533:
822:
Despite differences in culture, nationalities, and beliefs, these women believe that the lesson to be learned from
Muhammad in Medina is that Islam is above all an egalitarian religion. Their Medina is a society in which Muhammad designated women like Umm Waraqa as spiritual guides for the Ummah; in which the Prophet himself was sometimes publicly rebuked by his wives; in which women prayed and fought alongside the men; in which women like Aisha and Umm Salamah acted not only as religious but also as political—and on at least one occasion military—leaders; and in which the call to gather for prayer, bellowed from the rooftop of Muhammad's house, brought men and women together to kneel side by side and be blessed as a single undivided community.
585:, a young Muslim from the raiding party, had lagged behind for some reason. On his solo return journey to Medina, he came across Aisha sleeping on the ground by herself. He addressed her, let her ride on his camel while he guided it, and escorted her home to Medina. It was not until the morning that Muhammad's convoy realized that Aisha was not in her litter. And later, when they were taking a break from the hot midday sun, Aisha and Safwan ran into them. A rumor accusing Aisha of committing adultery with Safwan was spread by Abdullah Ibn Ubayy Ibn Salool. Moreover, it was said that she had conversed with him several times before. This rumor of adultery, if true, could have led to Aisha being
773:
1280:
810:"...to the values needed to lead and influence the sisterhood of Muslim women." After the death of Muhammad, Aisha was discovered to be a renowned source of hadiths, due to her qualities of intelligence and memory. Aisha conveyed ideas expressing Muhammad's practice (sunnah). She expressed herself as a role model to women, which can also be seen within some traditions attributed to her. The traditions regarding Aisha habitually opposed ideas unfavorable to women in efforts to elicit social change.
680:
501:, Aisha's age at marriage — and the involved Prophetic precedent — became the predominant explanation in explaining the backwardness of Muslim societies and their reticence to reforms. In response, some Muslims chose to align themselves with the projects of modernization and re-calculated her age — using deft stratagems of omission and commission — to fix it at early adolescence, but conservatives rejected such revisionist readings since they flew in the face of
4923:
883:
806:, marrying at least nine further wives. Muhammad's subsequent marriages were depicted purely as political matches rather than unions of sexual indulgence. In particular, Muhammad's unions with Aisha and Hafsa bint Umar associated him with two of the most significant leaders of the early Muslim community, Aisha's father, Abu Bakr, and Hafsa's father, ‘Umar ibn al-Khattāb.
897:
553:
permitting him to enter into marriages disallowed other men drew from her the retort, 'It seems to me your Lord hastens to satisfy your desire!'" Furthermore, Muhammad and Aisha had a strong intellectual relationship. Muhammad valued her keen memory and intelligence and so instructed his companions to draw some of their religious practices from her.
2604:"‘A’isha was eighteen years of age at the time when the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) died and she remained a widow for forty-eight years till she died at the age of sixty-seven. She saw the rules of four caliphs in her lifetime. She died in Ramadan 58 AH during the caliphate of Mu‘awiya..."
843:, a journey she made with several groups of women. For the last two years of her life, Aisha spent much of her time telling the stories of Muhammad, hoping to correct false passages that had become influential in formulating Islamic law. Due to this, Aisha's political influence continues to impact Muslims.
838:
After the defeat at the Battle of the Camel, Aisha retreated to Medina and became a teacher. Upon her arrival in Medina, Aisha retired from her public role in politics. Her discontinuation of public politics did not stop her political influence completely. Privately, Aisha continued influencing those
648:
who believe that Ali had been appointed by
Muhammad to lead while Sunni maintain that the public elected Abu Bakr. Abu Bakr had two advantages in achieving his new role: his long personal friendship with Muhammad and his role as a father-in-law. As caliph, Abu Bakr was the first to set guidelines for
630:
Aisha's importance to revitalizing the Arab tradition and leadership among the Arab women highlights her magnitude within Islam. Aisha became involved in the politics of early Islam and the first three caliphate reigns: Abu Bakr, ‘Umar, and ‘Uthman. During a time in Islam when women were not expected
604:
for their opinions. Usama vouched for Aisha's innocence, but Ali said, "Women abound; you can easily find a substitute. Ask her slave; she might reveal the truth." When the slave girl arrived, Ali beat her severely and said, "Mind you tell the apostle the truth." But her answer was that she knew only
552:
Various traditions reveal the mutual affection between
Muhammad and Aisha. He would often just sit and watch her and her friends play with dolls, and on occasion, he would even join them. "Aisha must have felt reasonably equal to and unawed by this prophet of God, for his announcement of a revelation
510:
From mid-20th century, amidst growing concerns of
Islamic extremism, as Muslim societies and Islam itself came under renewed scrutiny, pointed criticisms of Aisha's young age at marriage began to be abundant; this has since prompted many Muslim scholars to contextualize the traditionally accepted age
483:
writers, even in their condescending approach towards
Muhammad and Islam, were primarily concerned with Muhammad's embrace of polygamy and the ethics of marrying for political causes; the few who discussed Aisha's age chose to explain the age-gap by citing the contemporary understanding of the Orient
608:
Muhammad later visited Aisha at her parents' house and advised her to confess if she had sinned, as God was merciful towards those who seek repentance. It had been more than a month since Aisha had returned alone with Safwan. Despite
Muhammad's advice, Aisha refused to apologize as it would indicate
577:
from the successful operation, she went out to relieve herself. After doing so and returning to her litter, she realized that her necklace was missing, so she traced her way back to look for it. By the time she found it, the convoy had already left, thinking she was in the litter. Assuming that they
1103:
Scholars note the formation of an unprecedented political consciousness in Europe around the time, that created a moral imperative for the
Western elites to rescue the victims of Eastern barbarity. Additionally, these reforms were especially palatable to the colonial governments since they fostered
826:
Her intellectual contributions regarding the verbal texts of Islam were in time transcribed into written form, becoming the official history of Islam. After the death of
Muhammad, Aisha was regarded as the most reliable source in the teachings of hadith. Aisha's authentication of Muhammad's ways of
652:
Aisha garnered more special privileges in the
Islamic community for being known as both a wife of Muhammad and the daughter of the first caliph. Being the daughter of Abu Bakr tied Aisha to honorable titles earned from her father's strong dedication to Islam. For example, she was given the title of
548:
is described as
Muhammad's most beloved and favored wife; Sunni tradition places Aisha as second only to Khadija. There are several hadiths, or stories or sayings of Muhammad, that support this belief. One relates that when a companion asked Muhammad, "who is the person you love most in the world?"
809:
Aisha's marriage has given her significance among many within Islamic culture, becoming known as the most learned woman of her time. Being Muhammad's favorite wife after the late Khadija, Aisha occupied an important position in his life. When Muhammad married Aisha in her youth, she was accessible
592:
Upon their arrival in Medina, Aisha fell ill and sensed that Muhammad was uncharacteristically cold toward her. She only learned of the rumor some three weeks later when Umm Mistah told her on their way back from defecating in an open field at night, as was customary for Muslim women at that time.
478:
In Islamic literature, the young age of her marriage did not draw any significant discourse; nonetheless, Spellberg and Ali find the very mention of her age to be atypical of early Muslim biographers, and hypothesize a connotation to her virginity and, more than that, religious purity. Her age did
821:
The so-called Muslim women's movement is predicated on the idea that Muslim men, not Islam, have been responsible for the suppression of women's rights. For this reason, Muslim feminists throughout the world are advocating a return to the society Muhammad originally envisioned for his followers.
621:
Aisha remained Muhammad's favorite wife throughout his life. When he became ill and suspected that he was probably going to die, he began to ask his wives whose apartment he was to stay in next. They eventually figured out that he was trying to determine when he was due with Aisha, and they then
749:
When Ali could not execute those merely accused of Uthman's murder, Aisha delivered a fiery speech against him for not avenging the death of Uthman. The first to respond to Aisha was Abdullah ibn Aamar al-Hadhrami, the governor of Mecca during the reign of Uthman, and prominent members of the
593:
Aisha subsequently went to her mother, asking what the people were talking about, and she replied, "Daughter, be at peace, for I swear by God that no beautiful woman is married to a man who has other wives, but that these other wives would find fault with her." So Aisha cried all night long.
424:
was at first unsure about marrying his daughter to Muhammad; he thought they were brothers. Muhammad clarified that they were merely brothers in religion, and it was legal for him to marry Aisha. Aisha's engagement to Jubayr ibn Mut'im, a boy close to her age, was then annulled. Orientalist
549:
he responded, "Aisha." Others relate that Muhammad built Aisha's apartment so that her door opened directly into the mosque, and that she was the only woman with whom Muhammad received revelations. They bathed in the same water, and he prayed while she lay stretched out in front of him.
411:
Muhammad said that he had twice seen Aisha in his dreams, being carried in a silk cloth by an angel who told him that she would be his wife. Muhammad believed that if the dreams were from God, he would make them come true. Following the death of his first wife,
466:
notes Aisha to have stayed with her parents after the marriage and consummated the relationship at nine years of age since she was young and sexually immature at the time of marriage; however, elsewhere Tabari appears to suggest that she was born during the
664:
In 634 Abu Bakr fell sick and was unable to recover. Before his death, he appointed ‘Umar, one of his chief advisers, as the second caliph. Throughout ‘Umar's time in power Aisha continued to play the role of a consultant in political matters.
511:
of Aisha with renewed vigor emphasizing on cultural relativism, anachronism, the political dimensions of the marriage, Aisha's non-ordinary physique etc. Since the late-twentieth century, polemicists have used Aisha's age to accuse Muhammad of
839:
intertwined in the Islamic political sphere. Among the Islamic community, she was known as an intelligent woman who debated law with male companions. Aisha was also considered to be the embodiment of proper rituals while partaking in the
325:). She participated in the battle by giving speeches and leading troops on the back of her camel. She ended up losing the battle, but her involvement and determination left a lasting impression. Because of her involvement in this battle,
613:'s father, who had endured disbelief despite telling the truth and had no other choice but to remain patient. Shortly thereafter, Muhammad experienced a trance and received verses (Quran 24:11–15) that confirmed Aisha's innocence.
1134:
Ali notes the polarizing environment to have prompted even scholars and popular authors from the West to incorporate apologetics premised on anachronism and political implications, often at the cost of historical
3417:
631:
or wanted to contribute outside the household, Aisha delivered public speeches, became directly involved in a war and even battles, and helped both men and women to understand the practices of Muhammad.
1285:
1283:
742:. After killing Uthman, the rebels asked Ali to be the new caliph, although Ali was not involved in the murder of Uthman according to many reports. Ali reportedly initially refused the
784:
on the back of a large camel. Aisha's forces were defeated and an estimated 10,000 Muslims were killed in the battle, considered the first engagement where Muslims fought Muslims.
3316:
622:
allowed him to retire there. He remained in Aisha's apartment until his death, and his last breath was taken as he lay in the arms of Aisha, his second most beloved wife.
3372:
780:
Ali rallied supporters and fought Aisha's forces near Basra in 656. The battle is known as the Battle of the Camel, after the fact that Aisha directed her forces from a
769:. When her forces captured Basra she ordered the execution of 600 Muslims and 40 others, including Hakim ibn Jabala, who were put to death in the Grand Mosque of Basra.
4778:
1181:
219:; her age has been a source of ideological friction. Aisha had an important role in early Islamic history, both during Muhammad's life and after his death. In
791:, one of Ali's commanders. She subsequently retired to Medina with no more interference with the affairs of the state. She was also awarded a pension by Ali.
3148:
491:
Beginning late nineteenth century, with the East and its alleged immoralities subject to increasing opprobrium, the colonizing powers sought to regulate the
215:
Little is known about her childhood. A preponderance of classical sources converge on Aisha being 6 or 7 years old at the time of her marriage, and 9 at the
605:
good things about Aisha, with the single exception that when Aisha was entrusted with watching over a dough, she dozed off and allowed a sheep to eat it.
429:
suggests that Muhammad hoped to strengthen his ties with Abu Bakr; the strengthening of ties commonly served as a basis for marriage in Arabian culture.
450:
Islamic sources of the classical era list Aisha's age at the time of her marriage as six or seven and nine or ten at its consummation. In a hadith from
442:
to Medina (April 623). Some classical sources have Aisha speak of the marriage to have been executed in Medina itself without referencing to any delay.
3589:
1125:
Ali finds an exception in "traditional S. Asian biographers" who maintain outright frankness in noting the "practicalities" of marrying a virgin girl.
4954:
644:
After Muhammad's death in 632, Abu Bakr was appointed as the first caliph. This matter of succession to Muhammad is extremely controversial to the
4165:
3544:(Spring 2001). "Discourses on Women's Biographies and Cultural Identity: Twentieth-Century Representations of the Life of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr".
772:
243:. Her intellect and knowledge in various subjects, including poetry and medicine, were highly praised by early scholars and luminaries such as
738:
In 656, Uthman house was put under siege by about 1000 rebels. Eventually the rebels broke into the house and murdered Uthman, provoking the
532:
223:
tradition, Aisha is portrayed as scholarly, intelligent and inquisitive. She contributed to the spread of Muhammad's message and served the
2634:
827:
prayer and his recitation of the Qur'an allowed for the development of knowledge of his sunnah of praying and reading verses of the Quran.
787:
After 110 days of the conflict, Ali met Aisha with reconciliation. He sent her back to Medina under military escort headed by her brother
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not interest later Muslim scholars either, and went unremarked-upon even by medieval and early-modern Christian polemicists. Early
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Spellberg argues that Aisha's political influence helped promote her father, Abu Bakr, to the caliphate after Muhammad's death.
802:
After 25 years of a monogamous relationship with his first wife, Khadija bint Khuwaylid, Muhammad participated in nine years of
458:'s biography holds her age at the time of marriage as between six and seven, and gives her age at consummation to be nine while
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Geissinger, Aisha (January 2011). "'A'isha bint Abi Bakr and her Contributions to the Formation of the Islamic Tradition".
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Aghaie, Kamran Scot (Winter 2005). "The Origins of the Sunnite-Shiite Divide and the Emergence of the Ta'ziyeh Tradition".
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All extant hadiths agree that Aisha was married to Muhammad in Mecca but the marriage was consummated only in the month of
4277:
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765:, confronted Ali's army, demanding the prosecution of Uthman's killers who had mingled with his army outside the city of
4169:
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the penetration of bureaucracy into hitherto-private affairs and aided in the construction of a governable nation-state.
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Although she retired to Medina, her forsaken efforts against the Rashidun Caliphate of Ali did not end the First Fitna.
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2669:(2014). "ʿĀʾisha bt. Abī Bakr". In Fleet, Kate; Krämer, Gudrun; Matringe, Denis; Nawas, John; Rowson, Everett (eds.).
377:. However, the historical reliability of both hadith and sira has been a topic of debate among some academic circles.
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4002:
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982:
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1069:. Like other wives of Muhammad, her name is sometimes prefixed by the honorific "Mother of the Believers" (Arabic:
291:), though she did also oppose those responsible for his assassination. She refused to recognize Uthman's successor
206:
3175:
4813:
3195:
5097:
3980:
3239:
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on the back of a camel. Aisha recounted that when the raiding party was resting at night on the way home to
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4311:
A Comprehensive Commentary on the Quran: Comprising Sale's Translation and Preliminary Discourse: Volume IV
3754:
3129:
5212:
5262:
5222:
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4806:
4576:
4008:
3941:
1209:
657:, meaning 'the truthful woman, daughter of the truthful man', a reference to Abu Bakr's support of the
609:
guilt. She told Muhammad that she could find no better parallel for her current situation than that of
17:
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3915:
Encyclopedia of Women and Islamic Cultures: Volume 5 – Practices, Interpretations and Representations
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342:
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4146:
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3157:
2872:
2650:
1144:
This is the generally accepted date, although the actual date of death is not known for certain.
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4840:
4612:
3746:
3505:
1113:
1094:
Ibn Sa'd notes Aisha to have boasted of her being the only virgin-wife before Muhammad himself.
1050:
758:
545:
413:
303:
35:
3794:
3773:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3295:
4846:
4743:
4556:
4026:
3665:
3523:
3291:
3097:
1204:
928:
788:
762:
569:
tribe, he brought along Aisha, who was 13 years old at the time. She was carried in a closed
307:
5172:
4864:
4706:
3598:
3468:
3119:
2862:
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would notice her absence and return to look for her, Aisha decided to stay where she was.
8:
5197:
5177:
5126:
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4068:
3828:
3513:
1235:
921:
915:
674:
366:
311:
244:
240:
232:
50:
4090:
1176:
314:, after which she retired in Medina, became reconciled to Ali and did not oppose caliph
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4467:
3734:
3573:
3517:
3075:
2840:
684:
658:
582:
426:
417:
330:
248:
31:
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2826:
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2721:
2700:
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231:, not just on matters related to Muhammad's private life, but also on topics such as
116:
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3079:
4989:
4702:
4580:
4488:
4462:
4290:
4036:
3998:
3856:
Ishaq, Mohammad (1955). "Hakim bin Jabala — An heroic personality of early islam".
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3645:
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Misquoting Muhammad: The Challenge and Choices of Interpreting the Prophet's Legacy
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999:
993:
959:
902:
868:
610:
462:'s biography of Muhammad suggests she may have been ten years old at consummation.
451:
128:
4058:
3713:
Hallaq, Wael B. (1999). "The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadîth: A Pseudo-Problem".
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4351:
4330:
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The Veil and the Male Elite: A Feminist Interpretation Of Women's Rights In Islam
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3616:
3464:
Banking on Baghdad: Inside Iraq's 7,000-year History of War, Profit, and Conflict
3340:
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586:
541:
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338:
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4108:. Vol. 1. Translated by Siddiqui, Muhammad Iqbal. Lahore: Kazi Publication.
596:
Muhammad, despite his fondness for Aisha, was unsure of her innocence. He asked
369:. Hadiths were initially narrated orally before being collected and compiled by
5042:
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5003:
3960:
3933:
3071:
933:
597:
516:
503:
492:
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El-Azhari, Taef Kamal (2019). "Two Wives at the Same Time: Sawda and 'Aisha".
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community for 44 years after his death. She is also known for narrating 2,210
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4970:
4568:
4560:
4134:
3802:
3730:
3585:
3419:
Believing Women in Islam: Unreading Patriarchal Interpretations of the Qur'an
3350:
3058:
1214:
727:
566:
2065:
2063:
2061:
5063:
4534:
4493:
Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: The Legacy of 'A'isha Bint Abi Bakr
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3970:
3541:
3378:
2678:
2630:
888:
373:. In Islam, hadiths are regarded as fundamental sources second only to the
216:
91:
5079:
4469:
Politics, Gender, and the Islamic Past: the Legacy of A'isha bint Abi Bakr
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3690:
Price of Honor: Muslim Women Lift the Veil of Silence on the Islamic World
3038:
The Generalship of Muhammad: Battles and Campaigns of the Prophet of Allah
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2221:
2058:
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751:
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731:
718:
705:
696:
480:
455:
334:
315:
220:
179:
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3894:(in Arabic). Vol. 8. Translated by Aisha Bewley. Ta-Ha Publishers.
679:
475:), which would translate to an age of about twelve or more at marriage.
403:. No sources offer much more information about Aisha's childhood years.
361:
Biographical information on Muhammad and his companions are recorded in
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4870:
3869:
3738:
3577:
3368:
2801:
Muhammad's Mission: Religion, Politics, and Power at the Birth of Islam
1263:
814:
714:
645:
512:
468:
459:
348:
326:
4998:
4434:
Bosworth, C. E.; Donzel, E. van; Lewis, B.; Pellat, Ch., eds. (1991).
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Encyclopaedia of Islam, Volume VI (Mahk-Mid): [Fasc. 99-114a]
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3824:
3504:] (in German). Translated by Joel Carmichael and Moshe Perlmann.
2935:
Muhammad and the Empires of Faith: The Making of the Prophet of Islam
1640:
1080:
743:
463:
396:
280:). Aisha played a leading role in the opposition to the third caliph
173:
159:
4922:
4798:
3722:
3559:
2893:
Muhammad and Jesus: A Comparison of the Prophets and Their Teachings
5108:
5047:
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The Translation of the Meanings of Sahih Al-Bukhari: Arabic-English
1477:"Aisha was born at the beginning of the fourth year of prophethood"
862:
803:
688:
562:
421:
255:
209:
154:
139:
4174:. World Federation of Khoja Shia Ithna-Asheri Muslim Communities.
3502:
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2422:
433:
400:
224:
5141:
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4332:
Twenty-three Years: A Study of the Prophetic Career of Mohammad
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The Caliphate: Its Rise, Decline And Fall from Original Sources
3230:(in Arabic). Vol. 39. Translated by Ella Landau Tasseron.
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1688:
781:
776:
Aisha battling the fourth caliph Ali in the Battle of the Camel
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570:
497:
438:
362:
281:
266:
228:
112:
87:
3809:. Vol. 2A. Cambridge University Press. pp. 327–344.
3396:
Bahramian, Ali (2015). "ʿĀʾisha". In Madelung, Wilferd (ed.).
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5032:
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3020:. Translated by Khan, Muhammad M. Dar-us-Salam Publications.
2819:
Kloppenborg, Ria; Hanegraaff, Wouter J. (24 September 2018).
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965:
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374:
83:
79:
3276:. Harvard: Harvard University Press. pp. 133, 155–199.
2738:
Dreams and Divination from Byzantium to Baghdad, 400-1000 CE
2581:
2533:
2211:
2209:
2121:
2119:
2048:
2046:
2044:
454:, Aisha recollects having been married at six years of age.
3374:
No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam
2914:
Queens, Eunuchs and Concubines in Islamic History, 661-1257
2017:
1784:
1772:
1760:
1023:
1011:
1005:
840:
270:
236:
4512:
Women and the Transmission of Religious Knowledge in Islam
2346:
1630:
1628:
1615:
1613:
1367:
1365:
1329:
1020:
1002:
971:
639:
269:
to succeed Muhammad, and after two years was succeeded by
2569:
2281:
2233:
2206:
2196:
2194:
2116:
2041:
1957:
1319:
1317:
1315:
1313:
692:
691:. The divided phase relates to the Rashidun Caliphate of
601:
536:
Muhammad and Aisha freeing the daughter of a tribal chief
495:. As such efforts ran into conflicts with local forms of
292:
2506:
2334:
2148:
2146:
1945:
1600:
1598:
1406:
1182:
The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language
2557:
2363:
2181:
2179:
2177:
2175:
2173:
2158:
1981:
1873:
1849:
1625:
1610:
1362:
1300:
1298:
1157:
797:
746:, agreeing to rule only after his followers persisted.
3317:"History Shows the Importance of Women in Muslim Life"
3228:
Biographies of the Prophet's Companions and Successors
2312:
2310:
2308:
2191:
2131:
2005:
1993:
1969:
1861:
1803:
1801:
1799:
1700:
1664:
1652:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1430:
1310:
1268:
2818:
2607:
2545:
2523:
2521:
2458:
2410:
2143:
2104:
2029:
1837:
1595:
1583:
1418:
1032:
983:
2494:
2482:
2470:
2269:
2257:
2170:
2075:
1921:
1909:
1885:
1571:
1559:
1530:
1506:
1341:
1295:
1077:
1055:
878:
860:
488:
place, that promulgated sexually deviant practices.
346:
4067:] (in French). Translated by Mary Jo Lakeland.
3753:(in Arabic). Translated by Isma'il Ragi Al-Faruqi.
2305:
2245:
1933:
1897:
1825:
1813:
1796:
1542:
1518:
1494:
1482:
1454:
1394:
1384:
1382:
1380:
1014:
962:
925:(fictional work based loosely on Aisha's existence)
445:
4466:
4276:
4138:
4106:Sunan Nasa'i: English translation with Arabic Text
4104:Nasa'i, Imam Abu Abd-ur-Rahman Ahmad, ed. (1994).
3687:
3597:
2717:Advancing the Legal Status of Women in Islamic Law
2670:
2518:
2446:
2434:
2322:
1748:
1712:
1676:
1442:
4353:Women and the Koran: The Status of Women in Islam
4171:A Restatement of the History of Islam and Muslims
2097:The Commentary on the Quran, vol. 1, by al-Tabari
1736:
5159:
4698:The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions
3976:Muhammad: His Life Based on the Earliest Sources
3590:"A'ishah in the Islamic World: Past and Present"
3016:al-Bukhari, Muhammed Ibn Ismaiel (1 June 1997).
1377:
4433:
515:and to explain a reported higher prevalence of
420:suggested that he marry Aisha. Aisha's father
4948:
4814:
3498:Geschichte der Islamischen Volker und Staaten
3270:Ali, Kecia (2014). "Mother of the Faithful".
2917:. Edinburgh University Press. pp. 24–5.
527:
4694:
4416:Islam and Society: Sociological Explorations
4287:Encyclopedia of Women & Islamic Cultures
4258:Encyclopedia of Islam & the Muslim World
4214:Women in Islam and the Middle East: A Reader
3886:
1472:
565:and his followers carried out a raid on the
59:
4774:(translated from the French by Anne Carter)
4166:"The Battle of Basra (the battle of Camel)"
4116:Islam: Its History, Teaching, and Practices
3775:Aisha: The Wife, The Companion, The Scholar
3492:
1274:
855:58 AH (16 July 678). She was 67 years old.
4955:
4941:
4821:
4807:
4528:
4103:
3858:Journal of the Pakistan Historical Society
3635:
3015:
2822:Female Stereotypes in Religious Traditions
2665:
2599:
2575:
2539:
2396:
2227:
2069:
4962:
4487:
4461:
4025:
3823:
3614:
3584:
3567:
3395:
3339:
3225:
3193:
3146:
2910:
2369:
2357:
2340:
2299:
2164:
1855:
1646:
1634:
1619:
1604:
1412:
1335:
1323:
1304:
1163:
556:
4754:
4555:
4113:Nigosian, Solomon A. (29 January 2004).
4112:
4053:
3997:
3771:
3621:. Oxford University Press. p. 101.
3203:(in Arabic). Vol. 9. Translated by
3156:(in Arabic). Vol. 7. Translated by
3114:
2994:
2952:
2839:
2587:
2428:
2402:
2239:
2215:
2200:
2137:
2125:
2052:
2023:
1999:
1987:
1879:
1867:
1424:
1175:
911:List of people related to Quranic verses
771:
678:
634:
531:
27:Muhammad's third wife (c. 613/614 – 678)
4682:
4666:
4133:
3932:
3682:
3540:
3034:
2931:
2776:
2476:
2384:
2316:
2152:
2110:
2035:
2011:
851:Aisha died at her home in Medina on 17
640:Role during first and second caliphates
406:
395:. She was the daughter of Abu Bakr and
14:
5160:
4726:Aïcha : La bien-aimée du prophète
4723:
4688:Role of Ayesha in the History of Islam
4509:
4412:
4391:
4370:
4349:
4328:
4307:
4274:
4255:
3908:
3868:
3745:
3712:
3412:
3055:
2889:
2847:. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Company.
2804:. Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG.
2755:
2713:
2692:
2629:
2613:
2328:
2287:
2263:
1963:
1939:
1927:
1915:
1891:
1843:
1589:
1577:
1565:
1553:
1536:
1512:
1500:
1460:
1448:
1371:
1289:
867:(night) prayer, and she was buried at
830:
4936:
4828:
4802:
4742:
4234:
4211:
4188:
4163:
3969:
3958:
3855:
3656:
3512:
3457:
3367:
3314:
3250:
3128:
3086:
2973:
2890:Phipps, William E. (6 October 2016).
2861:
2797:
2563:
2551:
2527:
2512:
2500:
2464:
2452:
2440:
2275:
2251:
2185:
2093:
2081:
1975:
1951:
1903:
1831:
1819:
1807:
1742:
1436:
1400:
1347:
1064:
4728:(in French). Editions SW Télémaque.
4707:10.1093/acref/9780192800947.001.0001
4629:
4601:
4529:Tabatabaei, Muhammad Husayn (1979).
4329:Bagley, F. R. C. (1 February 2013).
4085:
3792:
3346:Muhammad: A Biography of the Prophet
2734:
2488:
2416:
2390:
1524:
1488:
1388:
798:Contributions to Islam and influence
757:Aisha, along with an army including
616:
4419:. Melbourne University Publishing.
4278:"Rise of Islam: 6th to 9th century"
4235:Saeed, Abdullah (15 January 2008).
3300:. Ahamadiyya Anjuman Ishaat Islam.
3290:
3269:
2868:Muhammad: A Very Short Introduction
1790:
1778:
1766:
1754:
1730:
1718:
1706:
1694:
1682:
1670:
1658:
1359:Islamyat: a core text for students.
1070:
1045:
625:
60:
24:
4659:
4539:State University of New York Press
4371:Morgan, Diane (12 November 2009).
3232:State University of New York Press
3209:State University of New York Press
3162:State University of New York Press
2932:Anthony, Sean W. (21 April 2020).
2693:Leaman, Oliver (28 October 2005).
726: Region under the control of
713: Region under the control of
472:
200:
25:
5274:
3837:] (in Arabic). Translated by
3755:North American Trust Publications
3140:History of the Prophets and Kings
2995:Rodinson, Maxime (2 March 2021).
2777:Forward, Martin (24 April 1997).
2735:Neil, Bronwen (14 January 2021).
859:led her funeral prayer after the
446:Age at marriage and consummation
399:, two of Muhammad's most trusted
4921:
4748:The Life of Muhammad The Prophet
3772:Haylamaz, Resit (1 March 2013).
3650:10.1111/j.1749-8171.2010.00260.x
2593:
2230:, p. 285, vol. 5, no. 4141.
2072:, p. 232, vol. 6, no. 4750.
1138:
998:
958:
895:
881:
522:
5253:Women companions of the Prophet
4636:Muhammad: Prophet and Statesman
4141:In The Footsteps of The Prophet
3406:10.1163/1875-9831_isla_COM_0235
3150:The Foundation of The Community
3041:. University Press of Florida.
2759:Islam: Islam, gender and family
2639:. University of Chicago Press.
2375:
2087:
1466:
1353:
1128:
1119:
1107:
1097:
1088:
649:the new position of authority.
337:, Aisha is viewed as a leading
320:
297:
286:
275:
260:
143:
4750:. Darul Tabligh North America.
4573:The Cambridge History of Islam
4514:. Cambridge University Press.
4510:Sayeed, Asma (6 August 2013).
3981:Inner Traditions International
3938:A History of Islamic Societies
3807:The Cambridge History of Islam
3618:The Oxford Dictionary of Islam
3335:– via New America Media.
2977:The Life and Times of Muhammad
2974:Glubb, Sir John Bagot (2001).
2636:Aishah The Beloved of Muhammad
1256:
1241:Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary
1228:
1197:
1169:
951:
668:
13:
1:
4495:. Columbia University Press.
4473:. Columbia University Press.
4377:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
4308:Wherry, E. M. (4 July 2013).
3594:Oxford Islamic Studies Online
3315:Anwar, Jawed (4 April 2005).
3197:The Last Years of the Prophet
2798:Nagel, Tilman (6 July 2020).
1185:(5th ed.). HarperCollins
939:
389:
380:
195:
103:
71:
5208:Children of Rashidun caliphs
4119:. Indiana University Press.
3793:Holt, Peter Malcolm (1977).
3001:. New York Review of Books.
2938:. Univ of California Press.
2714:Samadi, Mona (25 May 2021).
2622:
1151:
212:'s third and youngest wife.
7:
5069:Bilquis, the Queen of Sheba
4701:. Oxford University Press.
4533:(in Arabic). Translated by
4392:Irving, Washington (2007).
4238:The Qur'an: An Introduction
4097:The Religious Tract Society
4032:Encyclopaedia of the Qur'ān
3615:Esposito, John L. (2004b).
3135:Tarikh al-Rusul wa al-Muluk
2780:Muhammad: A Short Biography
2762:. Taylor & Francis US.
2741:. Oxford University Press.
2696:The Qur'an: An Encyclopedia
1733:, p. 167-168, 170-171.
1697:, p. 158-159, 161-162.
1649:, p. 197-198 (Note 4).
1078:
1056:
874:
861:
347:
10:
5279:
4724:Chavel, Geneviève (2007).
4577:Cambridge University Press
4164:Razwy, Ali Ashgar (2001).
4009:Cambridge University Press
4004:The Succession to Muhammad
3942:Cambridge University Press
3797:. In Holt, Peter Malcolm;
3072:10.1162/105420405774763032
1210:Collins English Dictionary
672:
528:Relationship with Muhammad
356:
119:(present-day Saudi Arabia)
29:
5258:Burials at Jannat al-Baqī
5248:People of the First Fitna
5233:Women in war in West Asia
5228:Women in medieval warfare
5106:
5077:
5056:
5022:
4987:
4968:
4919:
4836:
4585:10.1017/CHOL9780521219464
4256:Shaikh, Sa‘diyya (2003).
3880:The Beginning and the End
3696:Little, Brown and Company
3569:2027/spo.0499697.0027.105
3424:University of Texas Press
2896:. Bloomsbury Publishing.
2783:. Oneworld Publications.
2756:Turner, Bryan S. (2003).
655:al-siddiqa bint al-Siddiq
341:and a teacher of several
166:
150:
135:
124:
99:
67:
58:
45:
5127:Mothers of the Believers
4883:Juwayriya bint al-Harith
4631:Watt, William Montgomery
4603:Watt, William Montgomery
4483:– via archive.org.
4195:Lynne Rienner Publishers
4069:Perseus Books Publishing
3662:The Great Arab Conquests
2956:The Wives of the Prophet
2845:Muhammad, Prophet of God
2699:. Taylor & Francis.
2431:, p. 107 & 111.
2302:, p. 679 & 682.
944:
846:
5183:7th-century Arab people
4901:Maymunah bint al-Harith
4684:'Askari, Murtada Sharif
4641:Oxford University Press
4608:ʿĀʾis̲h̲a Bint Abī Bakr
4398:. Wordsworth Editions.
4260:. Macmillan Reference.
4147:Oxford University Press
3959:Lewis, Bernard (1950).
3872:. "book 4, chapter 7".
3747:Haykal, Muhammad Husayn
3158:William Montgomery Watt
2980:. Cooper Square Press.
2953:al-Shati, Bint (2006).
2873:Oxford University Press
1793:, p. 187, 190-191.
1781:, p. 174, 188-189.
1769:, p. 173, 175-178.
182:(by marriage, disputed)
51:Mother of the Believers
4841:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
4613:Encyclopaedia of Islam
4557:Vaglieri, Laura Veccia
4350:Hekmat, Anwar (1997).
4275:Sonbol, Amira (2003).
4027:McAuliffe, Jane Dammen
3666:Hodder & Stoughton
3398:Encyclopaedia Islamica
3251:Aleem, Shamim (2007).
3035:Rodgers, Russ (2012).
2673:Encyclopaedia of Islam
1479:i.e., the year 613–614
1114:Abbas Mahmoud al-Aqqad
824:
777:
759:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
735:
557:Accusation of adultery
546:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
537:
414:Khadija bint Khuwaylid
331:negative view of Aisha
310:. She was defeated in
304:al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam
36:Aisha (disambiguation)
4963:Islamic honored women
4895:Ramla bint Abi Sufyan
4695:Bowker, John (2000).
4413:Hassan, Riaz (2013).
3875:Al-Bidaya wa'l-Nihaya
3841:. Oxford University.
3524:Oneworld Publications
3469:John Wiley & Sons
3273:The lives of Muhammad
3098:Yale University Press
3059:TDR: The Drama Review
1057:ʿĀʾisha bint Abī Bakr
929:Criticism of Muhammad
819:
789:Muhammad ibn Abi Bakr
775:
763:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
682:
635:Role during caliphate
535:
519:in Muslim societies.
308:Talha ibn Ubayd Allah
5238:Muslim female saints
5203:Daughters of caliphs
4871:Hind bint Abi Umayya
4865:Zaynab bint Khuzayma
4779:"Biography of Aisha"
4489:Spellberg, Denise A.
4356:. Prometheus Books.
4212:Roded, Ruth (2008).
4189:Roded, Ruth (1994).
3835:The Life of Muhammad
3751:The Life of Muhammad
3526:. pp. 142–148.
3514:Brown, Jonathan A.C.
3297:Muhammad the Prophet
3121:The Complete History
2863:Brown, Jonathan A.C.
407:Marriage to Muhammad
265:), became the first
199: 613/614
30:For other uses, see
5243:Angelic visionaries
5193:People of the Quran
5122:Halimah al-Sa'diyah
4889:Safiyya bint Huyayy
4853:Aisha bint Abi Bakr
4744:Rivzi, Sa'id Akhtar
4672:Democracy and Islam
3795:"The Nilotic Sudan"
3602:on 4 September 2018
3506:G. P. Putnam's Sons
3327:on 24 December 2013
3066:(4 (T188)): 42–47.
2590:, pp. 192–193.
2290:, pp. 502–503.
1966:, pp. 183–184.
1954:, pp. 133–134.
1116:in Egypt and others
922:The Jewel of Medina
841:pilgrimage to Mecca
831:Political influence
675:Battle of the Camel
581:Aisha related that
312:Battle of the Camel
192:Aisha bint Abi Bakr
5213:Family of Abu Bakr
4913:Maria bint Sham'ūn
4847:Sawdah bint Zam'ah
4785:on 1 February 2008
4060:Le Harem Politique
3882:] (in Arabic).
3799:Lambton, Ann K. S.
3226:al-Tabari (1998).
3194:al-Tabari (1990).
3160:; M. V. McDonald.
3147:al-Tabari (1987).
2515:, pp. 58–136.
2026:, p. 199–200.
1709:, p. 164-165.
1673:, p. 157-158.
1661:, p. 189-190.
1066:[ˈʕaːʔiʃa]
778:
736:
685:Rashidun Caliphate
583:Safwan ibn Muattal
538:
427:W. Montgomery Watt
418:Khawlah bint Hakim
385:Aisha was born in
249:Urwa ibn al-Zubayr
32:Aisha (given name)
5263:Arab women in war
5223:Wives of Muhammad
5188:7th-century women
5155:
5154:
4930:
4929:
4907:Rayhana bint Zayd
4877:Zaynab bint Jahsh
4830:Wives of Muhammad
4690:. Iran: Ansarian.
4502:978-0-231-07999-0
4463:Spellberg, Denise
4447:978-90-04-08112-3
4426:978-0-522-86256-0
4405:978-1-84022-573-0
4384:978-0-313-36026-8
4363:978-1-57392-162-6
4342:978-1-135-03041-4
4321:978-1-136-39281-8
4248:978-1-134-10294-5
4156:978-0-19-530880-8
4126:978-0-253-11074-9
3999:Madelung, Wilferd
3830:Sirat Rasul Allah
3816:978-0-521-29137-8
3658:Glubb, John Bagot
3628:978-0-19-975726-8
3586:Esposito, John L.
3494:Brockelmann, Carl
3116:al-Athir, Ali ibn
3048:978-0-8130-3766-0
3027:978-9960-717-31-9
3008:978-1-68137-493-2
2987:978-0-8154-1176-5
2966:978-1-59333-398-0
2959:. Gorgias Press.
2945:978-0-520-97452-4
2924:978-1-4744-2318-2
2903:978-1-4742-8935-1
2882:978-0-19-955928-2
2854:978-0-8028-0754-0
2832:978-90-04-37888-9
2811:978-3-11-067498-9
2790:978-1-85168-131-0
2769:978-0-415-12350-1
2748:978-0-19-887114-9
2727:978-90-04-44695-3
2706:978-0-203-17644-3
2566:, pp. 47–75.
2542:, pp. 37–49.
2419:, pp. 67–68.
2360:, pp. 34–40.
1978:, pp. 51–52.
1439:, pp. 36–38.
1374:, pp. 27–29.
1338:, pp. 39–40.
1244:. Merriam-Webster
1076:
1054:
1046:عائشة بنت أبي بكر
1033:-shə, eye-
617:Death of Muhammad
542:Muslim traditions
471:(before 610
329:have a generally
189:
188:
117:Umayyad Caliphate
16:(Redirected from
5270:
4957:
4950:
4943:
4934:
4933:
4925:
4823:
4816:
4809:
4800:
4799:
4794:
4792:
4790:
4781:. Archived from
4773:
4756:Rodinson, Maxime
4751:
4739:
4720:
4691:
4679:
4654:
4626:
4611:(2nd ed.).
4598:
4559:(1977). "4". In
4552:
4525:
4506:
4484:
4472:
4458:
4456:
4454:
4430:
4409:
4388:
4367:
4346:
4325:
4304:
4291:Brill Publishers
4280:
4271:
4252:
4231:
4208:
4185:
4160:
4144:
4130:
4109:
4100:
4082:
4055:Mernissi, Fatema
4050:
4037:Brill Publishers
4022:
3994:
3966:
3962:Arabs in history
3955:
3940:(2nd ed.).
3929:
3905:
3883:
3865:
3852:
3839:Alfred Guillaume
3820:
3789:
3778:. Tughra Books.
3768:
3742:
3709:
3693:
3679:
3653:
3638:Religion Compass
3632:
3611:
3609:
3607:
3601:
3596:. Archived from
3581:
3571:
3547:Feminist Studies
3537:
3509:
3489:
3487:
3485:
3437:
3409:
3392:
3364:
3341:Armstrong, Karen
3336:
3334:
3332:
3323:. Archived from
3311:
3287:
3266:
3245:
3222:
3205:Ismail Poonawala
3202:
3190:
3188:
3186:
3180:
3174:. Archived from
3155:
3143:
3125:
3111:
3083:
3052:
3031:
3012:
2991:
2970:
2949:
2928:
2907:
2886:
2858:
2841:Peterson, Daniel
2836:
2815:
2794:
2773:
2752:
2731:
2710:
2689:
2687:
2685:
2676:
2667:Afsaruddin, Asma
2662:
2660:
2658:
2653:on 10 March 2014
2649:. Archived from
2617:
2611:
2605:
2597:
2591:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2561:
2555:
2549:
2543:
2537:
2531:
2525:
2516:
2510:
2504:
2498:
2492:
2486:
2480:
2474:
2468:
2462:
2456:
2450:
2444:
2438:
2432:
2426:
2420:
2414:
2408:
2405:, p. 19P.19
2399:, pp. 50–57
2393:, pp. 70–72
2379:
2373:
2367:
2361:
2355:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2303:
2297:
2291:
2285:
2279:
2273:
2267:
2261:
2255:
2249:
2243:
2242:, p. 89–90.
2237:
2231:
2225:
2219:
2218:, p. 202–3.
2213:
2204:
2198:
2189:
2183:
2168:
2162:
2156:
2150:
2141:
2135:
2129:
2128:, p. 201–2.
2123:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2101:
2091:
2085:
2079:
2073:
2067:
2056:
2055:, p. 200–1.
2050:
2039:
2033:
2027:
2021:
2015:
2009:
2003:
1997:
1991:
1985:
1979:
1973:
1967:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
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1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
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1847:
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1398:
1392:
1386:
1375:
1369:
1360:
1357:
1351:
1345:
1339:
1333:
1327:
1321:
1308:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1275:Brockelmann 1947
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
1253:
1251:
1249:
1232:
1226:
1225:
1223:
1221:
1201:
1195:
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1190:
1173:
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1136:
1132:
1126:
1123:
1117:
1111:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1092:
1086:
1084:
1075:romanized:
1074:
1072:
1068:
1063:
1059:
1049:
1047:
1036:
1030:
1029:
1026:
1025:
1022:
1019:
1016:
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1007:
1004:
997:
986:
981:
980:
977:
976:
973:
970:
967:
964:
955:
916:Muhammad's wives
905:
903:Biography portal
900:
899:
898:
891:
886:
885:
884:
869:al-Baqi cemetery
866:
725:
712:
703:
626:Political career
474:
452:Sahih al-Bukhari
394:
391:
352:
324:
322:
301:
299:
290:
288:
279:
277:
264:
262:
247:and her student
204:
202:
197:
145:
129:Al-Baqi Cemetery
108:
105:
76:
73:
63:
62:
53:
43:
42:
21:
5278:
5277:
5273:
5272:
5271:
5269:
5268:
5267:
5168:Islam and women
5158:
5157:
5156:
5151:
5147:Zaynab bint Ali
5102:
5073:
5052:
5018:
4988:Generations of
4983:
4969:Generations of
4964:
4961:
4931:
4926:
4917:
4859:Hafsa bint Umar
4832:
4827:
4797:
4788:
4786:
4777:
4770:
4736:
4717:
4676:Hansard Society
4662:
4660:Further reading
4657:
4651:
4623:
4595:
4575:. Vol. 1.
4549:
4522:
4503:
4481:
4452:
4450:
4448:
4427:
4406:
4385:
4364:
4343:
4322:
4301:
4289:. Vol. 1.
4268:
4249:
4228:
4205:
4182:
4157:
4127:
4079:
4047:
4035:. Vol. 1.
4019:
3991:
3952:
3934:Lapidus, Ira M.
3926:
3902:
3892:Women of Madina
3849:
3817:
3786:
3765:
3723:10.2307/1596086
3715:Studia Islamica
3706:
3676:
3629:
3605:
3603:
3560:10.2307/3178448
3534:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3434:
3389:
3361:
3330:
3328:
3308:
3284:
3263:
3255:. AuthorHouse.
3242:
3219:
3200:
3184:
3182:
3178:
3172:
3153:
3108:
3049:
3028:
3009:
2988:
2967:
2946:
2925:
2904:
2883:
2855:
2833:
2812:
2791:
2770:
2749:
2728:
2707:
2683:
2681:
2656:
2654:
2647:
2625:
2620:
2612:
2608:
2603:
2598:
2594:
2586:
2582:
2576:Geissinger 2011
2574:
2570:
2562:
2558:
2550:
2546:
2540:Geissinger 2011
2538:
2534:
2526:
2519:
2511:
2507:
2499:
2495:
2487:
2483:
2475:
2471:
2463:
2459:
2451:
2447:
2439:
2435:
2427:
2423:
2415:
2411:
2397:Tabatabaei 1979
2380:
2376:
2368:
2364:
2356:
2347:
2343:, pp. 4–5.
2339:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2315:
2306:
2298:
2294:
2286:
2282:
2274:
2270:
2262:
2258:
2250:
2246:
2238:
2234:
2228:al-Bukhari 1997
2226:
2222:
2214:
2207:
2199:
2192:
2184:
2171:
2163:
2159:
2151:
2144:
2136:
2132:
2124:
2117:
2109:
2105:
2092:
2088:
2080:
2076:
2070:al-Bukhari 1997
2068:
2059:
2051:
2042:
2034:
2030:
2022:
2018:
2010:
2006:
1998:
1994:
1986:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1958:
1950:
1946:
1938:
1934:
1926:
1922:
1914:
1910:
1902:
1898:
1890:
1886:
1878:
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1729:
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1705:
1701:
1693:
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1677:
1669:
1665:
1657:
1653:
1645:
1641:
1633:
1626:
1618:
1611:
1603:
1596:
1592:, pp. 3–9.
1588:
1584:
1576:
1572:
1564:
1560:
1552:
1543:
1535:
1531:
1523:
1519:
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1471:
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1133:
1129:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1102:
1098:
1093:
1089:
1061:
1034:
1010:
1001:
992:
991:
984:
961:
957:
956:
952:
947:
942:
901:
896:
894:
887:
882:
880:
877:
849:
833:
800:
734:
723:
721:
710:
708:
701:
677:
671:
659:Isra and Mi'raj
642:
637:
628:
619:
587:stoned to death
559:
530:
525:
448:
409:
392:
383:
371:Hadith scholars
359:
339:Islamic scholar
319:
296:
285:
274:
259:
207:Islamic prophet
198:
185:
158:
120:
110:
107: July 678
106:
95:
77:
74:
54:
49:
48:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5276:
5266:
5265:
5260:
5255:
5250:
5245:
5240:
5235:
5230:
5225:
5220:
5218:Child marriage
5215:
5210:
5205:
5200:
5195:
5190:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5170:
5153:
5152:
5150:
5149:
5144:
5139:
5134:
5129:
5124:
5119:
5113:
5111:
5104:
5103:
5101:
5100:
5095:
5090:
5084:
5082:
5075:
5074:
5072:
5071:
5066:
5060:
5058:
5057:Reign of Kings
5054:
5053:
5051:
5050:
5045:
5040:
5035:
5029:
5027:
5023:Generation of
5020:
5019:
5017:
5016:
5011:
5006:
5001:
4995:
4993:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4975:
4973:
4966:
4965:
4960:
4959:
4952:
4945:
4937:
4928:
4927:
4920:
4918:
4916:
4915:
4910:
4904:
4898:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4874:
4868:
4862:
4856:
4850:
4844:
4837:
4834:
4833:
4826:
4825:
4818:
4811:
4803:
4796:
4795:
4775:
4769:978-1565847521
4768:
4752:
4740:
4735:978-2753300552
4734:
4721:
4716:978-0192800947
4715:
4692:
4680:
4668:Afshare, Haleh
4663:
4661:
4658:
4656:
4655:
4650:978-0198810780
4649:
4627:
4622:978-9004161214
4621:
4599:
4594:978-1139055024
4593:
4569:Lewis, Bernard
4561:Holt, Peter M.
4553:
4548:978-0873952729
4547:
4526:
4520:
4507:
4501:
4485:
4480:978-0231079990
4479:
4459:
4446:
4431:
4425:
4410:
4404:
4389:
4383:
4368:
4362:
4347:
4341:
4326:
4320:
4305:
4300:978-9004113800
4299:
4272:
4267:978-0028656038
4266:
4253:
4247:
4232:
4227:978-1845113858
4226:
4209:
4204:978-1555874421
4203:
4186:
4181:978-0950987910
4180:
4161:
4155:
4135:Ramadan, Tariq
4131:
4125:
4110:
4101:
4083:
4078:978-0201632217
4077:
4051:
4046:978-9004147430
4045:
4023:
4018:978-0521646963
4017:
3995:
3990:978-1594771538
3989:
3967:
3956:
3951:978-0521779333
3950:
3930:
3925:978-9004132474
3924:
3912:, ed. (2007).
3906:
3901:978-1897940242
3900:
3884:
3866:
3853:
3848:978-0196360348
3847:
3821:
3815:
3803:Lewis, Bernard
3790:
3784:
3769:
3764:978-0892591374
3763:
3743:
3710:
3705:978-0452283770
3704:
3680:
3675:978-0340009383
3674:
3654:
3633:
3627:
3612:
3582:
3538:
3533:978-1780744209
3532:
3510:
3490:
3478:978-0914153122
3477:
3455:
3433:978-0292709041
3432:
3410:
3393:
3388:978-0385739757
3387:
3365:
3360:978-0062500144
3359:
3337:
3321:Muslims Weekly
3312:
3307:978-0913321072
3306:
3288:
3282:
3267:
3261:
3248:
3247:
3246:
3240:
3223:
3218:978-0887066917
3217:
3191:
3181:on 19 May 2017
3171:978-0887063442
3170:
3126:
3124:. Vol. 2.
3112:
3107:978-0300055832
3106:
3084:
3053:
3047:
3032:
3026:
3013:
3007:
2992:
2986:
2971:
2965:
2950:
2944:
2929:
2923:
2908:
2902:
2887:
2881:
2859:
2853:
2837:
2831:
2816:
2810:
2795:
2789:
2774:
2768:
2753:
2747:
2732:
2726:
2711:
2705:
2690:
2677:(3 ed.).
2663:
2646:978-0405053184
2645:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2618:
2606:
2592:
2580:
2568:
2556:
2554:, p. 136.
2544:
2532:
2517:
2505:
2493:
2491:, p. 261.
2481:
2469:
2467:, p. 320.
2457:
2445:
2433:
2421:
2409:
2407:
2406:
2400:
2394:
2388:
2374:
2370:Spellberg 1994
2362:
2358:Spellberg 1994
2345:
2341:Spellberg 1994
2333:
2321:
2304:
2300:Ibn Ishaq 1955
2292:
2280:
2278:, p. 339.
2268:
2256:
2244:
2232:
2220:
2205:
2190:
2188:, p. 265.
2169:
2165:Spellberg 1994
2157:
2142:
2130:
2115:
2103:
2086:
2084:, p. 264.
2074:
2057:
2040:
2028:
2016:
2014:, p. 121.
2004:
1992:
1990:, p. 104.
1980:
1968:
1956:
1944:
1932:
1920:
1908:
1896:
1884:
1882:, p. 107.
1872:
1860:
1856:McAuliffe 2001
1848:
1846:, p. 227.
1836:
1824:
1812:
1795:
1783:
1771:
1759:
1757:, p. 173.
1747:
1735:
1723:
1721:, p. 172.
1711:
1699:
1687:
1685:, p. 158.
1675:
1663:
1651:
1647:Spellberg 1994
1639:
1635:Spellberg 1994
1624:
1620:Spellberg 1994
1609:
1605:Bahramian 2015
1594:
1582:
1570:
1558:
1541:
1529:
1527:, p. 144.
1517:
1505:
1493:
1491:, p. 102.
1481:
1465:
1453:
1441:
1429:
1417:
1415:, p. 101.
1413:Esposito 2004b
1405:
1393:
1376:
1361:
1352:
1350:, p. 130.
1340:
1336:Spellberg 1996
1328:
1324:Spellberg 1994
1309:
1305:Esposito 2004a
1294:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1227:
1196:
1168:
1166:, p. 157.
1164:Spellberg 1994
1155:
1153:
1150:
1147:
1146:
1137:
1127:
1118:
1106:
1096:
1087:
949:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
937:
936:
934:Child marriage
931:
926:
918:
913:
907:
906:
892:
876:
873:
848:
845:
832:
829:
799:
796:
722:
709:
700:
673:Main article:
670:
667:
641:
638:
636:
633:
627:
624:
618:
615:
598:Usama ibn Zayd
558:
555:
529:
526:
524:
521:
517:child marriage
504:ʻilm al-ḥadīth
493:age of consent
447:
444:
408:
405:
393: 613–614
382:
379:
358:
355:
323: 661–680
300: 656–661
289: 644–656
278: 634–644
263: 632–634
187:
186:
184:
183:
177:
170:
168:
164:
163:
152:
148:
147:
146:620; died 632)
137:
133:
132:
126:
122:
121:
111:
101:
97:
96:
78:
75: 613/614
69:
65:
64:
56:
55:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5275:
5264:
5261:
5259:
5256:
5254:
5251:
5249:
5246:
5244:
5241:
5239:
5236:
5234:
5231:
5229:
5226:
5224:
5221:
5219:
5216:
5214:
5211:
5209:
5206:
5204:
5201:
5199:
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5194:
5191:
5189:
5186:
5184:
5181:
5179:
5176:
5174:
5171:
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5166:
5165:
5163:
5148:
5145:
5143:
5140:
5138:
5135:
5133:
5130:
5128:
5125:
5123:
5120:
5118:
5115:
5114:
5112:
5110:
5105:
5099:
5096:
5094:
5091:
5089:
5086:
5085:
5083:
5081:
5076:
5070:
5067:
5065:
5062:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5049:
5046:
5044:
5041:
5039:
5036:
5034:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5021:
5015:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5005:
5002:
5000:
4997:
4996:
4994:
4991:
4986:
4980:
4977:
4976:
4974:
4972:
4967:
4958:
4953:
4951:
4946:
4944:
4939:
4938:
4935:
4924:
4914:
4911:
4908:
4905:
4902:
4899:
4896:
4893:
4890:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4878:
4875:
4872:
4869:
4866:
4863:
4860:
4857:
4854:
4851:
4848:
4845:
4842:
4839:
4838:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4804:
4801:
4784:
4780:
4776:
4771:
4765:
4762:. New Press.
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4745:
4741:
4737:
4731:
4727:
4722:
4718:
4712:
4708:
4704:
4700:
4699:
4693:
4689:
4685:
4681:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4665:
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4652:
4646:
4642:
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4628:
4624:
4618:
4614:
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4609:
4604:
4600:
4596:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4558:
4554:
4550:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4531:Shi'ite Islam
4527:
4523:
4521:9781107031586
4517:
4513:
4508:
4504:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4476:
4471:
4470:
4464:
4460:
4449:
4443:
4439:
4438:
4432:
4428:
4422:
4418:
4417:
4411:
4407:
4401:
4397:
4396:
4390:
4386:
4380:
4376:
4375:
4369:
4365:
4359:
4355:
4354:
4348:
4344:
4338:
4335:. Routledge.
4334:
4333:
4327:
4323:
4317:
4314:. Routledge.
4313:
4312:
4306:
4302:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4279:
4273:
4269:
4263:
4259:
4254:
4250:
4244:
4241:. Routledge.
4240:
4239:
4233:
4229:
4223:
4219:
4215:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4196:
4192:
4187:
4183:
4177:
4173:
4172:
4167:
4162:
4158:
4152:
4148:
4143:
4142:
4136:
4132:
4128:
4122:
4118:
4117:
4111:
4107:
4102:
4098:
4094:
4093:
4088:
4087:Muir, William
4084:
4080:
4074:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4061:
4056:
4052:
4048:
4042:
4038:
4034:
4033:
4028:
4024:
4020:
4014:
4010:
4006:
4005:
4000:
3996:
3992:
3986:
3982:
3978:
3977:
3972:
3971:Lings, Martin
3968:
3964:
3963:
3957:
3953:
3947:
3943:
3939:
3935:
3931:
3927:
3921:
3917:
3916:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3897:
3893:
3889:
3885:
3881:
3877:
3876:
3871:
3867:
3864:(1): 138–150.
3863:
3859:
3854:
3850:
3844:
3840:
3836:
3832:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3812:
3808:
3804:
3800:
3796:
3791:
3787:
3785:9781597846554
3781:
3777:
3776:
3770:
3766:
3760:
3756:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3728:
3724:
3720:
3717:(89): 75–90.
3716:
3711:
3707:
3701:
3697:
3692:
3691:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3671:
3667:
3663:
3659:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3639:
3634:
3630:
3624:
3620:
3619:
3613:
3600:
3595:
3591:
3587:
3583:
3579:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3561:
3557:
3553:
3549:
3548:
3543:
3542:Elsadda, Hoda
3539:
3535:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3520:
3515:
3511:
3507:
3503:
3499:
3495:
3491:
3480:
3474:
3470:
3466:
3465:
3460:
3456:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3441:
3435:
3429:
3425:
3421:
3420:
3415:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3394:
3390:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3375:
3370:
3366:
3362:
3356:
3352:
3351:HarperCollins
3348:
3347:
3342:
3338:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3313:
3309:
3303:
3299:
3298:
3293:
3292:Ali, Muhammad
3289:
3285:
3283:9780674050600
3279:
3275:
3274:
3268:
3264:
3262:9781434323576
3258:
3254:
3249:
3243:
3237:
3233:
3229:
3224:
3220:
3214:
3210:
3206:
3199:
3198:
3192:
3177:
3173:
3167:
3163:
3159:
3152:
3151:
3145:
3144:
3141:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3127:
3123:
3122:
3117:
3113:
3109:
3103:
3099:
3095:
3094:
3089:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3060:
3054:
3050:
3044:
3040:
3039:
3033:
3029:
3023:
3019:
3014:
3010:
3004:
3000:
2999:
2993:
2989:
2983:
2979:
2978:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2947:
2941:
2937:
2936:
2930:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2915:
2909:
2905:
2899:
2895:
2894:
2888:
2884:
2878:
2874:
2870:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2850:
2846:
2842:
2838:
2834:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2803:
2802:
2796:
2792:
2786:
2782:
2781:
2775:
2771:
2765:
2761:
2760:
2754:
2750:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2733:
2729:
2723:
2719:
2718:
2712:
2708:
2702:
2698:
2697:
2691:
2680:
2675:
2674:
2668:
2664:
2652:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2637:
2632:
2631:Abbott, Nabia
2628:
2627:
2616:, p. 97.
2615:
2610:
2602:, p. 108
2601:
2596:
2589:
2588:Haylamaz 2013
2584:
2578:, p. 42.
2577:
2572:
2565:
2560:
2553:
2548:
2541:
2536:
2529:
2524:
2522:
2514:
2509:
2503:, p. 34.
2502:
2497:
2490:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2466:
2461:
2454:
2449:
2442:
2437:
2430:
2429:Madelung 1997
2425:
2418:
2413:
2404:
2403:al-Athir 1231
2401:
2398:
2395:
2392:
2389:
2386:
2383:
2382:
2378:
2372:, p. 33.
2371:
2366:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2342:
2337:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2311:
2309:
2301:
2296:
2289:
2284:
2277:
2272:
2266:, p. 69.
2265:
2260:
2254:, p. 58.
2253:
2248:
2241:
2240:al-Shati 2006
2236:
2229:
2224:
2217:
2216:Rodinson 2021
2212:
2210:
2203:, p. 88.
2202:
2201:al-Shati 2006
2197:
2195:
2187:
2182:
2180:
2178:
2176:
2174:
2167:, p. 70.
2166:
2161:
2155:, p. 90.
2154:
2149:
2147:
2140:, p. 87.
2139:
2138:al-Shati 2006
2134:
2127:
2126:Rodinson 2021
2122:
2120:
2113:, p. 67.
2112:
2107:
2099:
2098:
2090:
2083:
2078:
2071:
2066:
2064:
2062:
2054:
2053:Rodinson 2021
2049:
2047:
2045:
2038:, p. 66.
2037:
2032:
2025:
2024:Rodinson 2021
2020:
2013:
2008:
2002:, p. 78.
2001:
2000:Mernissi 1988
1996:
1989:
1988:Mernissi 1988
1984:
1977:
1972:
1965:
1960:
1953:
1948:
1941:
1936:
1930:, p. 33.
1929:
1924:
1918:, p. 46.
1917:
1912:
1906:, p. 28.
1905:
1900:
1894:, p. 25.
1893:
1888:
1881:
1880:Mernissi 1988
1876:
1870:, p. 65.
1869:
1868:Mernissi 1988
1864:
1858:, p. 55.
1857:
1852:
1845:
1840:
1834:, p. 23.
1833:
1828:
1822:, p. 36.
1821:
1816:
1810:, p. 51.
1809:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1780:
1775:
1768:
1763:
1756:
1751:
1744:
1739:
1732:
1727:
1720:
1715:
1708:
1703:
1696:
1691:
1684:
1679:
1672:
1667:
1660:
1655:
1648:
1643:
1637:, p. 40.
1636:
1631:
1629:
1622:, p. 39.
1621:
1616:
1614:
1606:
1601:
1599:
1591:
1586:
1580:, p. 52.
1579:
1574:
1568:, p. 73.
1567:
1562:
1555:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1539:, p. 72.
1538:
1533:
1526:
1521:
1515:, p. 22.
1514:
1509:
1502:
1497:
1490:
1485:
1474:
1473:Ibn Sa'd 1995
1469:
1462:
1457:
1450:
1445:
1438:
1433:
1426:
1425:Nigosian 2004
1421:
1414:
1409:
1403:, p. 54.
1402:
1397:
1390:
1385:
1383:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1366:
1356:
1349:
1344:
1337:
1332:
1325:
1320:
1318:
1316:
1314:
1306:
1301:
1299:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1276:
1271:
1265:
1259:
1243:
1242:
1237:
1231:
1216:
1215:HarperCollins
1212:
1211:
1206:
1200:
1184:
1183:
1178:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1156:
1141:
1131:
1122:
1115:
1110:
1100:
1091:
1083:
1082:
1067:
1058:
1052:
1043:
1039:
1038:
1028:
995:
989:
988:
979:
954:
950:
935:
932:
930:
927:
924:
923:
919:
917:
914:
912:
909:
908:
904:
893:
890:
879:
872:
870:
865:
864:
858:
854:
844:
842:
836:
828:
823:
818:
816:
813:According to
811:
807:
805:
795:
792:
790:
785:
783:
774:
770:
768:
764:
760:
755:
753:
747:
745:
741:
733:
729:
728:Amr ibn al-As
720:
716:
707:
698:
694:
690:
686:
681:
676:
666:
662:
660:
656:
650:
647:
632:
623:
614:
612:
606:
603:
599:
594:
590:
588:
584:
579:
576:
572:
568:
567:Banu Mustaliq
564:
554:
550:
547:
543:
534:
523:Personal life
520:
518:
514:
508:
506:
505:
500:
499:
494:
489:
487:
482:
476:
470:
465:
461:
457:
453:
443:
441:
440:
435:
430:
428:
423:
419:
415:
404:
402:
398:
388:
378:
376:
372:
368:
364:
354:
351:
350:
344:
340:
336:
332:
328:
317:
313:
309:
305:
302:) and joined
294:
283:
272:
268:
257:
252:
250:
246:
242:
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
218:
213:
211:
208:
193:
181:
178:
175:
172:
171:
169:
165:
161:
156:
153:
149:
141:
138:
134:
130:
127:
125:Resting place
123:
118:
114:
102:
98:
93:
90:(present-day
89:
85:
81:
70:
66:
57:
52:
44:
41:
37:
33:
19:
5136:
4992:and his sons
4852:
4787:. Retrieved
4783:the original
4759:
4747:
4725:
4697:
4687:
4671:
4635:
4607:
4572:
4565:Lambton, Ann
4535:Hossein Nasr
4530:
4511:
4492:
4468:
4451:. Retrieved
4436:
4415:
4394:
4373:
4352:
4331:
4310:
4286:
4283:Joseph, Suad
4257:
4237:
4213:
4190:
4170:
4140:
4115:
4105:
4091:
4064:
4059:
4031:
4003:
3975:
3961:
3937:
3914:
3910:Joseph, Suad
3891:
3879:
3874:
3861:
3857:
3834:
3829:
3806:
3774:
3750:
3714:
3689:
3684:Goodwin, Jan
3661:
3644:(1): 37–49.
3641:
3637:
3617:
3604:. Retrieved
3599:the original
3593:
3554:(1): 37–64.
3551:
3545:
3518:
3501:
3497:
3482:. Retrieved
3463:
3459:Black, Edwin
3418:
3414:Barlas, Asma
3397:
3379:Random House
3377:. New York:
3373:
3345:
3329:. Retrieved
3325:the original
3320:
3296:
3272:
3252:
3227:
3196:
3183:. Retrieved
3176:the original
3149:
3139:
3134:
3120:
3092:
3088:Ahmed, Leila
3063:
3057:
3037:
3017:
2997:
2976:
2955:
2934:
2913:
2892:
2867:
2844:
2821:
2800:
2779:
2758:
2737:
2716:
2695:
2682:. Retrieved
2679:Brill Online
2672:
2655:. Retrieved
2651:the original
2635:
2609:
2595:
2583:
2571:
2559:
2547:
2535:
2508:
2496:
2484:
2477:Goodwin 1994
2472:
2460:
2448:
2436:
2424:
2412:
2387:, p. 47
2385:Lapidus 2002
2377:
2365:
2336:
2324:
2317:Elsadda 2001
2295:
2283:
2271:
2259:
2247:
2235:
2223:
2160:
2153:Forward 1997
2133:
2111:Rodgers 2012
2106:
2096:
2089:
2077:
2036:Rodgers 2012
2031:
2019:
2012:Ramadan 2007
2007:
1995:
1983:
1971:
1959:
1947:
1942:, p. 8.
1935:
1923:
1911:
1899:
1887:
1875:
1863:
1851:
1839:
1827:
1815:
1786:
1774:
1762:
1750:
1738:
1726:
1714:
1702:
1690:
1678:
1666:
1654:
1642:
1585:
1573:
1561:
1556:, p. 3.
1532:
1520:
1508:
1503:, p. 7.
1496:
1484:
1475:, p. 55
1468:
1463:, p. 1.
1456:
1444:
1432:
1427:, p. 6.
1420:
1408:
1396:
1355:
1343:
1331:
1326:, p. 3.
1270:
1258:
1246:. Retrieved
1239:
1230:
1218:. Retrieved
1208:
1199:
1187:. Retrieved
1180:
1171:
1159:
1140:
1130:
1121:
1109:
1099:
1090:
1071:أمّ المؤمنين
953:
920:
889:Islam portal
850:
837:
834:
825:
820:
812:
808:
801:
793:
786:
779:
756:
748:
737:
689:four caliphs
663:
654:
651:
643:
629:
620:
607:
595:
591:
580:
560:
551:
539:
509:
502:
496:
490:
485:
477:
449:
437:
431:
410:
384:
360:
327:Shia Muslims
254:Her father,
253:
217:consummation
214:
191:
190:
109:(aged 63–65)
92:Saudi Arabia
40:
5173:610s births
4789:22 November
4453:20 December
4218:I.B. Tauris
3606:12 November
3484:31 December
3438:Read pages
3369:Aslan, Reza
2600:Nasa'i 1994
2329:Aghaie 2005
2288:Haykal 1976
2264:Abbott 1942
2094:Smirna Si.
1964:Haykal 1976
1940:Abbott 1942
1928:Shaikh 2003
1916:Abbott 1942
1892:Abbott 1942
1844:Joseph 2007
1590:Sonbol 2003
1578:Turner 2003
1566:Samadi 2021
1554:Abbott 1942
1537:Samadi 2021
1513:Leaman 2005
1501:Abbott 1942
1461:Abbott 1942
1449:Hallaq 1999
1372:Sayeed 2013
1292:, p. .
1290:Abbott 1942
857:Abu Hurayra
752:Banu Umayya
740:First Fitna
732:First Fitna
730:during the
719:First Fitna
717:during the
706:First Fitna
697:First Fitna
695:during the
683:Domains of
669:First Fitna
481:Orientalist
416:, his aunt
335:Sunni Islam
241:eschatology
233:inheritance
180:Ahl al-Bayt
18:A'isha
5198:Arab women
5178:678 deaths
5162:Categories
5098:Alyassabat
3870:Ibn Kathir
3241:0791428192
2684:11 January
2614:Ibn Kathir
2564:Ahmed 1992
2552:Aslan 2005
2528:Anwar 2005
2513:Aslan 2005
2501:Black 1994
2465:Glubb 1963
2453:Razwy 2001
2441:Ishaq 1955
2276:Lings 1983
2252:Ahmed 1992
2186:Glubb 2001
2082:Glubb 2001
1976:Ahmed 1992
1952:Lings 1983
1904:Roded 1994
1832:Roded 2008
1820:Roded 1994
1808:Ahmed 1992
1743:Brown 2014
1437:Lewis 1950
1401:Saeed 2008
1348:Aleem 2007
1062:pronounced
940:References
815:Reza Aslan
715:Muawiyah I
513:pedophilia
469:Jahiliyyah
460:Ibn Hisham
436:after his
401:companions
381:Early life
343:companions
237:pilgrimage
205:) was the
203:– July 678
176:(by birth)
5078:House of
5064:Bathsheba
4909:(627–631)
4903:(629–632)
4897:(629–632)
4891:(628–632)
4885:(628–632)
4879:(627–632)
4873:(627–632)
4867:(626–627)
4861:(625–632)
4855:(620–632)
4849:(620–632)
4843:(595–620)
4440:. Brill.
3918:. Brill.
3825:Ibn Ishaq
3731:0585-5292
3588:(2004a).
3400:. Brill.
3130:al-Tabari
2825:. BRILL.
2720:. BRILL.
2489:Muir 1892
2417:Holt 1977
2391:Holt 1977
1525:Neil 2021
1489:Watt 1961
1389:Watt 1960
1152:Citations
1135:accuracy.
1051:romanized
744:caliphate
464:Al-Tabari
397:Umm Ruman
174:Banu Taym
160:Umm Ruman
151:Parent(s)
115:, Hejaz,
5109:Muhammad
5107:Time of
5048:Ṣaffūrah
4760:Muhammad
4758:(2002).
4746:(1971).
4670:(2006).
4633:(1961).
4615:Online.
4605:(1960).
4571:(eds.).
4491:(1996).
4465:(1994).
4395:Mohammed
4137:(2007).
4089:(1892).
4057:(1988).
4029:(2001).
4001:(1997).
3973:(1983).
3936:(2002).
3890:(1995).
3888:Ibn Sa'd
3827:(1955).
3805:(eds.).
3749:(1976).
3686:(1994).
3660:(1963).
3516:(2014).
3496:(1947).
3461:(1994).
3416:(2002).
3371:(2005).
3343:(1992).
3294:(1997).
3185:10 March
3118:(1231).
3090:(1992).
3080:57564760
2998:Muhammad
2865:(2011).
2843:(2007).
2657:10 March
2633:(1942).
1791:Ali 2014
1779:Ali 2014
1767:Ali 2014
1755:Ali 2014
1731:Ali 2014
1719:Ali 2014
1707:Ali 2014
1695:Ali 2014
1683:Ali 2014
1671:Ali 2014
1659:Ali 2014
1236:"Āishah"
1081:muʾminīn
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