25198:
25196:
25193:
25191:
25188:
25186:
25183:
25179:
25176:
25174:
25171:
25169:
25166:
25164:
25161:
25160:
25159:
25156:
25154:
25151:
25149:
25146:
25144:
25141:
25139:
25136:
25134:
25131:
25129:
25126:
25124:
25121:
25119:
25116:
25114:
25111:
25109:
25106:
25104:
25101:
25099:
25096:
25094:
25091:
25089:
25086:
25084:
25081:
25079:
25076:
25072:
25069:
25068:
25067:
25064:
25062:
25059:
25057:
25054:
25052:
25049:
25047:
25044:
25042:
25039:
25035:
25032:
25031:
25030:
25027:
25025:
25022:
25020:
25017:
25015:
25012:
25008:
25005:
25004:
25003:
25000:
24998:
24995:
24993:
24990:
24988:
24985:
24983:
24980:
24978:
24975:
24971:
24968:
24966:
24963:
24961:
24958:
24956:
24953:
24951:
24948:
24947:
24946:
24943:
24941:
24938:
24936:
24933:
24931:
24928:
24926:
24923:
24921:
24918:
24916:
24913:
24911:
24908:
24907:
24906:
24903:
24902:
24900:
24898:
24894:
24886:
24883:
24881:
24878:
24874:
24871:
24870:
24869:
24866:
24864:
24861:
24859:
24856:
24854:
24851:
24849:
24846:
24844:
24841:
24837:
24834:
24832:
24829:
24827:
24824:
24822:
24819:
24817:
24814:
24812:
24809:
24807:
24804:
24802:
24799:
24797:
24794:
24792:
24789:
24787:
24784:
24782:
24779:
24778:
24777:
24774:
24773:
24772:
24769:
24768:
24763:
24760:
24759:
24758:
24755:
24754:
24749:
24746:
24744:
24741:
24739:
24736:
24734:
24731:
24729:
24726:
24724:
24721:
24719:
24716:
24714:
24711:
24709:
24706:
24704:
24701:
24697:
24694:
24693:
24692:
24689:
24688:
24687:
24684:
24678:
24675:
24674:
24673:
24670:
24666:
24663:
24661:
24658:
24657:
24656:
24653:
24651:
24648:
24646:
24643:
24639:
24636:
24634:
24631:
24629:
24626:
24624:
24621:
24619:
24616:
24614:
24611:
24609:
24606:
24605:
24604:
24601:
24599:
24596:
24592:
24589:
24588:
24587:
24584:
24583:
24582:
24579:
24575:
24572:
24570:
24567:
24563:
24560:
24559:
24558:
24555:
24551:
24548:
24544:
24541:
24539:
24536:
24534:
24531:
24530:
24529:
24526:
24524:
24521:
24520:
24519:
24516:
24515:
24514:
24511:
24507:
24504:
24502:
24499:
24497:
24494:
24492:
24489:
24487:
24484:
24482:
24479:
24477:
24474:
24470:
24467:
24466:
24465:
24462:
24461:
24460:
24457:
24453:
24450:
24449:
24448:
24445:
24444:
24442:
24438:
24430:
24427:
24423:
24420:
24418:
24415:
24413:
24410:
24408:
24405:
24404:
24403:
24400:
24396:
24393:
24392:
24391:
24388:
24387:
24386:
24383:
24382:
24377:
24374:
24372:
24369:
24367:
24364:
24363:
24361:
24360:
24353:
24350:
24346:
24343:
24341:
24338:
24336:
24333:
24331:
24328:
24326:
24323:
24321:
24318:
24316:
24313:
24311:
24308:
24306:
24303:
24301:
24298:
24296:
24293:
24291:
24288:
24286:
24283:
24282:
24281:
24278:
24274:
24271:
24269:
24266:
24264:
24261:
24259:
24256:
24255:
24254:
24251:
24247:
24244:
24242:
24239:
24237:
24234:
24232:
24229:
24228:
24227:
24224:
24222:
24219:
24217:
24214:
24210:
24207:
24205:
24202:
24200:
24197:
24195:
24192:
24191:
24190:
24187:
24186:
24185:
24182:
24178:
24177:Black Indians
24175:
24173:
24170:
24166:
24163:
24161:
24158:
24156:
24153:
24151:
24148:
24146:
24143:
24141:
24138:
24136:
24133:
24131:
24128:
24126:
24123:
24121:
24118:
24116:
24113:
24111:
24108:
24106:
24103:
24101:
24098:
24097:
24096:
24093:
24092:
24091:
24088:
24087:
24086:
24083:
24082:
24080:
24076:
24073:
24071:
24065:
24059:
24056:
24054:
24051:
24049:
24046:
24044:
24041:
24039:
24038:Non-religious
24036:
24034:
24031:
24029:
24026:
24022:
24019:
24017:
24014:
24012:
24009:
24007:
24004:
24002:
23999:
23998:
23997:
23994:
23992:
23989:
23987:
23984:
23982:
23979:
23975:
23972:
23970:
23967:
23965:
23962:
23960:
23957:
23956:
23955:
23952:
23950:
23947:
23945:
23942:
23941:
23939:
23937:
23933:
23927:
23924:
23922:
23919:
23917:
23914:
23912:
23909:
23907:
23904:
23900:
23897:
23895:
23892:
23890:
23887:
23886:
23885:
23882:
23880:
23877:
23875:
23872:
23870:
23867:
23865:
23862:
23860:
23857:
23855:
23852:
23850:
23847:
23845:
23842:
23840:
23837:
23835:
23832:
23830:
23827:
23825:
23822:
23820:
23817:
23815:
23812:
23811:
23809:
23803:
23799:
23794:
23790:
23783:
23778:
23776:
23771:
23769:
23764:
23763:
23760:
23748:
23740:
23738:
23730:
23729:
23726:
23714:
23711:
23710:
23709:
23706:
23704:
23701:
23699:
23696:
23694:
23691:
23689:
23686:
23684:
23681:
23679:
23676:
23674:
23671:
23667:
23664:
23662:
23659:
23657:
23654:
23652:
23649:
23647:
23644:
23643:
23642:
23639:
23637:
23634:
23632:
23629:
23627:
23624:
23623:
23621:
23615:
23609:
23606:
23602:
23599:
23598:
23597:
23594:
23593:
23591:
23585:
23577:
23574:
23572:
23569:
23567:
23564:
23563:
23561:
23557:
23554:
23552:
23549:
23548:
23546:
23545:
23543:
23539:
23531:
23528:
23527:
23526:Sierra Leone
23525:
23521:
23518:
23516:
23513:
23512:
23510:
23506:
23503:
23502:
23500:
23496:
23493:
23491:
23488:
23487:
23485:
23484:
23482:
23480:
23476:
23473:
23469:Afro-American
23465:
23455:
23452:
23451:
23449:
23445:
23437:
23434:
23433:
23432:
23429:
23427:
23424:
23422:
23419:
23417:
23414:
23410:
23407:
23405:
23402:
23401:
23400:
23397:
23391:
23388:
23387:
23386:
23383:
23382:
23380:
23378:
23375:
23371:
23368:
23366:
23363:
23362:
23361:
23358:
23356:
23353:
23352:
23350:
23345:
23341:
23335:
23332:
23330:
23327:
23323:
23320:
23319:
23318:
23315:
23313:
23310:
23308:
23305:
23303:
23300:
23298:
23295:
23293:
23290:
23286:
23283:
23281:
23278:
23277:
23276:
23273:
23271:
23268:
23266:
23263:
23262:
23260:
23258:
23254:
23246:
23243:
23241:
23238:
23236:
23233:
23231:
23228:
23226:
23223:
23222:
23221:
23218:
23216:
23213:
23211:
23208:
23206:
23203:
23201:
23198:
23196:
23193:
23191:
23188:
23186:
23183:
23181:
23178:
23176:
23173:
23171:
23168:
23166:
23163:
23161:
23158:
23154:
23151:
23150:
23149:
23146:
23144:
23141:
23137:
23134:
23133:
23132:
23129:
23127:
23124:
23122:
23119:
23117:
23114:
23112:
23109:
23107:
23104:
23103:
23101:
23098:
23093:
23089:
23079:
23076:
23074:
23071:
23067:
23064:
23062:
23059:
23057:
23054:
23052:
23049:
23047:
23044:
23043:
23042:
23039:
23037:
23034:
23032:
23029:
23027:
23024:
23020:
23017:
23015:
23012:
23010:
23007:
23006:
23005:
23004:French Guiana
23002:
23000:
22997:
22993:
22990:
22989:
22988:
22985:
22983:
22980:
22976:
22973:
22971:
22968:
22966:
22963:
22962:
22961:
22958:
22956:
22953:
22951:
22948:
22947:
22945:
22939:
22931:
22928:
22926:
22923:
22921:
22920:Somali Bantus
22918:
22916:
22913:
22911:
22908:
22906:
22903:
22901:
22898:
22896:
22893:
22891:
22888:
22886:
22883:
22881:
22878:
22876:
22873:
22869:
22866:
22864:
22861:
22857:
22854:
22852:
22849:
22847:
22844:
22842:
22839:
22837:
22834:
22833:
22832:
22828:
22827:Black Indians
22825:
22823:
22820:
22818:
22815:
22813:
22810:
22808:
22805:
22803:
22800:
22798:
22797:Affrilachians
22795:
22794:
22793:
22790:
22789:
22787:
22783:
22780:
22779:
22778:
22775:
22771:
22768:
22766:
22763:
22761:
22758:
22756:
22755:New Brunswick
22753:
22751:
22748:
22746:
22743:
22741:
22738:
22737:
22736:
22733:
22732:
22730:
22724:
22716:
22713:
22712:
22711:
22708:
22706:
22703:
22699:
22698:Miskito Sambu
22696:
22695:
22694:
22691:
22689:
22686:
22684:
22681:
22679:
22676:
22674:
22671:
22667:
22664:
22663:
22662:
22659:
22658:
22656:
22650:
22644:
22641:
22637:
22634:
22632:
22631:Dougla people
22629:
22628:
22627:
22624:
22620:
22617:
22616:
22615:
22612:
22610:
22607:
22605:
22602:
22600:
22597:
22593:
22590:
22588:
22585:
22583:
22580:
22579:
22578:
22575:
22571:
22568:
22566:
22563:
22562:
22561:
22558:
22556:
22553:
22549:
22546:
22544:
22541:
22540:
22539:
22536:
22534:
22531:
22529:
22526:
22522:
22521:Ganga-Longoba
22519:
22517:
22514:
22512:
22509:
22508:
22507:
22504:
22502:
22499:
22497:
22494:
22492:
22489:
22487:
22484:
22482:
22479:
22477:
22474:
22472:
22469:
22468:
22466:
22464:
22460:
22457:
22455:
22454:Latin America
22450:
22446:
22443:
22439:
22435:
22428:
22423:
22421:
22416:
22414:
22409:
22408:
22405:
22393:
22383:
22381:
22378:
22377:
22374:
22368:
22365:
22363:
22362:Neighborhoods
22360:
22358:
22355:
22353:
22350:
22348:
22345:
22343:
22340:
22338:
22335:
22331:
22328:
22326:
22325:Sports firsts
22323:
22321:
22318:
22317:
22316:
22313:
22309:
22306:
22304:
22301:
22299:
22296:
22294:
22291:
22289:
22286:
22284:
22281:
22279:
22276:
22274:
22271:
22269:
22266:
22264:
22261:
22259:
22256:
22254:
22251:
22249:
22246:
22244:
22241:
22239:
22236:
22234:
22231:
22230:
22229:
22226:
22225:
22223:
22219:
22211:
22208:
22207:
22205:
22203:
22200:
22196:
22193:
22191:
22188:
22186:
22183:
22181:
22178:
22176:
22173:
22172:
22170:
22166:
22163:
22161:
22158:
22156:
22153:
22151:
22148:
22147:
22146:
22143:
22142:
22140:
22138:
22134:
22128:
22127:West Virginia
22125:
22123:
22120:
22118:
22115:
22111:
22108:
22106:
22103:
22101:
22098:
22096:
22093:
22092:
22091:
22088:
22086:
22083:
22081:
22078:
22076:
22073:
22069:
22066:
22065:
22064:Pennsylvania
22063:
22061:
22058:
22056:
22053:
22051:
22048:
22044:
22043:New York City
22041:
22040:
22039:
22036:
22034:
22031:
22027:
22024:
22023:
22022:
22019:
22017:
22014:
22010:
22007:
22006:
22004:
22000:
21997:
21996:
21994:
21990:
21987:
21986:
21985:
21982:
21980:
21977:
21973:
21970:
21969:
21968:
21965:
21963:
21960:
21956:
21953:
21952:
21951:
21948:
21946:
21943:
21939:
21936:
21935:
21934:
21931:
21929:
21926:
21922:
21919:
21918:
21917:
21914:
21910:
21907:
21905:
21902:
21901:
21900:
21897:
21895:
21892:
21888:
21887:San Francisco
21885:
21883:
21880:
21879:
21878:
21875:
21873:
21870:
21868:
21865:
21864:
21862:
21860:By state/city
21858:
21852:
21849:
21847:
21844:
21838:
21835:
21833:
21830:
21829:
21828:
21825:
21823:
21820:
21819:
21818:
21815:
21811:
21808:
21807:
21806:
21805:American Sign
21803:
21801:
21798:
21797:
21795:
21791:
21783:
21780:
21778:
21775:
21774:
21773:
21770:
21768:
21765:
21761:
21758:
21756:
21753:
21752:
21751:
21748:
21744:
21741:
21740:
21739:
21738:Neighborhoods
21736:
21735:
21733:
21729:
21723:
21720:
21716:
21713:
21712:
21711:
21708:
21706:
21703:
21701:
21698:
21696:
21693:
21689:
21686:
21684:
21681:
21679:
21676:
21674:
21671:
21670:
21669:
21668:Black Indians
21666:
21664:
21661:
21657:
21654:
21652:
21649:
21647:
21644:
21642:
21639:
21638:
21636:
21635:
21633:
21629:
21619:
21616:
21614:
21611:
21609:
21606:
21604:
21601:
21600:
21598:
21590:
21584:
21581:
21579:
21576:
21574:
21571:
21569:
21566:
21564:
21561:
21559:
21556:
21554:
21551:
21549:
21546:
21544:
21541:
21539:
21536:
21534:
21531:
21529:
21526:
21525:
21522:
21519:
21515:
21509:
21506:
21504:
21501:
21499:
21496:
21494:
21491:
21489:
21486:
21484:
21481:
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21246:Black schools
21244:
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21241:Black studies
21239:
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21223:Whitney Young
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21213:Oprah Winfrey
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19479:. p. 41.
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18631:"Otis Boykin"
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15662:Spectrum News
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15072:Health Equity
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12609:September 23,
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12345:
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12264:September 24,
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11991:
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11975:
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11967:(1): 94–102.
11966:
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11926:0-8078-1793-7
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10248:0-8214-1579-4
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10136:0-8223-1992-6
10133:
10129:
10123:
10112:September 26,
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8609:
8593:
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8575:
8573:
8571:
8569:
8564:
8551:
8547:
8543:
8539:
8535:
8531:
8527:
8526:Bantu peoples
8523:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
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8119:
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8003:
8000:
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7993:
7989:
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7981:
7980:
7975:
7971:
7970:
7964:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7950:
7946:
7942:
7937:
7933:
7932:
7927:
7926:
7921:
7911:
7909:
7904:
7900:
7896:
7892:
7888:
7884:
7880:
7876:
7872:
7868:
7863:
7861:
7856:
7854:
7853:
7848:
7847:
7842:
7838:
7834:
7830:
7829:
7824:
7819:
7816:
7815:
7810:
7806:
7805:
7800:
7788:
7786:
7781:
7777:
7775:
7771:
7770:Puerto Ricans
7766:
7765:intermarriage
7761:
7757:
7754:). After the
7753:
7749:
7745:
7741:
7737:
7734:
7733:
7728:
7727:Sally Hemings
7725:'s mistress,
7724:
7719:
7718:planter class
7715:
7711:
7707:
7706:
7701:
7700:Supreme Court
7697:
7693:
7689:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7671:
7667:
7666:One-drop rule
7663:
7659:
7649:
7647:
7643:
7638:
7634:
7628:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7595:
7591:
7587:
7578:
7576:
7575:
7569:
7565:
7561:
7560:Marcus Garvey
7557:
7553:
7548:
7544:
7542:
7541:
7535:
7531:
7527:
7524:In 2020, the
7522:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7500:
7495:
7493:
7492:Jesse Jackson
7489:
7488:word of mouth
7485:
7481:
7477:
7473:
7469:
7464:
7462:
7458:
7450:
7446:
7442:
7438:
7436:
7432:
7428:
7427:
7422:
7421:
7416:
7415:
7409:
7408:Jesse Jackson
7405:
7396:
7382:
7380:
7376:
7372:
7368:
7363:
7361:
7357:
7353:
7349:
7345:
7341:
7337:
7332:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7318:
7314:
7310:
7308:
7304:
7300:
7296:
7291:
7289:
7285:
7281:
7280:Rosetta Stone
7277:
7273:
7269:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7255:
7251:
7250:Toni Morrison
7247:
7246:Ralph Ellison
7243:
7239:
7235:
7234:James Baldwin
7231:
7227:
7219:
7218:Toni Morrison
7215:
7206:
7204:
7200:
7196:
7195:Bill T. Jones
7186:
7184:
7180:
7176:
7175:popular music
7171:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7141:
7137:
7133:
7132:rock and roll
7129:
7125:
7121:
7117:
7107:
7106:rock and roll
7103:
7097:
7088:
7081:
7067:
7065:
7061:
7056:
7054:
7050:
7046:
7042:
7038:
7034:
7030:
7026:
7022:
7018:
7014:
7010:
7006:
7001:
6999:
6995:
6991:
6987:
6983:
6979:
6977:
6973:
6970:, the son of
6969:
6965:
6957:
6953:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6939:
6935:
6931:
6927:
6923:
6918:
6916:
6912:
6908:
6904:
6900:
6896:
6894:
6890:
6886:
6882:
6878:
6874:
6869:
6867:
6862:
6858:
6850:
6846:
6839:
6835:
6830:
6826:
6822:
6816:
6776:
6766:
6756:
6746:
6736:
6728:
6717:
6713:
6709:
6707:
6703:
6697:
6693:
6690:
6685:
6675:
6673:
6667:
6665:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6646:
6644:
6641:
6637:
6636:working-class
6633:
6629:
6625:
6621:
6617:
6613:
6608:
6602:
6592:
6589:
6585:
6581:
6580:
6575:
6571:
6567:
6563:
6559:
6555:
6551:
6547:
6543:
6535:
6531:
6527:
6523:
6519:
6518:fried chicken
6515:
6510:
6505:
6499:
6486:
6482:
6479:
6474:
6470:
6466:
6463:
6462:
6460:
6457:
6454:
6451:
6448:
6445:
6442:
6438:
6435:
6432:
6431:Harpo Studios
6428:
6424:
6423:Oprah Winfrey
6420:
6417:
6414:
6411:
6408:
6404:
6401:
6396:
6392:
6389:
6387:
6384:
6382:
6379:
6378:
6376:
6373:
6370:
6367:
6366:Magic Johnson
6363:
6360:
6357:
6354:
6353:
6347:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6336:
6331:
6327:
6322:
6320:
6316:
6312:
6311:Sister Circle
6308:
6307:
6302:
6297:
6295:
6291:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6275:
6270:
6266:
6262:
6258:
6253:
6247:
6243:
6238:
6233:
6229:
6219:
6216:
6211:
6209:
6208:
6203:
6199:
6195:
6191:
6187:
6182:
6177:
6174:
6170:
6166:
6161:
6155:
6151:
6150:Jim Crow laws
6146:
6142:
6137:
6135:
6131:
6124:
6119:
6110:
6108:
6104:
6099:
6097:
6093:
6089:
6085:
6081:
6077:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6061:
6056:
6054:
6049:
6047:
6046:
6041:
6036:
6032:
6028:
6024:
6020:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5991:
5987:
5984:Although the
5982:
5978:
5975:
5974:Single-parent
5967:Social issues
5964:
5961:
5956:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5942:
5937:
5933:
5925:
5921:
5917:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5900:
5896:
5886:
5882:
5880:
5875:
5869:
5867:
5860:
5850:
5847:
5843:
5839:
5835:
5831:
5826:
5816:
5814:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5778:
5768:
5766:
5762:
5757:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5743:
5742:Guinea Bissau
5738:
5734:
5730:
5726:
5723:and southern
5722:
5718:
5713:
5711:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5688:
5678:
5668:
5665:
5660:
5658:
5653:
5652:
5651:psychotherapy
5646:
5643:
5638:
5634:
5631:
5627:
5620:Mental health
5617:
5615:
5611:
5607:
5602:
5600:
5596:
5592:
5588:
5584:
5577:Sexual health
5574:
5571:
5566:
5563:
5559:
5554:
5552:
5547:
5544:
5540:
5536:
5531:
5529:
5522:
5511:
5505:
5495:
5492:
5488:
5487:Gallup survey
5482:
5472:
5470:
5462:
5458:
5454:
5450:
5445:
5436:
5434:
5433:Richard Nixon
5430:
5426:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5404:
5402:
5398:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5377:
5375:
5371:
5367:
5363:
5353:
5350:
5347:
5345:
5342:
5339:
5338:
5334:
5331:
5328:
5326:
5323:
5320:
5319:
5315:
5312:
5309:
5307:
5304:
5301:
5300:
5296:
5293:
5290:
5288:
5285:
5282:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5258:
5255:
5252:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5243:
5239:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5225:
5224:
5220:
5217:
5214:
5212:
5209:
5206:
5205:
5201:
5198:
5195:
5193:
5190:
5187:
5186:
5182:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
5168:
5167:
5163:
5160:
5158:
5155:
5153:
5150:
5147:
5146:
5142:
5135:
5130:
5125:
5122:
5121:
5113:
5111:
5106:
5105:credit scores
5102:
5097:
5095:
5090:
5083:
5078:
5069:
5067:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5051:
5047:
5042:
5039:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5022:
5021:public sector
5017:
5013:
5009:
5006:
5001:
4999:
4998:US businesses
4995:
4990:
4986:
4978:
4973:
4969:
4965:
4964:, and crime.
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4950:mental health
4947:
4943:
4939:
4932:
4922:
4920:
4915:
4909:
4905:
4895:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4881:
4877:
4876:College Board
4873:
4867:
4863:
4858:
4854:
4852:
4848:
4842:
4840:
4835:
4831:
4829:
4824:
4820:
4818:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4790:
4781:
4779:
4775:
4773:
4769:
4768:Missouri City
4765:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4748:Baldwin Hills
4746:in Virginia,
4745:
4741:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4728:Dekalb County
4726:in Maryland,
4725:
4721:
4717:
4713:
4712:Mitchellville
4709:
4705:
4700:
4698:
4694:
4690:
4686:
4682:
4678:
4674:
4670:
4666:
4662:
4658:
4654:
4650:
4646:
4642:
4638:
4634:
4630:
4626:
4622:
4617:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4590:New York City
4587:
4583:
4579:
4575:
4571:
4567:
4563:
4559:
4555:
4551:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4529:
4525:
4515:
4513:
4509:
4505:
4494:
4489:
4482:
4477:
4470:
4465:
4458:
4453:
4446:
4441:
4434:
4429:
4422:
4417:
4410:
4405:
4398:
4393:
4386:
4381:
4374:
4369:
4362:
4357:
4350:
4345:
4338:
4333:
4326:
4321:
4314:
4309:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4285:
4278:
4273:
4266:
4261:
4254:
4249:
4242:
4237:
4234:
4233:
4227:
4223:
4221:
4217:
4213:
4208:
4204:
4200:
4192:
4188:
4184:
4180:
4179:New York City
4176:
4172:
4168:
4164:
4160:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4142:
4138:
4134:
4130:
4126:
4122:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4092:
4089:
4086:
4083:
4080:
4077:
4075:
4072:
4071:
4067:
4064:
4061:
4058:
4057:
4054:
4049:
4048:
4042:
4037:
4033:
4030:
4025:
4017:
4014:
4011:
4008:
4005:
4002:
4001:
3997:
3994:
3991:
3988:
3985:
3982:
3981:
3977:
3974:
3971:
3968:
3965:
3962:
3961:
3957:
3954:
3951:
3948:
3945:
3942:
3941:
3937:
3934:
3931:
3928:
3925:
3922:
3921:
3917:
3914:
3911:
3908:
3905:
3902:
3901:
3897:
3894:
3891:
3888:
3885:
3882:
3881:
3877:
3874:
3871:
3868:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3857:
3854:
3851:
3848:
3845:
3842:
3841:
3837:
3834:
3831:
3829:9.7% (lowest)
3828:
3825:
3822:
3821:
3817:
3814:
3811:
3808:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3788:
3785:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3771:
3768:
3765:
3762:
3761:
3757:
3754:
3751:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3741:
3737:
3734:
3731:
3728:
3725:
3722:
3721:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3694:
3691:
3688:
3685:
3682:
3681:
3677:
3674:
3671:
3668:
3665:
3662:
3661:
3657:
3654:
3651:
3648:
3645:
3642:
3641:
3637:
3634:
3631:
3628:
3625:
3622:
3621:
3617:
3614:
3611:
3608:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3591:
3588:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3577:
3574:
3571:
3568:
3565:
3562:
3561:
3557:
3554:
3551:
3548:
3545:
3542:
3541:
3538:% in slavery
3537:
3534:
3529:
3524:
3521:
3518:
3517:
3511:
3507:
3505:
3501:
3497:
3493:
3489:
3488:Jim Crow laws
3484:
3482:
3478:
3474:
3466:
3462:
3458:
3453:
3445:
3438:
3434:
3429:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3406:
3400:
3390:
3382:
3377:
3373:
3369:
3365:
3355:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3341:
3340:Kamala Harris
3337:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3316:
3312:
3309:
3305:
3302:
3299:
3295:
3290:
3288:
3284:
3280:
3276:
3272:
3268:
3267:U.S. Congress
3264:
3260:
3256:
3248:
3244:
3240:
3235:
3225:
3221:
3217:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3203:
3199:
3195:
3191:
3183:
3179:
3175:
3173:
3169:
3165:
3161:
3156:
3155:wolf-whistled
3152:
3148:
3144:
3139:
3137:
3133:
3129:
3125:
3121:
3117:
3113:
3104:
3100:
3096:
3094:
3090:
3086:
3082:
3078:
3074:
3070:
3066:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3046:
3042:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3024:
3014:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2994:
2990:
2986:
2982:
2978:
2974:
2970:
2963:
2962:Jim Crow laws
2959:
2949:
2947:
2943:
2939:
2935:
2928:, around 1869
2927:
2923:
2919:
2917:
2913:
2909:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2893:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2868:
2864:
2862:
2858:
2853:
2850:
2845:
2842:By 1815, the
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2823:
2819:
2815:
2811:
2807:
2802:
2800:
2796:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:Prior to the
2770:
2766:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2736:
2732:
2728:
2724:
2720:
2716:
2713:. Because of
2712:
2708:
2703:
2701:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2664:
2659:
2657:
2653:
2649:
2645:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2614:, the first "
2613:
2609:
2604:
2594:
2592:
2588:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2569:
2568:slave patrols
2564:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2548:
2540:
2536:
2532:
2527:
2523:
2519:
2517:
2516:
2511:
2506:
2505:Massachusetts
2502:
2500:
2499:New York City
2497:(present-day
2496:
2495:New Amsterdam
2492:
2487:
2485:
2481:
2473:
2468:
2464:
2462:
2458:
2457:St. Augustine
2454:
2450:
2446:
2442:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2423:
2419:
2415:
2410:
2408:
2404:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2387:New Amsterdam
2383:
2379:
2377:
2373:
2367:
2365:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2336:
2332:
2330:
2329:St. Augustine
2326:
2322:
2317:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
2295:
2291:
2290:Santo Domingo
2286:
2283:
2279:
2275:
2266:
2261:
2255:
2244:
2234:
2232:
2228:
2224:
2220:
2216:
2212:
2208:
2207:rock and roll
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2166:
2165:Kamala Harris
2162:
2156:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2130:
2126:
2122:
2118:
2117:right to vote
2114:
2110:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2048:
2044:
2040:
2036:
2030:
2028:
2024:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1985:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1966:
1965:
1963:
1962:
1957:
1954:
1952:
1949:
1947:
1937:
1936:
1935:
1934:
1922:
1921:Minstrel show
1919:
1917:
1916:Magical Negro
1914:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1898:
1896:
1895:
1892:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1849:
1847:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1833:
1832:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1778:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1760:
1757:
1755:
1752:
1750:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1734:
1733:
1727:
1726:West Virginia
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1709:
1707:
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1689:
1687:
1684:
1682:
1679:
1678:
1676:
1675:
1672:
1669:
1668:
1662:
1661:San Francisco
1659:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
1642:
1641:New York City
1639:
1637:
1634:
1632:
1629:
1627:
1624:
1622:
1619:
1617:
1614:
1612:
1609:
1607:
1604:
1602:
1599:
1597:
1594:
1592:
1589:
1587:
1584:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1568:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1560:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1529:
1526:
1524:
1521:
1519:
1516:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1440:
1438:
1437:
1433:
1432:
1424:
1423:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1399:
1396:
1395:
1394:
1391:
1390:
1388:
1387:
1383:
1382:
1376:
1373:
1371:
1368:
1366:
1363:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1354:
1351:
1350:
1348:
1347:
1343:
1342:
1334:
1333:
1321:
1318:
1317:
1315:
1314:
1310:
1309:
1303:
1300:
1298:
1295:
1293:
1292:Nova Scotians
1290:
1288:
1285:
1283:
1280:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1270:
1269:
1267:
1266:
1262:
1261:
1255:
1252:
1248:
1245:
1244:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1196:
1195:Black Indians
1193:
1191:
1188:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1177:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1169:
1161:
1160:
1149:
1146:
1144:
1141:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:HBCU (HBCUAC)
1131:
1129:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1108:
1107:
1099:
1098:
1086:
1083:
1081:
1078:
1076:
1073:
1071:
1068:
1066:
1063:
1061:
1058:
1056:
1053:
1051:
1048:
1046:
1041:
1040:
1038:
1037:
1034:Organizations
1033:
1032:
1024:
1023:
1011:
1008:
1006:
1003:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
942:
940:
939:
935:
934:
928:
925:
923:
920:
918:
915:
913:
910:
909:
907:
906:
903:Organizations
902:
901:
893:
892:
880:
877:
875:
872:
870:
867:
865:
862:
860:
857:
855:
852:
850:
847:
846:
844:
843:
839:
838:
832:
829:
827:
824:
823:
821:
820:
816:
815:
809:
806:
805:
803:
802:
798:
797:
792:
787:
786:
774:
771:
768:
764:
762:
759:
755:
752:
751:
750:
747:
745:
742:
738:
735:
734:
733:
730:
729:
727:
726:
722:
721:
715:
712:
710:
707:
705:
702:
700:
697:
696:
694:
693:
689:
688:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
669:
667:
664:
663:
661:
660:
656:
655:
649:
646:
644:
641:
639:
636:
635:
633:
632:
628:
627:
621:
618:
616:
613:
610:
607:
605:
602:
600:
597:
596:
594:
593:
589:
588:
582:
579:
577:
574:
572:
571:Neighborhoods
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
542:
539:
537:
534:
533:
531:
530:
526:
525:
520:
515:
514:
503:
500:
498:
495:
493:
490:
489:
488:
487:
483:
482:
477:
474:
472:
469:
467:
464:
462:
459:
457:
454:
453:
452:
451:
447:
446:
441:
438:
436:
433:
431:
428:
426:
423:
421:
418:
416:
413:
409:
406:
405:
404:
401:
398:
394:
391:
389:
386:
384:
381:
379:
376:
374:
371:
369:
366:
364:
361:
360:
359:
358:
354:
353:
348:
343:
342:
339:
336:
335:
331:
327:
326:
317:
313:
309:
305:
299:
295:
291:
287:
282:
277:
274:
270:
265:
261:
257:
252:
247:
243:
241:
236:
230:
226:
224:
219:
213:
209:
207:
202:
196:
192:
190:
185:
179:
175:
173:
168:
162:
159:
155:
150:
145:
134:
130:
121:
108:
104:
95:
93:
78:
74:
65:
61:
56:
51:
44:
39:
30:
19:
26683:
26546:
26517:Bunce Island
26378:Demographics
26359:Igbo Landing
26190:Black church
26150:
26143:
26137:Publications
26124:
26116:
26108:
26100:
26092:
26084:
24459:Central Asia
24084:
24058:Zoroastrians
23906:Social class
23454:Saint Helena
23390:in Karnataka
23307:Saudi Arabia
22875:Brass Ankles
22791:
22516:Cape Verdean
22278:Sportspeople
22248:Billionaires
22165:Sierra Leone
22068:Philadelphia
21904:Jacksonville
21731:Demographics
21563:Jack Johnson
21553:Muhammad Ali
21386:Conservatism
21321:Black church
21218:Andrew Young
21203:Ida B. Wells
21193:David Walker
21188:C. T. Vivian
21143:Paul Robeson
21138:Hiram Revels
21118:Colin Powell
21098:Barack Obama
21053:James Lawson
21008:Jimi Hendrix
20978:James Farmer
20973:Medgar Evers
20943:Ralph Bunche
20893:Maya Angelou
20867:Middle class
20745:Afrofuturism
20671:
20659:
20652:
20573:
20518:
20465:
20431:Afrocentrism
20421:Abolitionism
20399:
20361:
20330:
20324:
20320:
20286:
20263:
20254:
20247:
20237:
20233:
20215:
20207:
20193:
20186:
20174:
20167:
20149:
20131:
20122:
20110:. Retrieved
20106:the original
20101:
20091:
20058:
20054:
20048:
20036:. Retrieved
20032:The Atlantic
20030:
20020:
20000:
19993:
19973:
19966:
19960:. p. 1.
19957:
19951:
19939:. Retrieved
19935:
19926:
19914:. Retrieved
19902:
19892:
19880:. Retrieved
19875:
19866:
19854:. Retrieved
19845:
19836:
19824:. Retrieved
19820:
19810:
19801:the original
19793:
19780:
19771:
19746:. Retrieved
19739:
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5374:Donald Trump
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5287:Barack Obama
5230:Bill Clinton
5211:Bill Clinton
5152:Jimmy Carter
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3304:Barack Obama
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3249:in July 2016
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2031:
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1651:Philadelphia
1621:Jacksonville
1217:Brass Ankles
970:Conservatism
945:Afrocentrism
917:Joint Center
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799:Institutions
714:Billionaires
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620:Fraternities
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316:unaffiliated
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26416:Hog Hammock
26286:Ranky Tanky
26220:Goofer dust
26129:(1994–2000)
25997:2010 census
25916:Multiethnic
25205:Californios
25071:before 1880
23974:Protestants
23936:By religion
23849:Immigration
23805:By economic
23713:Reparations
23678:Black power
23426:New Zealand
23257:Middle East
23210:Switzerland
23170:Netherlands
22885:Dominickers
22760:Nova Scotia
22678:El Salvador
22609:Saint Lucia
22599:Puerto Rico
22298:US senators
22268:Republicans
22253:Journalists
22110:San Antonio
22075:Puerto Rico
22016:Mississippi
21909:Tallahassee
21882:Los Angeles
21573:Jesse Owens
21558:Arthur Ashe
21416:Nationalism
21406:Raised fist
21369:Black power
21274:in medicine
21208:Roy Wilkins
21163:Emmett Till
21148:Al Sharpton
20913:Julian Bond
20908:James Bevel
20872:Upper class
20862:Stereotypes
20755:Black mecca
20667:Plantations
20446:Black Codes
19856:December 1,
19826:December 1,
19720:December 1,
19691:December 1,
19633:December 6,
19200:2010 Census
19160:2010 Census
19119:October 22,
18694:October 18,
18641:January 29,
18615:January 29,
18538:"Mark Dean"
18522:January 29,
18496:January 29,
18470:January 29,
18439:January 29,
18379:January 29,
18349:January 29,
18319:January 29,
18289:January 29,
18232:January 29,
18206:January 11,
17985:October 19,
17470:November 6,
17398:November 2,
17202:October 21,
17135:October 21,
16965:January 20,
16939:January 20,
16913:January 20,
16654:January 20,
16628:January 20,
16602:January 20,
16308:Smithsonian
16219:October 16,
16163:January 20,
16127:October 17,
16096:October 17,
15968:November 8,
15938:November 8,
15912:February 1,
15881:November 8,
15733:October 16,
15703:October 16,
15672:October 16,
15641:October 16,
15611:November 4,
15223:November 8,
14498:January 21,
14318:January 28,
14261:January 28,
13940:: 295–311.
13628:November 4,
13597:October 16,
13566:October 16,
13247:January 20,
13103:January 20,
13093:"OMHRC.gov"
13077:January 20,
13051:January 20,
12986:January 20,
12960:January 20,
12934:January 20,
12908:January 20,
12882:January 20,
12853:January 20,
12824:January 20,
12795:January 20,
12764:October 24,
12726:October 24,
12517:January 25,
12459:January 10,
11894:(1): 4–34.
11720:October 20,
11690:October 21,
11441:November 3,
11353:January 26,
11322:January 20,
11290:January 20,
11070:January 20,
10941:October 26,
10912:, p. 3
10877:October 22,
10640:: 218–221.
10561:October 22,
10512: (1896)
9866:January 20,
9604:ABA Journal
9348:January 20,
9322:January 20,
9153:October 14,
8894:|last=
8739:Caribbean).
8728:October 25,
8492:subgroup),
8456:subgroup),
8440:subgroup),
8358:Niger-Congo
7895:New Afrikan
7867:Pan-African
7774:Scots-Irish
7676:race mixing
7670:hypodescent
7570:. The term
7385:Terminology
7352:Otis Boykin
7284:Confederate
7199:Alvin Ailey
7102:Chuck Berry
6966:. In 1975,
6706:New Orleans
6664:Niger–Congo
6562:indigo dyes
6483:– Owned by
6294:world music
6282:BET on Jazz
6143:and in the
5920:Al Sharpton
5763:geneticist
5710:Niger-Congo
5461:White House
4994:S&P 500
4695:(51%), and
4598:Los Angeles
4574:New Orleans
4570:San Antonio
4518:U.S. cities
4199:2010 census
4143:, or other
4078:39,940,338
3437:2020 census
3417:Puerto Rico
3315:John McCain
3287:U.S. Senate
3269:. In 1989,
3257:became the
3214:Black Power
3147:Emmett Till
3128:Cotton Club
2914:signed the
2814:White House
2776: 1850
2675:Baton Rouge
2671:New Orleans
2665:, Governor
2449:Catholicism
2422:unions with
2391:Howard Pyle
2282:West Africa
2175:visual arts
2113:citizenship
2085:manumission
2077:plantations
1887:Stereotypes
1814:Nova Scotia
1696:Mississippi
1656:San Antonio
1636:Los Angeles
1571:Black mecca
1498:Mississippi
1405:Negro Dutch
1227:Dominickers
1171:Multiethnic
1080:TransAfrica
990:Nationalism
960:Black power
744:Black pride
709:Upper class
408:Politicians
296:(14%), and
158:urban areas
133:2020 Census
107:2020 Census
92:multiracial
77:2020 Census
26699:Categories
26664:Toucouleur
26495:Senegambia
26245:Ring shout
26225:Haint blue
25924:Afro-Asian
25546:Potawatomi
25377:Chemehuevi
24581:South Asia
24043:Rastafaris
24001:Ahmadiyyas
23954:Christians
23829:Emigration
23807:and social
23646:Coromantee
23061:Paramaccan
22975:Quilombola
22915:Melungeons
22673:Costa Rica
22582:Coromantee
22243:Astronauts
22033:New Jersey
21877:California
21381:Capitalism
21178:Nat Turner
21108:Rosa Parks
21093:Diane Nash
21063:John Lewis
20852:Newspapers
20822:Literature
20807:Juneteenth
20760:Businesses
20614:Exodusters
20582:Free Negro
20317:Name Games
20038:October 7,
19607:October 7,
19569:January 1,
19272:January 4,
19046:Census.gov
18967:Gallup.com
18844:. p.
18406:October 7,
18061:August 16,
18035:August 16,
18012:August 16,
17914:August 22,
16997:August 26,
16764:October 7,
16523:January 3,
16491:October 9,
16441:January 3,
15759:January 6,
15136:January 2,
13273:October 6,
12492:January 2,
12291:census.gov
12071:ProPublica
12045:The Nation
12041:Kozol, J.
11769:January 7,
11642:January 3,
11101:August 12,
10851:August 12,
10363:October 8,
10034:August 30,
9683:August 30,
8871:Census.gov
8598:August 17,
8560:References
8133:Juneteenth
8093:Afrophobia
8006:derogatory
7957:pejorative
7931:Free negro
7903:Kwame Ture
7776:ancestry.
7742:historian
7698:until the
7656:See also:
7457:authorship
7449:First Lady
7435:oppression
7286:President
7264:innovation
7152:barbershop
7058:Confirmed
7049:Israelites
6944:and boxer
6885:Methodists
6857:Protestant
6605:See also:
6584:soul music
6558:watermelon
6530:fried okra
6528:, breaded
6502:See also:
6469:millennial
6226:See also:
6173:nonviolent
6092:Washington
6027:Harry Cohn
5893:See also:
5857:See also:
5761:Penn State
5729:Barbadians
5675:See also:
5630:Counseling
5628:services.
5610:homophobic
5558:vaccinated
5551:alcoholism
5519:See also:
5508:See also:
5479:See also:
5348:Democratic
5329:Democratic
5310:Democratic
5291:Democratic
5272:Democratic
5268:John Kerry
5253:Democratic
5234:Democratic
5215:Democratic
5196:Democratic
5177:Democratic
5157:Democratic
5131:Political
4954:disability
4952:problems,
4839:illiteracy
4770:in Texas.
4760:Cedar Hill
4740:Smoke Rise
4732:Stonecrest
4558:Huntsville
4554:Fort Worth
4091:41,104,200
4084:1,163,862
3527:population
3525:% of total
3419:as of the
3352:Juneteenth
3336:final term
3311:Republican
3298:Democratic
3208:, and the
3172:Mamie Till
3168:Rosa Parks
3103:Rosa Parks
3061:Red Summer
2897:Cincinnati
2849:Ira Berlin
2816:and other
2791:Henry Clay
2691:coartación
2576:rebellions
2561:New France
2552:coartación
2510:common law
2484:John Casor
2403:John Punch
2314:Hispaniola
2298:Winyah Bay
2258:See also:
2183:philosophy
2179:literature
2143:, and the
2049:ancestry.
1453:California
1427:Population
1000:Patriotism
985:Liberalism
965:Capitalism
936:Ideologies
817:Theologies
676:Juneteenth
648:Literature
576:Newspapers
484:Migrations
415:Juneteenth
314:(2%), and
286:Protestant
240:California
129:46,936,733
73:41,104,200
25954:Melungeon
25929:Amerasian
25655:Tsimshian
25462:Chochenyo
25407:Kitanemuk
25357:Menominee
25340:Tuscarora
25275:Chickasaw
25260:Blackfeet
24771:West Asia
24513:East Asia
24033:Neopagans
23959:Catholics
23949:Buddhists
23814:Affluence
23467:Secondary
23431:Sri Lanka
23409:Mardijker
23399:Indonesia
23370:Hong Kong
23365:Guangzhou
23355:Australia
23302:Palestine
23230:Liverpool
23225:Cambridge
23078:Venezuela
22950:Argentina
22705:Nicaragua
22683:Guatemala
22463:Caribbean
22441:Geography
22357:Monuments
22233:Activists
22085:Tennessee
22005:Michigan
21989:Baltimore
21979:Louisiana
21972:Lexington
21955:Davenport
21894:Cleveland
21793:Languages
21722:Melungeon
21700:Blaxicans
21568:Joe Louis
21423:Socialism
21359:Anarchism
21088:Bob Moses
21073:Malcolm X
20993:Fred Gray
20857:Soul food
20795:New Negro
20780:Folktales
20690:Redlining
20083:144164210
20075:0075-4242
19911:0362-4331
19662:March 13,
19498:March 20,
19408:March 20,
19385:March 20,
19069:, p. 249.
19026:March 31,
18998:March 31,
18972:March 31,
18757:0362-4331
18723:0362-4331
18584:March 12,
18552:March 12,
17975:1094-902X
17942:August 2,
17871:April 20,
17845:April 20,
17819:April 20,
17499:April 20,
16189:April 20,
16086:0190-8286
16035:August 6,
15581:March 17,
15449:(1): 97.
15291:April 11,
15250:April 11,
15053:222230119
14748:UGA Today
14654:0022-3018
14554:1939-1323
14532:CiteSeerX
14161:1552-5260
14122:212666886
14106:1552-5260
13665:143314945
13506:March 16,
13067:"BLS.gov"
13041:"BLS.gov"
12693:April 20,
12236:U.S. News
12131:April 20,
12029:248406635
11680:0362-4331
11614:USA Today
11263:April 20,
10395:USA Today
9973:April 18,
9840:April 20,
9753:145434799
9644:0022-2992
9139:Liverpool
9063:April 14,
9037:April 14,
8996:0261-3077
8840:USA Today
8689:April 23,
8546:Ovimbundu
7899:Malcolm X
7885:like The
7807:, author
7652:Admixture
7554:embraces
7550:The term
7402:The term
7360:astronaut
7348:Mark Dean
7329:submarine
7278:from the
7272:Louisiana
7160:bluegrass
7064:Hispanics
7041:syncretic
7013:Ashkenazi
6942:Malcolm X
6911:Catholics
6666:family).
6657:with the
6655:phonology
6628:sociolect
6624:ethnolect
6570:Soul food
6534:cornbread
6514:soul food
6403:Bounce TV
6340:news site
6315:Urban One
6058:Polls in
6023:Kim Novak
6012:in 1858,
5599:gonorrhea
5595:chlamydia
5475:Sexuality
5385:sectional
5370:Joe Biden
5364:. In the
5344:Joe Biden
5019:The U.S.
4919:Southeast
4809:rebellion
4784:Education
4756:Uniondale
4752:Hillcrest
4582:Nashville
4542:Charlotte
4149:ancestral
4133:Dominican
4125:Brazilian
4108:Northeast
3786:9,827,763
3766:8,833,994
3746:7,488,788
3726:6,580,793
3706:4,880,009
3695:3,953,731
3686:4,441,830
3675:3,204,287
3666:3,638,808
3655:2,487,355
3646:2,873,648
3635:2,009,043
3626:2,328,642
3615:1,538,022
3606:1,771,656
3595:1,191,362
3586:1,377,808
3566:1,002,037
3477:Civil War
3461:1940–1970
3332:reelected
3324:Hispanics
3085:redlining
2783:Civil War
2687:Pensacola
2618:" of the
2474:, in 1769
2425:Pensacola
2407:Hugh Gwyn
2398:Jamestown
2352:Jamestown
2105:Civil War
2101:liberated
2011:Americans
2005:, are an
1911:Hollywood
1901:Blackface
1836:Prejudice
1754:US cities
1631:Lexington
1606:Davenport
1586:Baltimore
1562:US cities
1538:Tennessee
1488:Louisiana
1434:US states
1242:Melungeon
1212:Blaxicans
1010:Socialism
975:Garveyism
950:Anarchism
754:Good hair
581:Soul food
551:Folktales
254:English (
249:Languages
244:2,237,044
227:2,986,172
210:3,246,381
193:3,320,513
176:3,552,997
103:5,832,533
26685:Category
26642:Niominka
26597:Mandinka
26162:Language
25934:Blaxican
25746:Chicanos
25640:Gwich'in
25588:Shoshone
25578:Seminole
25506:Muscogee
25479:Tataviam
25442:Suisunes
25392:Diegueño
25372:Cahuilla
25330:Onondaga
25310:Iroquois
25290:Comanche
25285:Colville
25270:Cheyenne
25265:Cherokee
23859:Language
23737:Category
23587:Asia and
23556:Haitians
23511:Nigeria
23501:Liberia
23471:diaspora
23447:Atlantic
23421:Malaysia
23322:Africans
23240:Scotland
23185:Portugal
23106:Abkhazia
23066:Saramaka
23041:Suriname
23031:Paraguay
23019:Saramaka
22987:Colombia
22965:Kalungas
22895:Garifuna
22831:Freedmen
22782:Mascogos
22715:Cimarrón
22688:Honduras
22666:Garifuna
22636:Merikins
22619:Garifuna
22533:Dominica
22491:Barbados
22471:Anguilla
22449:Americas
22380:Category
22171:America
22137:Diaspora
22122:Virginia
22055:Oklahoma
22038:New York
22021:Nebraska
21984:Maryland
21967:Kentucky
21933:Illinois
21872:Arkansas
21777:Illinois
21715:of color
21401:Populism
21374:Movement
21291:Religion
20633:Lynching
20416:Timeline
20348:Archived
20285:(1997).
20240:(2002).
20112:June 15,
19941:March 2,
19916:March 2,
19882:March 2,
19876:HuffPost
19850:Archived
19846:ABC News
19535:. Gallup
19245:July 28,
19110:Archived
18948:61694280
18574:PC World
18373:Archived
18343:Archived
18313:Archived
18107:Archived
17763:Archived
17699:June 16,
17693:Archived
17675:(1998).
17548:Archived
17516:(2007),
17464:Archived
17439:Archived
17419:Archived
17392:Archived
17368:July 21,
17362:Archived
17332:Archived
17280:July 21,
17274:Archived
17240:Archived
17196:Archived
17129:Archived
17094:June 16,
17088:Archived
16991:Archived
16986:The Root
16959:Archived
16843:July 21,
16837:Archived
16835:. FAIR.
16816:April 4,
16810:Archived
16790:April 4,
16784:Archived
16738:March 5,
16707:March 5,
16701:Archived
16570:Archived
16514:Archived
16485:Archived
16481:HuffPost
16459:Archived
16432:Archived
16403:Archived
16351:Archived
16325:Archived
16299:Archived
16252:Archived
16213:Archived
16121:Archived
16090:Archived
16056:Archived
16029:Archived
15998:Archived
15962:Archived
15932:Archived
15906:Archived
15875:Archived
15848:July 18,
15842:Archived
15821:July 18,
15815:Archived
15753:Archived
15727:Archived
15697:Archived
15666:Archived
15635:Archived
15633:. 2022.
15605:Archived
15575:Archived
15538:Archived
15514:16175514
15465:17154278
15424:26108492
15375:29526279
15285:Archived
15244:Archived
15217:Archived
15195:25803618
15163:: 6596.
15130:Archived
15125:The Root
15102:30283874
15045:32707084
14997:The Root
14989:Archived
14969:27232753
14917:25529636
14868:20080753
14803:20025784
14721:Archived
14695:Archived
14691:Newsweek
14672:26172387
14613:July 12,
14607:Archived
14603:29608328
14492:Archived
14466:June 22,
14460:Archived
14392:Statista
14371:Archived
14312:Archived
14292:March 2,
14286:Archived
14255:Archived
14234:March 2,
14228:Archived
14197:Archived
14179:26874595
14114:32157811
14058:Archived
14028:15646761
13990:Archived
13966:26989830
13910:14727794
13859:July 21,
13853:Archived
13796:July 21,
13790:Archived
13757:Archived
13727:Archived
13702:June 16,
13696:Archived
13622:Archived
13591:Archived
13560:Archived
13536:March 8,
13530:Archived
13526:Statista
13500:Archived
13496:The Hill
13475:March 8,
13469:Archived
13438:Archived
13418:March 8,
13412:Archived
13392:June 17,
13366:March 8,
13360:Archived
13335:July 13,
13326:Archived
13299:March 8,
13293:Archived
13211:Archived
13187:Archived
13163:Archived
13130:Archived
13025:July 21,
12755:Archived
12717:Archived
12646:Archived
12576:July 13,
12570:Archived
12544:Archived
12486:Archived
12453:Archived
12449:BBC News
12429:July 18,
12423:Archived
12398:Archived
12359:Archived
12328:Archived
12304:July 22,
12295:Archived
12228:Archived
12183:July 18,
12177:Archived
12150:Archived
12104:Archived
12075:Archived
12050:Archived
11996:: 75–85.
11862:(1835).
11830:July 18,
11804:July 18,
11798:Archived
11763:Archived
11738:Archived
11714:Archived
11712:. 2020.
11684:Archived
11636:Archived
11606:Archived
11584:July 27,
11578:Archived
11553:July 30,
11547:Archived
11542:Politico
11520:July 30,
11514:Archived
11487:July 30,
11481:Archived
11432:Archived
11386:Archived
11347:Archived
11257:Archived
11183:Archived
11158:Archived
11132:March 2,
11126:Archived
11095:Archived
11064:Archived
11033:Archived
11031:. 2008.
11006:June 22,
11000:Archived
10995:Politico
10970:June 22,
10964:Archived
10935:Archived
10845:Archived
10791:July 29,
10785:Archived
10751:Archived
10728:30036966
10654:30036966
10611:Archived
10526:Archived
10399:Archived
10357:Archived
10323:Archived
10273:Archived
10215:Archived
10191:Berlin,
10176:Archived
10151:Archived
10106:Archived
10073:Archived
9967:Archived
9814:June 16,
9782:July 21,
9710:Archived
9677:Archived
9596:Archived
9577:Archived
9549:Archived
9516:June 16,
9510:Archived
9463:April 5,
9457:archived
9376:Archived
9207:July 21,
9147:Archived
9119:June 12,
9113:Archived
9083:Archived
9031:Archived
9027:NBC News
9000:Archived
8944:Archived
8917:(2009).
8886:cite web
8876:June 29,
8844:Archived
8775:March 7,
8769:Archived
8722:Archived
8683:Archived
8658:Archived
8628:April 5,
8622:Archived
8486:Mandinka
8458:Itsekiri
8454:Kalabari
8378:Bamileke
8249:Merikins
8190:Diaspora
8040:See also
7999:in-group
7752:genetics
7688:marrying
7484:heritage
7447:was the
7203:stepping
7060:atheists
7037:Orthodox
7017:Sephardi
6891:and the
6879:and the
6873:Baptists
6720:Religion
6595:Language
6588:Scottish
6413:Fox Soul
6362:aspireTV
6344:The Grio
6326:NBC News
6190:disabled
6165:boycotts
6084:Maryland
6072:Maryland
6068:Missouri
6031:Virginia
5960:cannabis
5922:led the
5733:Mandenka
5712:family.
5671:Genetics
5614:HIV/AIDS
5591:syphilis
5562:COVID-19
5560:against
5539:diabetes
5416:New Deal
5381:New Deal
5116:Politics
4946:physical
4736:Lithonia
4730:(namely
4716:Woodmore
4710:(namely
4018: –
3998: –
3978: –
3958: –
3938: –
3918: –
3898: –
3878: –
3858: –
3838: –
3818: –
3798: –
3778: –
3758: –
3738: –
3718: –
3530:% Change
3504:Sun Belt
3313:Senator
3308:defeated
3283:Illinois
3136:Jim Crow
3067:and the
3057:Northern
2993:churches
2654:and the
2626:descent.
2441:mulattos
2437:mestizos
2376:settlers
2356:Virginia
2325:Segovian
2069:Americas
1951:Category
1774:Diaspora
1701:Missouri
1626:Kentucky
1553:Virginia
1523:Oklahoma
1508:New York
1503:Nebraska
1493:Maryland
1468:Illinois
1448:Arkansas
1287:Merikins
1232:Freedmen
1205:Mascogos
1005:Populism
896:Politics
791:Religion
761:Stepping
527:Lifeways
363:Timeline
330:a series
328:Part of
304:Catholic
279:Religion
223:New York
26552:Ambundu
26400:Georgia
26340:History
26276:Kumbaya
26195:Boo Hag
26086:Conrack
26071:Culture
25959:Mulatto
25765:Oceania
25660:Tlingit
25650:Iñupiat
25635:Alutiiq
25583:Shawnee
25568:Quechan
25452:Awaswas
25437:Serrano
25432:Salinan
25412:Luiseño
25402:Juaneño
25397:Esselen
25382:Chumash
25280:Choctaw
25250:Abenaki
23996:Muslims
23969:Mormons
23964:Coptics
23944:Baha'is
23879:Poverty
23747:Commons
23708:Slavery
23698:Maroons
23617:Related
23589:Oceania
23547:France
23436:Kaffirs
23348:Oceania
23215:Ukraine
23190:Romania
23160:Ireland
23143:Germany
23126:Finland
23121:Denmark
23116:Belgium
23111:Austria
23073:Uruguay
23051:Matawai
22999:Ecuador
22970:Macombo
22955:Bolivia
22943:America
22765:Ontario
22728:America
22654:America
22652:Central
22577:Jamaica
22565:Marabou
22555:Grenada
22528:Curaçao
22496:Bermuda
22486:Bahamas
22308:Writers
22273:Singers
22258:Jurists
22206:Europe
22160:Liberia
22105:Houston
22009:Detroit
21945:Indiana
21938:Chicago
21921:Atlanta
21916:Georgia
21899:Florida
21867:Alabama
21817:English
21391:Leftism
21261:Museums
20812:Kwanzaa
20737:Culture
20705:Slavery
20408:History
19748:June 4,
19460:July 9,
19323:(2006)
18992:AP News
18087:May 13,
17023:May 30,
16885:"BET J"
16680:May 30,
15930:. ABC.
15790:July 3,
15751:. BBC.
15505:1275617
15415:4524485
15366:5985360
15324:May 10,
15186:4374169
15165:Bibcode
15093:6167003
15036:7413858
14960:4883799
14908:4289685
14859:2818934
14836:Bibcode
14794:2812948
14663:4535188
14594:6168439
14170:4969071
14036:6053725
13957:6531286
13901:1360970
13753:NPR.org
13733:July 4,
13444:May 28,
13220:May 30,
13136:July 3,
12365:July 7,
12334:July 7,
11153:YouTube
10714:: 217.
10440:June 7,
10305:June 7,
10279:June 7,
9884:(1961).
9652:3035621
9382:July 8,
9111:: BBC.
9081:. BBC.
8967:July 4,
8850:May 14,
8466:Luchaze
8402:Dagomba
8390:Biafara
8374:Balanta
8366:Ashanti
8002:lexicon
7992:hip-hop
7941:colored
7891:African
7843:of the
7835:of the
7831:piece,
7748:mulatto
7635:of the
7574:Usonian
7501:versus
7459:to "An
7414:colored
7390:General
7179:country
7156:ragtime
7148:doo-wop
7124:R&B
7120:Hip hop
7087:Jazzing
7021:Mizrahi
6926:Muslims
6651:grammar
6620:dialect
6616:variety
6550:sorghum
6492:Culture
6465:Cleo TV
6453:TheGrio
6386:BET Her
6330:TheGrio
6278:BET Her
6269:R&B
6181:de jure
6169:sit-ins
6132:in the
5834:L2b,c,d
5783:, from
5746:Senegal
5721:Nigeria
5664:suicide
5535:obesity
5463:in 2014
5410:, when
5401:liberal
5249:Al Gore
5143:Result
4985:Latinos
4826:During
4699:(51%).
4691:(52%),
4687:(53%),
4683:(53%),
4679:(53%),
4675:(55%),
4671:(56%),
4667:(57%),
4663:(58%),
4659:(59%),
4655:(60%),
4651:(62%),
4647:(63%),
4643:(67%),
4639:(70%),
4635:(80%),
4631:(80%),
4610:Houston
4602:Atlanta
4594:Chicago
4578:Memphis
4562:Raleigh
4546:Houston
4512:Georgia
4508:Florida
4157:Germans
4141:Haitian
4116:Western
4112:Midwest
4081:12.05%
4015: –
3995: –
3975: –
3955: –
3935: –
3915: –
3895: –
3875: –
3855: –
3835: –
3815: –
3795: –
3775: –
3755: –
3735: –
3715: –
3575:893,602
3555:697,681
3552: –
3546:757,208
3532:(10 yr)
3481:freemen
3301:Senator
3126:). The
3037:lynched
2989:schools
2876:Georgia
2872:Atlanta
2795:Liberia
2683:Alabama
2661:In the
2545:In the
2461:militia
2433:African
2418:Spanish
2412:In the
2321:Seville
2278:Central
2237:History
2223:R&B
2219:hip hop
2187:cuisine
1809:Liberia
1691:Georgia
1686:Florida
1616:Houston
1611:Detroit
1596:Chicago
1581:Atlanta
1473:Indiana
1463:Georgia
1458:Florida
1443:Alabama
1375:Tutnese
1254:Redbone
980:Leftism
681:Kwanzaa
638:Studies
590:Schools
519:Culture
448:Aspects
393:Slavery
355:Periods
347:History
292:(53%),
206:Florida
189:Georgia
26632:Laalaa
26587:Kpelle
26205:Hoodoo
26121:(1991)
26113:(1989)
26105:(1984)
26097:(1982)
26089:(1974)
26065:topics
26017:Racism
25939:Cajuns
25608:Yakama
25573:Salish
25551:Pueblo
25536:Pawnee
25531:Paiute
25516:Ojibwe
25511:Navajo
25499:Yokuts
25494:Wintun
25484:Tongva
25472:Tamyen
25467:Karkin
25457:Chalon
25447:Ohlone
25422:Patwin
25387:Cupeño
25362:Mohave
25352:Lenape
25335:Seneca
25325:Oneida
25320:Mohawk
25315:Cayuga
25255:Apache
25034:Cajuns
24897:Europe
24078:Africa
23981:Hindus
23921:Wealth
23666:Yoruba
23619:topics
23596:Israel
23541:Europe
23486:Ghana
23479:Africa
23317:Turkey
23292:Jordan
23275:Israel
23235:London
23205:Sweden
23195:Russia
23180:Poland
23175:Norway
23153:Blacks
23148:Greece
23131:France
23097:Blacks
23092:Europe
23056:Ndyuka
23046:Kwinti
23026:Guyana
23014:Ndyuka
22992:Raizal
22960:Brazil
22925:Yoruba
22910:Lumbee
22890:Fulani
22868:Gullah
22777:Mexico
22735:Canada
22710:Panama
22661:Belize
22570:Marron
22543:Cocolo
22320:Mayors
22238:Actors
22210:France
22202:Israel
22190:Mexico
22175:Canada
22150:Gambia
22145:Africa
22095:Austin
22060:Oregon
21999:Boston
21962:Kansas
21928:Hawaii
21846:Gullah
21656:Yoruba
21646:Gullah
21517:Sports
21435:groups
21265:Women
20802:Hoodoo
20676:(1896)
20602:Second
20578:(1857)
20523:(1956)
20470:(1954)
20297:
20271:
20242:online
20222:
20156:
20081:
20073:
20008:
19981:
19936:Genius
19909:
19433:
19331:p. 201
19327:
18946:
18936:
18884:May 6,
18852:
18755:
18721:
18666:
18257:
18171:
17973:
17745:
17724:
17685:
17651:
17629:
17608:
17574:
17526:
17305:
17246:May 1,
17232:
17166:
17162:–199.
17121:
17080:
16084:
16049:ACLU.
15693:Forbes
15512:
15502:
15463:
15422:
15412:
15373:
15363:
15193:
15183:
15100:
15090:
15051:
15043:
15033:
14967:
14957:
14915:
14905:
14866:
14856:
14801:
14791:
14670:
14660:
14652:
14601:
14591:
14552:
14534:
14177:
14167:
14159:
14120:
14112:
14104:
14034:
14026:
13964:
13954:
13908:
13898:
13786:Gallup
13688:
13663:
13356:Forbes
12027:
11923:
11678:
11222:
11192:May 3,
10823:
10726:
10675:
10652:
10349:
10246:
10134:
10098:
10004:
10000:–114.
9959:
9922:
9751:
9650:
9642:
9502:
9432:
9405:
9257:
9232:
9176:Phylon
9109:London
9089:May 6,
8994:
8817:
8761:
8714:
8542:Mbundu
8524:, and
8522:Yoruba
8434:Ibibio
8398:Chokwe
8386:Bariba
8029:nigger
7974:nigger
7969:nigger
7881:, and
7668:, and
7566:, and
7507:Gallup
7252:, and
7183:techno
7166:, and
7025:Reform
6827:, and
6805:
6799:
6793:
6787:
6781:
6773:
6771:
6763:
6761:
6753:
6751:
6743:
6741:
6733:
6731:
6626:, and
6459:TV One
6437:Revolt
6306:Empire
6301:TV One
6292:, and
6274:Viacom
6196:, and
6192:, the
6188:, the
6158:
6090:, and
6080:Nevada
5879:racism
5836:, and
5781:Sahara
5754:Angola
5717:Yoruba
5541:, and
5498:Health
5133:party
5050:Queens
4989:Asians
4766:, and
4764:DeSoto
4722:) and
4619:Among
4608:, and
4606:Dallas
4596:, and
4550:Dallas
4187:Africa
4175:Harlem
4087:0.35%
3535:Slaves
3522:Number
3463:, and
3415:, and
3374:, and
3322:, and
3320:Asians
2861:Gordon
2812:, the
2806:cotton
2757:, and
2753:, the
2749:, the
2685:, and
2679:Mobile
2642:, and
2616:martyr
2229:, and
2199:gospel
2019:Africa
1843:Racism
1804:Israel
1794:France
1789:Canada
1784:Africa
1591:Boston
1528:Oregon
1483:Kansas
1393:Gullah
1282:Gullah
1102:Sports
849:Hoodoo
318:(18%).
312:Muslim
310:(2%),
306:(5%),
300:(4%);
26657:Saafi
26652:Palor
26627:Serer
26622:Wolof
26612:Temne
26602:Mende
26592:Limba
26582:Kongo
26577:Kissi
26491:Sahel
26110:Glory
25665:Yupik
25645:Haida
25630:Aleut
25613:Yaqui
25593:Sioux
25526:Odawa
25521:Osage
25489:Wappo
25417:Miwok
25347:Kiowa
25305:Houma
24053:Sikhs
23986:Jains
23661:Tikar
23656:Kongo
23608:Japan
23495:Tabom
23416:Japan
23385:Siddi
23360:China
23334:Yemen
23312:Syria
23245:Wales
23200:Spain
23165:Italy
23136:Paris
23009:Aluku
22982:Chile
22941:South
22900:Igbos
22726:North
22587:Igbos
22560:Haiti
22511:Arará
22481:Aruba
22221:Lists
22185:Haiti
22155:Ghana
22090:Texas
22026:Omaha
21304:Islam
20837:Names
20827:Music
20765:Dance
20321:Slate
20079:S2CID
19596:Salon
19239:(PDF)
19207:(PDF)
19196:(PDF)
19167:(PDF)
19156:(PDF)
19113:(PDF)
19102:(PDF)
17969:(2).
16754:"BBN"
16517:(PDF)
16510:(PDF)
16465:Memo.
16435:(PDF)
16428:(PDF)
16157:(PDF)
16150:(PDF)
15049:S2CID
14118:S2CID
14032:S2CID
13993:(PDF)
13986:(PDF)
13661:S2CID
13329:(PDF)
13318:(PDF)
13214:(PDF)
13207:(PDF)
13019:(PDF)
13012:(PDF)
12758:(PDF)
12751:(PDF)
12720:(PDF)
12713:(PDF)
12649:(PDF)
12638:(PDF)
12603:(PDF)
12596:(PDF)
12547:(PDF)
12540:(PDF)
12298:(PDF)
12287:(PDF)
12025:S2CID
11435:(PDF)
11428:(PDF)
11316:(PDF)
11309:(PDF)
11186:(PDF)
11175:(PDF)
11060:Slate
10724:JSTOR
10650:JSTOR
10505:
9749:S2CID
9648:JSTOR
9568:PBS.
9555:, 41
8534:Kongo
8530:Duala
8514:Wolof
8510:Tikar
8506:Temne
8498:Serer
8494:Naulu
8490:Mende
8474:Kpele
8470:Lunda
8446:Igala
8430:Hausa
8426:Gurma
8382:Bamun
8370:Fante
8335:Notes
8256:Lists
8033:nigga
8025:nigga
8021:NAACP
8017:nigga
8010:homie
7979:nigga
7953:negro
7949:Negro
7945:negro
7925:negro
7865:Many
7825:in a
7814:Black
7804:Salon
7680:taboo
7605:Black
7572:Afro-
7534:Black
7519:Black
7511:Black
7426:negro
7423:, or
7189:Dance
7144:blues
7140:blues
7070:Music
7035:, or
6990:Sunni
6922:Islam
6747:(15%)
6737:(59%)
6630:) of
6614:is a
6554:grits
6520:with
6481:We TV
6475:women
6160:..."
6088:Maine
5949:Karen
5838:L3b,d
5825:mtDNA
5819:mtDNA
5797:Y-DNA
5777:E-V38
5771:Y-DNA
5737:Bantu
5725:Benin
5706:Bantu
5701:raped
5393:South
5389:North
5335:Lost
5278:Lost
5259:Lost
5202:Lost
5183:Lost
5164:Lost
5140:vote
5138:black
5123:Year
4566:Tampa
4504:Texas
4183:Black
4153:Irish
4137:Cuban
4104:South
4053:Total
4036:Years
4009:12.4%
3989:12.6%
3969:12.3%
3949:12.1%
3929:11.7%
3909:11.1%
3889:10.5%
3869:10.0%
3792:11.2%
3789:10.7%
3772:18.0%
3769:11.6%
3752:13.8%
3749:11.9%
3732:34.9%
3729:13.1%
3709:12.7%
3692:22.1%
3689:14.1%
3672:26.6%
3669:15.7%
3652:23.4%
3649:16.8%
3632:31.4%
3629:18.1%
3612:28.6%
3609:18.4%
3592:37.5%
3589:19.0%
3572:32.3%
3569:18.9%
3116:NAACP
2892:Haiti
2880:Union
2700:pardo
2429:Creek
2416:some
2215:disco
2203:blues
2191:music
2029:.
2015:Black
1956:Index
1799:Ghana
1721:Texas
1646:Omaha
1543:Texas
1055:NAACP
566:Names
556:Music
536:Dance
172:Texas
26647:Noon
26637:Ndut
26607:Susu
26572:Jola
26567:Igbo
26562:Fula
26557:Baga
26210:Mojo
25944:Hapa
25561:Zuni
25541:Pima
25427:Pomo
25300:Crow
25295:Cree
24440:Asia
23991:Jews
23864:LGBT
23651:Igbo
23520:Saro
23344:Asia
23297:Oman
23270:Iraq
23265:Iran
23036:Peru
22506:Cuba
22117:Utah
21950:Iowa
21782:Ohio
21743:list
21651:Igbo
21641:Fula
20785:Hair
20775:Film
20492:1968
20482:1964
20295:ISBN
20269:ISBN
20220:ISBN
20154:ISBN
20114:2019
20071:ISSN
20040:2010
20006:ISBN
19979:ISBN
19943:2022
19918:2022
19907:ISSN
19884:2022
19858:2021
19828:2021
19750:2021
19722:2021
19693:2021
19664:2020
19635:2021
19609:2010
19571:2020
19541:2015
19500:2018
19462:2012
19431:ISBN
19410:2018
19387:2018
19325:ISBN
19274:2008
19247:2016
19215:2012
19175:2012
19121:2007
19053:2023
19028:2024
19000:2024
18974:2024
18944:OCLC
18934:ISBN
18913:2010
18886:2018
18850:ISBN
18814:2024
18789:2024
18764:2024
18753:ISSN
18730:2020
18719:ISSN
18696:2023
18664:ISBN
18643:2011
18617:2011
18586:2015
18554:2015
18524:2011
18498:2011
18472:2011
18441:2011
18408:2010
18381:2011
18351:2011
18321:2011
18291:2011
18255:ISBN
18234:2011
18208:2011
18169:ISBN
18089:2023
18063:2022
18037:2022
18014:2022
17987:2007
17971:ISSN
17944:2010
17916:2021
17873:2012
17847:2012
17821:2012
17798:2012
17743:ISBN
17722:ISBN
17701:2015
17683:ISBN
17649:ISBN
17627:ISBN
17606:ISBN
17572:ISBN
17524:ISBN
17501:2012
17472:2023
17400:2019
17370:2018
17340:2014
17303:ISBN
17282:2018
17248:2016
17230:ISBN
17204:2023
17164:ISBN
17137:2014
17119:ISBN
17096:2015
17078:ISBN
17025:2007
16999:2019
16967:2011
16941:2011
16915:2011
16871:2012
16845:2018
16818:2018
16792:2018
16766:2010
16740:2021
16709:2021
16682:2007
16656:2011
16630:2011
16604:2011
16578:2012
16551:2012
16525:2015
16493:2012
16443:2015
16411:2012
16385:2012
16359:2012
16260:2021
16221:2023
16191:2012
16165:2011
16129:2023
16098:2023
16082:ISSN
16037:2018
16006:2021
15970:2020
15940:2020
15914:2021
15902:Time
15883:2020
15850:2016
15823:2016
15792:2016
15761:2024
15735:2023
15705:2023
15674:2023
15643:2023
15613:2020
15583:2018
15546:2021
15510:PMID
15461:PMID
15420:PMID
15371:PMID
15326:2019
15293:2015
15252:2015
15225:2023
15191:PMID
15138:2017
15098:PMID
15041:PMID
14965:PMID
14913:PMID
14864:PMID
14799:PMID
14729:2023
14703:2020
14668:PMID
14650:ISSN
14615:2019
14599:PMID
14550:ISSN
14500:2014
14468:2019
14320:2022
14294:2022
14263:2022
14236:2022
14205:2023
14175:PMID
14157:ISSN
14110:PMID
14102:ISSN
14066:2017
14024:PMID
13962:PMID
13906:PMID
13861:2018
13798:2018
13765:2022
13735:2020
13704:2015
13686:ISBN
13630:2022
13599:2023
13568:2023
13538:2023
13508:2023
13477:2023
13446:2023
13420:2023
13394:2024
13368:2023
13337:2021
13301:2023
13275:2006
13249:2011
13222:2007
13171:2022
13138:2016
13105:2011
13079:2011
13053:2011
13027:2018
12988:2011
12962:2011
12936:2011
12910:2011
12884:2011
12855:2011
12826:2011
12797:2011
12766:2006
12728:2006
12695:2012
12611:2006
12578:2021
12519:2024
12494:2022
12461:2022
12431:2016
12367:2022
12336:2022
12306:2017
12266:2014
12211:2017
12185:2016
12133:2012
12083:2015
11921:ISBN
11832:2016
11806:2016
11771:2023
11722:2023
11692:2023
11676:ISSN
11644:2024
11586:2023
11555:2022
11522:2022
11489:2022
11443:2014
11355:2023
11324:2011
11292:2011
11265:2012
11220:ISBN
11194:2019
11134:2021
11103:2017
11072:2011
11041:2012
11008:2010
10972:2010
10943:2014
10879:2007
10853:2017
10821:ISBN
10793:2017
10759:2019
10673:ISBN
10619:2020
10563:2007
10507:U.S.
10442:2007
10407:2020
10365:2015
10347:ISBN
10307:2007
10281:2007
10244:ISBN
10223:2022
10132:ISBN
10114:2015
10096:ISBN
10036:2021
10002:ISBN
9975:2023
9957:ISBN
9920:ISBN
9868:2011
9842:2012
9816:2020
9784:2018
9718:2022
9685:2022
9640:ISSN
9518:2015
9500:ISBN
9465:2018
9430:ISBN
9403:ISBN
9384:2019
9350:2011
9324:2011
9294:2008
9255:ISBN
9230:ISBN
9209:2018
9182:(4).
9155:2015
9121:2020
9091:2021
9065:2022
9039:2022
9008:2016
8992:ISSN
8969:2024
8898:help
8878:2024
8852:2023
8815:ISBN
8777:2018
8759:ISBN
8730:2014
8712:ISBN
8691:2023
8630:2019
8600:2021
8550:Teke
8538:Luba
8518:Yaka
8502:Susu
8482:Mahi
8462:Jola
8450:Ijaw
8442:Igbo
8438:Efik
8418:Fula
8394:Bran
8368:and
8362:Akan
8027:and
7990:and
7901:and
7858:The
7513:and
7433:and
7181:and
7164:jazz
7136:soul
7128:funk
6777:(1%)
6767:(5%)
6757:(4%)
6653:and
6579:soul
6546:okra
6542:yams
6532:and
6471:and
6429:and
6309:and
6290:soul
6286:jazz
6267:and
6230:and
6121:Dr.
6076:Ohio
5897:and
5844:and
5801:E-M2
5793:E-M2
5789:west
5785:east
5748:and
5735:and
5593:and
5491:LGBT
5427:and
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