526:
849:
against attempts to recover any historical stratum from these books; he reiterates Jacobi's opinion that for the intended audience of the text, South of the
Gangetic Plains was terra incognita where the hero can be made to cross over into the supernatural realm. He concludes: "As to the kingdoms of the demons and the monkeys, it is our conviction that they never existed anywhere except in the mind of the poets and more importantly, in the hearts of the countless millions who have been charmed and deeply moved by this strange work."
383:
244:
74:
236:
322:
225:
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In 2007, the Sri Lankan
Tourism Development Authority sought to promote religious tourism from Hindu pilgrims in India by including the phenomenon as one of the points on its "Ramayana Trail", celebrating the legend of Prince Rama. Some Sri Lankan historians have condemned the undertaking as "a gross
333:
In the vicinity of Adam's Bridge/Rama Setu, the water is typically only 1–3 m (3 ft 3 in – 9 ft 10 in) deep. Due to the shallow waters, Adam's Bridge presents a formidable hindrance to navigation through the Palk Strait. Though trade across the India–Sri Lanka divide has
1557:
Many attempts have been made to identify Lankā and
Kiskindhā, the vānaras' city, with real sites on mainland India, and especially to equate Rāvana's kingdom with the island in modern times renamed Śrī Lanka, but there is nothing in the first stage of the text to indicate that they are anything more
848:
Goldman and other scholars emphasise on the abrupt change of the narrative from Book Two (Ayodhyakanda) to Book Three (Aranyakanda) and onwards — that deals with Rama's efforts to bring back Sita and subsequent exploits in Lanka — from "pseudo-historical" to the "totally fantasied". Goldman cautions
367:
A more detailed marine survey of Adam's Bridge was undertaken in 1837 by lieutenants F. T. Powell, Ethersey, Grieve, and
Christopher, along with draughtsman Felix Jones, and operations to dredge the channel were recommenced the next year. However, these and subsequent efforts in the 19th century did
395:
constituted nine committees before independence, and five committees since then, to suggest alignments for a
Sethusamudram canal project. Most of them suggested land-based passages across Rameswaram island, and none recommended alignment across Adam's Bridge. The Sethusamudram project committee in
296:
The lack of comprehensive field studies explains many of the uncertainties regarding the nature and origin of Adam's Bridge. It mostly consists of a series of parallel ledges of sandstone and conglomerates that are hard at the surface and grow coarse and soft as they descend to sandy banks. The
591:
of Jaffna in presenting themselves as the guardians of the bridge. Nonetheless, two reputed medieval commentaries on the
Ramayana — Ramanujiya (drafted c. 1500 by Ramanuja) and Tattvadipika (drafted c. 1550 by Mahesvaratirtha) — continued to make a distinction between Lanka and Sri Lanka.
587:(r. late-8th century) pertaining to the conquest of Sri Lanka by one of his ancestors; as Ramayana took a life of its own under the succeeding Cholas, the identification profferred, justifying their imperial ambitions to invade the island. The link would then be co-opted by the
567:
In popular belief, Lanka is equated to present-day Sri Lanka. However, such a correspondence is not explicit in the
Ramayana and a few verses can even be held to be against such an identification; some Sanskrit sources of the first millennium emphasise on the distinction.
1840:"The mysterious bridge was nothing more than a 30 km long, naturally occurring chain of sandbanks called Adam's bridge", Hess had added. "NASA had been taking pictures of these shoals for years. Its images had never resulted in any scientific discovery in the area.
642:
episode, those claiming that Adam's Bridge was constructed based their arguments on vague speculation, false implications, and the point that – as with many geological formations – not every detail of its formation has been incontrovertibly settled. Indian
Geologist
491:
in Sri Lanka, and would be used for both industrial/economic purposes and to boost tourism. The bridge was first seriously proposed by the Indian and Sri Lankan governments in 2002, shelved after security-related objections by the then-Governor of
305:(ISRO) concludes that Adam's Bridge comprises 103 small patch reefs. One study tentatively concludes that there is insufficient evidence to indicate eustatic emergence and that the raised reef in southern India probably results from a local uplift.
442:. The political parties and organisations suggest alternate alignment for the channel that avoids damage to Adam's Bridge. The then state and central governments opposed such changes, with the Union Shipping Minister T. R Baalu, who belongs to the
270:, by around 7,000 years ago, the strait became submerged, including the region of Adam's Bridge/Rama Setu. The islands of Adam's Bridge became emergent again following sea level falls in the region from around 5,000 years ago to the present.
363:
records suggest that violent storms broke the link in 1480. Cotton suggested that the channel could be dredged to enable passage of ships, but nothing was done until 1828, when Major Sim directed the blasting and removal of some rocks.
334:
been active since at least the first millennium BC, it was limited to small boats and dinghies. Larger ocean-going vessels from the west have had to navigate around Sri Lanka to reach India's eastern coast. Eminent
British geographer
665:
images or photographs from orbit cannot provide direct information about the origin or age of a chain of islands, and certainly, cannot determine whether humans were involved in producing any of the patterns seen."
1282:"In these circumstances we have no doubt, whatever that the junction between the two sea should be effected by a Canal; and the idea of cutting a passage in the sea through Adam's Bridge should be abandoned.
616:
Religious beliefs that the geological structure was constructed by Rama have caused some controversy as believers reject the natural provenance of Adam's Bridge. S. Badrinarayanan, a former director of the
386:
Opposition parties demanded implementation of the
Sethusamudram canal project using one of the five alternative alignments considered earlier by the government, without damaging the structure of Adam's
359:, which separates the Indian mainland from the island of Rameswaram and forms the first link of Adam's Bridge. Geological evidence indicates that a land connection bridged this in the past, and some
266:(which reaches a maximum depth of only 35 m (115 ft)) was exposed as dry land connecting the mainland Indian subcontinent and Sri Lanka. Following the rise to present sea levels during the
1492:
1677:
2129:
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and a strong supporter of the project maintaining that the current proposal was economically viable and environmentally sustainable and that there were no other alternatives.
338:, who surveyed the region as a young officer in the late 18th century, suggested that a "navigable passage could be maintained by dredging the strait of Ramisseram [
685:
distortion of Sri Lankan history". The idea of Rama Setu as a sacred symbol to be appropriated for political purposes strengthened in the aftermath of protests against the
457:. Some organisations oppose this project on economic and environmental grounds and claim that proper scientific studies were not conducted before undertaking this project.
132:(northeast). Some regions of the bridge are dry, and the sea in the area rarely exceeds 1 metre (3 ft) in depth, making it quite difficult for boats to pass over it.
1804:
popular hegemonic culture had so successfully been able to impress upon many people that even scientific organisations were not ready to explore the myth around Ram Setu
1467:
344:]". However, little notice was given to his proposal, perhaps because it came from "so young and unknown an officer", and the idea was only revived 60 years later.
1265:
1935:
2376:
438:
organisations oppose dredging through the shoal on religious grounds. The contention is that Adam's Bridge is identified popularly as the causeway described in the
2386:
1703:
396:
1956 also strongly recommended to the Union government to use land passages instead of cutting Adam's Bridge because of the several advantages of land passage.
2381:
1780:
2406:
2396:
2371:
2366:
1574:. Princeton Library of Asian Translations. Vol. V: Sundarakāṇḍa. Translated by Goldman, Sally J.; Goldman. Princeton University Press. p. 359.
673:
found no evidence for the structure being anything but a natural formation. The Archaeological Survey of India and the government of India informed the
475:
is a proposed road and rail sea bridge and tunnel that would cross the Palk Strait roughly over, or parallel to, Adam's Bridge. It would span from
2082:
449:
Opposition to dredging through this causeway also stems from concerns over its impact on the area's ecology and marine wealth, potential loss of
1531:. Princeton Library of Asian Translations. Vol. I: Bālakāṇḍa. Translated by Goldman, Robert P. Princeton University Press. pp. 23–30.
1320:
43:
2391:
1964:
145:
496:, and revived for serious consideration in 2023. As of August 2024, its status is that the feasibility studies are nearing completion.
2122:
1907:
1662:
411:. The channel is expected to cut over 400 km (250 mi) (nearly 30 hours of shipping time) off the voyage around the island of
1985:
the Tourism Authority is imposing an artificial targeting a small segment of Indian travellers, specifically Hindu fundamentalists...
1827:
1058:
Bahuguna, Anjali; Nayak, Shailesh; Deshmukh, Benidhar (1 December 2003). "IRS views the Adams bridge (bridging India and Sri Lanka)".
2485:
2468:
583:
In extant historical sources, the equation between the two islands appears for the first time only in the Kasakudi Copper Plates of
183:
fell to earth — is located in Sri Lanka, and that Adam crossed over to peninsular India via the bridge after his expulsion from the
2453:
2117:
1390:
423:
1426:
580:; attempts to probe into its historicity were misguided. John Brockington, noted for his scholarship on Hindu epics, concurs.
262:) where sea levels reached a maximum of 120 m (390 ft) below present values, the entirety of the relatively shallow
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2540:
2312:
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1231:
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698:
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631:
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658:
400:
377:
2535:
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2401:
2039:
1266:"Use land based channel and do not cut through Adam bridge:Sethu samudram project committee report to Union Government"
661:. NASA noted: "The images reproduced on the websites may well be ours, but their interpretation is certainly not ours.
302:
1622:
912:
Ceylon: A General Description of the Island, Historical, Physical, Statistical. Containing the Most Recent Information
2570:
2431:
1579:
1249:
941:
1493:"Feasibility study on proposal to establish land connectivity with India in final stages, says Sri Lankan President"
572:— who edited the Princeton translation of the epic into English — characterises most of the Ramayana, including the
2560:
2545:
2345:
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said that its satellite photos had been egregiously misinterpreted to make this point during the protests against
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2443:
2256:
2068:
24:
1728:
2463:
2458:
2241:
2157:
670:
2099:
1018:"Evolution of Ramasetu region as a link between India and Sri Lanka during the late Pleistocene and Holocene"
216:. In popular belief, Lanka is equated to present-day Sri Lanka and the bridge is described as "Rama's Setu".
20:
2475:
2226:
2221:
121:. Geological evidence suggests that the bridge was formerly a land connection between India and Sri Lanka.
2353:
2246:
2177:
2448:
2436:
2358:
2236:
618:
2051:
879:
677:
in a 2007 affidavit that there was no historical proof of the bridge being built by Rama. In 2017 the
2525:
967:
443:
298:
2418:
1704:"Raptures over Ram Setu video underline what's wrong with our government and sections of the media"
1328:
525:
2575:
2530:
2167:
2162:
1852:
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than the product of the storytellers' imaginations, with little help even from travellers' tales.
1223:
916:
1972:
2325:
2320:
2091:
1678:"Indian Council of Historical Research to look for material evidence of Rama Setu - India News"
1376:
1294:
1192:
933:
Islam Translated: Literature, Conversion, and the Arabic Cosmopolis of South and Southeast Asia
674:
588:
419:
28:
1596:
1101:
D. R. Stoddart; C. S. Gopinadha Pillai (1972). "Raised Reefs of Ramanathapuram, South India".
931:
651:
era, where debates are largely focused on appeals to emotions rather than factual realities".
368:
not succeed in keeping the passage navigable for any vessels except those with a light draft.
2492:
2426:
1202:
1174:
360:
1145:
681:(ICHR) announced a pilot study into the origins of the structure, but went on to shelve it.
352:
2555:
2139:
2107:
1857:
1416:
709:
549:
510:
431:
427:
197:
8:
1999:"Hindu Nationalism and the (Not So Easy) Art of Being Outraged: The Ram Setu Controversy"
392:
289:. Pamban Island is accessed from the Indian mainland by the 2 km (1.2 mi) long
255:
1545:. Translated by Brockington, John; Brockington, Mary. London: Penguin. 2006. p. 9.
1394:
1217:
910:
2502:
2497:
1940:
1912:
1640:
1126:
1083:
995:
472:
466:
160:(lit. Bridge of the Sea). The name Adam's Bridge appeared probably around the time of
2580:
2152:
2016:
1788:
1602:
1575:
1546:
1227:
1196:
1151:
1118:
1087:
1075:
1037:
999:
987:
937:
826:
622:
569:
415:. This proposed channel's current alignment requires dredging through Adam's Bridge.
1755:
2006:
1448:
1110:
1067:
1029:
979:
796:
742:
983:
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2055:
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720:
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35:
874:
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2200:
2185:
811:
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662:
605:
584:
514:
356:
326:
259:
184:
176:
140:
125:
2519:
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2020:
1998:
1792:
1122:
1079:
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991:
714:
488:
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348:
335:
290:
286:
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114:
102:
58:
45:
2036:
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2205:
2147:
1598:
Banishment and Belonging: Exile and Diaspora in Sarandib, Lanka and Ceylon
1246:
834:
819:
804:
765:
750:
647:
described the ensuing media controversy as an "abhorrent" example of the "
2302:
2190:
2060:
703:
484:
476:
408:
404:
382:
278:
263:
129:
1033:
317:
Historical map of Adam's Bridge and environs, before the cyclone of 1964
2011:
1908:"Twenty research scholars to get training to find 'truth' of Ram Sethu"
1885:
1071:
1016:
Dubey, K.M.; Chaubey, A.K.; Gaur, A.S.; Joglekar, M.V. (January 2023).
648:
493:
247:
106:
1130:
243:
73:
1421:
412:
321:
235:
228:
161:
118:
95:
1100:
2297:
1601:. Asian Connections. Cambridge University Press. pp. 178–179.
1114:
539:
439:
313:
267:
192:
621:, a spokesman for the Indian government in a 2008 court case, the
293:. Mannar Island is connected to mainland Sri Lanka by a causeway.
224:
105:, also known as Rameswaram Island, off the south-eastern coast of
529:
A 20th-century painting depicting a scene from Ramayana, wherein
454:
450:
399:
In 2005, the government of India approved a multi-million dollar
1198:
General Sir Arthur Cotton, R. E., K. C. S. I.: His Life and Work
2195:
968:"Explorations in the Transmission of the Ramayana in Sri Lanka"
557:
530:
213:
1936:"ICHR not to conduct study whether Ram Setu man made, natural"
1417:"Thorium reserves to be disturbed if Ramar Sethu is destroyed"
124:
The feature is 48 km (30 mi) long and separates the
2287:
561:
520:
435:
274:
205:
172:
110:
98:
1659:"Ram himself destroyed Setu, govt tells SC - Times Of India"
2048:
654:
601:
553:
239:
NASA satellite photo: India on top, Sri Lanka at the bottom
209:
201:
180:
1781:"'Place faith in science, and not in faith-based culture'"
725:, 2022 action-adventure film inspired by the story of Rama
1295:"Ram Setu a matter of faith, needs to be protected: Lalu"
600:
Muslim tradition holds that Adam's Bridge was crossed by
453:
deposits in the area and increased risk of damage due to
340:
34:"Ram Setu" redirects here. For the 2022 Indian film, see
1351:"IndianExpress.com–Sethu: DMK chief sticks to his stand"
1015:
403:. This project aims to create a ship channel across the
371:
1615:
1057:
1103:
Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers
1641:"rediff.com: Adam's Bridge is a man-made structure"
1147:
Asia's Maritime Bead Trade: 300 B.C. to the Present
1965:"Selling off the history via the 'Ramayana Trail'"
1468:"Bridge that could boost India and Sri Lanka ties"
1729:"A bridge that Lord Ram built - myth or reality?"
1572:The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India
1543:Rāma the Steadfast: An Early Form of the Rāmāyaṇa
1529:The Rāmāyaṇa of Vālmīki: An Epic of Ancient India
611:
560:(monkeys or forest-dwellers) to reach the island
250:of the Palk Strait, showing water depth in metres
2517:
1971:. Colombo: Wijeya Newspapers Ltd. Archived from
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1169:
1167:
460:
1060:Journal of the Indian Society of Remote Sensing
2076:
2003:South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal
1511:
1164:
635:have claimed that the structure is man-made.
171:). This appears to have been premised on the
936:. University of Chicago Press. p. 136.
1143:
16:Chain of shoals between India and Sri Lanka
2090:
2083:
2069:
1753:
1377:"Latest India News @ NewKerala.Com, India"
972:South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies
706:, underwater rock formation in the Bahamas
196:(8th century BCE–3rd century CE) mentions
2469:Southwestern Sri Lanka rivers and streams
2049:Ram Sethu campaign by Hindu Organizations
2010:
1996:
1818:"Space photos no proof of Ram Setu: NASA"
1321:"Rama is 'divine personality' says Gowda"
1247:Sethusamudram Corporation Limited–History
499:
407:by dredging the shallow ocean floor near
1962:
1466:Raju, Adluri Subramanyam (8 July 2024).
908:
524:
424:All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
381:
320:
312:
297:Marine and Water Resources Group of the
242:
234:
223:
72:
1881:"No evidence to prove existence of Ram"
1676:Gohain, Manash Pratim (24 March 2017).
1569:
1526:
1137:
418:Indian political parties including the
219:
2518:
1675:
1633:
1215:
1209:
1185:
1173:
564:and rescue his wife Sita from Ravana.
2064:
1815:
1594:
1191:
965:
929:
679:Indian Council of Historical Research
576:, as "kind of elaborate fairy tale"
533:are shown building a bridge to Lanka.
308:
254:Due to lowered sea levels during the
1465:
1429:from the original on 12 October 2007
1053:
1051:
1011:
1009:
961:
959:
957:
955:
953:
923:
904:
902:
887:from the original on 13 January 2008
869:
867:
865:
687:Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project
659:Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project
401:Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project
378:Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project
372:Sethusamudram Shipping Canal Project
1756:"A Post-Truth Take on the Ram Setu"
1701:
1327:. 22 September 2007. Archived from
1268:. 30 September 2007. Archived from
1201:. Hodder & Stoughton. pp.
1181:. Trübner & co. pp. 21–23.
1094:
13:
1963:Kumarage, Achalie (23 July 2010).
1845:
1809:
699:Adam's Bridge Marine National Park
303:Indian Space Research Organisation
14:
2592:
2331:Divisional Secretariats Divisions
2030:
1816:Kumar, Arun (14 September 2007).
1661:. 23 October 2012. Archived from
1449:"The Sethusamudram canal project"
1216:Dawson, Llewellyn Styles (1885).
1048:
1006:
950:
899:
862:
604:following his expulsion from the
117:, off the north-western coast of
1570:Goldman, Robert P., ed. (1996).
1527:Goldman, Robert P., ed. (1984).
273:The bridge starts as a chain of
2037:Photo essay on the Palk Strait.
1990:
1956:
1928:
1900:
1873:
1773:
1747:
1721:
1695:
1669:
1651:
1588:
1563:
1535:
1485:
1459:
1441:
1409:
1383:
1369:
1343:
1313:
1287:
1258:
1240:
1179:The Imperial Gazetteer of India
915:. Chapman & Hall. pp.
909:Suckling, Horatio John (1876).
842:
25:Sethubandhanam (disambiguation)
2454:dry-zone dry evergreen forests
1997:Jaffrelot, Christophe (2008).
1150:. University of Hawaii Press.
790:
773:
736:
671:Archaeological Survey of India
612:Controversy over origin claims
1:
984:10.1080/00856401.2019.1631739
856:
461:Proposed Road and Rail Bridge
355:) was assigned to survey the
165:
156:) refers to the structure as
150:
146:Kitāb al-Masālik wa-l-Mamālik
21:Adams Bridge (disambiguation)
2551:Locations in Hindu mythology
2541:Landforms of Mannar District
717:, railway bridge in the area
135:
7:
1144:Francis Jr., Peter (2002).
835:
820:
805:
766:
751:
692:
504:
10:
2597:
2449:Deccan thorn scrub forests
1175:Hunter, Sir William Wilson
625:, and an episode from the
619:Geological Survey of India
537:The ancient Sanskrit epic
518:
508:
464:
375:
190:The ancient Sanskrit epic
77:From the air, looking west
33:
18:
2417:
2344:
2336:Grama Niladhari Divisions
2311:
2265:
2214:
2176:
2138:
2098:
966:Henry, Justin W. (2019).
830:
815:
800:
761:
746:
556:with aid from an army of
444:Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam
299:Space Applications Centre
285:. It ends at Sri Lanka's
2571:Purana temples of Vishnu
729:
595:
94:, is a chain of natural
2561:Transport in Rameswaram
2546:Landforms of Tamil Nadu
2168:Knuckles Mountain Range
2163:Hanthana Mountain Range
1252:14 October 2007 at the
880:Encyclopædia Britannica
552:constructed by the god
200:constructed by the god
2566:Places in the Ramayana
2536:India–Sri Lanka border
2387:North Western Province
2377:North Central Province
2092:Geography of Sri Lanka
1219:Memoirs of hydrography
675:Supreme Court of India
589:Aryacakravarti dynasty
534:
500:Religious significance
420:Bharatiya Janata Party
388:
330:
318:
258:(115,000–11,700 years
251:
240:
232:
231:image of Adam's Bridge
78:
29:Sethu (disambiguation)
930:Ricci, Ronit (2011).
528:
385:
361:Ramanathaswamy Temple
325:Pearl fishing in the
324:
316:
246:
238:
227:
179:— where the biblical
128:(southwest) from the
76:
2486:wildlife sanctuaries
2464:montane rain forests
2459:lowland rain forests
2432:environmental issues
2054:27 July 2010 at the
2042:5 April 2018 at the
710:Coral reefs in India
511:Rama Setu (Ramayana)
432:Janata Dal (Secular)
428:Rashtriya Janata Dal
220:Geological evolution
208:and rescue his wife
204:to reach the island
19:For other uses, see
1665:on 23 October 2012.
1645:specials.rediff.com
1391:"indianexpress.com"
1301:. 21 September 2007
1034:10.1017/qua.2022.41
1022:Quaternary Research
393:government of India
336:Major James Rennell
256:Last Glacial Period
55: /
2266:Bordering entities
2012:10.4000/samaj.1372
1941:The Times of India
1913:The Indian Express
1830:on 22 January 2008
1682:The Times of India
1595:Ricci, R. (2019).
1497:The Indian Express
1272:on 13 October 2007
1072:10.1007/BF03007343
669:A report from the
535:
473:Palk Strait Bridge
467:Palk Strait Bridge
389:
331:
319:
309:Transport corridor
252:
241:
233:
79:
59:9.1210°N 79.5217°E
2513:
2512:
2397:Southern Province
2382:Northern Province
2158:Central Highlands
2130:Natural disasters
1853:"Myth vs Science"
1702:Shahane, Girish.
1608:978-1-108-57211-8
1552:978-0-14-196029-6
1425:. 5 August 2007.
1233:978-0-665-68425-8
1157:978-0-8248-2332-0
623:Madras High Court
570:Robert P. Goldman
434:(JD(S)) and some
349:Sir Arthur Cotton
2588:
2526:Coromandel Coast
2407:Western Province
2372:Eastern Province
2367:Central Province
2113:Climatic regions
2085:
2078:
2071:
2062:
2061:
2025:
2024:
2014:
1994:
1988:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1960:
1954:
1953:
1951:
1949:
1932:
1926:
1925:
1923:
1921:
1904:
1898:
1897:
1895:
1893:
1877:
1871:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1861:. 5 October 2007
1849:
1843:
1842:
1837:
1835:
1826:. Archived from
1813:
1807:
1806:
1801:
1799:
1777:
1771:
1770:
1768:
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1325:MangaoreNews.com
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1787:. 6 May 2019.
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1623:"Adams Bridge"
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640:What on Earth?
632:What on Earth?
613:
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515:Sethubandhanam
506:
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465:Main article:
462:
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376:Main article:
373:
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357:Pamban channel
327:Gulf of Mannar
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260:Before Present
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141:Ibn Khordadbeh
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798:
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787:and variants.
786:
782:
779:also spelled
776:
770:
768:
759:
755:
753:
752:ādamgē pālama
744:
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715:Pamban Bridge
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300:
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288:
287:Mannar Island
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115:Mannar Island
112:
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103:Pamban Island
100:
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86:Rama's Bridge
83:
82:Adam's Bridge
75:
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68:
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30:
26:
22:
2392:Sabaragamuwa
2313:Subdivisions
2293:Indian Ocean
2272:
2148:Indian Plate
2002:
1992:
1984:
1977:. Retrieved
1973:the original
1969:Daily Mirror
1968:
1958:
1946:. Retrieved
1939:
1930:
1918:. Retrieved
1911:
1902:
1890:. Retrieved
1884:
1875:
1863:. Retrieved
1856:
1847:
1839:
1834:18 September
1832:. Retrieved
1828:the original
1821:
1811:
1803:
1796:. Retrieved
1784:
1775:
1763:. Retrieved
1759:
1749:
1737:. Retrieved
1732:
1723:
1711:. Retrieved
1707:
1697:
1685:. Retrieved
1681:
1671:
1663:the original
1653:
1644:
1635:
1626:
1617:
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1590:
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1565:
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1537:
1528:
1501:. Retrieved
1496:
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1475:. Retrieved
1471:
1461:
1452:
1443:
1433:24 September
1431:. Retrieved
1420:
1411:
1399:. Retrieved
1395:the original
1385:
1371:
1359:. Retrieved
1355:the original
1345:
1335:24 September
1333:. Retrieved
1329:the original
1324:
1315:
1305:24 September
1303:. Retrieved
1298:
1289:
1281:
1274:. Retrieved
1270:the original
1260:
1242:
1218:
1211:
1197:
1187:
1178:
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1139:
1106:
1102:
1096:
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1021:
975:
971:
932:
925:
911:
891:14 September
889:. Retrieved
878:
844:
833:
821:Irāmar pālam
818:
803:
792:
784:
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775:
764:
749:
738:
721:
683:
668:
653:
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546:Yuddhakanda,
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470:
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366:
346:
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295:
272:
253:
191:
189:
175:belief that
157:
144:
139:
123:
90:
89:
85:
81:
80:
40:
2556:Palk Strait
2419:Environment
2346:Settlements
2303:Palk Strait
1948:11 February
1028:: 166–176.
816:ராமர் பாலம்
762:ஆதாம் பாலம்
747:ආදම්ගේ පාලම
704:Bimini Road
574:Lanka Kanda
485:Talaimannar
477:Dhanushkodi
409:Dhanushkodi
405:Palk Strait
279:Dhanushkodi
264:Palk Strait
177:Adam's Peak
169: 1030
158:Set Bandhai
130:Palk Strait
62: /
2520:Categories
2444:ecoregions
2257:Waterfalls
1886:Rediff.com
1687:29 October
1401:8 February
1361:8 February
1276:15 October
857:References
801:රාමගේ පාලම
767:ātām pālam
649:post-truth
519:See also:
494:Tamil Nadu
426:(AIADMK),
248:Bathymetry
154: 850
107:Tamil Nadu
50:79°31′18″E
2326:Districts
2321:Provinces
2242:Mountains
2215:Landforms
2021:1960-6060
1858:Frontline
1793:0971-751X
1785:The Hindu
1708:Scroll.in
1477:26 August
1422:The Hindu
1123:0020-2754
1088:129785771
1080:0255-660X
1042:0033-5894
1000:201385559
992:0085-6401
785:Ramasethu
781:Ram Sethu
578:by design
548:mentions
413:Sri Lanka
351:(then an
347:In 1823,
329:, c. 1926
277:from the
229:Landsat 5
162:Al-Biruni
136:Etymology
119:Sri Lanka
96:limestone
91:Rama Setu
47:9°07′16″N
2581:Tombolos
2493:wildlife
2427:Forestry
2298:Palk Bay
2123:Wet Zone
2118:Dry Zone
2052:Archived
2040:Archived
1920:12 April
1892:12 April
1865:12 April
1765:10 April
1760:The Wire
1739:10 April
1427:Archived
1250:Archived
1195:(1900).
1177:(1886).
885:Archived
883:. 2007.
836:rāmasetu
827:Sanskrit
722:Ram Setu
693:See also
550:a bridge
540:Ramayana
505:Hinduism
455:tsunamis
440:Ramayana
268:Holocene
198:a bridge
193:Ramayana
101:between
2252:Valleys
2232:Lagoons
2227:Islands
2222:Beaches
2186:Highest
2140:Geology
2108:Climate
2100:Climate
1979:23 July
1798:7 March
1713:8 April
831:रामसेतु
797:Sinhala
743:Sinhala
638:In the
629:series
558:Vanaras
544:in the
531:vanaras
451:thorium
430:(RJD),
422:(BJP),
387:Bridge.
173:Islamic
2354:Cities
2247:Rivers
2019:
1791:
1605:
1578:
1549:
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