466:
75:
567:
304:
296:
281:
338:
33:
455:
52:
277:
cube and one 4-petalled flower at the top. They are said to smell faintly of musk, especially "towards the evening when the dew falls." The lateral flowers each have 5 stamens (which are deeply divided so it looks as if there are 10) and 2-5 styles. The terminal flower has only 4, similarly divided, stamens. Below the corolla, the calyx consists of 3 lobes in the lateral flowers and just 2 in the terminal one.
445:
It is widespread in most parts of
Britain but not common, being generally restricted to small patches in areas of ancient woodland. It becomes scarce in the north and west, where the soils are too acid for it, and parts of eastern England where there has been little woodland cover. It is absent from
276:
At the top of the stem, on a peduncle which is at least as long as the stem itself, at flowering, is an inflorescence that is unique to this genus and highly distinctive. It consists of a cubical cluster of 5 green flowers, about 0.5 cm in diameter, with four 5-petalled flowers on the sides of the
441:
in North Africa. It is not established as an introduced species beyond its natural range, except possibly in
Ireland. It is generally not considered to be rare or threatened: in the United States it is classified as "secure" and, while it has not been assessed internationally by the IUCN, many
292:, 4.5 - 5.55 mm in diameter, partially encased by the expanded, fleshy calyx. At this time the peduncle expands and spirals, bending towards to ground to deposit the fruits close to the parent plant. Fruiting is uncommon, as reproduction is mainly vegetative, through the stolons and rhizomes.
425:
Other common names include five-faced bishop, hollowroot, muskroot, townhall clock, tuberous crowfoot and Good Friday plant. The name hollowroot presumably comes from the way the stolons (not actually the roots) have a dark core and so have the appearance, in a cut section, of being hollow.
272:
The basal leaves are a dull green above, silvery and succulent below, and dotted with stomata only on the undersides. The basal leaves are ternate (i.e. divided into 3 lobes) or twice ternate, and up to 5 cm long, whereas the stem leaves have 2 or 3 lobes, with blades up to 3 cm long.
540:
It is a spring-flowering species which dies back after flowering in May or June. The seeds are deposited on the ground close to the parent plant, thus limiting its ability to spread. This lack of dispersal capacity helps to account for it being largely restricted to
244:
grows in relatively sunny places in old woodland, such as the edges of streams, and in shady places in open habitats such as rock crevices in limestone pavements. It has a limited ability to spread by seed, but expands vegetatively via its long
265:. The aerial stems are produced in early spring (typically around the end of February in England), long before the woodland canopy forms. They are slender, erect and unbranched, typically with two basal leaves on long
480:
in
Britain are L = 4, F = 5, R = 6, N = 5, and S = 0, which show that it favours lower than average levels of light and nutrients, and higher than average moisture and alkalinity. It is found in deciduous woods under
269:, which are almost as long as the stem, and two opposite leaves at the top, which have short petioles that are expanded towards the base. There are no stipules. The whole plant is entirely glabrous (hairless).
1445:
1378:
1337:
545:, although it is known to establish well in new sites if transported there manually. Spread is more facilitated more by the rhizomes and stolons than by seed production.
316:
Moschatel is a highly distinctive plant, owing to its curious arrangement of flowers. For many years it had been considered the only species in its plant family, the
626:
476:
Moschatel grows in woodland and scrub, typically in places with fairly light shade, such as the edges of paths or alongside streams and rivers. Its
1687:
864:
257:
Moschatel is a patch-forming perennial about 10-15 cm (6 in.) tall, with pale green foliage and a delicate appearance. It has swollen, fleshy
1739:
510:
1801:
1635:
903:
Peruzzi, L.; Passalacqua, N.G. (2008). "On a new subspecies of Adoxa moschatellina (Adoxaceae), apoendemic in
Calabria (S Italy)".
1700:
1648:
939:
848:
708:
395:
is found in southern Italy. It is a triploid (2n = 54) with smaller pollen and stomata. Other plants are, by default, subsp.
1780:
406:
and the Latin prefix a-, which means "not" or "without", and refers to its humble size and appearance. The specific epithet
1928:
1705:
1888:
356:
1923:
1596:
1204:
763:
733:
249:. It is a widespread but generally uncommon plant which is not considered to be threatened within its natural range.
1903:
801:
Benko-Iseppon, Ana Maria; Morawetz, Wilfried (2000). "Viburnales: cytological features and a new circumscription".
326:
was discovered in China and, meanwhile, cytological and genetics studies have shown that family should include the
1744:
1674:
981:
59:
1154:
1819:
1726:
1518:
465:
1627:
1614:
399:, although this name has not been formally published. It is not known to hybridise with any other species.
969:
1653:
780:
1918:
1814:
501:
trees, typically towards the bottom of any slope, where the soil is damper and more base-rich, amongst
288:
Fruits are formed in April to May in
England. Each flower can develop 2-5 fruits, which are rather dry
1539:
1224:
1003:
1898:
446:
Ireland except in a couple of places where it was probably introduced, deliberately or accidentally.
1913:
1908:
364:
1718:
437:
has a boreal, circumpolar distribution in Europe, Asia and North
America, and just extending into
341:
Plants can have short, thick rhizomes and long, slender stolons that appear to have hollow centres
74:
1622:
650:
1852:
1806:
1692:
1609:
1480:
1770:
1051:
191:
1570:
506:
502:
1469:
8:
486:
41:
1793:
1400:
1893:
1860:
916:
858:
818:
533:
scrub (W19), and in shady nooks amongst boulders in upland heaths and pillow lavas (on
530:
522:
514:
482:
69:
1765:
1557:
1315:
1293:
1200:
1150:
935:
844:
759:
729:
704:
351:
403:
1865:
1562:
912:
810:
624:) make whitish galls as well as black telia. More rarely, it can be parasitized by
578:
Insect associations with moschatel appear to be rare. The larvae of two species of
542:
494:
266:
1529:
1143:
Ellenberg's indicator values for
British plants. ECOFACT Volume 2. Technical Annex
1752:
498:
490:
477:
241:
234:
230:
112:
1842:
1731:
1788:
518:
99:
1313:
1270:
1141:
411:
1882:
1601:
1082:
346:
207:
781:"Adoxa corydalifolia (C.Y.Wu, Z.L.Wu & R.F.Huang) Christenh. & Byng"
1503:
1119:
566:
534:
303:
295:
280:
337:
1832:
1713:
1661:
1549:
1512:
1757:
1062:. Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland and Biological Records Centre
32:
1640:
1025:
882:
822:
606:, which produces small black telia (blisters) on the stems and leaves.
549:
517:
wood, W8 in the lowlands and W9 in the uplands. It is also recorded in
238:
148:
454:
1666:
1583:
1117:
571:
526:
419:
317:
158:
1474:
1023:
880:
814:
1827:
1497:
1314:
The
Sawflies (Symphyta) of Britain and Ireland (30 November 2019).
402:
The word "Adoxa" comes from the
Ancient Greek Ξ΄ΟΞΎαΎ° (doxa), meaning
331:
327:
138:
125:
1679:
1588:
1358:
Redfern, Margaret; Shirley, Peter (2002). "British Plant Galls".
556:
438:
307:
The seeds are deposited onto the ground close to the parent plant
258:
226:
372:
1575:
579:
299:
Moschatel spreads more rapidly by its long stolons than by seed
262:
246:
1140:
Hill, M.O.; Mountford, J.O.; Roy, D.B.; Bunce, R.G.H. (1999).
1256:
322:
289:
237:
Adoxaceae which has a highly distinctive inflorescence. This
168:
86:
560:
422:, as it is apparently similar to the smell of the flowers.
415:
381:
Several varieties and subspecies have been described: var.
359:) and it has received a few synonyms since then, including
1398:
982:"Wessex Wanderings: Local parks and woodlands in Spring"
645:
643:
1080:
1242:
1001:
778:
1443:
1420:
1376:
1335:
1291:
1139:
934:. Bristol: Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland.
800:
640:
599:
In Europe, moschatel is often infected with the smut
1107:. Peterborough: Joint Nature Conservation Committee.
929:
442:European countries classify it as "Least Concern".
1105:The Vascular Plant Red Data List for Great Britain
930:Stace, C.A.; Preston, C.D.; Pearman, D.A. (2015).
902:
16:Species of flowering plant in the family Adoxaceae
563:which do not rely on colour to pollinate plants.
1880:
1229:. Montford Bridge: Shropshire Botanical Society.
1102:
548:In Scotland it is recorded as high as 1065 m on
1414:
1357:
1046:
1044:
1042:
698:
418:, which refers to the scent produced by male
1257:"Altitudinal Limits of British Plants, 2021"
1222:
651:"NatureServe Explorer - Adoxa moschatellina"
582:are known to feed on this plant in Britain:
552:, and in England up to 760 m at Knock Fell.
410:and the common name moschatel come from the
1446:"Melanotaenium adoxae (Brefeld), Ito, 1935"
1294:"Database of Insects and their Food Plants"
1118:Inventaire National du Patrimoine Naturel.
1060:Online Atlas of the British and Irish Flora
1039:
680:
555:The rather plain flowers are pollinated by
1218:
1216:
1175:
1173:
1024:Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
881:Global Biodiversity Information Facility.
863:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
511:British National Vegetation Classification
429:
50:
31:
1421:Negrean, G.; Constantinescu, O. (1997). "
1197:The Flora and Vegetation of County Durham
749:
747:
745:
683:Flora of Great Britain and Ireland, vol 4
284:The lateral flowers usually have 5 petals
1401:"Puccinia argentata (Schultz) G. Winter"
1263:
1244:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
1233:
1182:The British Islands and their Vegetation
954:
948:
694:
692:
685:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
655:NatureServe Explorer Adoxa moschatellina
630:, which produces yellow-white blisters.
565:
472:galls on a plant of moschatel in Germany
464:
453:
336:
302:
294:
279:
1239:
1213:
1179:
1170:
923:
834:
832:
753:
701:The Vegetative Key to the British Flora
676:
674:
672:
320:. However, in 2018 a second species of
1881:
1226:The Flora and Vegetation of Shropshire
1194:
876:
874:
742:
723:
449:
1479:
1478:
1184:. London: Cambridge University Press.
1103:Cheffings, C.M.; Farrell, L. (2005).
838:
717:
689:
521:scrub (W6d) along riverbanks. In the
388:occurs in eastern Russia; and subsp.
1316:"Sciapteryx consobrina (Klug, 1816)"
1223:Lockton, Alex; Whild, Sarah (2015).
1199:. Durham County Conservation Trust.
1149:. Institute of Terrestrial Ecology.
995:
984:. Psophis.blogspot.co.uk. 2016-04-30
829:
728:. New York: Dover Publications Inc.
699:Poland, John; Clement, Eric (2009).
669:
1379:"Puccinia albescens Greville, 1889"
1254:
871:
681:Sell, Peter; Murrell, Gina (2006).
375:, 1899), but these have not stuck.
13:
917:10.1111/j.1756-1051.2004.tb00838.x
378:Its chromosome number is 2n = 36.
14:
1940:
1470:Moschatel, from "A Modern Herbal"
1463:
932:Hybrid Flora of the British Isles
386:(Nepomn.) S.Y. Li & Z.H. Ning
1820:urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:148240-1
73:
1437:
1399:National Biodiversity Network.
1392:
1370:
1351:
1329:
1307:
1285:
1248:
1188:
1133:
1111:
1096:
1074:
1017:
974:
963:
896:
574:are simple and almost circular.
1338:"Puccinia adoxae Hedwig, 1805"
841:New Flora of the British Isles
794:
772:
758:. Harpenden: Brambleby Books.
252:
1:
1271:"Adoxaceae - Town-hall Clock"
1081:European Environment Agency.
633:
509:. This habitat is, under the
1002:Plants of the World Online.
779:Plants of the World Online.
703:. Southampton: John Poland.
7:
1929:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
1444:Plant Parasites of Europe.
1377:Plant Parasites of Europe.
1336:Plant Parasites of Europe.
1292:Biological Records Centre.
584:Paracharactus gracilicornis
311:
10:
1945:
1889:NatureServe secure species
959:. London: John van Voorst.
369:Moschatellina fumariifolia
1924:Flora of New York (state)
1487:
657:. NatureServe. 2022-06-22
393:Peruzzi & N.G. Passal
261:as well as long, slender
197:
190:
70:Scientific classification
68:
48:
39:
30:
23:
1120:"Adoxa moschatellina L."
1083:"Adoxa moschatellina L."
1026:"Adoxa moschatellina L."
1004:"Adoxa moschatellina L."
970:Collins Dictionary entry
905:Nordic Journal of Botany
883:"Adoxa moschatellina L."
1904:Flora of temperate Asia
955:Leighton, W.A. (1841).
430:Distribution and status
1240:Rodwell, J.S. (1991).
1180:Tansley, A.G. (1949).
756:The Flora of Berkshire
754:Crawley, M.J. (2005).
575:
473:
462:
345:Its name was given by
342:
308:
300:
285:
1195:Graham, G.G. (1988).
957:A Flora of Shropshire
724:Grieve, Maud (1931).
591:Sciapteryx consobrina
569:
468:
457:
340:
306:
298:
283:
183:A. moschatellina
1423:Melanotaenium adoxae
839:Stace, C.A. (2019).
627:Melanotaenium adoxae
1519:Adoxa moschatellina
1489:Adoxa moschatellina
1054:Adoxa moschatellina
618:(Schultz) G. Winter
513:, considered to be
450:Habitat and ecology
435:Adoxa moschatellina
218:Adoxa moschatellina
201:Adoxa moschatellina
42:Conservation status
25:Adoxa moschatellina
608:Puccinia albescens
576:
523:Scottish Highlands
474:
470:Puccinia argentata
463:
404:glory or splendour
343:
309:
301:
286:
1919:Flora of Pakistan
1876:
1875:
1766:Open Tree of Life
1481:Taxon identifiers
941:978-0-901158-48-2
850:978-1-5272-2630-2
710:978-0-9560144-0-5
619:
612:
605:
595:
588:
394:
387:
352:Species Plantarum
214:
213:
63:
1936:
1899:Ephemeral plants
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1734:
1732:NBNSYS0000004336
1722:
1721:
1709:
1708:
1696:
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1412:
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1396:
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1374:
1368:
1367:
1355:
1349:
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1344:
1333:
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1300:
1289:
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1192:
1186:
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1177:
1168:
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1165:
1163:
1148:
1137:
1131:
1130:
1128:
1126:
1115:
1109:
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1100:
1094:
1093:
1091:
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1078:
1072:
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1069:
1067:
1048:
1037:
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1034:
1032:
1021:
1015:
1014:
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1010:
999:
993:
992:
990:
989:
978:
972:
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946:
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927:
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721:
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687:
686:
678:
667:
666:
664:
662:
647:
617:
610:
603:
593:
586:
543:ancient woodland
478:Ellenberg values
392:
385:
361:Moscatella adoxa
203:
78:
77:
57:
54:
53:
35:
21:
20:
1944:
1943:
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1933:
1914:Flora of Europe
1909:Flora of Canada
1879:
1878:
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1872:
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1826:
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1756:
1753:Observation.org
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1419:
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1375:
1371:
1356:
1352:
1342:
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1320:
1318:
1312:
1308:
1298:
1296:
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1276:
1274:
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1268:
1264:
1253:
1249:
1238:
1234:
1221:
1214:
1207:
1193:
1189:
1178:
1171:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1124:
1122:
1116:
1112:
1101:
1097:
1087:
1085:
1079:
1075:
1065:
1063:
1050:
1049:
1040:
1030:
1028:
1022:
1018:
1008:
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985:
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979:
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968:
964:
953:
949:
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837:
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815:10.2307/1223927
799:
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766:
752:
743:
736:
726:A Modern Herbal
722:
718:
711:
697:
690:
679:
670:
660:
658:
649:
648:
641:
636:
601:Puccinia adoxae
587:(Zaddach, 1859)
529:, it occurs in
487:pedunculate oak
459:Puccinia adoxae
452:
432:
314:
255:
231:flowering plant
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1870:
1866:wfo-0000521309
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1837:
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1736:
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1567:
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1464:External links
1462:
1459:
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1262:
1255:Pearman, D.A.
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911:(3): 249β256.
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622:P. impatientis
611:(Grev.) Plowr.
559:and nocturnal
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1714:NatureServe
1662:iNaturalist
1513:Wikispecies
843:. Suffolk.
809:(1): 5β16.
572:seed leaves
491:sessile oak
253:Description
113:Angiosperms
60:NatureServe
1883:Categories
1850:WisFlora:
1789:Plant List
1433:: 359β362.
1366:: 207β531.
1273:. Cronodon
1156:1870393481
1123:Retrieved
1086:Retrieved
1029:Retrieved
1007:Retrieved
988:2017-04-09
886:Retrieved
634:References
550:Ben Lawers
412:Latin word
239:herbaceous
149:Dipsacales
1894:Adoxaceae
1628:200022530
1615:200022530
1427:Mycotaxon
859:cite book
527:Snowdonia
420:musk deer
383:insularis
332:viburnums
318:Adoxaceae
242:perennial
223:moschatel
177:Species:
159:Adoxaceae
83:Kingdom:
1840:VASCAN:
1828:Tropicos
1719:2.160182
1693:10197760
1680:148240-1
1547:BioLib:
1498:Wikidata
1277:23 March
1066:23 March
888:31 March
786:31 March
604:R. Hedw.
495:hornbeam
347:Linnaeus
312:Taxonomy
267:petioles
259:rhizomes
155:Family:
139:Asterids
126:Eudicots
1771:1042115
1641:2888794
1540:277-1-1
1451:6 April
1406:7 April
1384:6 April
1343:6 April
1321:7 April
1299:7 April
1125:6 April
1088:6 April
1031:6 April
1009:6 April
823:1223927
531:juniper
439:Morocco
263:stolons
247:stolons
233:in the
227:species
225:, is a
165:Genus:
145:Order:
87:Plantae
58: (
56:Secure
1833:600001
1802:PLANTS
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1602:152407
1576:488744
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620:(syn.
580:sawfly
390:cescae
373:Bubani
357:p. 367
328:elders
290:drupes
235:family
1778:PFI:
1706:35348
1688:IRMNG
1667:55790
1597:EUNIS
1589:ADXMO
1563:655WH
1550:40479
1147:(PDF)
819:JSTOR
803:Taxon
561:moths
557:flies
519:elder
499:beech
461:telia
365:Scop.
323:Adoxa
170:Adoxa
133:Clade
120:Clade
107:Clade
94:Clade
1853:2438
1843:2434
1815:POWO
1807:ADMO
1781:5162
1758:6317
1745:4208
1740:NCBI
1701:ITIS
1675:IPNI
1649:GRIN
1636:GBIF
1584:EPPO
1453:2023
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1301:2023
1279:2020
1201:ISBN
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865:link
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663:2022
613:and
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570:The
525:and
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1727:NBN
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