106:) was known to fur traders as "Feathers" (or "Painted Feathers"). After his father's death he adopted the name Aka-Omahkayii, although Europeans continued to call him "Feathers" or "Many Swans" to distinguish him from his father. The elder Aka-Omahkayii's retirement led to a dispute over the tribe's leadership between the younger Aka-Omahkayii and Big Man/Gros Blanc (O-mok-a-pee), who struck a more hostile position toward white traders and other Native American tribes. Despite his early success as a warrior and hunter, younger Aka-Omahkayii adopted his father's policies and worked to preserve peace among his people and the neighboring
133:. By 1810, Aka-Omahkayii was recognized as leader of at least 60 percent of the Siksiká. However, changes in the balance of power between the Blackfoot and neighboring tribes brought on in part by westward expansion of U.S. traders lead to increasing conflicts and military decline for the Siksiká.
90:
had consolidated power throughout he plains of what is modern-day
Montana, Alberta, and western Saskatchewan. He was known as a peacemaker who was open to trade with Europeans. Aka-Omahkayii realized that establishing a direct relationship with Euro-Canadian traders would benefit the Siksiká by
148:'s map of the Interior Parts of North America. Aka-Omahkayii's maps included significant details about the topography and inhabitants of the area, which proved helpful in expanding the Hudson's Bay Company activities in the region.
144:, including names of rivers, mountains, and peaks and travel time between them and information about 32 tribes populating the region. These drawings were later incorporated into the 1802 edition of
91:
bypassing Cree and
Assiniboine middlemen. As he grew older, Aka-Omahkayii was forced to step aside as chief, but he remained a respected elder of the tribe until his death following a fall in 1795.
178:), possibly a son or nephew of the younger Aka-Omahkayii, assumed leadership of what was called by Europeans "Old Feathers' Band" by 1822. He was described in 1858 by Dr.
125:
In 1800, Aka-Omahkayii allowed the Hudson's Bay
Company to establish the Chesterfield House trading post within the Blackfoot's wintering grounds at the confluence of the
114:
peoples, as well as with
European traders. By contrast, Big Man was openly hostile to other tribes and European traders, going so far as to participate in the 1793
682:
731:
716:
726:
646:
546:
440:
227:
86:] of this Nation and was respected and esteemed by all neighboring tribes." By the time Aka-Omahkayii was chief, the
583:"Indian Maps in the Hudson's Bay Company Archives: A Comparison of Five Area Maps Recorded by Peter Fidler, 1801-1802"
77:
721:
258:
155:
reported that Aka-Omahkayii had been shot and killed by "a man of their own nation but of another Tribe," likely a
621:
Mapping the
Liberal Impulse: The Primacy of Cartography in the Hudson's Bay Company's Imperial Project, 1749–1857
711:
32:
706:
582:
263:
286:
The
Journal of Duncan M'Gillivray of the North West Company at Fort George on the Saskatchewan, 1794–95
310:
Judy, Mark A. (1987). "Powder Keg on the Upper
Missouri: Sources of Blackfeet Hostility, 1730-1810".
130:
619:
152:
253:
636:
538:
531:
526:
428:
217:
183:
87:
8:
219:
Common and
Contested Ground: A Human and Environmental History of the Northwestern Plains
191:
504:
374:
327:
280:
73:
69:
346:
642:
542:
496:
436:
378:
366:
223:
488:
397:
358:
319:
145:
119:
284:
429:"Home, Away from Home: Old Swan, James Bird and the Edmonton District, 1795–1815"
683:"The Life of Chief Crowfoot of the Blackfoot, and bears along the train tracks"
160:
141:
126:
47:
700:
500:
370:
156:
136:
Around 1801, the younger Aka-Omahkayii drew for Hudson Bay
Company surveyor
638:
La mesure d'un continent: atlas historique de l'Amérique du Nord, 1492-1814
477:"The Gros Ventre in the Canadian Fur Trade: A Response to Thomas F. Schilz"
179:
137:
50:
362:
222:. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 174–175, 223.
115:
111:
508:
476:
331:
641:(in French). Paris, France: Presses Paris Sorbonne. pp. 206–207.
435:. Regina, Saskatchewan: University of Regina Press. pp. 147–170.
401:
635:
Litalien, Raymonde; Palomino, Jean-François; Vaugeois, Denis (2007).
492:
323:
289:. Toronto, Ontario: The Macmillan Company of Canada Ltd. p. 50
187:
529:. In Foster, John Elgin; Macleod, R.C.; Binnema, Theodore (eds.).
396:(MA). Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta. pp. 29–30.
394:
Conflict or
Cooperation? Blackfoot Trade Strategies, 1794–1815
537:. Edmonton, Alberta: University of Alberta Press. pp.
107:
82:
634:
562:
408:
94:
662:
347:"Old Swan, Big Man, and the Siksika Bands, 1794–1815"
194:
were guests at his encampment on the Red Deer River.
628:
520:
518:
456:
530:
515:
698:
613:
611:
279:
166:
37:
608:
275:
273:
211:
209:
207:
56:
248:
246:
182:as one of the three principal chiefs of the
574:
151:In October 1814, Hudson Bay Company trader
338:
305:
303:
270:
204:
617:
243:
190:and Na-to-sa-pi), and, in July 1859, the
426:
687:The Mountain Nature and Culture Podcast
680:
668:
580:
568:
524:
474:
462:
414:
391:
344:
300:
215:
140:a detailed map of the lands around the
80:, as "once the greatest Cheif [
699:
309:
95:Aka-Omahkayii/Old Swan (II)/Feathers
431:. In Marchildon, Gregory P. (ed.).
118:attack on the Hudson Bay Company's
13:
618:Chiarello, Michael Cesare (2014).
14:
743:
53:between the late 1700s and 1860.
732:Pre-Confederation Alberta people
259:Dictionary of Canadian Biography
681:Cameron, Ward (June 18, 2018).
674:
581:Beattie, Judith Hudson (1985).
468:
420:
385:
1:
717:Indigenous leaders in Alberta
197:
533:From Rupert's Land to Canada
173:
167:Aka-Omahkayii/Old Swan (III)
101:
88:Blackfoot/Plains Confederacy
63:
16:Name of three Siksiká chiefs
7:
264:University of Toronto Press
10:
748:
624:(MA). Carleton University.
525:Binnema, Theodore (2001).
475:Binnema, Theodore (1994).
392:Binnema, Theodore (1992).
351:Canadian Historical Review
345:Binnema, Theodore (1996).
216:Binnema, Theodore (2001).
57:Aka-Omahkayii/Old Swan (I)
38:
727:People from Rupert's Land
481:American Indian Quarterly
427:Bradford, Tolley (2008).
312:American Indian Quarterly
131:South Saskatchewan Rivers
61:The first Aka-Omahkayii (
46:), was the name of three
722:Native American leaders
527:"How Does a Map Mean?"
712:Siksika Nation people
363:10.3138/CHR-077-01-01
186:(the other two being
184:Blackfoot Confederacy
99:Aka-Omahkayii's son (
707:19th-century deaths
433:The Early Northwest
281:M'Gillivray, Duncan
262:(online ed.).
254:"A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye"
192:Palliser Expedition
104: October 1814
68:) was described by
66: January 1795
33:Blackfoot syllabics
417:, pp. 13, 20.
171:A third Old Swan (
74:North West Company
70:Duncan M'Gillivray
28:A-ca-oo-mah-ca-ye)
648:978-2-84050-550-1
596:(Winter): 166–175
571:, pp. 20–21.
548:978-0-88864-363-6
442:978-0-88977-207-6
402:10.7939/R3K35MN3G
229:978-0-8061-3361-4
36:
739:
691:
690:
678:
672:
666:
660:
659:
657:
655:
632:
626:
625:
615:
606:
605:
603:
601:
587:
578:
572:
566:
560:
559:
557:
555:
536:
522:
513:
512:
472:
466:
460:
454:
453:
451:
449:
424:
418:
412:
406:
405:
389:
383:
382:
342:
336:
335:
307:
298:
297:
295:
294:
277:
268:
267:
250:
241:
240:
238:
236:
213:
177:
176: 1859/1860
175:
146:Aaron Arrowsmith
120:Manchester House
105:
103:
67:
65:
41:
40:
31:
747:
746:
742:
741:
740:
738:
737:
736:
697:
696:
695:
694:
679:
675:
667:
663:
653:
651:
649:
633:
629:
616:
609:
599:
597:
585:
579:
575:
567:
563:
553:
551:
549:
523:
516:
493:10.2307/1185396
473:
469:
461:
457:
447:
445:
443:
425:
421:
413:
409:
390:
386:
343:
339:
324:10.2307/1183693
308:
301:
292:
290:
278:
271:
252:
251:
244:
234:
232:
230:
214:
205:
200:
172:
169:
100:
97:
62:
59:
17:
12:
11:
5:
745:
735:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
709:
693:
692:
673:
661:
647:
627:
607:
573:
561:
547:
514:
467:
455:
441:
419:
407:
384:
337:
318:(2): 127–144.
299:
269:
242:
228:
202:
201:
199:
196:
168:
165:
142:Upper Missouri
96:
93:
58:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
744:
733:
730:
728:
725:
723:
720:
718:
715:
713:
710:
708:
705:
704:
702:
688:
684:
677:
671:, p. 30.
670:
665:
650:
644:
640:
639:
631:
623:
622:
614:
612:
595:
591:
584:
577:
570:
565:
550:
544:
540:
535:
534:
528:
521:
519:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
486:
482:
478:
471:
465:, p. 43.
464:
459:
444:
438:
434:
430:
423:
416:
411:
403:
399:
395:
388:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
348:
341:
333:
329:
325:
321:
317:
313:
306:
304:
288:
287:
282:
276:
274:
265:
261:
260:
255:
249:
247:
231:
225:
221:
220:
212:
210:
208:
203:
195:
193:
189:
185:
181:
164:
162:
158:
154:
149:
147:
143:
139:
134:
132:
128:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
92:
89:
85:
84:
79:
75:
71:
54:
52:
49:
45:
34:
29:
25:
21:
20:Aka-Omahkayii
686:
676:
669:Binnema 1996
664:
652:. Retrieved
637:
630:
620:
600:November 26,
598:. Retrieved
593:
589:
576:
569:Binnema 1996
564:
552:. Retrieved
532:
484:
480:
470:
463:Binnema 1992
458:
446:. Retrieved
432:
422:
415:Binnema 1996
410:
393:
387:
357:(1): 11–12.
354:
350:
340:
315:
311:
291:. Retrieved
285:
266:. 1979–2016.
257:
233:. Retrieved
218:
180:James Hector
170:
150:
138:Peter Fidler
135:
124:
98:
81:
60:
43:
27:
23:
19:
18:
654:25 November
554:25 November
448:25 November
235:25 November
116:Gros Ventre
112:Assiniboine
78:Fort George
701:Categories
689:(Podcast).
590:Archivaria
487:(4): 535.
293:2022-07-07
198:References
153:James Bird
42:, meaning
501:0095-182X
379:161784713
371:0008-3755
76:clerk at
24:Ackomokki
283:(1929).
188:Crowfoot
127:Red Deer
44:Old Swan
39:ᖳᖿ ᖱᒍᑊᖿᔪ
539:201–227
509:1185396
332:1183693
48:Siksiká
22:(also:
645:
545:
507:
499:
439:
377:
369:
330:
226:
161:Peigan
157:Kainai
72:, the
51:chiefs
586:(PDF)
505:JSTOR
375:S2CID
328:JSTOR
656:2018
643:ISBN
602:2018
556:2018
543:ISBN
497:ISSN
450:2018
437:ISBN
367:ISSN
237:2018
224:ISBN
129:and
110:and
108:Cree
489:doi
398:doi
359:doi
320:doi
159:or
83:sic
26:or
703::
685:.
610:^
594:21
592:.
588:.
541:.
517:^
503:.
495:.
485:18
483:.
479:.
373:.
365:.
355:77
353:.
349:.
326:.
316:11
314:.
302:^
272:^
256:.
245:^
206:^
174:d.
163:.
122:.
102:d.
64:d.
658:.
604:.
558:.
511:.
491::
452:.
404:.
400::
381:.
361::
334:.
322::
296:.
239:.
35::
30:(
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.