906:
2419:
4642:
5165:
2317:
2234:
1835:/ may be realized as a trill sound , in some environments, mostly word-final position; otherwise, they contrast between vowels wherein a trill occurs as a result of gemination (doubling) of , especially in loanwords of Arabic origin. Only occurs before and after consonants; in word-final position, it is usually a free variation between a flap or a trill when followed by a consonant or a pause, but flap is more common, only flap before vowel-initial words.
2331:
4630:
331:
63:
2141:
speakers) tend to realize the vowel in proximity to, or identically to, , unless the following syllable contains a high-back vowel. Speakers in western
Afghanistan (such as in the Herat or Farah province) and some rural regions in the Kabul province (not the city) most commonly realize the vowel as .
1401:
and others. A distinctive character of this group is its conservative nature compared to, for example, the
Tehrani dialect. This can be seen in its Phonology (e.g. it's preservation of "Majhul" vowels), Morhphonology and Syntax, and it's Lexicon. A further distinction may be made between varieties in
1122:
The phonology of Dari
Persian as spoken in Kabul, compared with Classical Persian, is overall more conservative than the accent of Iran's standard register. In this regard Dari Persian is more similar to Tajiki Persian. The principal differences between standard Iranian Persian and Afghan Persian as
2132:
in nearly all dialects of Dari. There are no environmental factors related to the appearance of or and native Dari speakers do not perceive them as different phonemes (that is to say, the
English words bet and bit would be nearly indistinguishable to a native Dari speaker). However, speakers in
871:
rule. Dari
Persian spread around the Oxus River region, Afghanistan, and Khorasan after the Arab conquests and during Islamic-Arab rule. The replacement of the Pahlavi script with the Arabic script in order to write the Persian language was done by the Tahirids in 9th century Khorasan. Dari Persian
1356:
Takhar and the MOE only discussed vocabulary differences between the dialect groups and did not extensively discuss phonological differences between these groups. However there was a noticeable difference in the romanizations of the
Western dialects and the South-Eastern dialects. Chiefly that the
2776:
Persian in
Afghanistan is generally called fārsi by Persian-speakers and pārsi in Pashto. The standard written Persian of Afghanistan has officially been called Dari since 1964; apart from a few basics of vocabulary, however (and more Indo-Persian calligraphic styles in the Perso-Arabic script),
1070:
conquerors brought the language into South Asia. The basis in general for the introduction of
Persian language into the subcontinent was set, from its earliest days, by various Persianized Central Asian Turkic and Afghan dynasties. The sizable Persian component of the Anglo-Indian loan words in
2291:
as an additional language of administration. The local name for the
Persian variety spoken in Afghanistan was officially changed from Farsi to Dari, meaning "court language", in 1964. Zaher said there would be, as there are now, two official languages, Pashto and Farsi, though the latter would
2777:
there is little difference between formal written
Persian of Afghanistan and of Iran. The term "Dari" is often loosely used for the characteristic spoken Persian of Afghanistan, but is best restricted to formal spoken registers (poetry, speeches, newscasts, and other broadcast announcements).
1348:
In a paper jointly published by Takhar University and the Ministry of Education in 2018, researchers studying varieties of Persian from Iran to Tajikistan, Identified 3 dialect groups (or macro dialects) present within Afghanistan. In an article about various languages spoken in Afghanistan,
466:
official term for the Persian language; it is known as Afghan Persian or Eastern Persian in many Western sources. The decision to rename the local variety of Persian in 1964 was more political than linguistic to support an Afghan state narrative. Dari Persian is most closely related to
948:, those living in Tajik and Hazara dominated areas also use Dari Persian as their main or secondary language. Thus, non-native persian speaking groups including Pashtuns, Uzbeks and Turkmen have attributed to the increased volume of persian speakers within Afghanistan. The
1095:) have often been employed to coin words for political and cultural concepts, items, or ideas that were historically unknown outside the South Asian region, as is the case with the aforementioned "borrowings". Dari Persian has a rich and colorful tradition of
2303:
This debate pits those who look at language as a shared heritage that includes thinkers, writers, and poets of the Farsi language against those who believe that Dari has older roots and provides a distinct identity that cannot be confused with Iran's
897:. Persian was a prestigious high-ranking language and was further rooted into Central Asia by the Samanids. Persian also phased out Sogdian. The role of lingua franca that Sogdian originally played was succeeded by Persian after the arrival of Islam.
692:. In general, Iranian languages are known from three periods, usually referred to as Old, Middle, and New (Modern) periods. These correspond to three eras in Iranian history, the old era being the period from some time before, during, and after the
1207:
of early Classical Persian "ay" (as "i" in English "size") and "aw" (as "ow" in Engl. "cow"), which are pronounced (as in English "day") and (as in Engl. "low") in Iranian Persian. Dari, on the other hand, is more like ancient Persian, e.g.
892:
started speaking Dari after relinquishing their original language (most likely Bactrian) around this time, due to the fact that the Arab-Islamic army which invaded Central Asia also included some Persians who governed the region like the
1361:) was romanized with an "i" for South-Eastern dialects but as an "e" for western dialects. This is presumably due to a difference in quality, however the paper itself did not explain why the vowels were transliterated differently.
1402:
and near Kabul and varieties in and near Afghan Turkistan. With dialects near Kabul exhibiting some influences from languages in southern Afghanistan and South Asia and dialects in Afghan Turkistan exhibiting more influence from
1432:
has broadcast its Dari programs in Kabuli Dari, which ensured the homogenization between the Kabuli version of the language and other dialects of Dari Persian spoken throughout Afghanistan. Since 2003, the media, especially the
2947:
2634:
479:; the languages are mutually intelligible. Dari Persian is the official language for approximately 35 million people in Afghanistan and it serves as the common language for inter-ethnic communication in the country.
696:
period (that is, to 300 BC), the Middle Era being the next period, namely, the Sassanid period and part of the post-Sassanid period, and the New era being the period afterward down to the present day.
867:
Persian replaced the Central Asian languages of the Eastern Iranics. Ferghana, Samarkand, and Bukhara were starting to be linguistically Darified in originally Khorezmian and Soghdian areas during
5085:
2295:
The term continues to divide opinion in Afghanistan today. While Dari has been the official name for decades, "Farsi" is still the preferred name to many Persian speakers of Afghanistan.
1517:
Afghanistan's Ministry of Education does not make a distinction between varieties of the Sistan region and the varieties in the Western group. However Encyclopaedia Iranica considers the
4292:"Geratskij dialekt jazyka dari. Moskva, Izd. firma Vostočnaja literatura RAN, 1999, 238 p., bibliogr., pas d'index. (Jazyki narodov Azii i Afriki). [Le dialecte dari de Hérat]"
653:, he says, "it is the language of the cities of Madā'en; it is spoken by those who are at the king's court. is connected with presence at court. Among the languages of the people of
3160:"Farsi, the most widely spoken Persian Language, a Farsi Dictionary, Farsi English Dictionary, The spoken language in Iran, History of Farsi Language, Learn Farsi, Farsi Translation"
2951:
2642:
475:
and the two share many phonological and lexical similarities. Apart from a few basics of vocabulary, there is little difference between formal written Persian of Afghanistan and
2383:
Sistani is subsumed as part of the Western varieties by Afghanistans Ministry of Education and Takhar University, but considered a distinct dialect by the Encyclopaedia Iranica.
4611:
Harold F. Schiffman Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors (Brill's Studies in South and Southwest Asian Languages) BRILL, Leiden, 1.ed, 2011
1111:
There are phonological, lexical, and morphological differences between Afghan Persian and Iranian Persian. For example Afghan Farsi has more vowels than Iranian Farsi.
1495:, Daikundi, Laal Sari Jangal in Ghor province, 'uruzgan khas', in a wide area in the west of Kabul which is mainly recognized as Dashti Barchi, and some regions near
1461:. Varieties in this group share many features with the dialects of Persian spoken in Eastern Iran, and one may make many comparisons between the speech of Herat and
4406:
576:
Since 1964, it has been the official name in Afghanistan for the Persian spoken there. In Afghanistan, Dari refers to a modern dialect form of Persian that is the
580:
used in administration, government, radio, television, and print media. Because of a preponderance of Dari native speakers, who normally refer to the language as
729:"the Zebani Deri (Zeban i Deri or Zaban i Dari = the language of Deri), or the language of the court, and the Zebani Farsi, the dialect of Persia at large (...)"
995:
where all ethnic groups are settled. Dari Persian-speaking communities also exist in southwestern and eastern Pashtun-dominated areas such as in the cities of
3603:
2514:
5727:
5123:
2577:
1503:
and distinctive vocabulary. However it has been shown that Hazaragi is more accurately a sub-dialect of Dari rather than its own variety of Persian.
3666:
505:
Dari Persian served as the preferred literary and administrative language among non-native speakers, such as the Turco-Mongol peoples including the
5968:
1253:
in standard Iranian, is still pronounced with the classical bilabial pronunciation in Afghanistan; is found in Afghan Persian as an allophone of
1417:
varieties, certain Eastern Dialects have developed a system of retroflex consonants under pressure from Pashto. They are not widespread, however.
3343:
3193:
1336:
dialect shares vocabulary and phonology with both Afghan and Iranian Persian. Likewise, the dialect of Persian in Eastern Iran, for instance in
2706:
2763:
3835:
3719:
2137:
and other nearby provinces in southern and eastern Afghanistan tend to realize the vowel as . Speakers of Dari in central Afghanistan (i.e.
1410:. Despite the Afghanistan Ministry of Education referring to this group as "South-Eastern" some of the varieties included are in the north.
4456:
Higher Persian grammar for the use of the Calcutta University, showing differences between Afgan and modern Persian; with notes on rhetoric
3692:
2981:
2883:
2797:
2913:
5363:
5090:
5059:
2469:الله حکیمی, مطیع (2018). "گونههای زبان فارسی دری" (journal) (in Persian). Takhar University & The Afghanistan Ministry of Education.
3417:
5049:
4718:
3564:
1434:
4238:. In V. A. Efimov (ed.), Sredneiranskie i novoiranskie Jazyki: Moskva: Izdatel'stvo Firma Vostočnaya Literatura RAN. pp. 344–414.
1147:
respectively in Iranian Persian, whereas in Afghan Persian, they are still kept separate. For instance, the identically written words
1765:
967:
Dari Persian dominates the northern, western, and central areas of Afghanistan, and is the common language spoken in cities such as
3974:
3868:
3137:
3111:
2675:
1353:
identified a nearly identical categorization but considered varieties spoken in the Sistan region to constitute a distinct group.
5075:
1332:. However, the dialect of Dari spoken in Western Afghanistan stands in between the Afghan and Iranian Persian. For instance, the
1236:
in Afghan Persian. Moreover, is simplified to in normal Iranian speech, thereby merging with the lowered Classical short vowel
5116:
3891:
5988:
4504:
3845:
3636:
3597:
3558:
3531:
3504:
3477:
3450:
3411:
3384:
2921:
2739:
2490:
2292:
henceforth be named Dari. Within their respective linguistic boundaries, Dari Persian and Pashto are the media of education.
1946:
4681:
5080:
4475:
Le Persan Parlé en Afghanistan: Grammaire du Kâboli Accompagné d'un Recueil de Quatrains Populaires de la Région de Kâbol
4366:
2603:
1878:
1807:
1791:
348:
310:
4398:
5054:
4616:
3285:
2896:
Persian (2) is the most spoken languages in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population ...
2059:
1955:
254:
3812:
3706:
Persian (2) is the language most spoken in Afghanistan. The native tongue of twenty five percent of the population ...
1200:
tend to be lowered in Iranian Persian to and , unlike in Dari where they might have both high and lowered allophones.
5978:
5109:
4436:
3072:
2845:
2546:
1369:
The South Eastern group (also referred to the Southern and Eastern group) constitutes varieties spoken in and around
3783:
1721:
1653:
483:
3626:
3587:
2251:
2128:
Dari does not distinguish and in any position, these are distinct phonemes in English but are in un-conditional
5356:
2073:
1969:
1702:
300:
913:
Dari Persian is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan. In practice though, it serves as the de facto
4711:
4634:
3878:
2506:
2096:
624:
155:
17:
5396:
1726:
1658:
4548:
4523:
3948:
3921:
3163:
5401:
4743:
2082:
1978:
1867:
1709:
1250:
929:
2569:
2216:
2206:
2201:
2189:
2175:
2170:
1861:
1839:
1832:
1822:
1304:
1258:
1254:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1219:
1215:
1197:
1193:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1162:
1158:
1154:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1113:
However, there are no significant differences in the written forms, other than regional idiomatic phrases.
5983:
4751:
2039:
1923:
1749:
249:
5973:
5349:
3996:
3652:
3252:
A vocabulary, Persian, Arabic, and English: abridged from the quarto edition of Richardson's dictionary
3054:
2112:
1992:
1800:
1629:
611:
3760:
3351:
3189:
5799:
5636:
5411:
5028:
4812:
4704:
2119:
1999:
1876:
1865:
1851:
1843:
1735:
1714:
1264:
1262:
921:
495:
150:
4482:
The Spoken Dari of Afghanistan: A Grammar of Kaboli Dari (Persian) Compared to the Literary Language
4220:
4098:
2418:
5132:
4069:
2820:
2698:
2364:
2048:
1932:
1679:
1641:
4250:
3755:
3256:
5864:
5391:
5002:
4867:
4645:
3733:
1757:
1667:
1634:
905:
463:
135:
4656:
4445:
3688:
3680:
2879:
2871:
2789:
2555:
5386:
4802:
4759:
2973:
2925:
2755:
1740:
1558:
1292:) in some dialects of Iranian Persian (presumably under the influence of Turkic languages like
1283:
554:
140:
3494:
3467:
3440:
1303:
and in word-final positions are distinguished in Dari, whereas is a word-final allophone of
5945:
5239:
4975:
4822:
4207:
3401:
3374:
1845:
1783:
1646:
1600:
1593:
1350:
451:
31:
4251:"Noun Structures in the Persian-Dari Dialect of the People of Farah Province in Afghanistan"
4136:
Towards Proto-Persian: An Optimality Theoretic Historical Reconstruction. Ph.D. dissertation
3548:
3521:
5782:
5722:
5516:
5330:
4735:
1672:
1099:
that deeply reflect Afghan culture and relationships, as demonstrated through the works of
1028:
980:
952:
states that about 80% of the Afghan population speaks Dari Persian. About 2.5 million
877:
4564:
1316:
The dialects of Dari spoken in Northern, Central, and Eastern Afghanistan, for example in
750:
8:
5938:
5480:
5433:
5265:
5192:
4990:
4454:
1696:
1623:
1500:
1325:
1059:
957:
791:
4574:
3250:
5853:
5830:
5820:
5567:
5453:
5170:
5023:
4912:
3970:
3324:
3133:
3107:
3003:
2667:
2322:
1853:
1553:
1454:
1273:
1000:
669:
398:
290:
5845:
5825:
5765:
5760:
5755:
5749:
5651:
5620:
5578:
5509:
5458:
5428:
5372:
5198:
4929:
4807:
4612:
4500:
4313:
4272:
4164:
3874:
3841:
3724:
3632:
3593:
3554:
3527:
3500:
3473:
3446:
3407:
3380:
2735:
2671:
2486:
2272:
2134:
1580:
1565:
1429:
1386:
984:
885:
873:
577:
530:
145:
4198:
4189:
306:
5874:
5859:
5835:
5770:
5710:
5705:
5690:
5684:
5668:
5662:
5656:
5614:
5522:
5463:
5448:
5314:
5299:
5279:
5208:
5187:
5033:
4985:
4896:
4852:
4830:
4727:
4595:
4570:
4345:
4308:
4303:
4291:
4262:
4193:
3316:
2974:"South Asia :: Afghanistan – The World Factbook – Central Intelligence Agency"
2848:. United States: Center for Applied Linguistics (CAL). 30 June 2002. Archived from
2359:
2344:
2336:
2284:
2142:
Additionally, in some varieties of Dari, the phoneme appears as an allophone of .
1575:
1548:
1543:
1522:
1474:
1297:
1083:
come from the Afghan Persian pronunciation; in Iranian Persian they are pronounced
1044:
1040:
881:
805:
usually means "bliss", "delight", "sweetness"; in language, literature and poetry,
689:
654:
616:
455:
442:
430:
408:
362:
338:
225:
160:
91:
4477:, Centre national de la recherche scientifique or Librairie C. Klincksieck, Paris.
3216:
641:
was the language spoken by priests, scholars, and the like; it is the language of
5815:
5787:
5777:
5735:
5678:
5673:
5542:
5537:
5485:
5420:
5286:
5259:
5254:
5249:
5244:
5234:
5229:
5007:
4980:
4945:
4891:
4886:
4862:
4835:
4685:
4662:
4440:
2729:
2550:
2480:
2349:
2288:
2276:
1940:
1587:
1570:
1518:
1512:
1394:
961:
953:
761:
form of poetry. Iqbal loved both styles of literature and poetry, when he wrote:
742:
522:
510:
486:, Dari Persian is one of the two official languages of Afghanistan; the other is
127:
117:
5934:
5892:
5879:
5594:
5583:
5532:
5475:
5469:
5443:
5438:
5309:
5272:
5213:
5203:
4997:
4845:
4775:
4678:
2354:
2129:
1618:
1487:, these varieties are spoken in the majority of central Afghanistan including:
1425:
1421:
1407:
1403:
1321:
1293:
972:
949:
754:
685:
646:
538:
518:
514:
491:
468:
218:
112:
78:
73:
4600:
4583:
4358:
4049:
3628:
History of Humanity: From the seventh century B.C. to the seventh century A.D.
2599:
1027:
Dari Persian has contributed to the majority of Persian borrowings in several
664:
Dari Persian spoken in Afghanistan is not to be confused with the language of
5962:
5840:
5794:
5715:
5605:
5588:
4959:
4922:
4917:
4872:
4857:
4651:
4496:
4433:
4317:
4276:
4267:
3068:
2543:
2280:
2021:
1905:
1055:
1051:
1047:
and others, as it was the administrative, official, cultural language of the
933:
914:
746:
672:
or Gabri, which is a language of the Central Iranian subgroup spoken in some
642:
506:
499:
3277:
590:, "Persian"), it is also known as "Afghan Persian" in some Western sources.
5101:
4668:
4493:
Afghan folktales from Herat: Persian Texts in Transcription and Translation
4249:
Wahedi, Mohammad Haroon; Najm, Sharaafuddin; Sediqi, Aqlima (6 July 2022).
3808:
2482:
Afghan Folktales from Herat: Persian Texts in Transcription and Translation
1687:
1165:
for 'milk' in Afghan Persian, similar to Tajiki Persian. The long vowel in
1075:
therefore reflects the Dari Persian pronunciation. For instance, the words
741:. In the fifteenth century it appeared in Herat under the Persian-speaking
628:
566:
4641:
3550:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
3523:
The Birth of Tajikistan: National Identity and the Origins of the Republic
2849:
2406:
1499:. As a group, the Hazaragi varieties are distinguished by the presence of
274:
5885:
5304:
4783:
4767:
3049:
2279:(1206–1526), even as those governments were dominated by Pashtun people.
2153:
2016:
1900:
1424:
has become the standard model of Dari Persian in Afghanistan, as has the
1063:
1008:
708:
673:
526:
490:. Dari Persian is the most widely spoken language in Afghanistan and the
459:
344:
242:
102:
4690:
4473:
Farhadi, A. G. R.('Abd-ul-Ghafur Farhadi)(Abd-ul-ghafûr Farhâdi) (1955)
1521:
to constitute their own distinctive group, with notable influences from
5560:
5086:
List of countries and territories where Persian is an official language
3729:
3328:
3307:
Jafri, Sardar (January–February 2000). "Hafiz Shirazi (1312-1387-89)".
2411:
2296:
2165:
2158:
2033:
2026:
1917:
1910:
1398:
1067:
1048:
861:
693:
633:
570:
472:
2271:
Successive governments of Afghanistan have promoted New Persian as an
5742:
5294:
4877:
2254:
and do not remove this message until the contradictions are resolved.
2196:
2182:
2106:
1986:
1963:
1204:
894:
542:
283:
267:
5341:
4485:
3320:
5695:
4696:
3624:
2330:
2138:
2067:
1480:
1479:
The third group recognized by Afghanistan Ministry of Education is
1445:
The Western group includes various varieties spoken in and around:
1012:
941:
872:
spread and led to the extinction of Eastern Iranian languages like
562:
318:
4951:
4673:
4468:
3249:
John Richardson (1810). Sir Charles Wilkins, David Hopkins (ed.).
937:
509:, for centuries before the rise of modern nationalism. Also, like
5915:
5547:
5502:
4540:
4515:
3944:
3917:
3399:
3372:
3159:
3097:, pp. 116–17; Hamza Esfahānī, pp. 67–68; Yāqūt, Boldān IV, p. 846
2570:"Tajikam Portal - Secret documents Reveal Afghan Language Policy"
2090:
1484:
1462:
1450:
1437:, have carried out their Dari programs using the Kabuli variety.
1382:
1337:
1106:
1096:
1076:
988:
868:
502:
of the country and is understood by up to 78% of the population.
314:
3892:"Five people from Afghanistan who shaped Middle Eastern history"
1153:'lion' and 'milk' are pronounced the same in Iranian Persian as
1091:. Persian lexemes and certain morphological elements (e.g., the
5700:
5554:
5527:
5151:
4629:
2244:
2223:
1492:
1488:
1390:
1374:
1358:
1080:
1016:
1004:
996:
945:
925:
889:
864:
of Persia") is a metaphor for the Persian language and poetry.
734:
558:
487:
4399:"Dari or Farsi? Afghanistan's Long-Simmering Language Dispute"
4138:. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, Georgetown University.
3870:
History of Humanity: From the seventh to the sixteenth century
3673:
3585:
909:
Majority Dari Persian speaking regions of Afghanistan in green
4569:(in Dari). · Ơ ʹ]] ʹ ð ʹ đ ® ʹ ® £ ʹ ® ł · ʹ ʹ ł 1365. 1979.
4099:"Variation in Persian Vowel Systems - University of Maryland"
3667:"Language of the "Mountain Tribe": A Closer Look at Hazaragi"
3496:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
3469:
Islamic Societies to the Nineteenth Century: A Global History
3187:
3040:, Vol. 4, pp. 595–632, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1496:
1446:
1378:
1370:
1333:
1329:
1317:
1036:
992:
976:
968:
964:, also speak Dari Persian as one of their primary languages.
813:
658:
371:
3218:
Veterum Persarum et Parthorum et Medorum Religionis Historia
3027:
Lazard, Gilbert 1975, "The Rise of the New Persian Language"
1406:. All South-Eastern varieties exhibited some influence from
1181:
in Iranian Persian, in contrast, these words are pronounced
1458:
1300:) is absent in Dari, where the two are still kept separate.
1100:
1072:
1032:
738:
665:
476:
377:
4034:
Charles M. Kieffer (2003). "HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect".
4022:
Origins of the New and Middle Persian phonological systems
2731:
Afghanistan in Ink: Literature Between Diaspora and Nation
2641:. Central Intelligence Agency. 8 July 2010. Archived from
1828:
A glottal stop /ʔ/ only appears in words of Arabic origin.
593:
There are different opinions about the origin of the word
317:
characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see
2299:, an Afghan analyst and ambassador, says of the dispute:
1340:, is quite similar to the Herati dialect of Afghanistan.
749:
who used the Indian verse methods or rhyme methods, like
725:
has two meanings. It may mean the language of the court:
615:), meaning "court", as it was the formal language of the
389:
3625:
Sigfried J. de Laet; Joachim Herrmann (1 January 1996).
2918:
UCLA International Institute: Center for World Languages
2864:
4566:
Afghanistan primary school text books for Dari language
62:
3400:
Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (8 October 2013).
3393:
3373:
Kirill Nourzhanov; Christian Bleuer (8 October 2013).
920:
Dari Persian is spoken by approximately 25-80% of the
521:, the official religious and literary language of the
3834:
Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (1 March 2012).
1428:
in relation to the Persian in Iran. Since the 1940s,
27:
Variety of the Persian language spoken in Afghanistan
5160:
4387:
see too Harold F. Schiffman Language 2012, pp. 39–40
3366:
2312:
386:
374:
368:
3837:
South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny
1240:(see above). This does not occur in Afghan Persian.
851:
Through this Persian Candy which is going to Bengal
383:
365:
4165:"Vowel Harmony in Hazaragi Persian in Afghanistan"
4033:
3341:
3183:
3181:
2440:
2438:
2436:
2434:
2432:
2430:
2428:
435:
423:
67:
4588:Journal of the International Phonetic Association
4359:"Airgram Farsi to Dari 1964 Embassy Kabul to USA"
3579:
2600:"Airgram Farsi to Dari 1964 Embassy Kabul to USA"
5960:
4248:
4027:
4001:Center for Languages of the Central Asian Region
3618:
3344:"The Impact of Khawaja Hafiz on Iqbal's Thought"
1189:respectively by Persian speakers in Afghanistan.
733:It may also indicate a form of poetry used from
3248:
3178:
3093:Ebn al-Nadim, ed. Tajaddod, p. 15; Khjwārazmī,
2727:
2425:
3732:: Languages of the World. 2005. Archived from
3492:
3465:
3438:
2662:
2660:
1107:Differences between Iranian and Afghan Persian
5357:
5117:
4712:
4465:Concise English – Afghan Dari Dictionary
4434:Darī – The New Persian Literary Language
4330:
4063:
4061:
4059:
3833:
3790:, Central Intelligence Agency, 29 August 2024
3748:
3499:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 256–.
3472:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 255–.
3445:. Cambridge University Press. pp. 127–.
2544:Darī – The New Persian Literary Language
1287:
1277:
1257:before voiced consonants and as variation of
1244:
1223:
1209:
1172:
1166:
1148:
585:
5131:
4255:International Journal of Linguistics Studies
3801:
2821:"LibGuides: Dari Language: Language History"
2699:"LibGuides: Dari Language: Language History"
2224:Political views and disputes on the language
1343:
900:
657:and the east, the language of the people of
5060:Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature
4581:
4348:, "The Afghans", Blackwell Publishing, 2002
3809:"Dari language, alphabet and pronunciation"
3546:
3519:
3459:
3432:
3255:. Printed for F. and C. Rivingson. p.
3214:
2668:"Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: prs"
2657:
1117:
812:Referring to the 14th-century Persian poet
699:The first person in Europe to use the term
5364:
5350:
5124:
5110:
5050:Academy of Persian Language and Literature
4719:
4705:
4490:
4056:
3971:"Ethnologue report for language code: prs"
3918:"Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs"
3712:
3513:
3403:Tajikistan: A Political and Social History
3376:Tajikistan: A Political and Social History
2468:
1243:The pronunciation of the labial consonant
917:among the various ethnolinguistic groups.
417:
402:
61:
52:
4669:Dari language, alphabet and pronunciation
4599:
4331:Mitchell, Rebecca; Naser, Djamal (2017).
4307:
4266:
4197:
4119:Fiorello, Christopher. "Dari Phonology".
3589:Medieval Islamic Civilization: L-Z, index
3586:Josef W. Meri; Jere L. Bacharach (2006).
2819:Library, International and Area Studies.
2697:Library, International and Area Studies.
2538:
2536:
2534:
2532:
1435:private radio and television broadcasters
846:All the parrots of India will crack sugar
4518:Zarbul Masalha: 151 Afghan Dari Proverbs
4452:
3350:. Government of Pakistan. Archived from
3208:
2728:Green, Nile; Arbabzadah, Nushin (2013).
2233:
2037:
1192:The Classical Persian high short vowels
928:, who comprise approximately 27% of the
904:
888:speakers remaining, as the ancestors of
688:which was spoken during the rule of the
597:. The majority of scholars believe that
5969:Eastern Persian dialects in Afghanistan
5076:List of English words of Persian origin
4289:
3592:. Taylor & Francis. pp. 829–.
2908:
2906:
2904:
2215:When occurring as lax, the open vowels
932:, are the native speakers, followed by
836:zīn qand-i Pārsī ki ba Bangāla mē-ravad
826:Šakkar-šakan šavand hama tūtīyān-i Hind
557:since the 10th century, widely used in
525:(224–651 AD), itself a continuation of
349:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
311:question marks, boxes, or other symbols
14:
5961:
4369:from the original on 27 September 2019
4233:
4148:
4067:
2678:from the original on 18 September 2012
2629:
2627:
2625:
2623:
2621:
2606:from the original on 27 September 2019
2529:
809:also means "euphonious" or "melodic".
441:
429:
407:
90:
5371:
5345:
5105:
4700:
4551:from the original on 31 December 2014
4526:from the original on 31 December 2014
4409:from the original on 26 November 2017
4092:
4090:
3951:from the original on 31 December 2014
3924:from the original on 31 December 2014
3306:
3075:from the original on 24 November 2020
2922:University of California, Los Angeles
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2402:
2400:
1328:, have distinct features compared to
1022:
4726:
4133:
4118:
3977:from the original on 7 December 2010
3239:John Richardson, London, 1777 pg. 15
3136:. Ethnologue.org. 19 February 1999.
3110:. Ethnologue.org. 19 February 1999.
2984:from the original on 26 January 2021
2901:
2275:of government since the time of the
2227:
1311:
745:. The Persian-language poets of the
713:Historia religionis veterum Persarum
517:, Dari Persian is a continuation of
418:
403:
53:
5081:List of French loanwords in Persian
4575:10.2458/azu_acku_pk6874_qaaf42_1365
4068:Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica.
3606:from the original on 6 October 2022
3567:from the original on 6 October 2022
3420:from the original on 6 October 2022
3188:UCLA, Language Materials Projects.
2838:
2818:
2800:from the original on 4 January 2021
2696:
2618:
1850:before bilabial stops and as velar
1288:
1278:
1245:
1224:
1210:
1173:
1167:
1149:
623:is given in a notice attributed to
619:. The original meaning of the word
586:
533:(550–330 BC). In historical usage,
24:
5944:Languages between parentheses are
5055:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
4459:. Calcutta: Baptist Mission Press.
4425:
4396:
4335:. München: LINCOM. pp. 20–27.
4096:
4087:
3695:from the original on 29 April 2011
3493:Ira M. Lapidus (29 October 2012).
3466:Ira M. Lapidus (29 October 2012).
3166:from the original on 8 August 2017
3043:
2886:from the original on 29 April 2011
2766:from the original on 29 April 2011
2709:from the original on 5 August 2021
2453:
2397:
2243:appears to contradict the article
781:tarz-e goftār-e Darī šīrīn tar ast
255:Academy of Sciences of Afghanistan
191:
25:
6000:
4622:
4453:Phillott, Douglas Craven (1919).
3439:Ira M. Lapidus (22 August 2002).
3288:from the original on 29 July 2013
3196:from the original on 29 June 2018
2950:. 15 October 2013. Archived from
2846:"The Afghans – Language Use"
2580:from the original on 23 June 2020
2517:from the original on 9 March 2018
2287:(1826–1973) first introduced the
2118:
2111:
2095:
2081:
2072:
2058:
2047:
2038:
1998:
1991:
1977:
1968:
1954:
1945:
1931:
1922:
1806:
1799:
1790:
1764:
1748:
1739:
1734:
1725:
1720:
1713:
1708:
1701:
1686:
1678:
1671:
1666:
1657:
1652:
1645:
1640:
1633:
1628:
1599:
1592:
831:زین قند پارسی که به بنگاله میرود
771:Garče Hendī dar uzūbat šakkar ast
5918:(unknown further classification)
5163:
4640:
4628:
4290:Hachard, Vincent (15 May 2003).
4153:. Omaha: University of Nebraska.
4149:Neghat, Muhammad Nassim (1993).
4024:(Cracow 1985), pp. 112–114, 117.
3815:from the original on 11 May 2012
3140:from the original on 7 July 2010
3134:""Dari, Zoroastrian" Ethnologue"
3114:from the original on 7 July 2010
3058:, Brill Publications, CD version
2790:"South Asia :: Afghanistan"
2417:
2329:
2315:
2232:
1364:
1123:based on the Kabul dialect are:
484:2004 Constitution of Afghanistan
361:
329:
4390:
4381:
4351:
4339:
4324:
4283:
4242:
4227:
4199:10.1163/2330-4804_eiro_com_2912
4182:
4157:
4142:
4127:
4112:
4042:
4014:
3989:
3963:
3936:
3909:
3884:
3861:
3827:
3776:
3659:
3645:
3540:
3486:
3335:
3300:
3270:
3242:
3233:
3152:
3126:
3100:
3087:
3061:
3030:
3021:
2996:
2966:
2940:
2812:
2796:. Central Intelligence Agency.
2782:
2748:
2721:
2690:
1875:/w/ is almost always voiced as
798:Rhyme method in Dari is sweeter
494:of approximately 25–55% of the
47:Afghan Persian, Eastern Persian
5948:of the language on their left.
5091:Persian language in South Asia
4309:10.4000/abstractairanica.34191
4106:Digitala Vetenskapliga Arkivet
3442:A History of Islamic Societies
3069:"DARĪ – Encyclopaedia Iranica"
2592:
2562:
2499:
2473:
2377:
1062:for centuries. Often based in
13:
1:
4050:"HAZĀRA iv. Hazāragi dialect"
3945:"Afghan Proverbs Illustrated"
3406:. ANU E Press. pp. 30–.
3379:. ANU E Press. pp. 27–.
3221:. E Typographeo Clarendoniano
3038:The Cambridge History of Iran
3004:"Mughal world and literature"
2390:
1533:
1414:
498:. Dari Persian serves as the
196:
5989:Persian language in Pakistan
4648:travel guide from Wikivoyage
4586:. Illustrations of the IPA.
4480:Farhadi, Rawan A. G. (1975)
4403:Radiofreeeurope/Radioliberty
3547:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007).
3520:Paul Bergne (15 June 2007).
2445:"AFGHANISTAN v. Languages".
2046:
1930:
1921:
1838:As in many other languages,
1528:
1251:voiced labiodental fricative
991:, and the Afghan capital of
553:Dari is a name given to the
548:
436:
424:
206:
201:
68:
7:
4547:. Charleston: CreateSpace.
4543:Afghan Proverbs Illustrated
4522:. Charleston: CreateSpace.
3947:. Charleston: CreateSpace.
3920:. Charleston: CreateSpace.
3553:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 6–.
3526:. I.B.Tauris. pp. 5–.
3342:Abbadullah Farooqi (2013).
2825:guides.library.illinois.edu
2703:guides.library.illinois.edu
2308:
2009:(Rural Kabuli) Dari Vowels
1893:(Urban Kabuli) Dari Vowels
1825:/ are phonetically dental .
1468:
880:with only a tiny amount of
786:This can be translated as:
757:, became familiar with the
645:." This language refers to
601:refers to the Persian word
443:[fʌːɾˈsiːjɛd̪ɐˈɾiː]
431:[fʌːɾˈsiːjɪd̪ɐˈɾiː]
10:
6005:
5003:Romanized Persian alphabet
4491:Ioannesyan, Youli (2009).
3720:"Languages of Afghanistan"
3681:"AFGHANISTAN v. Languages"
3055:The Encyclopaedia of Islam
2872:"Afghanistan v. Languages"
1510:
1506:
1472:
1440:
1261:in some cases, along with
1177:"strength" is realized as
821:شکرشکن شوند همه طوطیان هند
790:Even though in euphonious
776:طرز گفتار دری شیرین تر است
766:گرچه هندی در عذوبت شکر است
679:
29:
5925:
5908:
5808:
5644:
5635:
5494:
5419:
5410:
5379:
5323:
5222:
5180:
5158:
5139:
5068:
5042:
5029:Middle Persian literature
5016:
4968:
4938:
4905:
4821:
4813:Western Iranian languages
4795:
4734:
4601:10.1017/S0025100315000390
3108:""Parsi-Dari" Ethnologue"
2110:
2080:
2032:
1990:
1887:
1872:before voiced consonants.
1344:Varieties of Dari Persian
1249:, which is realized as a
922:population of Afghanistan
901:Geographical distribution
830:
820:
775:
765:
610:
297:
281:
265:
260:
248:
238:Official language in
236:
231:
215:
184:
124:
108:
98:
86:
60:
51:
46:
41:
5979:Languages of Afghanistan
5133:Languages of Afghanistan
4684:30 December 2017 at the
4439:24 November 2020 at the
4268:10.32996/ijls.2022.2.2.6
4134:Rees, Daniel A. (2008).
2549:24 November 2020 at the
2370:
2365:Languages of Afghanistan
2133:Urban regions of Kabul,
1842:is realized as bilabial
1357:vowel diacritic "pesh" (
1118:Phonological differences
115:: 10 million (2017)
4674:Dari language resources
4584:"Dari (Afghan Persian)"
4151:Dari-English Dictionary
3761:Encyclopædia Britannica
3631:UNESCO. pp. 468–.
2485:. Cambria Press. 2009.
1883:, as in Middle Persian.
1272:The convergence of the
1222:in Afghan Persian, and
4823:Dialects and varieties
4803:Indo-Iranian languages
4538:Zellem, Edward. 2012.
4513:Zellem, Edward. 2015.
4484:, Peace Corps, Kabul,
4234:Efimov, V. A. (2008).
4215:Cite journal requires
3942:Zellem, Edward. 2012.
3915:Zellem, Edward. 2012.
2559:, Online Edition 2006.
2306:
2250:Please discuss at the
1284:voiced velar fricative
1228:'Persian New Year' is
1103:and other literature.
944:(48%) generally speak
940:(4%). Moreover, while
910:
854:
839:
784:
637:). According to him, "
541:court language of the
529:, the language of the
462:. Dari Persian is the
337:This article contains
299:This article contains
4976:Old Persian cuneiform
4779:(c. 300 BCE – 800 CE)
4036:Encyclopaedia Iranica
3867:Sigfried J. de Laet.
3036:in Frye, R. N.,
2760:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2734:. Hurst. p. 13.
2511:afghanistandl.nyu.edu
2447:Encyclopaedia Iranica
2301:
1351:Encyclopaedia Iranica
1203:The treatment of the
1157:, but differently as
908:
843:
841:English translation:
818:
763:
573:) and Persian texts.
32:Dari (disambiguation)
5939:historical languages
5331:Afghan Sign Language
4657:Encyclopædia Iranica
4637:at Wikimedia Commons
4582:Baker, Adam (2016).
4467:, Ferozsons, Kabul,
4446:Encyclopædia Iranica
3689:Encyclopædia Iranica
3284:(in Persian). 2013.
3215:Thomas Hyde (1760).
3008:www.laits.utexas.edu
2948:"The World Factbook"
2880:Encyclopædia Iranica
2556:Encyclopædia Iranica
1501:retroflex consonants
1214:'no' is realized as
1029:Indo-Aryan languages
960:, part of the wider
555:New Persian language
156:Southwestern Iranian
30:For other uses, see
4991:Persian calligraphy
4744:Proto-Indo-European
4463:Sakaria, S. (1967)
3669:. 12 December 2011.
3192:. Iranchamber.com.
2674:. 18 January 2010.
2147:
2010:
1894:
1858:before velar stops.
1307:in Iranian Persian.
1060:Indian subcontinent
958:Afghans in Pakistan
711:in his chief work,
464:Afghan government's
120:: 21 million (2022)
74:Perso-Arabic script
5984:Languages of India
5223:Minority languages
5181:Regional languages
5171:Afghanistan portal
5140:Official languages
5024:Persian literature
4771:(c. 525 – 300 BCE)
4752:Proto-Indo-Iranian
3973:. Ethnologue.com.
3788:The World Factbook
3736:on 30 January 2009
3190:"Persian Language"
2954:on 15 October 2013
2794:The World Factbook
2645:on 15 October 2013
2639:The World Factbook
2323:Afghanistan portal
2145:
2008:
1892:
1274:voiced uvular stop
1054:and served as the
1023:Cultural influence
911:
482:As defined in the
5974:Languages of Iran
5956:
5955:
5904:
5903:
5631:
5630:
5373:Iranian languages
5339:
5338:
5195:(language family)
5099:
5098:
4954:
4906:Language features
4808:Iranian languages
4796:Language families
4788:
4780:
4772:
4764:
4756:
4748:
4691:Dari encyclopedia
4633:Media related to
4506:978-1-60497-652-6
4499:. pp. 1–22.
4333:A Grammar of Dari
4296:Abstracta Iranica
4121:SIL International
4074:iranicaonline.org
3847:978-1-4411-5127-8
3840:. A&C Black.
3725:SIL International
3638:978-92-3-102812-0
3599:978-0-415-96692-4
3560:978-1-84511-283-7
3533:978-1-84511-283-7
3506:978-0-521-51441-5
3479:978-0-521-51441-5
3452:978-0-521-77933-3
3413:978-1-925021-16-5
3386:978-1-925021-16-5
2741:978-1-84904-204-8
2672:SIL International
2492:978-1-60497-652-6
2415:(27th ed., 2024)
2273:official language
2269:
2268:
2212:
2211:
2126:
2125:
2006:
2005:
1818:
1817:
1430:Radio Afghanistan
1312:Dialect continuum
661:is predominant."
578:standard language
409:[d̪ɐˈɾiː]
345:rendering support
325:
324:
307:rendering support
303:phonetic symbols.
250:Regulated by
92:[d̪ɐˈɾiː]
16:(Redirected from
5996:
5800:Zoroastrian Dari
5642:
5641:
5417:
5416:
5366:
5359:
5352:
5343:
5342:
5289:
5282:
5275:
5268:
5173:
5168:
5167:
5166:
5126:
5119:
5112:
5103:
5102:
5034:Tajik literature
4986:Persian alphabet
4950:
4831:Standard Persian
4786:
4778:
4770:
4762:
4754:
4746:
4728:Persian language
4721:
4714:
4707:
4698:
4697:
4644:
4632:
4605:
4603:
4578:
4560:
4558:
4556:
4535:
4533:
4531:
4510:
4460:
4419:
4418:
4416:
4414:
4394:
4388:
4385:
4379:
4378:
4376:
4374:
4355:
4349:
4346:Willem Vogelsang
4343:
4337:
4336:
4328:
4322:
4321:
4311:
4287:
4281:
4280:
4270:
4246:
4240:
4239:
4231:
4225:
4224:
4218:
4213:
4211:
4203:
4201:
4186:
4180:
4179:
4177:
4175:
4161:
4155:
4154:
4146:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4116:
4110:
4109:
4103:
4094:
4085:
4084:
4082:
4080:
4070:"Kābolī Persian"
4065:
4054:
4053:
4052:. 20 March 2012.
4046:
4040:
4039:
4031:
4025:
4018:
4012:
4011:
4009:
4007:
3993:
3987:
3986:
3984:
3982:
3967:
3961:
3960:
3958:
3956:
3940:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3913:
3907:
3906:
3904:
3902:
3888:
3882:
3865:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3854:
3831:
3825:
3824:
3822:
3820:
3811:. Omniglot.com.
3805:
3799:
3798:
3797:
3795:
3780:
3774:
3773:
3771:
3769:
3752:
3746:
3745:
3743:
3741:
3716:
3710:
3709:
3702:
3700:
3677:
3671:
3670:
3663:
3657:
3656:
3649:
3643:
3642:
3622:
3616:
3615:
3613:
3611:
3583:
3577:
3576:
3574:
3572:
3544:
3538:
3537:
3517:
3511:
3510:
3490:
3484:
3483:
3463:
3457:
3456:
3436:
3430:
3429:
3427:
3425:
3397:
3391:
3390:
3370:
3364:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3354:on 22 March 2013
3339:
3333:
3332:
3309:Social Scientist
3304:
3298:
3297:
3295:
3293:
3274:
3268:
3267:
3265:
3263:
3246:
3240:
3237:
3231:
3230:
3228:
3226:
3212:
3206:
3205:
3203:
3201:
3185:
3176:
3175:
3173:
3171:
3162:. Farsinet.com.
3156:
3150:
3149:
3147:
3145:
3130:
3124:
3123:
3121:
3119:
3104:
3098:
3091:
3085:
3084:
3082:
3080:
3065:
3059:
3050:Frye, R. N.
3047:
3041:
3034:
3028:
3025:
3019:
3018:
3016:
3014:
3000:
2994:
2993:
2991:
2989:
2970:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2959:
2944:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2933:
2924:. Archived from
2910:
2899:
2898:
2893:
2891:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2857:
2842:
2836:
2835:
2833:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2807:
2805:
2786:
2780:
2779:
2773:
2771:
2752:
2746:
2745:
2725:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2694:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2683:
2664:
2655:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2631:
2616:
2615:
2613:
2611:
2596:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2585:
2566:
2560:
2540:
2527:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2503:
2497:
2496:
2477:
2471:
2470:
2466:
2451:
2450:
2442:
2423:
2422:
2421:
2404:
2384:
2381:
2360:Hazaragi dialect
2345:Persian language
2339:
2337:Languages portal
2334:
2333:
2325:
2320:
2319:
2318:
2285:Barakzai dynasty
2264:
2261:
2255:
2236:
2235:
2228:
2218:
2208:
2203:
2191:
2177:
2172:
2148:
2144:
2122:
2115:
2099:
2085:
2076:
2062:
2051:
2042:
2011:
2007:
2002:
1995:
1981:
1972:
1958:
1949:
1935:
1926:
1895:
1891:
1882:
1871:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1841:
1834:
1824:
1810:
1803:
1794:
1768:
1752:
1743:
1738:
1729:
1724:
1717:
1712:
1705:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1670:
1661:
1656:
1649:
1644:
1637:
1632:
1603:
1596:
1538:
1537:
1483:. Spoken by the
1475:Hazaragi dialect
1413:As seen in many
1306:
1291:
1290:
1281:
1280:
1268:
1260:
1256:
1248:
1247:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1226:
1221:
1217:
1213:
1212:
1199:
1195:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1175:
1170:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1114:
832:
822:
777:
767:
690:Sassanid dynasty
684:Dari comes from
614:
589:
588:
523:Sassanian Empire
456:Persian language
445:
439:
433:
427:
421:
420:
411:
406:
405:
396:
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392:
391:
388:
385:
380:
379:
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373:
370:
367:
333:
332:
293:
277:
270:
226:Persian alphabet
221:
130:
94:
71:
65:
56:
55:
39:
38:
21:
6004:
6003:
5999:
5998:
5997:
5995:
5994:
5993:
5959:
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5957:
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5951:
5921:
5900:
5804:
5627:
5490:
5406:
5375:
5370:
5340:
5335:
5319:
5285:
5278:
5271:
5264:
5218:
5176:
5169:
5164:
5162:
5156:
5135:
5130:
5100:
5095:
5064:
5038:
5012:
5008:Persian Braille
4981:Pahlavi scripts
4964:
4946:Persian grammar
4934:
4901:
4863:Kuwaiti Persian
4817:
4791:
4730:
4725:
4686:Wayback Machine
4625:
4608:
4563:
4554:
4552:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4514:
4507:
4449:Online Edition.
4441:Wayback Machine
4428:
4426:Further reading
4423:
4422:
4412:
4410:
4395:
4391:
4386:
4382:
4372:
4370:
4363:www.datadust.de
4357:
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4329:
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4288:
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4243:
4232:
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4216:
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4205:
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4188:
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4173:
4171:
4163:
4162:
4158:
4147:
4143:
4132:
4128:
4117:
4113:
4101:
4097:Miller, Corey.
4095:
4088:
4078:
4076:
4066:
4057:
4048:
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4043:
4032:
4028:
4019:
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3994:
3990:
3980:
3978:
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3952:
3943:
3941:
3937:
3927:
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3916:
3914:
3910:
3900:
3898:
3896:Middle East Eye
3890:
3889:
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3866:
3862:
3852:
3850:
3848:
3832:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3793:
3791:
3782:
3781:
3777:
3767:
3765:
3756:"Dari language"
3754:
3753:
3749:
3739:
3737:
3718:
3717:
3713:
3698:
3696:
3679:
3678:
3674:
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3660:
3651:
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3646:
3639:
3623:
3619:
3609:
3607:
3600:
3584:
3580:
3570:
3568:
3561:
3545:
3541:
3534:
3518:
3514:
3507:
3491:
3487:
3480:
3464:
3460:
3453:
3437:
3433:
3423:
3421:
3414:
3398:
3394:
3387:
3371:
3367:
3357:
3355:
3340:
3336:
3321:10.2307/3518055
3305:
3301:
3291:
3289:
3276:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3259:
3247:
3243:
3238:
3234:
3224:
3222:
3213:
3209:
3199:
3197:
3186:
3179:
3169:
3167:
3158:
3157:
3153:
3143:
3141:
3132:
3131:
3127:
3117:
3115:
3106:
3105:
3101:
3095:Mafātīh al-olum
3092:
3088:
3078:
3076:
3067:
3066:
3062:
3048:
3044:
3035:
3031:
3026:
3022:
3012:
3010:
3002:
3001:
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2987:
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2972:
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2957:
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2931:
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2912:
2911:
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2889:
2887:
2870:
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2865:
2855:
2853:
2844:
2843:
2839:
2829:
2827:
2817:
2813:
2803:
2801:
2788:
2787:
2783:
2769:
2767:
2754:
2753:
2749:
2742:
2726:
2722:
2712:
2710:
2695:
2691:
2681:
2679:
2666:
2665:
2658:
2648:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2619:
2609:
2607:
2598:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2581:
2568:
2567:
2563:
2551:Wayback Machine
2541:
2530:
2520:
2518:
2505:
2504:
2500:
2493:
2479:
2478:
2474:
2467:
2454:
2444:
2443:
2426:
2416:
2405:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2387:
2382:
2378:
2373:
2350:Iranian Persian
2335:
2328:
2321:
2316:
2314:
2311:
2289:Pashto language
2277:Delhi Sultanate
2265:
2259:
2256:
2249:
2237:
2226:
2219:are raised to .
1890:
1622:
1560:
1552:
1536:
1531:
1519:Sistani dialect
1515:
1513:Sistani dialect
1509:
1477:
1471:
1443:
1426:Tehrani dialect
1367:
1346:
1330:Iranian Persian
1314:
1232:in Iranian but
1218:in Iranian but
1161:for 'lion' and
1127:The merging of
1120:
1112:
1109:
1071:English and in
1058:throughout the
1025:
962:Afghan diaspora
954:Afghans in Iran
903:
816:, Iqbal wrote:
743:Timurid dynasty
682:
625:Ibn al-Muqaffaʿ
551:
511:Iranian Persian
492:native language
448:Eastern Persian
382:
364:
360:
354:
353:
352:
343:Without proper
334:
330:
305:Without proper
289:
273:
266:
239:
232:Official status
222:
217:
211:
180:
151:Western Iranian
131:
128:Language family
126:
116:
82:
76:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
6002:
5992:
5991:
5986:
5981:
5976:
5971:
5954:
5953:
5950:
5949:
5942:
5927:
5926:
5923:
5922:
5920:
5919:
5912:
5910:
5906:
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5898:
5897:
5896:
5893:Middle Persian
5889:
5882:
5877:
5872:
5867:
5857:
5850:
5849:
5848:
5838:
5833:
5828:
5823:
5818:
5812:
5810:
5806:
5805:
5803:
5802:
5797:
5792:
5791:
5790:
5780:
5775:
5774:
5773:
5768:
5763:
5753:
5746:
5739:
5732:
5731:
5730:
5720:
5719:
5718:
5713:
5708:
5703:
5698:
5688:
5681:
5676:
5671:
5666:
5659:
5654:
5648:
5646:
5639:
5633:
5632:
5629:
5628:
5626:
5625:
5624:
5623:
5611:
5610:
5609:
5602:
5601:
5600:
5599:
5598:
5591:
5586:
5564:
5557:
5552:
5551:
5550:
5545:
5540:
5535:
5525:
5520:
5513:
5506:
5498:
5496:
5492:
5491:
5489:
5488:
5483:
5478:
5473:
5466:
5461:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5431:
5425:
5423:
5414:
5408:
5407:
5405:
5404:
5399:
5397:Middle Iranian
5394:
5389:
5383:
5381:
5377:
5376:
5369:
5368:
5361:
5354:
5346:
5337:
5336:
5334:
5333:
5327:
5325:
5324:Sign languages
5321:
5320:
5318:
5317:
5312:
5307:
5302:
5297:
5292:
5291:
5290:
5283:
5276:
5269:
5257:
5252:
5247:
5242:
5237:
5232:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5219:
5217:
5216:
5211:
5206:
5201:
5196:
5190:
5184:
5182:
5178:
5177:
5175:
5174:
5159:
5157:
5155:
5154:
5149:
5143:
5141:
5137:
5136:
5129:
5128:
5121:
5114:
5106:
5097:
5096:
5094:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5072:
5070:
5066:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5052:
5046:
5044:
5040:
5039:
5037:
5036:
5031:
5026:
5020:
5018:
5014:
5013:
5011:
5010:
5005:
5000:
4998:Tajik alphabet
4995:
4994:
4993:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4969:Writing system
4966:
4965:
4963:
4962:
4957:
4956:
4955:
4942:
4940:
4936:
4935:
4933:
4932:
4927:
4926:
4925:
4920:
4909:
4907:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4899:
4894:
4889:
4884:
4875:
4870:
4865:
4860:
4855:
4850:
4849:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4827:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4816:
4815:
4810:
4805:
4799:
4797:
4793:
4792:
4790:
4789:
4781:
4776:Middle Persian
4773:
4765:
4757:
4749:
4740:
4738:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4723:
4716:
4709:
4701:
4695:
4694:
4688:
4676:
4671:
4666:
4660:
4649:
4638:
4624:
4623:External links
4621:
4620:
4619:
4617:978-9004201453
4607:
4606:
4594:(2): 229–234.
4579:
4561:
4536:
4520:, 3rd edition"
4511:
4505:
4488:
4478:
4471:
4461:
4450:
4429:
4427:
4424:
4421:
4420:
4397:Bezhan, Frud.
4389:
4380:
4350:
4338:
4323:
4282:
4241:
4226:
4217:|journal=
4181:
4156:
4141:
4126:
4111:
4086:
4055:
4041:
4026:
4013:
3988:
3962:
3935:
3908:
3883:
3873:UNESCO, 1994.
3860:
3846:
3826:
3800:
3775:
3747:
3711:
3685:Ch. M. Kieffer
3672:
3658:
3644:
3637:
3617:
3598:
3578:
3559:
3539:
3532:
3512:
3505:
3485:
3478:
3458:
3451:
3431:
3412:
3392:
3385:
3365:
3334:
3315:(1/2): 12–31.
3299:
3269:
3241:
3232:
3207:
3177:
3151:
3125:
3099:
3086:
3060:
3042:
3029:
3020:
2995:
2965:
2939:
2928:on 5 June 2011
2900:
2876:Ch. M. Kieffer
2863:
2837:
2811:
2781:
2747:
2740:
2720:
2689:
2656:
2617:
2591:
2561:
2528:
2498:
2491:
2472:
2452:
2424:
2395:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2385:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2368:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2340:
2326:
2310:
2307:
2267:
2266:
2240:
2238:
2231:
2225:
2222:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2209:
2204:
2199:
2193:
2192:
2187:
2185:
2179:
2178:
2173:
2168:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2130:free variation
2124:
2123:
2116:
2109:
2103:
2102:
2100:
2093:
2087:
2086:
2079:
2077:
2070:
2064:
2063:
2056:
2053:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2036:
2030:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2004:
2003:
1996:
1989:
1983:
1982:
1975:
1973:
1966:
1960:
1959:
1952:
1950:
1943:
1937:
1936:
1929:
1927:
1920:
1914:
1913:
1908:
1903:
1898:
1889:
1886:
1885:
1884:
1873:
1859:
1836:
1831:A flap sound /
1829:
1826:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1804:
1797:
1795:
1788:
1786:
1780:
1779:
1777:
1775:
1773:
1771:
1769:
1762:
1760:
1754:
1753:
1746:
1744:
1732:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1699:
1693:
1692:
1683:
1676:
1664:
1662:
1650:
1638:
1626:
1615:
1614:
1612:
1610:
1608:
1606:
1604:
1597:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1578:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1556:
1546:
1541:
1535:
1532:
1530:
1527:
1511:Main article:
1508:
1505:
1473:Main article:
1470:
1467:
1442:
1439:
1422:Kabuli dialect
1366:
1363:
1345:
1342:
1313:
1310:
1309:
1308:
1301:
1270:
1241:
1201:
1190:
1119:
1116:
1108:
1105:
1024:
1021:
973:Mazar-i-Sharif
950:World Factbook
902:
899:
755:Muhammad Iqbal
731:
730:
707:may have been
686:Middle Persian
681:
678:
647:Middle Persian
550:
547:
539:Middle Persian
537:refers to the
519:Middle Persian
515:Tajiki Persian
469:Tajiki Persian
347:, you may see
335:
328:
327:
326:
323:
322:
309:, you may see
295:
294:
287:
279:
278:
271:
263:
262:
261:Language codes
258:
257:
252:
246:
245:
240:
237:
234:
233:
229:
228:
223:
219:Writing system
216:
213:
212:
210:
209:
204:
199:
194:
188:
186:
182:
181:
179:
178:
177:
176:
175:
174:
173:
172:
171:
170:
169:
168:
134:
132:
125:
122:
121:
110:
106:
105:
100:
99:Native to
96:
95:
88:
84:
83:
66:
58:
57:
49:
48:
44:
43:
26:
18:Afghan Persian
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6001:
5990:
5987:
5985:
5982:
5980:
5977:
5975:
5972:
5970:
5967:
5966:
5964:
5947:
5943:
5940:
5936:
5932:
5929:
5928:
5924:
5917:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5907:
5895:
5894:
5890:
5888:
5887:
5883:
5881:
5878:
5876:
5873:
5871:
5868:
5866:
5865:Caucasian Tat
5863:
5862:
5861:
5858:
5856:
5855:
5851:
5847:
5844:
5843:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5834:
5832:
5829:
5827:
5824:
5822:
5819:
5817:
5814:
5813:
5811:
5807:
5801:
5798:
5796:
5793:
5789:
5786:
5785:
5784:
5781:
5779:
5776:
5772:
5769:
5767:
5764:
5762:
5759:
5758:
5757:
5754:
5752:
5751:
5747:
5745:
5744:
5740:
5738:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5726:
5725:
5724:
5721:
5717:
5714:
5712:
5709:
5707:
5704:
5702:
5699:
5697:
5694:
5693:
5692:
5689:
5687:
5686:
5682:
5680:
5677:
5675:
5672:
5670:
5667:
5665:
5664:
5660:
5658:
5655:
5653:
5650:
5649:
5647:
5643:
5640:
5638:
5634:
5622:
5619:
5618:
5617:
5616:
5612:
5608:
5607:
5603:
5597:
5596:
5592:
5590:
5587:
5585:
5582:
5581:
5580:
5577:
5576:
5575:
5572:
5571:
5570:
5569:
5565:
5563:
5562:
5558:
5556:
5553:
5549:
5546:
5544:
5541:
5539:
5536:
5534:
5531:
5530:
5529:
5526:
5524:
5521:
5519:
5518:
5514:
5512:
5511:
5507:
5505:
5504:
5500:
5499:
5497:
5493:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5472:
5471:
5467:
5465:
5462:
5460:
5457:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5435:
5432:
5430:
5427:
5426:
5424:
5422:
5418:
5415:
5413:
5409:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5393:
5390:
5388:
5387:Proto-Iranian
5385:
5384:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5367:
5362:
5360:
5355:
5353:
5348:
5347:
5344:
5332:
5329:
5328:
5326:
5322:
5316:
5313:
5311:
5308:
5306:
5303:
5301:
5298:
5296:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5281:
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5263:
5262:
5261:
5258:
5256:
5253:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5241:
5238:
5236:
5233:
5231:
5228:
5227:
5225:
5221:
5215:
5212:
5210:
5207:
5205:
5202:
5200:
5197:
5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5185:
5183:
5179:
5172:
5161:
5153:
5150:
5148:
5145:
5144:
5142:
5138:
5134:
5127:
5122:
5120:
5115:
5113:
5108:
5107:
5104:
5092:
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5073:
5071:
5067:
5061:
5058:
5056:
5053:
5051:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5043:Organizations
5041:
5035:
5032:
5030:
5027:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5019:
5015:
5009:
5006:
5004:
5001:
4999:
4996:
4992:
4989:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4967:
4961:
4960:Tajik grammar
4958:
4953:
4949:
4948:
4947:
4944:
4943:
4941:
4937:
4931:
4928:
4924:
4921:
4919:
4916:
4915:
4914:
4911:
4910:
4908:
4904:
4898:
4895:
4893:
4890:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4881:
4876:
4874:
4873:Judeo-Persian
4871:
4869:
4866:
4864:
4861:
4859:
4856:
4854:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4842:
4839:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4832:
4829:
4828:
4826:
4824:
4820:
4814:
4811:
4809:
4806:
4804:
4801:
4800:
4798:
4794:
4785:
4782:
4777:
4774:
4769:
4766:
4763:(c. 1500 BCE)
4761:
4760:Proto-Iranian
4758:
4755:(c. 2000 BCE)
4753:
4750:
4747:(c. 3000 BCE)
4745:
4742:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4733:
4729:
4722:
4717:
4715:
4710:
4708:
4703:
4702:
4699:
4692:
4689:
4687:
4683:
4680:
4679:Dari alphabet
4677:
4675:
4672:
4670:
4667:
4665:at Britannica
4664:
4663:Dari language
4661:
4659:
4658:
4653:
4650:
4647:
4643:
4639:
4636:
4635:Dari language
4631:
4627:
4626:
4618:
4614:
4610:
4609:
4602:
4597:
4593:
4589:
4585:
4580:
4576:
4572:
4568:
4567:
4562:
4550:
4546:
4544:
4537:
4525:
4521:
4519:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4498:
4497:Cambria Press
4494:
4489:
4487:
4486:OCLC 24699677
4483:
4479:
4476:
4472:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4458:
4457:
4451:
4448:
4447:
4442:
4438:
4435:
4431:
4430:
4408:
4404:
4400:
4393:
4384:
4368:
4364:
4360:
4354:
4347:
4342:
4334:
4327:
4319:
4315:
4310:
4305:
4301:
4297:
4293:
4286:
4278:
4274:
4269:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4252:
4245:
4237:
4230:
4222:
4209:
4200:
4195:
4191:
4185:
4170:
4166:
4160:
4152:
4145:
4137:
4130:
4122:
4115:
4107:
4100:
4093:
4091:
4075:
4071:
4064:
4062:
4060:
4051:
4045:
4037:
4030:
4023:
4020:A. Pisowicz,
4017:
4002:
3998:
3992:
3976:
3972:
3966:
3950:
3946:
3939:
3923:
3919:
3912:
3897:
3893:
3887:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3871:
3864:
3849:
3843:
3839:
3838:
3830:
3814:
3810:
3804:
3789:
3785:
3784:"Afghanistan"
3779:
3764:
3762:
3757:
3751:
3735:
3731:
3727:
3726:
3721:
3715:
3708:
3707:
3694:
3691:, online ed.
3690:
3686:
3682:
3676:
3668:
3662:
3654:
3648:
3640:
3634:
3630:
3629:
3621:
3605:
3601:
3595:
3591:
3590:
3582:
3566:
3562:
3556:
3552:
3551:
3543:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3524:
3516:
3508:
3502:
3498:
3497:
3489:
3481:
3475:
3471:
3470:
3462:
3454:
3448:
3444:
3443:
3435:
3419:
3415:
3409:
3405:
3404:
3396:
3388:
3382:
3378:
3377:
3369:
3353:
3349:
3345:
3338:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3303:
3287:
3283:
3279:
3273:
3258:
3254:
3253:
3245:
3236:
3220:
3219:
3211:
3195:
3191:
3184:
3182:
3165:
3161:
3155:
3139:
3135:
3129:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3096:
3090:
3074:
3070:
3064:
3057:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3039:
3033:
3024:
3009:
3005:
2999:
2983:
2979:
2975:
2969:
2953:
2949:
2943:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2915:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2897:
2885:
2882:, online ed.
2881:
2877:
2873:
2867:
2852:on 4 May 2011
2851:
2847:
2841:
2826:
2822:
2815:
2799:
2795:
2791:
2785:
2778:
2765:
2761:
2757:
2751:
2743:
2737:
2733:
2732:
2724:
2708:
2704:
2700:
2693:
2677:
2673:
2669:
2663:
2661:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2635:"Afghanistan"
2630:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2622:
2605:
2601:
2595:
2579:
2575:
2571:
2565:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2548:
2545:
2539:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2502:
2494:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2476:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2448:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2435:
2433:
2431:
2429:
2420:
2414:
2413:
2408:
2403:
2401:
2396:
2380:
2376:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2355:Tajik Persian
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2338:
2332:
2327:
2324:
2313:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2293:
2290:
2286:
2282:
2281:Sher Ali Khan
2278:
2274:
2263:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2241:This section
2239:
2230:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2205:
2200:
2198:
2195:
2194:
2188:
2186:
2184:
2181:
2180:
2174:
2169:
2167:
2164:
2163:
2160:
2157:
2155:
2152:
2150:
2149:
2143:
2140:
2136:
2131:
2121:
2117:
2114:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2101:
2098:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2088:
2084:
2078:
2075:
2071:
2069:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2055:
2054:
2050:
2044:
2041:
2035:
2031:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2015:
2013:
2012:
2001:
1997:
1994:
1988:
1985:
1984:
1980:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1967:
1965:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1934:
1928:
1925:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1907:
1904:
1902:
1899:
1897:
1896:
1880:
1874:
1869:
1864:is voiced to
1860:
1855:
1847:
1837:
1830:
1827:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1812:
1809:
1805:
1802:
1798:
1796:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1778:
1776:
1774:
1772:
1770:
1767:
1763:
1761:
1759:
1756:
1755:
1751:
1747:
1745:
1742:
1737:
1733:
1731:
1728:
1723:
1719:
1716:
1711:
1707:
1704:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1681:
1677:
1674:
1669:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1655:
1651:
1648:
1643:
1639:
1636:
1631:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1617:
1616:
1613:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1602:
1598:
1595:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1585:
1582:
1579:
1577:
1574:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1550:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1540:
1539:
1526:
1524:
1520:
1514:
1504:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1490:
1486:
1485:Hazara people
1482:
1476:
1466:
1464:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1438:
1436:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1418:
1416:
1411:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1396:
1392:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1376:
1372:
1365:South-Eastern
1362:
1360:
1354:
1352:
1341:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1323:
1319:
1302:
1299:
1295:
1285:
1275:
1271:
1266:
1252:
1242:
1206:
1202:
1191:
1130:
1126:
1125:
1124:
1115:
1104:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1082:
1078:
1074:
1069:
1068:Central Asian
1065:
1061:
1057:
1056:lingua franca
1053:
1052:Mughal Empire
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1020:
1018:
1014:
1010:
1006:
1002:
998:
994:
990:
986:
982:
978:
974:
970:
965:
963:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
935:
931:
927:
923:
918:
916:
915:lingua franca
907:
898:
896:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
870:
865:
863:
859:
853:
852:
848:
847:
842:
838:
837:
833:
828:
827:
823:
817:
815:
810:
808:
804:
800:
799:
795:
793:
787:
783:
782:
778:
773:
772:
768:
762:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:Mughal Empire
744:
740:
736:
728:
727:
726:
724:
720:
716:
714:
710:
706:
702:
697:
695:
691:
687:
677:
676:communities.
675:
671:
667:
662:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
635:
630:
626:
622:
618:
613:
608:
604:
600:
596:
591:
583:
579:
574:
572:
568:
564:
560:
556:
546:
544:
540:
536:
532:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
503:
501:
500:lingua franca
497:
493:
489:
485:
480:
478:
474:
471:as spoken in
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
449:
444:
438:
437:Fārsī-ye Darī
432:
426:
425:Fārsī-yi Darī
415:
410:
400:
394:
358:
350:
346:
342:
340:
320:
316:
312:
308:
304:
302:
296:
292:
288:
286:
285:
280:
276:
272:
269:
264:
259:
256:
253:
251:
247:
244:
241:
235:
230:
227:
224:
220:
214:
208:
205:
203:
200:
198:
195:
193:
192:South-Eastern
190:
189:
187:
183:
167:
164:
163:
162:
159:
158:
157:
154:
153:
152:
149:
148:
147:
144:
143:
142:
139:
138:
137:
136:Indo-European
133:
129:
123:
119:
114:
111:
107:
104:
101:
97:
93:
89:
87:Pronunciation
85:
80:
75:
70:
64:
59:
50:
45:
40:
37:
33:
19:
5930:
5891:
5884:
5869:
5852:
5748:
5741:
5734:
5683:
5661:
5613:
5604:
5593:
5573:
5566:
5559:
5515:
5508:
5501:
5468:
5240:Kamkata-vari
5146:
5069:Other topics
4879:
4840:
4655:
4591:
4587:
4565:
4553:. Retrieved
4542:
4528:. Retrieved
4517:
4492:
4481:
4474:
4464:
4455:
4444:
4432:Lazard, G. "
4411:. Retrieved
4402:
4392:
4383:
4373:27 September
4371:. Retrieved
4362:
4353:
4341:
4332:
4326:
4299:
4295:
4285:
4261:(2): 41–45.
4258:
4254:
4244:
4235:
4229:
4208:cite journal
4184:
4172:. Retrieved
4169:ResearchGate
4168:
4159:
4150:
4144:
4135:
4129:
4120:
4114:
4105:
4077:. Retrieved
4073:
4044:
4035:
4029:
4021:
4016:
4004:. Retrieved
4000:
3991:
3979:. Retrieved
3965:
3953:. Retrieved
3938:
3926:. Retrieved
3911:
3901:12 September
3899:. Retrieved
3895:
3886:
3869:
3863:
3851:. Retrieved
3836:
3829:
3817:. Retrieved
3803:
3794:12 September
3792:, retrieved
3787:
3778:
3766:. Retrieved
3759:
3750:
3740:16 September
3738:. Retrieved
3734:the original
3723:
3714:
3705:
3704:
3697:. Retrieved
3684:
3675:
3661:
3647:
3627:
3620:
3608:. Retrieved
3588:
3581:
3569:. Retrieved
3549:
3542:
3522:
3515:
3495:
3488:
3468:
3461:
3441:
3434:
3422:. Retrieved
3402:
3395:
3375:
3368:
3356:. Retrieved
3352:the original
3347:
3337:
3312:
3308:
3302:
3290:. Retrieved
3281:
3272:
3260:. Retrieved
3251:
3244:
3235:
3223:. Retrieved
3217:
3210:
3198:. Retrieved
3168:. Retrieved
3154:
3142:. Retrieved
3128:
3116:. Retrieved
3102:
3094:
3089:
3077:. Retrieved
3063:
3053:
3045:
3037:
3032:
3023:
3011:. Retrieved
3007:
2998:
2986:. Retrieved
2977:
2968:
2956:. Retrieved
2952:the original
2942:
2930:. Retrieved
2926:the original
2917:
2895:
2888:. Retrieved
2875:
2866:
2854:. Retrieved
2850:the original
2840:
2828:. Retrieved
2824:
2814:
2802:. Retrieved
2793:
2784:
2775:
2768:. Retrieved
2759:
2750:
2730:
2723:
2711:. Retrieved
2702:
2692:
2680:. Retrieved
2647:. Retrieved
2643:the original
2638:
2610:27 September
2608:. Retrieved
2594:
2584:27 September
2582:. Retrieved
2573:
2564:
2554:
2542:Lazard, G. "
2519:. Retrieved
2510:
2501:
2481:
2475:
2446:
2410:
2379:
2302:
2294:
2270:
2257:
2242:
2127:
1516:
1478:
1444:
1419:
1412:
1368:
1355:
1347:
1315:
1171:"quick" and
1128:
1121:
1110:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1026:
966:
919:
912:
866:
858:qand-e Pārsī
857:
855:
850:
849:
845:
844:
840:
835:
834:
829:
825:
824:
819:
811:
806:
802:
801:
797:
789:
788:
785:
780:
779:
774:
770:
769:
764:
758:
732:
722:
718:
717:
712:
704:
700:
698:
683:
663:
650:
638:
632:
629:Ibn al-Nadim
620:
606:
602:
598:
594:
592:
581:
575:
567:Al-Muqaddasi
552:
534:
504:
481:
447:
414:Dari Persian
413:
356:
355:
339:Persian text
336:
298:
282:
165:
141:Indo-Iranian
36:
5886:Old Persian
5723:Mazanderani
5517:Khwarezmian
5402:New Iranian
5392:Old Iranian
4878:Judeo-Tat (
4784:New Persian
4768:Old Persian
4693:on Miraheze
4495:. Amherst:
4469:OCLC 600815
4413:25 November
3699:10 December
2978:www.cia.gov
2932:10 December
2890:10 December
2574:tajikam.com
2146:Diphthongs
1784:Approximant
1491:, parts of
1064:Afghanistan
1009:Lashkar Gah
878:Khwarezmian
709:Thomas Hyde
674:Zoroastrian
563:Al-Estakhri
531:Achaemenids
527:Old Persian
460:Afghanistan
313:instead of
243:Afghanistan
103:Afghanistan
5963:Categories
5561:Sarghulami
5481:Yazghulami
5434:Ishkashimi
5266:Ishkashimi
5017:Literature
4913:Vocabulary
4787:(from 800)
4555:9 November
4530:9 November
3955:9 November
3928:9 November
3879:9231028138
3768:7 December
3730:Ethnologue
3610:16 October
3571:10 October
3079:18 January
3052:, "Darī",
2958:28 January
2856:24 October
2507:"11 books"
2412:Ethnologue
2391:References
2297:Omar Samad
1534:Consonants
1399:Badakhshan
1326:Badakhshan
1282:) and the
1205:diphthongs
1085:do-piyāzeh
1049:Persianate
1031:, such as
930:population
884:descended
862:Rock candy
694:Achaemenid
634:Al-Fehrest
627:(cited by
571:Ibn Hawqal
496:population
473:Tajikistan
458:spoken in
5946:varieties
5933:indicate
5854:Pahlavani
5846:Bakhtiari
5831:Kuhmareyi
5821:Bashkardi
5743:Old Azeri
5454:Sanglechi
5193:Nuristani
4930:Phonology
4318:0240-8910
4277:2754-2599
4174:11 August
4079:11 August
3981:26 August
3819:26 August
3424:28 August
3200:26 August
3170:26 August
3144:19 August
3118:19 August
2804:22 August
2682:19 August
2649:19 August
2252:talk page
1964:Mid vowel
1941:Near-high
1697:Fricative
1624:Affricate
1529:Phonology
1234:/nawroːz/
1230:/nowruːz/
1089:pey-jāmeh
1066:, Turkic
936:(9%) and
895:Sassanids
649:. As for
617:Sassanids
561:(compare
549:Etymology
543:Sassanids
419:فارسی دری
284:Glottolog
268:ISO 639-3
79:Nastaʿlīq
5875:Hazaragi
5826:Garmsiri
5766:Sangsari
5761:Lasgerdi
5750:Parthian
5728:Tabaroid
5696:Kurmanji
5652:Ashtiani
5621:Yaghnobi
5579:Ossetian
5568:Scythian
5543:Southern
5538:Northern
5510:Bactrian
5459:Sarikoli
5429:Bartangi
4853:Hazaragi
4682:Archived
4549:Archived
4524:Archived
4437:Archived
4407:Archived
4367:Archived
4190:"HAZĀRA"
3975:Archived
3949:Archived
3922:Archived
3853:23 April
3813:Archived
3693:Archived
3604:Archived
3565:Archived
3418:Archived
3286:Archived
3194:Archived
3164:Archived
3138:Archived
3112:Archived
3073:Archived
2982:Archived
2884:Archived
2798:Archived
2770:9 August
2764:Archived
2756:"Kāboli"
2713:5 August
2707:Archived
2676:Archived
2604:Archived
2578:Archived
2547:Archived
2515:Archived
2309:See also
2260:May 2017
2139:Hazaragi
2068:High-mid
1561:alveolar
1554:Alveolar
1481:Hazaragi
1469:Hazaragi
1415:Hazaragi
1387:Samangan
1220:/naχajr/
1216:/naχejr/
1097:proverbs
1013:Kandahar
985:Panjshir
981:Fayzabad
942:Pashtuns
886:Yaghnobi
874:Bactrian
796: –
794:is sugar
715:(1700).
655:Khorasan
319:Help:IPA
291:dari1249
197:Hazaragi
185:Dialects
109:Speakers
5935:extinct
5931:Italics
5916:Badeshi
5860:Persian
5836:Kumzari
5778:Taleshi
5771:Sorkhei
5756:Semnani
5711:Kordali
5691:Kurdish
5685:Gorgani
5663:Daylami
5657:Balochi
5637:Western
5615:Sogdian
5574:Alanian
5548:Wanetsi
5533:Central
5523:Parachi
5503:Avestan
5464:Shughni
5449:Roshani
5412:Eastern
5380:History
5315:Zemiaki
5305:Waigali
5300:Tregami
5280:Shughni
5209:Turkmen
5199:Pashayi
5188:Balochi
4939:Grammar
4897:Dehwari
4892:Sistani
4887:Bukhori
4836:Iranian
4736:History
4006:21 June
3358:12 July
3329:3518055
3292:12 July
3282:Ganjoor
3278:"تمهید"
3225:12 July
3013:21 June
2830:27 June
2521:8 March
2449:. 1983.
2283:of the
2135:Panjšir
2091:Low-mid
2022:Central
1906:Central
1821:Stops /
1581:Glottal
1566:Palatal
1523:Balochi
1507:Sistani
1463:Mashhad
1451:Badghis
1441:Western
1383:Baghlan
1338:Mashhad
1298:Turkmen
1137:/oː,uː/
1133:/eː,iː/
1131:vowels
1077:dopiaza
1045:Bengali
1041:Punjabi
989:Bamiyan
934:Hazaras
882:Sogdian
869:Samanid
680:History
668:called
507:Mughals
454:of the
452:variety
450:is the
399:endonym
315:Unicode
207:Sistani
202:Western
161:Persian
146:Iranian
5909:Others
5816:Achomi
5788:Tatoid
5736:Median
5706:Xwarin
5701:Sorani
5679:Gorani
5674:Gilaki
5595:Jassic
5555:Ormuri
5528:Pashto
5495:Others
5486:Yidgha
5295:Prasun
5287:Yidgha
5260:Pamiri
5255:Moghol
5250:Kyrgyz
5245:Khowar
5235:Brahui
5230:Ashkun
5204:Tajiki
5152:Pashto
4880:Juhuri
4841:Afghan
4615:
4503:
4316:
4275:
4236:Xazara
3997:"Dari"
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3844:
3763:Online
3653:"Dari"
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3262:6 July
2988:2 July
2914:"Dari"
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2304:claim.
2245:Pashto
1888:Vowels
1576:Uvular
1549:Dental
1544:Labial
1493:Ghazni
1489:Bamyan
1395:Takhar
1391:Kunduz
1375:Parwan
1359:Kasrah
1334:Herati
1324:, and
1187:/zoːr/
1183:/zuːd/
1163:/ʃiːr/
1159:/ʃeːr/
1155:/ʃiːr/
1129:majhul
1081:pyjama
1017:Gardez
1015:, and
1005:Zaranj
997:Ghazni
946:Pashto
938:Aymāqs
926:Tajiks
890:Tajiks
807:uzubat
803:Uzūbat
735:Rudaki
607:darbār
559:Arabic
488:Pashto
446:), or
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5880:Tajik
5809:South
5645:North
5584:Digor
5476:Wakhi
5470:Vanji
5444:Munji
5439:Khufi
5421:Pamir
5310:Wakhi
5273:Munji
5214:Uzbek
4952:Ezāfe
4923:Verbs
4918:Nouns
4858:Aimaq
4846:Tajik
4443:" in
4102:(PDF)
3881:p 734
3348:Iqbal
3325:JSTOR
2371:Notes
2217:/a,ɑ/
2154:Front
2017:Front
1901:Front
1881:]
1877:[
1870:]
1866:[
1856:]
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1848:]
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1571:Velar
1559:Post-
1497:Herat
1455:Farah
1447:Herat
1408:Uzbek
1404:Tajik
1379:Balkh
1371:Kabul
1322:Mazar
1318:Kabul
1294:Azeri
1267:]
1263:[
1225:نوروز
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1093:ezāfe
1037:Hindi
1001:Farah
993:Kabul
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969:Balkh
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659:Balkh
639:Pārsī
612:دربار
587:فارسی
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5870:Dari
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5147:Dari
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4646:Dari
4613:ISBN
4557:2012
4532:2012
4501:ISBN
4415:2017
4375:2019
4314:ISSN
4273:ISSN
4221:help
4176:2023
4081:2023
4008:2024
3983:2012
3957:2012
3930:2012
3903:2024
3875:ISBN
3855:2015
3842:ISBN
3821:2012
3796:2024
3770:2010
3742:2010
3701:2010
3633:ISBN
3612:2020
3594:ISBN
3573:2016
3555:ISBN
3528:ISBN
3501:ISBN
3474:ISBN
3447:ISBN
3426:2016
3408:ISBN
3381:ISBN
3360:2013
3294:2013
3264:2011
3227:2013
3202:2012
3172:2012
3146:2013
3120:2013
3081:2012
3015:2024
2990:2021
2960:2020
2934:2010
2892:2010
2858:2010
2832:2024
2806:2020
2772:2021
2736:ISBN
2715:2021
2684:2013
2651:2013
2612:2019
2586:2019
2523:2018
2487:ISBN
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2166:High
2159:Back
2034:High
2027:Back
1918:High
1911:Back
1619:Stop
1459:Ghor
1457:and
1420:The
1296:and
1211:نخیر
1196:and
1185:and
1179:/uː/
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1141:/iː/
1135:and
1101:Rumi
1087:and
1079:and
1073:Urdu
1033:Urdu
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670:Dari
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