63:
862:
people not to worry, it said the disease was coming from mosquitoes and it had it under control because it was spraying for mosquitoes. Both C. T. Tan and Kaw Bing Chua thought the government was wrong and there was one big clue: No
Muslims were getting sick, mosquitoes don't care which religion you practice so if the disease was coming from mosquitoes, you would have Muslims, Hindus and Christians getting sick. But only Chinese Malaysians were catching the disease β and even more specifically, only Chinese farmers raising pigs. As you know, Muslims don't handle pigs.
448:
326:. This was supported by several findings, including that all of the infected people had had direct physical contact with pigs, and all of the infected pigs had developed severe symptoms of a "barking cough" before dying. Despite the evidence gathered from autopsy results, with new findings among local researchers, the federal government, especially the health authorities, insisted that it was solely caused by JE, which delayed further appropriate action taken for outbreak control.
472:
460:
31:
496:
484:
861:
The disease was as deadly as Ebola, but instead of attacking blood vessels, it attacked the brain. Young men would be healthy one day, the next day their brains would swell up. They couldn't walk or talk. They'd become comatose and some of them became paralysed. Yet the
Malaysian government told
390:
of over a million pigs was undertaken, and the last human fatality occurred on 27 May 1999. The outbreak in neighbouring
Singapore also ended with immediate prohibition of pig importation to the country and the subsequent closure of abattoirs. The virus discovery received the attention from the
317:
and vaccination of pigs against JE were deployed to the affected area, which proved to be ineffective, with more cases emerging despite these early measures. With the increasing deaths reported from the outbreak, this caused nationwide fear from the public and the near-collapse of the local
289:, Nipah River Village and Pelandok Hill in Negeri Sembilan, when farmers impacted by the control measures began to sell their infected pigs to these areas. This resulted 180 patients infected by the virus and 89 deaths. With further movement of infected pigs, more cases emerged from around
318:
pig-farming industry. Most healthcare workers who were taking care of their infected patients had been convinced that the outbreak was not caused by JE, since the disease affected more adults than children, including those who had been vaccinated earlier against JE. Through further
411:
Until the 2010s, the pig farming ban on
Pelandok Hill was still in force to prevent the recurrence of the outbreak, despite some farmers having quietly restarted their businesses after being encouraged by community leaders. Most of the surviving pig farmers have turned to
222:
played a major role in serving as a major referral centre for the outbreak, treating majority of the Nipah patients and was instrumental in isolating the novel virus and researched on its features.
2734:
988:
The virus is named after the
Malaysian village where it was first discovered. This virus along with Hendra virus comprises a new genus designated Henipavirus in the subfamily Paramyxovirinae.
422:(cempedak) cultivation. Since the virus has been named Nipah from the sample taken in Nipah River Village of Pelandok Hill, the latter area has become synonyms with the deadly virus.
182:(JE) was the cause of the infection. This misunderstanding hampered the deployment of effective measures to prevent the spread, before the disease was identified by a local
396:
2605:
2770:
237:
sector of the animal industry in
Malaysia. The country became the origin of the virus, but had no more cases since 1999. Further outbreaks continue to occur in
1874:
514:
Yob, J. M.; Field, H.; Rashdi, A. M.; Morrissy, C.; van der Heide, B.; Rota, P.; bin Adzhar, A.; White, J.; Daniels, P.; Jamaluddin, A.; Ksiazek, T. (2001).
1496:
973:
848:
668:
Banerjee, Sayantan; Gupta, Nitin; Kodan, Parul; Mittal, Ankit; Ray, Yogiraj; Nischal, Neeraj; Soneja, Manish; Biswas, Ashutosh; Wig, Naveet (2019).
1161:
2882:
2648:
2550:
2268:
1796:
1408:
1066:
1721:
1801:
1736:
1751:
2568:
1633:
2740:
2411:
1476:
827:
392:
1681:
403:(SGH) which gave swift assistance towards the characterisation of the virus and the development of surveillance and control measures.
2764:
818:(2). Department of Pathology, University of Malaya and National Public Health Laboratory of the Ministry of Health, Malaysia: 63β67.
215:
187:
1696:
1666:
1651:
2704:
2612:
2532:
2364:
2680:
1706:
2982:
2710:
2274:
1856:
1816:
1791:
1786:
1781:
1776:
1771:
1766:
1761:
1731:
1726:
1701:
1676:
1656:
1092:
2674:
2058:
1831:
1643:
1426:
1276:
2977:
2399:
2304:
2232:
2177:
1811:
1661:
1182:
1716:
2654:
2598:
2423:
2370:
1360:
2429:
3002:
2997:
2538:
2334:
2328:
2310:
2208:
2128:
1929:
1154:
350:), where it was unknown in available scientific records at the time. The virus origin was determined to be from a native
2592:
2352:
2238:
1671:
1471:
1385:
1551:
885:
386:
and diagnosis of NiV infection. Following the findings, widespread surveillance of pig populations, together with the
2775:
2746:
2636:
2580:
2496:
1686:
1589:
1486:
1481:
322:
on the victims, the findings were inconsistent with the earlier results, and suggested it may have come from another
2888:
2692:
2562:
2526:
2514:
2417:
2340:
1891:
1528:
219:
2967:
2962:
2758:
2752:
2722:
2642:
2544:
2484:
2447:
2435:
2346:
2171:
1957:
1561:
1435:
1337:
1322:
2870:
2858:
2852:
2840:
2834:
2828:
2716:
2660:
2630:
2618:
1523:
1403:
1147:
980:
2586:
2502:
2104:
1866:
1579:
1342:
1317:
175:
174:
with 105 deaths caused by the virus were reported in the three states throughout the outbreak. At first, the
62:
2556:
2376:
2262:
2256:
2165:
1806:
1584:
1518:
1208:
2940:
2934:
2728:
2698:
2508:
2478:
2358:
2134:
1836:
1711:
1501:
1458:
1332:
338:
finally found the root cause of the infection. The infection was found to be caused by a new agent named
226:
285:. A total of 15 infected people died during the ensuing outbreak, before the virus began to spread into
2520:
2189:
2159:
1617:
1599:
1594:
1508:
1302:
438:
400:
2992:
2987:
2244:
1907:
1268:
1258:
1253:
1243:
1238:
1233:
1228:
1223:
1213:
1191:
1118:
278:
625:
Hughes, James M.; Wilson, Mary E.; Luby, Stephen P.; Gurley, Emily S.; Hossain, M. Jahangir (2009).
2972:
2912:
2894:
1574:
1466:
314:
1546:
2918:
2822:
2816:
2183:
2116:
2098:
1922:
1491:
1327:
2864:
2810:
2624:
2215:
2201:
2018:
1826:
1569:
951:
2846:
2804:
2382:
1513:
1448:
1443:
1312:
266:
179:
88:
804:
2453:
2250:
2195:
2110:
1746:
1741:
383:
335:
211:
313:
Since the cause was initially wrongly identified, early control measures such as mosquito
8:
2686:
2316:
2081:
2034:
2028:
1756:
1248:
1218:
339:
282:
262:
199:
195:
265:
and encephalitis among the pigs, where it was initially believed to have been caused by
2667:
2574:
2322:
2153:
2122:
1915:
1896:
1352:
1290:
1047:
928:
903:
739:
712:
694:
669:
651:
626:
540:
515:
418:
609:
2924:
2405:
2070:
2007:
1039:
1022:
Enserink, Martin (2000). "Malaysian
Researchers Trace Nipah Virus Outbreak to Bats".
933:
819:
744:
699:
656:
613:
580:
545:
2906:
2040:
1995:
1946:
1051:
1031:
923:
915:
734:
726:
689:
681:
646:
638:
605:
570:
535:
527:
323:
274:
191:
273:
samples from 28 infected humans in the area which tested positive for JE-specific
2490:
2046:
2001:
1974:
1691:
1377:
1035:
588:
488:
476:
447:
431:
367:
290:
159:
52:
1982:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1821:
1395:
500:
464:
343:
730:
2956:
2900:
2052:
1294:
598:
Department of
Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya
270:
207:
68:
713:"Diagnostics for Nipah virus: a zoonotic pathogen endemic to Southeast Asia"
685:
1043:
1000:
937:
874:
823:
748:
703:
660:
617:
584:
549:
531:
355:
294:
254:
234:
171:
44:
30:
2876:
2064:
919:
516:"Nipah virus infection in bats (order Chiroptera) in peninsular Malaysia"
452:
363:
359:
98:
1139:
2441:
2289:
1538:
238:
183:
119:
1937:
596:
Lam, S. K. (2003). "Nipah virus--a potential agent of bioterrorism?".
342:(NiV), taken from the investigation area name of Nipah River Village (
39:
in 1998 and later occurrence to other places with the virus extent in
351:
319:
302:
230:
2796:
1942:
1938:
1609:
1174:
1170:
642:
575:
558:
459:
413:
379:
298:
167:
163:
717:
387:
375:
371:
286:
1054:– via American Association for the Advancement of Science.
798:
796:
794:
792:
790:
788:
786:
229:
caused major losses to both animal and human lives, affecting
902:
Ang, Brenda S. P.; Lim, Tchoyoson C. C.; Wang, Linfa (2018).
875:"Manual on the Diagnosis of Nipah Virus Infection in Animals"
784:
782:
780:
778:
776:
774:
772:
770:
768:
766:
242:
203:
155:
112:
495:
397:
Commonwealth
Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation
329:
1200:
1003:. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 20 March 2014
847:
Doucleff, Michaeleen; Greenhalgh, Jane (25 February 2017).
258:
108:
36:
1067:"1998 ban on pig farming in Bukit Pelanduk still in force"
763:
706:– via National Center for Biotechnology Information.
620:– via National Center for Biotechnology Information.
305:
who had handled the infected pigs imported from
Malaysia.
154:
occurred from September 1998 to May 1999 in the states of
842:
840:
667:
849:"A Taste For Pork Helped A Deadly Virus Jump To Humans"
334:
In early March 1999, a local medical virologist at the
1875:
Effect of the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake on Malaysia
624:
513:
297:
in Selangor, with 11 cases and 1 death reported among
837:
670:"Nipah virus disease: A rare and intractable disease"
436:
308:
277:(IgM) which is also confirmed by the findings of the
233:
trade. It also created a significant setback to the
805:"Lessons from the Nipah virus outbreak in Malaysia"
711:Mazzola, Laura T.; Kelly-Cirino, Cassandra (2019).
710:
281:(WHO) Collaborating Centre for Tropical Disease at
846:
627:"Transmission of Human Infection with Nipah Virus"
382:for NiV antibodies which helped in the subsequent
2954:
1497:2014β15 floods in Southeast Asia and South Asia
884:. Food and Agriculture Organization: v . 2002.
559:"Nipah Virus Encephalitis Outbreak in Malaysia"
1409:2014 Negeri Sembilan and Selangor water crisis
940:– via American Society for Microbiology.
2928:
1923:
1155:
1093:"Nipah virus outbreak memorialised in museum"
1084:
1343:COVID-19 pandemic in Malaysia (2020βpresent)
362:was subsequently recognised as a new genus,
75:is the origin source of the virus while the
67:The 1998β1999 Nipah virus outbreak areas in
1634:Peninsula Malaysia tornado outbreak of 2014
979:. World Health Organization. Archived from
1930:
1916:
1477:2010 floods in Thailand and north Malaysia
1162:
1148:
901:
393:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2111:"Cocoliztli" epidemics in colonial Mexico
1169:
927:
738:
693:
650:
574:
539:
330:Identification of the source of infection
188:Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya
1021:
954:. World Health Organization. 30 May 2018
802:
198:(NiV). The disease was as deadly as the
1308:1998β1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak
803:Looi, Lai-Meng; Chua, Kaw-Bing (2007).
556:
152:1998β1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak
24:1998β1999 Malaysia Nipah virus outbreak
2955:
1328:Sarawak rabies outbreak (2017βpresent)
1277:1982 Bukit Merah radioactive pollution
674:Intractable and Rare Diseases Research
2178:Great Plague in the late Ming dynasty
1911:
1143:
1064:
557:Lam, Sai Kit; Chua, Kaw Bing (2002).
1318:2009 flu pandemic in Malaysia (H1N1)
1090:
891:from the original on 30 August 2019.
833:from the original on 30 August 2019.
1797:Severe Tropical Storm Sonamu (2013)
1682:Severe Tropical Storm Irving (1985)
595:
220:University of Malaya Medical Centre
13:
1386:2019 Kim Kim River toxic pollution
1116:
812:The Malaysian Journal of Pathology
507:
370:family. NiV and HeV shared enough
309:Response and further investigation
14:
3014:
1697:Tropical Depression BOB 03 (1993)
1667:Severe Tropical Storm Judy (1971)
1652:Tropical Depression Gloria (1965)
1590:2008 Bukit Antarabangsa landslide
1487:2014 Cameron Highlands mud floods
1482:2013 Cameron Highlands mud floods
2883:encephalitis lethargica epidemic
1892:Environmental issues in Malaysia
1722:Tropical Depression Hilda (1999)
1529:2022 Malaysian east coast floods
1361:2015β16 Kuantan bauxite disaster
908:Journal of Clinical Microbiology
494:
482:
470:
458:
446:
261:in Perak with the occurrence of
170:. A total of 265 cases of acute
61:
29:
2661:Gorakhpur Japanese encephalitis
1958:List of epidemics and pandemics
1707:Tropical Depression Greg (1996)
1338:2019 Kuala Koh measles outbreak
1110:
35:The first site of the virus in
2983:Disease outbreaks in Singapore
1857:Tropical Depression 29W (2021)
1817:Tropical Depression 29W (2017)
1802:Tropical Storm Shanshan (2013)
1792:Tropical Depression 25W (2012)
1787:Tropical Depression 26W (2011)
1782:Tropical Depression 25W (2011)
1777:Tropical Depression 19W (2010)
1772:Tropical Depression 01W (2010)
1767:Tropical Depression 01W (2008)
1752:Tropical Depression 25W (2005)
1737:Tropical Depression 29W (2001)
1732:Tropical Depression 32W (1999)
1727:Tropical Depression 31W (1999)
1702:Tropical Depression 34W (1995)
1472:2006β07 Southeast Asian floods
1404:1998 Klang Valley water crisis
1058:
1015:
993:
966:
944:
895:
867:
1:
1986:
1827:Tropical Storm Kai-tak (2017)
1692:Tropical Storm Forrest (1992)
1580:2002 Taman Hillview landslide
1552:2024 Southeast Asia heat wave
1091:Yong, Yimie (14 April 2018).
1065:Singh, Sarban (3 July 2014).
756:
610:10.1016/s0166-3542(02)00204-8
248:
2978:Health disasters in Malaysia
1832:Tropical Storm Toraji (2018)
1807:Tropical Storm Jangmi (2014)
1585:2006 Kampung Pasir landslide
1209:1997 Indonesian forest fires
1036:10.1126/science.289.5479.518
663:– via Oxford Academic.
631:Clinical Infectious Diseases
563:Clinical Infectious Diseases
520:Emerging Infectious Diseases
406:
176:Malaysian health authorities
16:Disease outbreak in Malaysia
7:
1837:Tropical Storm Pabuk (2019)
1742:Tropical Storm Vamei (2001)
1712:Tropical Storm Linda (1997)
1570:1993 Pantai Remis landslide
1333:2018 Malaysia HFMD outbreak
1323:2015β16 Zika virus epidemic
425:
354:species. Together with the
79:are further affected areas.
10:
3019:
3003:1999 disasters in Malaysia
2998:1998 disasters in Malaysia
2771:2024 Latin American dengue
2551:Western African meningitis
2365:Pacific Northwest smallpox
1812:Tropical Depression (2016)
1662:Tropical Storm Ruth (1970)
1618:2024 Kuala Lumpur sinkhole
1600:2022 Batang Kali landslide
1595:2011 Hulu Langat landslide
1524:2021β2022 Malaysian floods
1509:2015 East Malaysian floods
1303:1997 Sarawak HFMD outbreak
1119:"Bukit Pelandok revisited"
401:Singapore General Hospital
378:to be used in a prototype
2795:
2471:
2392:
2377:Buenos Aires yellow fever
2297:
2288:
2275:Philadelphia yellow fever
2245:Great Plague of Marseille
2239:Great Northern War plague
2233:Iceland smallpox epidemic
2225:
2146:
2091:
2080:
2017:
1973:
1966:
1953:
1887:
1865:
1717:Tropical Storm Gil (1998)
1642:
1626:
1608:
1560:
1537:
1457:
1434:
1425:
1394:
1376:
1369:
1351:
1289:
1269:Radioactive contamination
1267:
1259:2019 Southeast Asian haze
1254:2017 Southeast Asian haze
1244:2015 Southeast Asian haze
1239:2013 Southeast Asian haze
1234:2010 Southeast Asian haze
1229:2009 Southeast Asian haze
1224:2006 Southeast Asian haze
1214:1997 Southeast Asian haze
1199:
1190:
1181:
1117:Yi, Chang (27 May 2018).
731:10.1136/bmjgh-2018-001118
279:World Health Organization
253:The virus firstly struck
138:
128:
118:
104:
94:
84:
60:
28:
23:
2941:Mpox (clade Ib) epidemic
2935:Mpox (clade II) outbreak
2895:Seventh cholera pandemic
1575:Highland Towers collapse
1519:2020β21 Malaysian floods
1467:1971 Kuala Lumpur floods
366:(Hendra + Nipah) in the
257:-farms in the suburb of
202:(EVD), but attacked the
2853:Fourth cholera pandemic
2835:Second cholera pandemic
2681:Γquateur province Ebola
2269:North American smallpox
2184:Great Plague of Seville
1502:2014β15 Malaysia floods
1492:Early 2014 Sabah floods
974:"Nipah Virus Infection"
904:"Nipah Virus Infection"
686:10.5582/irdr.2018.01130
2968:1999 disease outbreaks
2963:1998 disease outbreaks
2871:Sixth cholera pandemic
2859:Fifth cholera pandemic
2841:Third cholera pandemic
2829:First cholera pandemic
2811:Second plague pandemic
2371:Barcelona yellow fever
2216:Great Plague of Vienna
2202:Great Plague of London
2172:Massachusetts smallpox
1762:Typhoon Hagibis (2007)
532:10.3201/eid0703.010312
347:
206:system instead of the
190:as a newly discovered
2847:Third plague pandemic
2805:First plague pandemic
2599:Western African Ebola
2509:Chikungunya outbreaks
2461:Malaysian Nipah virus
2329:Great Plains smallpox
1852:Typhoon Molave (2020)
1847:Typhoon Saudel (2020)
1842:Typhoon Lekima (2019)
1822:Typhoon Tembin (2017)
1514:2016 Malaysian floods
1449:2015 Sabah earthquake
1444:1976 Sabah earthquake
1313:Global spread of H5N1
267:Japanese encephalitis
180:Japanese encephalitis
89:Nipah virus infection
51:, both belong to the
2907:Russian flu pandemic
2649:Angolan yellow fever
2400:San Francisco plague
2353:Broad Street cholera
2251:Great Plague of 1738
1747:Typhoon Muifa (2004)
1677:Typhoon Percy (1983)
1672:Typhoon Sally (1972)
1657:Typhoon Sally (1967)
920:10.1128/JCM.01875-17
348:Kampung Sungai Nipah
336:University of Malaya
212:University of Malaya
2813:(1348β19th century)
2741:New Zealand measles
2569:Darfur yellow fever
2412:LA pneumonic plague
2029:Plague of Justinian
1757:Typhoon Utor (2006)
1547:2023 Asia heat wave
1249:2016 Malaysian haze
1219:2005 Malaysian haze
1001:"Nipah Virus (NiV)"
986:on 30 August 2019.
283:Nagasaki University
263:respiratory illness
216:Faculty of Medicine
200:Ebola virus disease
2823:Influenza pandemic
2817:Influenza pandemic
2765:Bangsamoro measles
2747:Singaporean dengue
2711:Pacific NW measles
2705:Philippine measles
2693:Madagascar measles
2675:Kerala Nipah virus
2668:Saudi Arabian MERS
2581:Singaporean dengue
2527:Zimbabwean cholera
2497:Singaporean dengue
2341:Copenhagen cholera
2323:Groningen epidemic
2117:Influenza pandemic
2099:Influenza pandemic
1897:Health in Malaysia
1687:Typhoon Gay (1989)
419:Artocarpus integer
269:(JE), due to four
2950:
2949:
2791:
2790:
2787:
2786:
2723:Kuala Koh measles
2637:South Korean MERS
2625:Polio declaration
2613:Madagascar plague
2545:Gujarat hepatitis
2533:Madagascar plague
2485:Midwest monkeypox
2436:Yugoslav smallpox
2406:Manchurian plague
2347:Stockholm cholera
2284:
2283:
2071:Sweating sickness
2059:Japanese smallpox
2008:Plague of Cyprian
1947:disease outbreaks
1905:
1904:
1883:
1882:
1427:Natural disasters
1421:
1420:
1417:
1416:
1285:
1284:
637:(11): 1743β1748.
148:
147:
3010:
2993:1999 in Malaysia
2988:1998 in Malaysia
2930:
2717:New York measles
2671:
2631:Indian swine flu
2619:Odisha hepatitis
2609:
2563:Pakistani dengue
2515:Pakistani dengue
2464:
2430:WrocΕaw smallpox
2383:Hong Kong plague
2317:Caragea's plague
2295:
2294:
2212:
2105:Mexican smallpox
2089:
2088:
2041:Plague of Sheroe
1996:Plague of Athens
1991:
1988:
1971:
1970:
1932:
1925:
1918:
1909:
1908:
1432:
1431:
1374:
1373:
1197:
1196:
1188:
1187:
1183:Health disasters
1164:
1157:
1150:
1141:
1140:
1134:
1133:
1131:
1129:
1114:
1108:
1107:
1105:
1103:
1088:
1082:
1081:
1079:
1077:
1062:
1056:
1055:
1019:
1013:
1012:
1010:
1008:
997:
991:
990:
985:
978:
970:
964:
963:
961:
959:
948:
942:
941:
931:
914:(6): e01875-17.
899:
893:
892:
890:
879:
871:
865:
864:
858:
856:
844:
835:
834:
832:
809:
800:
752:
742:
707:
697:
664:
654:
621:
592:
578:
553:
543:
499:
498:
487:
486:
485:
475:
474:
473:
463:
462:
451:
450:
442:
380:serological test
275:Immunoglobulin M
227:emerging disease
131:
78:
74:
65:
50:
42:
33:
21:
20:
3018:
3017:
3013:
3012:
3011:
3009:
3008:
3007:
2973:Paramyxoviridae
2953:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2783:
2666:
2604:
2587:Swansea measles
2539:Bolivian dengue
2467:
2459:
2448:Indian smallpox
2418:Croydon typhoid
2388:
2280:
2221:
2207:
2142:
2083:
2076:
2047:Plague of Amwas
2020:
2013:
2002:Antonine Plague
1989:
1962:
1949:
1936:
1906:
1901:
1879:
1861:
1644:Tropical storms
1638:
1622:
1604:
1556:
1533:
1453:
1413:
1390:
1365:
1347:
1281:
1263:
1177:
1168:
1138:
1137:
1127:
1125:
1123:The Borneo Post
1115:
1111:
1101:
1099:
1089:
1085:
1075:
1073:
1063:
1059:
1030:(5479): 518β9.
1020:
1016:
1006:
1004:
999:
998:
994:
983:
976:
972:
971:
967:
957:
955:
950:
949:
945:
900:
896:
888:
882:RAP Publication
877:
873:
872:
868:
854:
852:
845:
838:
830:
807:
801:
764:
759:
589:Oxford Academic
510:
508:Further reading
505:
493:
483:
481:
471:
469:
457:
445:
437:
432:Paramyxoviridae
428:
409:
368:Paramyxoviridae
332:
311:
291:Sepang District
251:
194:. It was named
160:Negeri Sembilan
141:
130:Confirmed cases
129:
80:
76:
72:
56:
53:Paramyxoviridae
48:
40:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3016:
3006:
3005:
3000:
2995:
2990:
2985:
2980:
2975:
2970:
2965:
2948:
2947:
2945:
2944:
2938:
2932:
2922:
2916:
2915:(1981βpresent)
2910:
2904:
2898:
2892:
2886:
2880:
2874:
2868:
2862:
2856:
2850:
2844:
2838:
2832:
2826:
2820:
2814:
2808:
2801:
2799:
2793:
2792:
2789:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2781:
2780:
2779:
2768:
2767:(2023βpresent)
2762:
2759:Jamaica dengue
2756:
2750:
2744:
2738:
2732:
2726:
2720:
2714:
2708:
2702:
2696:
2690:
2684:
2678:
2672:
2664:
2658:
2655:Yemeni cholera
2652:
2646:
2640:
2634:
2628:
2622:
2616:
2610:
2606:DR Congo Ebola
2602:
2596:
2590:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2566:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2542:
2536:
2530:
2524:
2518:
2512:
2506:
2500:
2494:
2488:
2482:
2475:
2473:
2469:
2468:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2445:
2439:
2433:
2427:
2421:
2415:
2409:
2403:
2396:
2394:
2390:
2389:
2387:
2386:
2380:
2374:
2368:
2362:
2356:
2350:
2344:
2338:
2332:
2326:
2320:
2314:
2311:Maltese plague
2308:
2305:Ottoman plague
2301:
2299:
2292:
2286:
2285:
2282:
2281:
2279:
2278:
2272:
2266:
2263:Persian Plague
2260:
2257:Russian plague
2254:
2248:
2242:
2236:
2229:
2227:
2223:
2222:
2220:
2219:
2213:
2209:Maltese plague
2205:
2199:
2193:
2190:Maltese plague
2187:
2181:
2175:
2169:
2166:Italian plague
2163:
2160:Maltese plague
2157:
2150:
2148:
2144:
2143:
2141:
2140:
2138:
2132:
2129:Maltese plague
2126:
2120:
2114:
2108:
2102:
2095:
2093:
2086:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2068:
2062:
2056:
2050:
2044:
2038:
2032:
2025:
2023:
2015:
2014:
2012:
2011:
2005:
1999:
1993:
1983:Hittite plague
1979:
1977:
1968:
1964:
1963:
1961:
1960:
1954:
1951:
1950:
1935:
1934:
1927:
1920:
1912:
1903:
1902:
1900:
1899:
1894:
1888:
1885:
1884:
1881:
1880:
1878:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1863:
1862:
1860:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1844:
1839:
1834:
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1648:
1646:
1640:
1639:
1637:
1636:
1630:
1628:
1624:
1623:
1621:
1620:
1614:
1612:
1606:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1587:
1582:
1577:
1572:
1566:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1554:
1549:
1543:
1541:
1535:
1534:
1532:
1531:
1526:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1506:
1505:
1504:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1479:
1474:
1469:
1463:
1461:
1455:
1454:
1452:
1451:
1446:
1440:
1438:
1429:
1423:
1422:
1419:
1418:
1415:
1414:
1412:
1411:
1406:
1400:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1388:
1382:
1380:
1371:
1367:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1357:
1355:
1353:Soil pollution
1349:
1348:
1346:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1299:
1297:
1295:Viral diseases
1287:
1286:
1283:
1282:
1280:
1279:
1273:
1271:
1265:
1264:
1262:
1261:
1256:
1251:
1246:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1226:
1221:
1216:
1211:
1205:
1203:
1194:
1185:
1179:
1178:
1167:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1144:
1136:
1135:
1109:
1083:
1057:
1014:
992:
965:
943:
894:
866:
836:
761:
760:
758:
755:
754:
753:
725:(2): e001118.
708:
665:
643:10.1086/647951
622:
604:(1β2): 113β9.
593:
576:10.1086/338818
569:(2): S48βS51.
554:
526:(3): 439β441.
509:
506:
504:
503:
491:
479:
467:
455:
435:
434:
427:
424:
408:
405:
331:
328:
310:
307:
250:
247:
146:
145:
142:
139:
136:
135:
132:
126:
125:
124:September 1998
122:
116:
115:
106:
105:First outbreak
102:
101:
96:
92:
91:
86:
82:
81:
66:
58:
57:
34:
26:
25:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3015:
3004:
3001:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2976:
2974:
2971:
2969:
2966:
2964:
2961:
2960:
2958:
2942:
2939:
2936:
2933:
2927:(2019βpresent
2926:
2923:
2920:
2917:
2914:
2911:
2908:
2905:
2902:
2901:Hong Kong flu
2899:
2896:
2893:
2890:
2887:
2884:
2881:
2878:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2863:
2860:
2857:
2854:
2851:
2848:
2845:
2842:
2839:
2836:
2833:
2830:
2827:
2824:
2821:
2818:
2815:
2812:
2809:
2806:
2803:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2794:
2777:
2774:
2773:
2772:
2769:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2757:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2742:
2739:
2736:
2733:
2730:
2729:Tonga measles
2727:
2724:
2721:
2718:
2715:
2712:
2709:
2706:
2703:
2700:
2699:Samoa measles
2697:
2694:
2691:
2688:
2685:
2682:
2679:
2676:
2673:
2669:
2665:
2662:
2659:
2656:
2653:
2650:
2647:
2644:
2641:
2638:
2635:
2632:
2629:
2626:
2623:
2620:
2617:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2600:
2597:
2594:
2591:
2588:
2585:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2573:
2570:
2567:
2564:
2561:
2558:
2557:Haiti cholera
2555:
2552:
2549:
2546:
2543:
2540:
2537:
2534:
2531:
2528:
2525:
2522:
2521:Iraqi cholera
2519:
2516:
2513:
2510:
2507:
2504:
2503:Indian dengue
2501:
2498:
2495:
2492:
2489:
2486:
2483:
2480:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2470:
2462:
2458:
2455:
2452:
2449:
2446:
2443:
2440:
2437:
2434:
2431:
2428:
2425:
2422:
2419:
2416:
2413:
2410:
2407:
2404:
2401:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2381:
2378:
2375:
2372:
2369:
2366:
2363:
2360:
2359:Guam smallpox
2357:
2354:
2351:
2348:
2345:
2342:
2339:
2336:
2333:
2330:
2327:
2324:
2321:
2318:
2315:
2312:
2309:
2306:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2296:
2293:
2291:
2287:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2258:
2255:
2252:
2249:
2246:
2243:
2240:
2237:
2234:
2231:
2230:
2228:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2210:
2206:
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:Naples Plague
2194:
2191:
2188:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2173:
2170:
2167:
2164:
2161:
2158:
2155:
2154:London plague
2152:
2151:
2149:
2145:
2139:
2136:
2135:London plague
2133:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2123:London plague
2121:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2106:
2103:
2100:
2097:
2096:
2094:
2090:
2087:
2085:
2079:
2072:
2069:
2066:
2063:
2060:
2057:
2054:
2053:Plague of 664
2051:
2048:
2045:
2042:
2039:
2036:
2033:
2030:
2027:
2026:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2009:
2006:
2003:
2000:
1997:
1994:
1984:
1981:
1980:
1978:
1976:
1972:
1969:
1965:
1959:
1956:
1955:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1928:
1926:
1921:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1910:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1889:
1886:
1876:
1873:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1864:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1655:
1653:
1650:
1649:
1647:
1645:
1641:
1635:
1632:
1631:
1629:
1625:
1619:
1616:
1615:
1613:
1611:
1607:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1586:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1576:
1573:
1571:
1568:
1567:
1565:
1563:
1559:
1553:
1550:
1548:
1545:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1536:
1530:
1527:
1525:
1522:
1520:
1517:
1515:
1512:
1510:
1507:
1503:
1500:
1499:
1498:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1485:
1483:
1480:
1478:
1475:
1473:
1470:
1468:
1465:
1464:
1462:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1442:
1441:
1439:
1437:
1433:
1430:
1428:
1424:
1410:
1407:
1405:
1402:
1401:
1399:
1397:
1393:
1387:
1384:
1383:
1381:
1379:
1375:
1372:
1368:
1362:
1359:
1358:
1356:
1354:
1350:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1278:
1275:
1274:
1272:
1270:
1266:
1260:
1257:
1255:
1252:
1250:
1247:
1245:
1242:
1240:
1237:
1235:
1232:
1230:
1227:
1225:
1222:
1220:
1217:
1215:
1212:
1210:
1207:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1198:
1195:
1193:
1192:Air pollution
1189:
1186:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1158:
1153:
1151:
1146:
1145:
1142:
1124:
1120:
1113:
1098:
1094:
1087:
1072:
1068:
1061:
1053:
1049:
1045:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1025:
1018:
1002:
996:
989:
982:
975:
969:
953:
952:"Nipah virus"
947:
939:
935:
930:
925:
921:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
887:
883:
876:
870:
863:
850:
843:
841:
829:
825:
821:
817:
813:
806:
799:
797:
795:
793:
791:
789:
787:
785:
783:
781:
779:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
762:
750:
746:
741:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
719:
714:
709:
705:
701:
696:
691:
687:
683:
679:
675:
671:
666:
662:
658:
653:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
594:
590:
586:
582:
577:
572:
568:
564:
560:
555:
551:
547:
542:
537:
533:
529:
525:
521:
517:
512:
511:
502:
497:
492:
490:
480:
478:
468:
466:
461:
456:
454:
449:
444:
443:
440:
433:
430:
429:
423:
421:
420:
415:
404:
402:
398:
394:
389:
385:
381:
377:
373:
369:
365:
361:
357:
353:
349:
345:
341:
337:
327:
325:
321:
316:
306:
304:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
272:
268:
264:
260:
256:
246:
244:
240:
236:
232:
228:
223:
221:
217:
213:
209:
208:blood vessels
205:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
181:
178:thought that
177:
173:
169:
165:
161:
157:
153:
143:
137:
133:
127:
123:
121:
117:
114:
110:
107:
103:
100:
97:
93:
90:
87:
83:
70:
69:West Malaysia
64:
59:
54:
46:
38:
32:
27:
22:
19:
2753:Uganda Ebola
2472:21st century
2460:
2454:Surat plague
2424:NYC smallpox
2393:20th century
2298:19th century
2226:18th century
2147:17th century
2113:(1545, 1576)
2092:16th century
2035:Roman Plague
2004:(165β180 AD)
1998:(429β426 BC)
1945:and notable
1370:Water issues
1307:
1126:. Retrieved
1122:
1112:
1100:. Retrieved
1096:
1086:
1074:. Retrieved
1070:
1060:
1027:
1023:
1017:
1005:. Retrieved
995:
987:
981:the original
968:
956:. Retrieved
946:
911:
907:
897:
881:
869:
860:
853:. Retrieved
815:
811:
722:
716:
677:
673:
634:
630:
601:
597:
587:– via
566:
562:
523:
519:
417:
410:
399:(CSIRO) and
356:Hendra virus
333:
312:
295:Sungai Buloh
252:
224:
172:encephalitis
151:
149:
95:Virus strain
45:Hendra virus
18:
2943:(2023β2024)
2937:(2022β2023)
2921:(2009β2010)
2909:(1977β1979)
2903:(1968β1970)
2897:(1961β1975)
2891:(1957β1958)
2885:(1919β1930)
2879:(1918β1920)
2877:Spanish flu
2873:(1899β1923)
2867:(1889β1890)
2865:Russian flu
2861:(1881β1896)
2855:(1863β1879)
2849:(1855β1860)
2843:(1852β1860)
2837:(1829β1851)
2831:(1816β1826)
2825:(1557β1559)
2755:(2022β2023)
2743:(2019β2020)
2737:(2019β2020)
2735:DRC measles
2689:(2018β2020)
2657:(2016β2022)
2645:(2015β2016)
2601:(2013β2016)
2595:(2013β2014)
2593:Chikungunya
2559:(2010β2019)
2553:(2009β2010)
2535:(2008β2017)
2529:(2008β2009)
2493:(2003β2005)
2481:(2002β2004)
2463:(1998β1999)
2444:(1972β1973)
2408:(1910β1911)
2402:(1900β1904)
2367:(1862β1863)
2337:(1847β1848)
2331:(1837β1838)
2313:(1813β1814)
2307:(1812β1819)
2277:(1793β1798)
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2067:(1346β1353)
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1990: 1330
1436:Earthquakes
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2776:Argentina
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2043:(627β628)
2031:(541β542)
2021:classical
2010:(250β266)
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