941:
933:
102:
57:
137:
109:
81:
1072:(Assyria) had been responsible for gold and glazing works of the palace and for providing Lebanese cedar timber, respectively. The city and region of Ashur had once more gained a degree of militaristic and economic strength. Along with the Assyrians in Mada, a revolt took place in 520 BC but ultimately failed. Assyria seems to have recovered dramatically, and flourished during this period. It became a major agricultural and administrative centre of the Achaemenid Empire, and its soldiers were a mainstay of the Persian Army.
74:
960:
130:
410:
2113:
725:
949:
1670:"the Medes left Arrapha, attacked Kalhu (Nimrud) and Ninuwa (Nineveh), and continued rapidly northward to capture the nearby city of Tarbisu. Afterward, they went back down the Tigris and laid siege to the city of Assur. The Babylonian army came to the aid of the Medes only after the Medes had begun the decisive offensive against the city, capturing it, killing many of its residents, and taking many others captive."
1081:
1953:, The Assur-Project: A new Analysis of the Middle- and Neo-Assyrian Graves and Tombs, in: P. Matthiae – F. Pinnock – L. Nigro – N. Marchetti (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, May, 5th-10th 2008, "Sapienza" – Università di Roma. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010, Vol. 1, 913–923.
1956:
Barbara Feller, Seal Images and Social Status: Sealings on Middle
Assyrian Tablets from Ashur, in: P. Matthiae – F. Pinnock – L. Nigro – N. Marchetti (Ed.), Proceedings of the 6th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, May, 5th-10th 2008, "Sapienza" – Università di Roma.
1946:
Steven
Lundström, From six to seven Royal Tombs. The documentation of the Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft excavation at Assur (1903-1914) – Possibilities and limits of its reexamination, in: J.M. Córdoba et al. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near
1940:, The Assur-Project. An old excavation newly analyzed, in: J.M. Córdoba et al. (Ed.), Proceedings of the 5th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Madrid, April 3–8, 2006. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ediciones, Madrid 2008, Vol. II, 743–752.
1025:, was built, and the festivities celebrated in the city. Many of the kings were also buried beneath the Old Palace while some queens were buried in the other capitals such as the wife of Sargon, Ataliya. The city was sacked and largely destroyed during the decisive
1963:, The Assur Project: The Middle and Neo-Assyrian Graves and Tombs, in: R. Matthews – J. Curtis (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Congress on the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, London 2010. Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2012, Vol. 1, 93–108.
1010:(705–682 BC) abandoned the city, choosing to magnify Nineveh as his royal capital. The city of Ashur remained the religious center of the empire and continued to be revered as the holy crown of the empire, due to its temple of the national god
798:
increased, and the city of Ashur greatly benefited from its strategic location. Merchants would dispatch their merchandise via caravan into
Anatolia and trade primarily at Assyrian colonies in Anatolia, the primary one being at Karum Kanesh
1147:. Given that Christianity had begun to spread amongst the Assyrians throughout the Parthian era, the original Assyrian culture and religion persisted for some time, as proven by the inscriptions that include invocations to the gods
1104:
suggest Assur may have had outright independence in this period. New administrative buildings were erected to the north of the old city, and a palace to the south. The old temple dedicated to the national god of the
Assyrians Assur
1171:, as well as mentions of citizens having compound names that refer to Assyrian gods, such as ʾAssur-ḥēl (Ashur my strength), ʾAssur-emar (Ashur decreed/commanded), ʾAssur-ntan (Ashur gave ), and ʾAssur-šma' (Ashur has heard; cf.
1282:
report from
December 2016 after the Iraqi forces had retaken the area, said that the militants tried to destroy the city's grand entrance arches, but they remained standing and a local historian described the damage as "minor".
852:
and
Amorites from Assur and Assyria as a whole around 1720 BC, although little is known of his successors. Evidence of further building activity is known from a few centuries later, during the reign of a native king
887:
emulated his ancestor Adasi and overthrew the
Mitanni empire in 1365 BC. The Assyrians reaped the benefits of this triumph by taking control of the eastern portion of the Mitanni Empire, and later also annexing
1882:
1717:
1889:
Berliner Beiträge zum
Vorderen Orient. Seminar fur Altorientalische Philologie und Seminar für Vorderasiatische Altertumskunde der Freien Universität Berlin, Fachbereich Altertumswissenschaften.
1247:
in 2003, at which time the site was threatened by a looming large-scale dam project that would have submerged the ancient archaeological site. The dam project was put on hold shortly after the
940:
904:
territory. The following centuries witnessed the restoration of the old temples and palaces of Assur, and the city once more became the throne of an empire from 1365 BC to 1076 BC.
1194:. The existence of the latter Roman province is questioned by C.S. Lightfoot and F. Miller. In any case, just two years after the province's supposed creation, Trajan's successor
1732:
2140:
2145:
790:
in the city. Prosperity and independence produced the first significant fortifications in this period. As the region enjoyed relative peace and stability, trade between
627:
which encompassed what is today northern Iraq, north east Syria and south east Turkey. Today the
Assyrians are still found throughout the Middle East, particularly in
1274:, fears rose that Assur would be destroyed too. According to some sources, the citadel of Assur was destroyed or badly damaged in May 2015 by members of ISIL using
2057:
932:
739:
around the end of the 21st century BC according to the Middle
Chronology and mid-20th century according to the Short Chronology following increasing raids by
1969:, The Assyrian heartland, in: D.T. Potts (Ed.), A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester 2012, Vol. II, 851–866.
2170:
535:
in 2003 as a result of a proposed dam, which would flood some of the site. It has been further threatened by the conflict that erupted following the
1006:). Dur-Sharrukin was originally planned to be built on a scale set to surpass that of Ashurnasirpal's. He died in battle and his son and successor
809:'s (1813–1781 BC), Amorite ruler of the Kingdom of Upper Mesopotamia, conquered Assur and made it his religious capital (his primary capital being
594:
and the Bavarian Ministry of Culture in 1990. During the same period, in 1988 and 1989, the site was being worked by R. Dittmann on behalf of the
2200:
339:
1865:
1781:
101:
1116:
inscriptions from the remains of Ashur have yielded insight into the Parthian-era city with Assyria having its own Mesopotamian Aramaic
944:
A statue of the god Kidudu, guardian spirit of the wall of the city of Ashur. Circa 835 BC. From Ashur, Iraq. The British Museum, London
2050:
2024:, an exhibition catalog from The Metropolitan Museum of Art Libraries (fully available online as PDF), which contains material on Assur
1917:
Susan L. Marchand: Down from Olympus. Archaeology and Philhellenism in Germany 1750–1970. Princeton University Press, Princeton 1996.
1794:
1684:
1092:
period, particularly between 150 BC and 270 AD, its population expanding and it becoming an administrative centre of Parthian-ruled
2150:
1259:
755:
is credited with dedicating the first temple of the god Ashur in his home city, although this comes from a later inscription from
2180:
2175:
2135:
1286:
As of February 2023, a German archaeological team from Munich has resumed work at Assur. The work is focusing on the New City.
591:
1131:
German semiticist Klaus Beyer (1929-2014) published over 600 inscriptions from Mesopotamian towns and cities including Ashur,
2185:
2165:
2043:
1986:
1402:
857:, when the city was refortified and the southern districts incorporated into the main city defenses. Temples to the moon god
1651:
1635:
2066:
1667:
1255:
186:
924:(1115–1075 BC). The walled area of the city in the Middle Assyrian period made up some 1.2 square kilometres (300 acres).
1304:
520:
234:
2021:
1932:
1922:
1912:
1899:
1494:
1468:
1451:
1434:
583:
texts were discovered. The German archeologists brought objects they found to Berlin enhancing the collection of the
692:". Archaeology reveals the site of the city was occupied by the middle of the 3rd millennium BC. This was still the
2160:
2031:
1904:
Olaf Matthes: Zur Vorgeschichte der Ausgrabungen in Assur 1898-1903/05. MDOG Berlin 129, 1997, 9-27. ISSN 0342-118X
1244:
532:
346:
1515:
R. Dittmann, Ausgrabungen der Freien Universitat Berlin in Ashur und Kar-Tukulti-Ninurta in den Jahren 1986-1989,
2190:
1309:
595:
987:) following a series of successful campaigns and produced some of the greatest artworks in the form of colossal
73:
1782:
At the Iraqi Site of Assur, Ancient History Stands at Risk of Destruction - Smithsonian Magazine - January 2022
1821:
936:
An unfinished basalt statue of Shalmaneser III. From Assur, Iraq. 858–824 BCE. Ancient Orient Museum, Istanbul
1799:
1210:
1198:
restored Trajan's eastern conquests to the Parthians, preferring to live with him in peace and friendship.
817:). In this era, the Great Royal Palace was built, and the temple of Assur was expanded and enlarged with a
564:
869:
were built and dedicated through the 15th century BC. The city was subsequently subjugated by the king of
2022:
Assyrian origins: discoveries at Ashur on the Tigris: antiquities in the Vorderasiatisches Museum, Berlin
1275:
648:
1947:
East, Madrid, April 3–8, 2006. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid Ediciones, Madrid 2008, Vol. II, 445–463.
1615:
1588:
1561:
17:
559:
Exploration of the site of Assur began in 1898 by German archaeologists. Excavations began in 1900 by
1894:
Eva Cancik-Kirschbaum: Die Assyrer. Geschichte, Gesellschaft, Kultur. C.H.Beck Wissen, München 2003.
1319:
704:
temple, as well as at the Old Palace. In the subsequent period, the city was ruled by kings from the
129:
2195:
1191:
834:
747:. The native Akkadian-speaking Assyrian kings were now free while Sumer fell under the yoke of the
318:
2155:
1978:
652:
2030:, Recovering Assur. From the German Excavations of 1903–1914 to today's Assur Project in Berlin
2082:
1875:: Babylon. Die versunkene Weltstadt und ihr Ausgräber Robert Koldewey. de Gruyter, Berlin 1952.
655:
derivations of Assyria, and for many centuries applying only to Assyria and the Assyrians (see
489:
1392:
56:
1248:
540:
1751:
1231:
240 AD, whereafter the city was largely destroyed and much of its population was dispersed.
432:
1884:
Al-'Aqr, das islamische Assur. Ein Beitrag zur historischen Topographie Nordmesopotamiens.
1680:
8:
1463:
Walter Andrae, Die archaischen Ischtar-Tempel in Assur, JC Hinrichs, 1922, (1970 reprint
1030:
972:
877:
in the late 15th century, taking the gold and silver doors of the temple to his capital,
709:
560:
528:
513:
509:
493:
485:
282:
257:
160:
1907:
Peter A. Miglus: Das Wohngebiet von Assur, Stratigraphie und Architektur. Berlin 1996.
1859:
1179:
1061:
976:
841:
around 1756 BC, while the next three Assyrian kings were viewed as vassals of Babylon.
656:
404:
2012:
1992:
1982:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1895:
1490:
1464:
1447:
1430:
1398:
1324:
1206:
1053:
921:
905:
392:
2112:
1480:
Walter Andrae, Hethitische Inschriften auf Bleistreifen aus Assur, JC Hinrichs, 1924
2092:
1878:
1379:
1314:
1279:
964:
693:
443:
371:
700:
emerged. The oldest remains of the city were discovered in the foundations of the
2027:
1966:
1960:
1950:
1937:
1225:
1156:
1117:
1113:
1089:
884:
862:
858:
854:
713:
705:
664:
584:
568:
524:
469:
454:
421:
1795:"Iraq: Isis 'blows up Unesco world heritage Assyrian site of Ashur' near Tikrit"
519:
Occupation of the city itself continued for approximately 3,000 years, from the
2035:
1770:
1718:
C. S. Lightfoot, "Trajan's Parthian War and the Fourth-Century Perspective" in
1101:
1065:
1046:
806:
643:, and the Diaspora in the western world. Assur is also the origin of the names
1996:
1429:
Walter Andrae, Der Anu-Adad-Tempel in Assur, JC Hinrichs, 1909, (1984 reprint
2129:
1872:
1610:
1026:
999:
959:
838:
763:
756:
607:
572:
536:
201:
188:
1852:
Die aramäischen Inschriften aus Assur, Hatra und dem übrigen Ostmesopotamien
1489:
Walter Andrae, Das wiedererstandene Assur, 1938, JC Hinrichs, (1977 reprint
975:(912–605 BC), the royal residence was transferred to other Assyrian cities.
409:
1446:
Walter Andrae, Die Stelenreihen in Assur, JC Hinrichs, 1913, (1972 reprint
1202:
1132:
1120:
script, which was the same in terms of grammar and syntax as that found at
1097:
814:
497:
991:
statues and low-relief depictions of the royal court as well as battles.
735:
By the time the Neo-Sumerian Ur-III dynasty collapsed at the hands of the
1295:
1148:
1106:
1018:
1011:
1007:
874:
791:
779:
728:
620:
576:
417:
174:
1941:
1221:
1172:
1093:
878:
689:
501:
253:
1927:
Conrad Preusser: Die Paläste in Assur. Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1955, 1996.
800:
680:
According to the Oxford Companion to the Bible, Assur was "built on a
329:
1583:
1556:
1267:
1187:
1144:
1003:
995:
893:
849:
822:
810:
771:
681:
580:
496:(911–609 BC). The remains of the city lie on the western bank of the
623:
from which the natives took their name, as did the entire nation of
1655:
1639:
1299:
889:
818:
795:
775:
767:
748:
744:
724:
619:
is the name of the city, of the land ruled by the city, and of its
2102:
2087:
1516:
1214:
1195:
1168:
1164:
1125:
988:
953:
948:
901:
897:
870:
866:
830:
826:
740:
697:
624:
548:
1049:
as the dominant force in ancient Iran, Assyria was ruled by the
1506:
Excavations in Iraq 1989–1990, Iraq, vol. 53, pp. 169-182, 1991
1271:
1240:
1183:
1160:
1152:
1140:
1121:
1080:
1069:
1057:
1050:
984:
909:
787:
752:
701:
685:
660:
640:
544:
1262:
a number of ancient historical sites, including the cities of
383:
2097:
1263:
1136:
1034:
980:
845:
644:
636:
543:. Assur lies 65 kilometres (40 mi) south of the site of
908:(1244–1208 BC) also constructed a new temple to the goddess
1668:
The Fall and Rise of Jerusalem: Judah Under Babylonian Rule
917:
783:
736:
632:
628:
523:
to the mid-3rd century AD, when the city was sacked by the
505:
164:
1254:
The territory around the ancient site was occupied by the
778:
leaving inscriptions regarding the building of temples to
712:, the city was ruled by Assyrian governors subject to the
1529:
Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael D. (1993). "Assyria".
1342:
1340:
1201:
There were later Roman incursions into Mesopotamia under
913:
377:
590:
More recently, Ashur was excavated by B. Hrouda for the
27:
Former Assyrian capital, now archaeological site in Iraq
1654:"In 614 BC Assur was conquered by the Medes under king
1652:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
1638:"In 614 BC Assur was conquered by the Medes under king
1636:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
1109:) was rebuilt, as were temples to other Assyrian gods.
2011:
Schippmann, K. (1987). "ASSYRIA iii. Parthian Assur".
1337:
61:
American soldiers on guard at the ruins of Ashur, 2008
2141:
Populated places established in the 3rd millennium BC
1891:
Dietrich Reimer Verlag, Berlin 1996, pp. 259–285
688:
about 35 km (24 mi) north of its confluence with the
563:, and were continued in 1903–1913 by a team from the
380:
979:(884–859 BC) moved the capital from Assur to Kalhu (
462:
1397:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. p. 110.
766:founded a new dynasty, with his successors such as
374:
2146:Populated places disestablished in the 3rd century
1533:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64.
1411:
719:
500:, north of the confluence with its tributary, the
1887:In: Karin Bartl and Stefan hauser et al. (eds.):
1793:Mezzofiore, Gianluca; Limam, Arij (28 May 2015).
1741:, Volume 61, Issue 2 (December 2011), pp. 704-721
920:temple was established later during the reign of
2127:
2065:
1390:
1792:
1957:Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2010, Vol. 1, 721–729.
1371:
1359:
613:
2051:
1528:
833:conquered and incorporated the city into the
531:and was added to that organisation's list of
45:
39:
1190:the new Roman provinces of Mesopotamia and
998:(722–705 BC), a new capital began to rise:
2171:Buildings and structures destroyed by ISIL
2058:
2044:
2010:
1975:Ancient Assyria: A Very Short Introduction
1864:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
55:
1021:(705–682 BC), the House of the New Year,
1079:
958:
947:
939:
931:
821:. However, this empire met its end when
723:
2014:Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. II, Fasc. 8
1758:Die Provinzen von Caesar bis Diocletian
1045:After the Medes were overthrown by the
14:
2201:Populated places destroyed during wars
2128:
1972:
1417:
1346:
1186:formed from his conquests east of the
927:
592:Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich
554:
547:and 100 km (60 mi) south of
492:(1363–912 BC), and for a time, of the
2039:
1942:https://www.jstor.org/stable/41147573
1849:
1705:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1771:UNESCO World Heritage in Danger 2003
1608:
1581:
1554:
1380:Sumerian dictionary entry Aššur (GN)
1256:Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant
1209:, who set up the Roman provinces of
1040:
1029:, a major confrontation between the
425:
40:
1305:Chronology of the ancient Near East
1234:
751:. The historically unverified king
675:
659:) before also being applied to the
473:
458:
447:
46:
24:
2111:
1733:Simon Grote, "Another look at the
1537:
1182:wrote in about 370 that in AD 116
1075:
25:
2212:
2004:
1687:from the original on 14 July 2011
1683:. Nineveh.com. 4 September 1999.
1531:The Oxford Companion to the Bible
1220:Assur was captured and sacked by
119:Show map of West and Central Asia
1394:Religion and Ideology in Assyria
1391:Pongratz-Leisten, Beate (2015).
1245:List of World Heritage in Danger
1213:and the Neo-Assyrian kingdom of
844:Not long after, the native king
408:
370:
135:
128:
107:
100:
79:
72:
2151:1898 archaeological discoveries
1814:
1786:
1775:
1764:
1745:
1726:
1711:
1699:
1673:
1661:
1645:
1629:
1602:
1575:
1522:
1509:
1500:
1310:Cities of the ancient Near East
1258:(ISIL) in 2015. Since ISIL had
720:Old and Middle Assyrian Periods
596:Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
488:city-state (2025–1364 BC), the
2181:World Heritage Sites in Danger
2176:History of Saladin Governorate
2136:25th-century BC establishments
1609:Mark, Joshua J. (2014-07-05).
1582:Mark, Joshua J. (2014-08-03).
1555:Mark, Joshua J. (2014-06-30).
1483:
1474:
1457:
1440:
1423:
1384:
1352:
1124:and elsewhere in the state of
837:empire following the death of
684:cliff on the west bank of the
272:Inaccessible (in a war zone)
13:
1:
1843:
1722:, Vol. 80 (1990), pp. 115-126
1519:, vol. 122, pp. 157–171, 1990
1228:
1060:) from 549 BC to 330 BC (see
136:
116:Assur (West and Central Asia)
108:
80:
2186:World Heritage Sites in Iraq
2166:Archaeological sites in Iraq
2067:World Heritage Sites in Iraq
1800:International Business Times
1720:The Journal of Roman Studies
1276:improvised explosive devices
1088:The city revived during the
614:
565:Deutsche Orient-Gesellschaft
7:
1289:
663:and its inhabitants by the
649:terms for Syriac Christians
463:
10:
2217:
1616:World History Encyclopedia
1589:World History Encyclopedia
1562:World History Encyclopedia
1372:
1360:
1064:). The Assyrians of Mada (
670:
605:
436:
396:
283:UNESCO World Heritage Site
2109:
2073:
1822:"Iraq Assur | AP Archive"
1681:"Assyrians after Assyria"
1320:Short chronology timeline
1084:Parthian temple in Assur.
651:, these being originally
484:, was the capital of the
359:
355:
345:
335:
325:
313:
305:
297:
289:
280:
276:
268:
263:
248:
240:
230:
225:
217:
180:
170:
156:
66:
54:
35:
1330:
835:First Babylonian dynasty
731:in the 2nd millennium BC
508:, more precisely in the
2161:Ancient Assyrian cities
1979:Oxford University Press
1756:(Berlin 1885), vol. V (
1739:The Classical Quarterly
667:in the 3rd century BC.
601:
2191:Early Period (Assyria)
2117:
2083:Ahwar of Southern Iraq
1973:Radner, Karen (2015).
1085:
968:
956:
945:
937:
732:
490:Middle Assyrian Empire
293:Ashur (Qal'at Sherqat)
88:Shown within Near East
2115:
1850:Beyer, Klaus (1998).
1249:2003 invasion of Iraq
1083:
962:
951:
943:
935:
759:in the 13th century.
727:
541:2003 invasion of Iraq
521:Early Dynastic Period
235:Early Dynastic Period
202:35.45667°N 43.26250°E
91:Show map of Near East
1239:The site was put on
1178:The Roman historian
2017:. pp. 816–817.
1754:Römische Geschichte
973:Neo-Assyrian Empire
928:Neo-Assyrian Empire
762:In around 2000 BC,
710:Third Dynasty of Ur
575:. More than 16,000
561:Friedrich Delitzsch
555:History of research
529:World Heritage Site
514:Saladin Governorate
510:al-Shirqat District
494:Neo-Assyrian Empire
258:classical antiquity
198: /
161:Saladin Governorate
32:
2118:
1752:Theodore Mommsen,
1358:Also phonetically
1086:
1062:Achaemenid Assyria
994:With the reign of
977:Ashur-nasir-pal II
969:
967:, with an official
957:
946:
938:
865:) and the sun god
733:
657:Etymology of Syria
405:Assyrian cuneiform
326:Reference no.
269:Public access
207:35.45667; 43.26250
30:
2123:
2122:
1988:978-0-19-871590-0
1826:www.aparchive.com
1404:978-1-61451-426-8
1349:, pp. 7, 19.
1325:Assyrian homeland
1207:Septimius Severus
1096:. Assyriologists
1054:Achaemenid Empire
1041:Achaemenid Empire
922:Tiglath-Pileser I
906:Tukulti-Ninurta I
567:led initially by
504:, in what is now
476:), also known as
363:
362:
16:(Redirected from
2208:
2093:Citadel of Erbil
2060:
2053:
2046:
2037:
2036:
2018:
2000:
1879:Stefan Heidemann
1869:
1863:
1855:
1837:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1818:
1812:
1811:
1809:
1807:
1790:
1784:
1779:
1773:
1768:
1762:
1749:
1743:
1730:
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1027:battle of Assur
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885:Ashur-uballit I
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690:lower Zab River
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708:. During the
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571:and later by
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2116:Flag of Iraq
2077:
2013:
1977:. New York:
1974:
1888:
1883:
1851:
1830:. Retrieved
1828:. 2016-12-11
1825:
1816:
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1798:
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1675:
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1560:
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1420:, p. 2.
1413:
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1253:
1238:
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1203:Lucius Verus
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1133:Dura-Europos
1130:
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1098:Simo Parpola
1087:
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963:A relief of
883:
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815:Shubat-Enlil
805:
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734:
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612:
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589:
577:clay tablets
558:
518:
498:Tigris River
486:Old Assyrian
481:
477:
461:
450:
439:
428:
413:
365:
364:
351:2003–present
144:Assur (Iraq)
1418:Radner 2015
1347:Radner 2015
1296:Ashur (god)
1211:Mesopotamia
1139:, Gaddala,
1019:Sennacherib
1008:Sennacherib
875:Shaushtatar
850:Babylonians
792:Mesopotamia
729:Mesopotamia
433:Old Persian
340:Arab States
317:2003 (27th
205: /
181:Coordinates
175:Mesopotamia
2130:Categories
1997:1202732830
1854:. Germany.
1844:References
1832:2019-03-25
1735:Breviarium
1706:Beyer 1998
1622:2023-03-14
1595:2023-03-14
1568:2023-03-14
1222:Ardashir I
1205:and under
1173:Esarhaddon
1094:Assuristan
894:Babylonian
879:Washukanni
813:and later
502:Little Zab
347:Endangered
314:Designated
264:Site notes
254:Bronze Age
221:Settlement
193:43°15′45″E
190:35°27′24″N
1860:cite book
1806:24 August
1760:), p. 403
1268:Khorsabad
1260:destroyed
1188:Euphrates
1145:Tur Abdin
1112:Assyrian
996:Sargon II
952:A map of
823:Hammurabi
811:Ekallatum
772:Erishum I
714:Sumerians
696:, before
682:sandstone
581:cuneiform
241:Abandoned
1685:Archived
1656:Cyaxares
1640:Cyaxares
1300:Ashurism
1290:See also
1047:Persians
1037:armies.
1031:Assyrian
829:king of
819:ziggurat
796:Anatolia
776:Sargon I
768:Ilushuma
749:Amorites
745:Amorites
737:Elamites
459:אַשּׁוּר
437:𐎠𐎰𐎢𐎼
393:Sumerian
306:Criteria
301:Cultural
157:Location
2103:Samarra
2088:Babylon
1691:19 June
1557:"Ashur"
1224:of the
1215:Osroene
1196:Hadrian
1192:Assyria
1169:Shamash
1126:Osroene
1051:Persian
989:lamassu
971:In the
954:Assyria
902:Hurrian
898:Amorite
890:Hittite
871:Mitanni
867:Shamash
831:Babylon
827:Amorite
801:Kültepe
741:Gutians
698:Assyria
671:History
625:Assyria
549:Nineveh
512:of the
444:Persian
319:session
309:iii, iv
249:Periods
231:Founded
226:History
1995:
1985:
1931:
1921:
1911:
1898:
1493:
1467:
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1377:aš-šur
1361:𒀀𒇳𒊬
1272:Nimrud
1270:, and
1241:UNESCO
1184:Trajan
1180:Festus
1165:Tammuz
1161:Ishtar
1153:Nergal
1141:Tikrit
1122:Edessa
1118:Syriac
1070:Athura
1068:) and
1058:Athura
1035:Median
1004:Sargon
985:Nimrud
912:. The
910:Ishtar
825:, the
788:Ishtar
753:Ushpia
702:Ishtar
686:Tigris
661:Levant
641:Turkey
545:Nimrud
470:Arabic
464:ʾAššūr
455:Hebrew
422:Syriac
414:Aš-šur
399:AN.ŠAR
397:𒀭𒊹𒆠
336:Region
252:Early
171:Region
37:Aššur
2098:Hatra
2078:Assur
1365:a-šur
1331:Notes
1278:. An
1264:Hatra
1157:Nanna
1149:Ashur
1137:Hatra
1107:Ashur
1066:Media
1023:Akitu
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981:Calah
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846:Adasi
780:Ashur
645:Syria
637:Syria
615:Aššur
579:with
539:-led
478:Ashur
418:Aššur
366:Aššur
31:Assur
18:Aššur
1993:OCLC
1983:ISBN
1929:ISBN
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1896:ISBN
1866:link
1808:2015
1693:2011
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774:and
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647:and
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602:Name
506:Iraq
480:and
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448:آشور
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