393:, Abu Abdallah's power grew considerably, and at the end of Muhammad III's reign he was regarded as the actual ruler of the realm. It is unclear exactly when or how he assumed absolute power, but it was due partly to the Sultan's blindness (or poor eyesight). In any case, Granada's foreign policy changed dramatically during Muhammad III's reign and Abu Abdallah's vizierate. The Sultan inherited a war against the Christian Crown of Castile, as well as an alliance with the Christian Kingdom of Aragon and the Muslim Marinid state. Muhammad II had captured several fortresses in the Castilian frontiers, and the new sultan followed up with a conquest of Bedmar two weeks after his accession. However, Granada soon sued for peace, resulting in the Treaty of Cordoba of August 1303. Signed by Abu Abdallah in the name of the Sultan, it established Muhammad III as a tribute-paying vassal of Castile, in exchange for the recognition of Granada's war gains. This antagonized Aragon, which, deprived of an ally, had to sign its own treaty later with Castile. In 1306, Granada conquered
332:, and a Nasrid attempt to retake Ronda by force failed, Abu Abdallah was sent to negotiate with his brothers. The negotiations appear to have been successful because they ended with the brothers resubmitting to Muhammad II and being allowed to continue ruling the city. The Banu al-Hakim family were the governors of Ronda until its conquest by
421:
of 708 AH (14 March 1309), an angry mob of
Granada's citizens attacked the palaces of both the Vizier and the Sultan. Abu Abdallah's palace was sacked, and he was killed by Ibn al-Mawl; his corpse was defiled by the mob and lost so that he could not be buried. The Sultan was allowed to leave but
404:
At court, Abu
Abdallah had become the most powerful man in the realm. The court poets dedicated their verses to him rather than the Sultan, and he lived an extravagant life in a palace full of riches. However, the people of Granada despised him because of his disastrous foreign policy and his
241:), after whom the entire lineage was subsequently named. Abu Abdallah had two older brothers, Abu Zakariya and Abu Ishaq, who remained in Ronda. They had large estates there and became the town's semi-autonomous rulers, recognizing first the overlordship of the
205:, and the Marinids. The citizens of Granada, angered by his policy and his extravagant lifestyle, invaded his palace and that of the sultan on 14 March 1309. The sultan was deposed, and Abu Abdallah was killed by his political rival
189:("holder of the two vizierates") when his co-vizier died in 1303. His power grew and at the end of his life he was the actual ruler of the emirate. He orchestrated a foreign policy change, first by making peace with
401:, but this upset Granada's neighbours so much that Aragon, Castile and the Marinids formed a coalition against it. Each of the three powers was larger than Granada, and they began their preparations for war.
373:
to succeed him on his death as the sole vizier. However, after Abu al-Sultan's death in 1303, Muhammad III named Abu
Abdallah as vizier anyway. Because he controlled the two powerful posts of vizier and
360:
66:
149:. While his brothers ruled his home town, he went east to study in major cities of the Islamic world in 1284, returning two years later. In 1287, he entered service in the court chancery of
397:
in North Africa from the
Marinids, and it was Abu Abdallah rather than the Sultan who visited the city after its conquest. In the short term, this strengthened Granada's control on the
272:, and several cities of North Africa, earning diplomas and assembling a considerable library. He particularly loved the study of poetry and often recited his own verses to Ibn Rushayd.
317:
from
Castile (1295). On another occasion, some verses satirizing the ruling dynasty circulated in the capital and were attributed to Abu Abdallah. The crown prince, the future
301:. His education impressed the Sultan, who invited him to enter his service in the capital, which he accepted in 1287. Abu Abdallah began his career in the court chancery as
166:(secretary). In addition to secretarial and literary work, he also served as mediator to reconcile his brothers with the sultan when they rebelled. He became a co-
370:
206:
78:
325:
to be severely punished forcing him to flee and hide in abandoned buildings. He returned to his job only after the prince's anger had subsided.
309:, the highest post in the chancery, responsible for composing and editing royal correspondence. He demonstrated his literary skill in writing a
717:
Fierro, Maribel (2014). "Ways of
Connecting with the Past: Genealogies of Nasrid Granada". In Savant, Sarah Bowen; de Felipe, Helena (eds.).
835:
845:
355:), a sultan with a mixed reputation for high culture, cruelty and a sense of humour. The new sultan appointed Abu Abdallah as co-
430:. Ibn al-Mawl became the new sultan's vizier, but he soon had to flee to North Africa because he felt his life was threatened.
762:
730:
706:
409:
Atiq ibn al-Mawl, whom he had passed over for the post of vizier, began a conspiracy against Abu
Abdallah and Muhammad III.
252:
Abu
Abdallah left his home town in 1284 for the eastern Islamic world, where he studied for many years. He and his friend,
820:
815:
788:
850:
773:
445:
825:
754:
830:
722:
840:
329:
318:
171:
54:
337:
281:
150:
333:
201:. These actions backfired and soon Granada was confronted with a triple alliance of Castile,
810:
805:
253:
8:
398:
280:
He returned to Ronda in 1286, while his friend continued his journey. When the Sultan,
142:
758:
726:
702:
226:
218:
190:
744:
701:. Historia de España VI (in Spanish). Madrid: Ediciones Istmo. pp. 391–485.
423:
222:
202:
198:
146:
127:
427:
314:
298:
799:
740:
449:
418:
328:
When his brothers defied
Muhammad II and declared for the Marinid sultan
124:
Abū ʿAbd Allāh Muḥammad ibn Abd al-Rahman ibn al-Ḥakīm al-Lakhmī al-Rundī
458:
and your battered corpse they cast away, but such was your hidden fate.
434:
460:
and if, my lord, you have no grave, still your tomb is in our hearts.
348:
Muhammad II died in 1302 and was succeeded by his son
Muhammad III (
719:
Genealogy and Knowledge in Muslim Societies: Understanding the Past
365:
269:
242:
291:), visited Ronda shortly after his return, Abu Abdallah recited a
750:
246:
111:
647:
635:
548:
383:
356:
293:
265:
182:
167:
139:
676:
674:
604:
602:
587:
536:
565:
563:
526:
524:
511:
509:
507:
505:
394:
261:
257:
230:
194:
162:
135:
99:
671:
659:
599:
145:. He was born to the Banu al-Hakim family, a branch of the
575:
560:
521:
502:
471:
456:
Unjustly they killed you, transgressing all decent bounds.
444:–1632) wrote a poem, which according to modern historians
625:
623:
621:
619:
617:
697:
Carrasco Manchado, Ana I. (2009). "Al-Andalus Nazarí".
343:
229:
in the 11th century. Abu Abdallah's ancestors moved to
492:
490:
488:
486:
614:
132:أبوعبدالله محمد بن عبدالرحمن بن الحكيم اللخمي الرّندي
297:
praising the Sultan's recent victory over the rebel
483:
221:) in Ronda. He was a descendant of a branch of the
696:
554:
217:Muḥammad ibn Abd al-Rahman was born in 1261 (660
134:) (1261 – 14 March 1309) was a scholar from
797:
452:could only refer to Abu Abdallah ibn al-Hakim:
771:
680:
665:
653:
641:
608:
593:
581:
569:
542:
530:
515:
477:
275:
422:forced to abdicate in favor of his brother
774:"El Du l-Wizaratayn Ibn al-Hakim de Ronda"
212:
798:
739:
716:
629:
496:
138:who became a leading official of the
109:14 March 1309 (aged 47–48)
344:Rise and downfall under Muhammad III
237:). One of them had become a doctor (
361:Abu al-Sultan ibn al-Mun'im al-Dani
131:
67:Abu al-Sultan ibn al-Mun'im al-Dani
13:
836:People from the Emirate of Granada
772:Rubiera Mata, María Jesús (1969).
14:
862:
846:Viziers of the Emirate of Granada
789:Spanish National Research Council
359:along with his father's vizier
350:
313:about the Sultan's conquest of
286:
176:
155:
426:; he was permitted to live in
18:13th-century Vizier of Grenada
1:
464:
438:
363:. The old vizier wanted the
7:
755:University of Chicago Press
746:Islamic Spain, 1250 to 1500
10:
867:
723:Edinburgh University Press
690:
276:Service under Muhammad II
260:, visited and studied in
197:in North Africa from the
117:
105:
93:
88:
84:
72:
60:
50:
39:
34:
30:
25:Abu Abdallah ibn al-Hakim
23:
821:14th-century Arab people
816:13th-century Arab people
446:María Jesús Rubiera Mata
412:
378:, he received the title
55:Muhammad III of Granada
787:. Madrid and Granada:
555:Carrasco Manchado 2009
462:
307:sahib al-qalam al-a'la
225:, which had ruled the
851:Poets from al-Andalus
454:
433:Later, the historian
213:Early life and origin
382:("holder of the two
254:Muhammad ibn Rushayd
170:on the accession of
826:13th-century births
656:, pp. 112–113.
644:, pp. 111–112.
596:, pp. 110–111.
545:, pp. 107–108.
399:Strait of Gibraltar
181:), and became sole
725:. pp. 71–88.
193:, and then taking
151:Sultan Muhammad II
143:Emirate of Granada
831:People from Ronda
764:978-0-226-31962-9
732:978-0-7486-4498-8
708:978-84-7090-431-8
681:Rubiera Mata 1969
666:Rubiera Mata 1969
654:Rubiera Mata 1969
642:Rubiera Mata 1969
609:Rubiera Mata 1969
594:Rubiera Mata 1969
582:Rubiera Mata 1969
570:Rubiera Mata 1969
543:Rubiera Mata 1969
531:Rubiera Mata 1969
516:Rubiera Mata 1969
478:Rubiera Mata 1969
391:dhu al-wizaratayn
380:dhu al-wizaratayn
369:(military chief)
245:and later of the
187:dhu al-wizaratayn
121:
120:
35:Vizier of Granada
858:
792:
778:
768:
736:
712:
684:
678:
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481:
475:
443:
440:
371:Atiq ibn al-Mawl
354:
353: 1302–1309
352:
290:
289: 1273–1302
288:
227:Taifa of Seville
207:Atiq ibn al-Mawl
180:
179: 1302–1309
178:
159:
158: 1273–1302
157:
133:
89:Personal details
79:Atiq ibn al-Mawl
75:
63:
44:
21:
20:
866:
865:
861:
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841:Abbadid dynasty
796:
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733:
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476:
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467:
459:
457:
441:
415:
405:lifestyle. The
349:
346:
330:Abu Yaqub Yusuf
285:
278:
223:Abbadid dynasty
215:
175:
154:
147:Abbadid dynasty
110:
98:
73:
61:
45:
40:
26:
19:
12:
11:
5:
864:
854:
853:
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843:
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823:
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794:
793:
783:(in Spanish).
769:
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737:
731:
714:
707:
692:
689:
686:
685:
683:, p. 115.
670:
668:, p. 114.
658:
646:
634:
632:, p. 170.
613:
611:, p. 111.
598:
586:
584:, p. 109.
574:
572:, p. 108.
559:
557:, p. 439.
547:
535:
533:, p. 107.
520:
518:, p. 106.
501:
482:
480:, p. 105.
469:
468:
466:
463:
414:
411:
345:
342:
321:, ordered the
303:katib al-insha
299:Banu Ashqilula
277:
274:
214:
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119:
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115:
114:
107:
103:
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28:
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24:
17:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
863:
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842:
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829:
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790:
786:
782:
775:
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766:
760:
756:
752:
748:
747:
742:
741:Harvey, L. P.
738:
734:
728:
724:
721:. Edinburgh:
720:
715:
710:
704:
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682:
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499:, p. 72.
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59:
56:
53:
49:
43:
38:
33:
29:
22:
16:
784:
780:
745:
718:
698:
661:
649:
637:
589:
577:
550:
538:
473:
455:
450:L. P. Harvey
432:
416:
406:
403:
390:
388:
379:
375:
364:
347:
338:Ferdinand II
327:
322:
319:Muhammad III
310:
306:
305:and then as
302:
292:
279:
251:
238:
234:
216:
186:
172:Muhammad III
161:
123:
122:
74:Succeeded by
41:
15:
811:1309 deaths
806:1261 births
630:Harvey 1992
497:Fierro 2014
442: 1578
419:Eid al-Fitr
282:Muhammad II
185:and titled
62:Preceded by
800:Categories
791:: 105–121.
781:Al-Andalus
699:Al-Andalus
465:References
435:al-Maqqari
384:vizierates
334:Isabella I
428:Almuñécar
340:in 1485.
46:1303–1309
42:In office
743:(1992).
270:Damascus
243:Marinids
233:(Arabic
199:Marinids
751:Chicago
691:Sources
315:Quesada
247:Nasrids
191:Castile
112:Granada
51:Monarch
761:
729:
705:
357:vizier
311:risala
294:qasida
266:Medina
203:Aragon
183:vizier
168:vizier
140:Nasrid
128:Arabic
777:(PDF)
413:Death
407:qa'id
395:Ceuta
386:").
376:katib
366:qa'id
323:katib
262:Mecca
258:Ceuta
239:hakim
235:Runda
231:Ronda
195:Ceuta
163:katib
160:) as
136:Ronda
100:Ronda
759:ISBN
727:ISBN
703:ISBN
448:and
424:Nasr
336:and
106:Died
97:1261
94:Born
417:On
389:As
256:of
802::
785:34
779:.
757:.
753::
749:.
673:^
616:^
601:^
562:^
523:^
504:^
485:^
439:c.
351:r.
287:r.
268:,
264:,
249:.
219:AH
209:.
177:r.
156:r.
130::
767:.
735:.
713:.
711:.
437:(
284:(
174:(
153:(
126:(
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